A System Design of electrical and electromechanical devises

For
lifts (elevator) protection
 CONTENTS
Item page
Chapter One (Introduction)
1.1- Elevator History 1
1.2 - Elevator Contents
1.2.1 Cabin (car), Frame (Sling): Counterweights
1.2.2 Doors.
1.2.3 Elevator Machine, Brake.
1.2.4 Guide rail, Guide Shoes, Ropes.
1.2.5 Speed Governor
1.3 Types of Elevator: and Lifts for Special Purposes.
Chapter two (Safety part)

2.1 Electrical protection devices

Chapter One
 Introduction
1.1- Elevator History
Since the time man has occupied more than one floor of a
building, he has given a consideration to some form of vertical
transportation. The earliest forms were, of course, ladders,
stairways, animal- powered hoists, and manually drive windlasses.
In Tibet persons are transported up mountains in baskets drawn
up by pulley and rope and driven by a windlass and manpower, as
shown in Fig (1.1).

Fig (1.1) A very early Type of vertical transportation.

The first human-powered, counter-weighted, personal elevator was
built in 1743 for King Louis XV of France, Fig (1.2). It connected his
apartment in Versailles to that of his mistress, Madame de
Chateauroux, who lived one floor above him.

Fig (1.2) King Louis XV of France

Elevator technology began to advance significantly in the 19th
century. Many elevators were powered by steam and became
important in the Industrial Revolution to allow people to
transport heavy materials in warehouses, mines, and factories.
In 1823, two architects, Burton and Horner, built an “ascending
room” to give tourists a panoramic view of London.
In 1835, Before OTIS company, the so-called Teagle Elevator was
an English invention by Frost and Stutt, who were also architects,
built the “Teagle,” a steam- and belt-driven with counter-weighted
elevator in England, Fig (1.3).
 Fig (1.3). Teagle Elevator.
In 1846, Sir William Armstrong invented hydraulic crane. Fig (1.4).
 Fig (1.4). Sir William Armstrong hydraulic crane.
The system was supported by a heavy piston that moved in a
cylinder and was powered by oil or water pressure inside the pump.
These lifts began to replace steam-powered elevators by the 1870s.
ELISHA GRAVES OTIS. an American inventor, demonstrated a new
safety device in 1853 that could prevent an elevator from crashing if
a cable broke, testing his safety gear of the lift “by cutting the rope”
at the 1854 New-York world’s Fair, Fig (1.5).

Fig (1.5). OTIS Safety Gear Test, New-York 1854.

 The safety gear increased the public’s confidence in elevators. Otis
created an elevator manufacturing company in 1853 and obtained a
patent for a steam elevator in 1861. His invention of an elevator brake
made it possible to build skyscrapers. His company began to manufacture
passenger elevators.
Four years later in 1857, Otis installed the first steam-powered passenger
elevator with the Five- store and speed of 40 foot per min installed in
E.V. Haughwout & company building in Manhattan. a store located on
Broadway in New York, the elevator at Haughwout was the talk of the
city, as thousands of curious visitors flocked to the store. Fig (1.6).

Fig (1.6). Otis steam elevator in 1861.

 The hydraulic elevator reigned supreme for quite a few years; it was
capable of higher rises and higher speeds than steam- driven elevator
type use of an electric pump to move a hydraulic jack with its limits of
winding drums, Fig (1.7). Hydraulic Elevators are lift systems that use a
hydraulic piston to raise and lower the elevator car, served practically all
of the 10- to 12 – story buildings of the 1880 to 1900 era.
It was in this era that many of the aspects of elevator as we know
them today were introduced. Landing-gates became completely
enclosed with doors. Before that time many Landing-gates were simply
holes cut in the floor sometimes protected by a rail or grill.

Fig (1.7). hydraulic elevator.

The hydraulic elevator also evolved from the direct ram- driven elevator to
the so called geared or roped hydraulic type, Fig (1.8), capable speeds of

600or 700foot per meter and rises of 30 or more stories although the 30-
floor building did not appear until or after 1900.
Fig (1.8) Geared hydraulic elevator
 The first electric elevator quietly made its appearance in 1889 at the
Demarest Building in New York. This elevator was a modification of a
steam- driven drum, machine – type elevator, the electric motor simply
replacing the steam engine. It continued in service until 1920 when the
building was torn down. Electric power was here to stay and the OTIS
Elevator Company installed the first automatic electric push- button
elevator in 1894.

The geared traction elevator is an outgrowth of the earlier elevator

Drum- Type, Fig (1.9), the Steam engine gave way to the electrical
motor and gear, and the drum gave way to the drive sheave, Fig (1.10).

Fig (1.9) The earlier Elevator Drum- Type.

 Fig (1.10). Elevator Geared traction motor.

Geared machines are driven by either Single- Speed or Two- Speed A.C.
motors or by D.C. motors utilizing the Ward- Leonard control.

The A.C. motor machine are used for speeds from 25 to 150 foot per min.,
and stopping is accomplished by disconnecting the motor power and
stopping the car by a combination of slide and Brake action by a motor.
Two- Speed A.C. operation employs a double – wound motor, a fast-
speed winding for full- speed running and a slow- speed winding (at 1/2 to
1/4 of full speed) for stopping, leveling, and if required releveling.

The safety advantages of the traction-type elevator are manyfold:

Multiple ropes are used each capable of supporting the weight of

elevator so the rope safety factor is increased by the number of ropes
used. Primarily, multiple ropes are used to increase traction area. This
type of elevator is suitable for use in various building types
and is recognized for its efficiency, speed, and versatility.
1.2 Elevator Contents
The major items for each Elevator are shown in Fig (1.11).
 Fig (1.11) Elevator with a conventional
installation.
1.2.1 Cabin (car), Frame (Sling): Counterweights:

Cabin (car):
This is the main part of Elevator which is designed for transport
of passengers and goods, the car can be made to almost any
specification, the actual finish being usually left to the
purchaser. the clear height should usually about 7 Foot, or
even more.
A load plate showing the contract load should be fitted in
each car. Lift cars consist of two separate units namely the
SLING(FRAME) and the car.

Frame (Sling):
The Frame being constructed of bolted or welded rolled steel
angle or channel sections and must be sufficiently rigid to
withstand the operation of safety gear without permanent
distortion. A typical car Frame is shown in Fig (1 .12).
The side frames are built up of steel angles with gusset plates
riveted to each corner, and vertical or diagonal stays to give
extra strength and stiffness.
The main suspension crosshead is fixed to the top of Frame,
and is bolted the housing for two spring – loaded top guide
shoes, whilst the bottom sections carry the car safety gear and
remaining two bottom Guide shoes.
 Fig (1 .12). Cabin Frame.
Counterweights:

The elevator car is balanced by a heavy counterweight,

Fig (1.13), that provide traction and to balance the weight
of the car plus a predetermined proportion, usually 40 to
50 percent of the total weight it can carry). When the
elevator goes up, the counterweight goes down—and
vice-versa, which helps us in four ways:

i)The counterweight makes it easier for the motor to

raise and lower the car, also the motor needs much
less force to move the car either up or down,
 ii)Since less force is involved, there's less strain on
the cables—which makes the elevator a little bit
safer.

iii)The counterweight reduces the amount of the motor

energy needs to use.
iv)The counterweight reduces the amount of Braking the
elevator needs to use.

Fig (1.13) counterweight.

1.2.2 Doors:
collapsible steel gate; In the earlier time the most
common form of protection for lift car and landing entrances
was the collapsible steel gate of the overhung type, Fig (1.14).
The gate is supported by ball- bearing rollers running on an
overhead track. Gates have now largely been superseded by
doors, particularly as protection for landings, and on the
higher- grade passenger.
The advantages of doors over gates are that they are quitter,
they eliminate draughts emanating from the well, prevent
noise being transmitted to various floors via the well openings
and also improve the appearance of the lift. The rigidity of the
doors enables them to operated by power in a more
satisfactory manner than gates. To prevent the possibility of a
person being trapped between the landing and the car doors,
the distance between the well side of the landing door and the
lift-well edge of the landing threshold should not exceed then
4 inch.
 Fig (1.14). collapsible steel gate.
Swing(manual) doors;
These are used on landings and may be of the single pattern
or double center-opening type and can give a clear opening
equal to the full car width. These doors, however, require
loppy space in which to swing ,a typical door of this type is
shown in Fig (1.15).

Fig (1.15). Swing(manual) doors.

Automatic (Sliding) doors;
Side opening door ; Fig (1.16), the door slides one way,
either to the left or right to let people in or out of the cabin.
Fig (1.16), Stainless steel door side opening Automatic
Hospital lift

Center Opening doors; Fig (1.17), as the name suggests

opens by parting from center. These door types are used for
most of the power operated doors application due to its
aesthetic features and feel.
These power operated doors are available in Mild Steel
powder coated finish, Stainless steel Hairline finish, Glass
doors and Stainless Steel Designer finish.
 Fig (1.17) Center Opening doors.
Vertical Bi- Parting Doors;
These consists of two panels, see Fig (1.18), which slide vertically, one
upwards and the other downwards. The panels are connected so that they
move simultaneously. These doors are robust and strongly constructed and
will stand more rough treatment than other form of door or gate,
consequently they are usually fitted on large goods lifts, and because of
their weight they are generally Power – Operated. the doors ,however , are
counter – balanced so that they can be moved with the minimum effort.

Fig (1.18) Vertical Bi- Parting Door.

Door (operators) motors, retiring Cam
 The lift door motors are shown in Fig (1.19) for side opening
door, and center closed door in Fig (1.20).

Fig (1.19) side opening door Fig (1.20) center closed

door
The motive power for doors is a small squirrel motor coupled by
a Vee – rope drive to a worm reduction gear. This turns an
operating motor through a half – revolution, the power being
transmitted through an adjustable friction clutch. The motor is
connected to the doors so that this half revolution causes the
doors to complete an opening or closing movement.

retiring Cam; Fig (1.21), installed in Swing doors and

designed to prevent landing doors or gates being snatched open whilst the
lift car is passing through a LOCK zone at intermediate floors.

Fig (1.21) retiring Cam of swing elevator doors

 1.2.3 Elevator Machine, Brake
A traction machine is used on all traction elevator equipment types. A
standard traction machine consists of a motor, drive sheave, Brake and
machine bed plate.

Traction Geared motor;

Several different types of motor are suitable for lift installed are available,
the Particular Motor chosen depending upon the supply characteristics, car
speed, and quality of service to be provided.

A traction motor, Fig (1.22) turns the drive sheave shaft to turn the
Divertor Sheave. As the sheave turns the hoist ropes pass over the
Divertor Sheave and pull the car through the hoistway.

Fig (1. 22) A traction motor with Divertor Sheave

Gearless Motor;

In this type, the motor, brake, and sheave, as shown in Fig (1.23),
are mounted on a common bedplate to form a single unit and it is
thus seen that the motor bearings carry the load of the car,
counter – weight, and the pull due to the ropes around the idle
pully (If a double – wrap drive) in addition to the weight of motor
armature, sheave, and brake drum. Gearless Motor run with High
Speeds ranging start from 100 to 1400 foot per min.

Fig (1.23) Gearless Motor.

Brakes;

The elevator brake is an indispensable part of the elevator system,

which can not only ensure the car stops at the level position, but also
not cause any slipping due to the weight difference between the car
and the counterweight, but also make the car effectively stop when the
power supply be quietly off from the control.

It is important that a lift brake shall be of a good design and that the
number of wearing parts shall be kept to a minimum in order that it
may maintain it’s adjustment for long periods without attention.
Accurate and reasonably constant brake adjustments are essential, as a
badly adjusted brake can be responsible for inaccurate floor levelling.

The most common form of the lift brakes constructed on the

electromagnetic principle, and in the majority of cases is situated
between the motor and the gearbox. Fig (1.24), different design and
operation of A.C and D.C Brake are used with solenoid – operated. For
gearless motor brakes, Fig (1.23), have large shoe areas and small shoe
clearances.
a) Side opening solenoid b) center opening
solenoid brake

Fig (1.24) Electromechanical Lift Brake.

1.2.4 Guide rail, Guide Shoes and Roller Shoes, Steel Ropes:
guide rail;
Elevator guide rail is composed of steel rail, Fig (1.25), and connecting (Fish)
plate, Fig (1.26). In the most common installation, two guides are required for
the cabin and two for the counterweight. From the shape of section the
guides can be classified into three forms: T – type, see Fig (1.25), L – type as
shown in Fig (1.27), and hollow round guide illustrated in Fig (1.28). Guide rail
in the role of guidance at the same time, bear the impact of car, elevator
braking, safety pliers emergency braking impact. The size of these forces is
related to the load and speed of the elevator, so the guide rail should be
selected according to the speed and load of the elevator. Car guide rail is
usually called the main rail.

Fig (1.25) steel guide rail (T – type) Fig (1.26) connecting (Fish) plate
 Fig (1.27) L – type guide rail Fig (1.28) hollow
round guide.

Guide Shoes;
The usual type of guide shoes is spring – loaded and is of phosphor – bronze or
cast iron about 9 inch. Long and shaped to fit the guide, typical examples being
shown in Fig (1.29).
Roller Guide Shoes;
Roller Shoes, which have been used extensively in the world, have been
employed in recent years. This type comprise three rubber – tire spring – loaded
rollers, one operating on the guide and the other two on the sides. These transform
the lift from a sliding motion to that of a rolling vehicle. The car thus tends to float
between the guides and friction is thereby considerably reduced. These Rollers,
mounted on Ball – bearings, operation dry unlubricated guides and there is no
accumulation of grease or oil on the guides or in the lift well. Each Roller is
supported by a pivoted rocker – arm which automatically adjusts itself to the guide.
A Roller Guide Shoe of this type is shown in Fig (1.30).
An elevator guide shoe with an oil box mounted at the top, is shown in Fig (1.31),of
each guide for self-lubricating guide rail system.

Fig (1.29) Guide Shoe Fig (1.30) Roller Guide Shoe. Fig (1.31) Guide Shoe with oil-box

Steel Ropes;
The lifting ropes employed on the lifts are of stranded construction, each
strand consisting a number of steel wires. The elevator wire rope has special
provisions and requirements. Configuration is not only for wire rope and
rated load, but also considered the size of traction, as a result, the tensile
strength of wire rope is greater than the lift weight. The safety factor is
equipped with more than four wire rope. So it won’t break at the same time.
Ropes of Special construction are used:
(i) Six flattened strands, Fig (1.32), are laid around an impregnated core
to form this rope. The strand construction is twelve large wires laid
twelve smaller around a shaped core which may consist of one or
more shaped wires or one or more round wires.
 (ii)Steel rope Eight strands, Fig (1.33), Rounder cross section than six
strands ropes with Favorable contact pressure condition, more
Flexible cross section for easier adjustments to worn grooves, finally
Thinner wires offer better fatigue bending property

Fig (1. 32)6- flattened strands Rope section Fig (1.33)8- strands Rope section·
1.2.5 Speed Governor
An Elevator Governor is a speed monitoring device on traction elevators
that triggers a safety mounted on the car frame when the elevator reaches
high speeds in either direction. The governor is located in the machine room or
overhead, depending on the design of the elevator.
 Fig (1.34) Governor Rope Carriers
Governor Rope Carriers; Several different forms of rope carriers are in use,
Fig (1.34), but the principle is the same in each case. They all perform the
functions of attaching the governor rope to the car frame under normal
running conditions, and of detaching the rope from the car when the governor
jaws grip the rope.

1.3 Types of Elevator: and Lifts for Special Purposes.

Passenger lifts;
The total capacity of passenger lifts required in any building to give a
certain grade of service is determined by the number of occupants and
number of visitors who will be expected to utilize a lift service, and both
vary considerably with the type of building. The density of the visitors and
occupants will great for restaurants and visitors and occupants will great
for restaurants and theatres and less for offices, hotels, and flats. In all
countries a large number of building are of such size and nature that
very little difficulty will be experienced in deciding that one passenger lift
will give adequate service. It should be remembered. However, that it is
often preferable to install two small lifts if the grounds of capacity alone,
two small lifts will give better service than one large lift , the latter
probably having been designed to cater for the maximum number of
passengers at the periods of peak loading time, consequently , this lift will
be running comparatively lightly loaded for the most of the day, with a
resulting decrease in efficiency and increase in running costs, on the
other hand, with two small lifts , adequate service could probably be
maintained during the greater part of the day with one lift, the second
being brought into service during peak loads. The advantages to be
gained by installing two smaller lifts often outweigh the extra initial outlay.
Large building require a group of lifts and the best service is obtained if
these are installed adjacent to each other.
Goods lifts;

Chapter two
Safety part
2.1 Electrical protection devices:
1-Un- desired (Opposite) motion:
To avoid un- desired motion We need (Phase Sequence Relay);
The phase sequence relay measure three phase AC supplies for correct
direction of rotation and will activate and relay output for any fault. A wrong
phase sequence will cause fault in rotation of the lift motor and can cause
problems and damages. Fig (2.1).
 Fig (2.1). Phase Sequence Relay
The direction of motor rotation is directly related to the phase
sequence. Therefore, in elevators, the running direction of elevator is
also directly related to phase sequence. Although many of new
elevators are now mostly frequency-driven, and the frequency drive on
the power phase sequence is basically no requirement; but in earlier
elevators, and even now part of the new elevator, most of the use are
two-speed motor, etc., if for Some causes the power phase sequence
is not right, then original elevator car motion will be down for up-
direction move, and original down will become up, and this is very
easy to cause problems or even accidents. Therefore, the role of
phase sequence relay, is to ensure that when the power phase
sequence is not correct, the elevator not run. In general, the phase
sequence relay can also detect missing phase (phase-failure) , 3-
phase voltage imbalance and other issues, and to be protected.
2- Over-current heating protection:
 a-Thermal Sensors in the Stator Body.
Thermal winding protection sensors, shown in Fig (2.2), are fixed
in stator body have several options, but the fundamental is winding
protection, which employs a sensor that registers the thermal
condition of motor’s stator windings. the thermal winding protection
causes a motor shutdown when a thermal overload occurs.

Fig (2.2) Thermal Sensors.

b- Over-Current Circuit Breaker;
Fig (2.3) show Klockner Moeller brand as a protection device,
Elevator's starting current is usually significantly larger than the
rating value. Usually with motors, even with elevators, we size the
overcurrent protection by multiplying 125% of the full load current
according to (NEC) standard for HP conversion table.
 Fig (2.3) Klockner Moeller Circuit Breaker.
c- Electrical and Mechanical Fan (Ventilator);
the electrical Fan installed on the stator body to pull the hot air from
the inside motor to ambient, and Mechanical Fan fixed to the rotor
shift in opposite side to insure cool air flow inside motor, Fig (2.4).
 Fig (2.4). Electrical and Mechanical Fan.
3- Normal terminal stopping (pre-final limit) Switches;
Every electric lift should be provided with an upper and a lower
normal terminal stopping switch, these being arranged to stop the car
automatically within the top and bottom over-travels.
They may be fitted to the car and be operated by a ramp in the
well, or in the well and operated by a car ramp.
4-Final Terminal (Limit) Stopping Switches;
These are arranged to stop the car automatically within the top
and bottom clearances, independently of the normal operating
device and the terminal stopping switches, but with the buffers
operative. A normal terminal stopping switches (pre-final limit)
and a final terminal stopping switch shown in Fig (2.5).
 Fig (2.5) Final and pre-Terminal (Limit) Stopping Switches.
5- Door contact switch;
The car gate or the landing doors consists of an electric switch with
short- circuited bridge, Fig (2.6), which open it’s contact (s. c bridge)
immediately the gate or landing doors are opened, thus ensuring that a lift
cannot move unless the car gate is closed.
The door contact switch is a safety switch with forced
actuation and is used to monitor the closing position of
elevator doors or as a locking agent switch for automatic
doors.
 Fig (2.6) Door contact switch
6- Emergency – Stop switch:
The Location design of Emergency – Stop
a) inside Cabin;
All passenger operated lifts, except those fitted with sliding(automatic)
doors on both the car and landing, should be fitted with (Emergency –
Stop) switch or a stop push in the car, momentary pressure on which will
bring the car to the rest.
b) Over Cabin(car) Emergency – Stop for maintenance required;
To provide the maintenance engineer with protection when working
on the top of the car an emergency stop switch, Fig (2.7), should be
fitted on the car top.

Fig (2.7) Elevator Maintenance Box.

 c) In the Machine room.
d)Up and Down Electrical Stop Switch in the mean hall(shaft).

6- Electrical switch for Car Emergency – Exit:

Car Emergency - Exit, Fig (2.8), installed on the cabin top,
shall have a lock arranged so that the door may be opened from
the inside of the car only by a special shaped removable key
and outside the car by means of a non-removable handle. All
top emergency car exits shall be equipped with electric switch
contacts to prevent the car movement if the exit door is not
closed.

Fig (2.8) Cabin Emergency Exit.

2.1 Electromechanical protection apparatus:
1) Car Safety Gears (Safety- catch):
Is a safety protection device with the object of preventing any
uncontrolled movement of the car in downward direction, by
clamping the car to its guides should the lifting ropes break or the
car speed, in descent, exceed a certain predetermined value
 This device is always installed under the car framing, but sometimes
installed also at the counterweight frame. As shown in Fig (2.9).

Fig (2.9). Car Safety Gear.

2) Speed Governor:
The duty of the speed governor is to cause the safety
gear to operate, if from any cause the speed of the car
exceeds its normal maximum speed by more than a certain
predetermined value.
The governor is generally arranged to cut off the electrical
power from the control circuit before or at the same time
that the safety gear sets.
Speed Governor is always installed in the machine room. Fig (2.10)
 Fig (2.10) Speed Governor.
3) Gate or Door locking with electrical contact switch;
These locks fitted to the landing doors and to the car entrances
(gate) comprise one of the most important safety items in a lift
installation.
The landing or door locks should be such that the gate
or door cannot be opened from the landing unless the car
is at that particular landing (floor) and also that the car
cannot moved unless all landing gates or doors are closed
and locked.
The lock must therefore comprise a mechanical lock, , which
is capable of being released only when the car is at the landing.
The car gate or door lock consists of an electric switch which
opens it’s contacts immediately the gate or door is opened, thus
ensuring that a lift cannot move unless the gar gate is closed.
Two types of Door locks we have;
 i)Automatic door lock, Fig (2.11) shown the lock for landing
(floor) door devise, These types of lift doors are considered
the standard in modern buildings. Nearly all automatic doors are powered
by a door motor in the cabin.

Automatic doors offer many different features that manual doors do not,
including sensors, pressure sensors, speed controls, and obstacle
detection.

Automatic door can also have different types of opening. Single

opening refers to a single panel door the width of the doorway that opens to
the left or to the right. Centre opening doors are common in
many buildings; they have two panels that meet in the middle and slide
open to the side. These types of doors are highly efficient but do not allow
for the full use of the door width.

Fig (2.11) SISI brand Automatic door lock.

 ii)Swing (Manual)door type, shown in Fig (2.12), Typically
found in older buildings, these lift doors are normally operated by
the user, although some close automatically.

In some cases, the door can be spring-loaded, meaning

the gate cannot be left open, or the gate might close automatically
when the user presses the button and partially or fully open when
the lift arrives at a floor.

Fig (2.12) Schmersal Swing door lock

4)Slack Rope Safety Switch;
These switches are fitted to drum- drive lifts and automatically
cuts off the supply from the electrical control of the motor if the
car meets an obstruction and the ropes become slack. The two
location for installing these switches are explained as follows:
First : A rope slack device installed on the top of the cabin frame
of a lift includes a rope end plate, a rotating component, a switch
fixing frame and a supporting frame of the rotating component.
Under the rope end plate the rotating component is suspended by
the supporting frame of the rotating component and a safety
switch is suspended by the switch fixing frame. The supporting
frame of the rotating component includes a fixing-supporting plate
and an elastic support column. One end of the fixing-supporting
plate is fixedly connected with the rope end plate, and the other
end is hinged with the rotating component by a pin shaft. When
the rotating component is pressed to rotate around the pin shaft,
the switch striking plate pushes the movable contact of the safety
switch. The device can automatically cut off power supply to brake
the lift such that accident of clashing head due to breakage of
steel wire rope during the car running is effectively avoided and
safety of the lift is guaranteed during the lift operation. The quality
of the product can be effectively improved.
Second: Also Slack Safety Switch is installed to speed governor
drum- drive at bottom coupled with Tension Weight pully, as shown
in Fig (2.13), The Slack Rope Switch Assembly is offered as a solution for
detecting slack, broken or excessive rope stretch of the governor rope. In the
event of a slack, broken or overstretched governor rope, the Tension Weight
will activate the switch and cut the electrical power.
Fig (2.13) Tension weights pully of speed governor with electrical
switch.
5) Car Maximum Load Switch;

The object is to avoid the starting of an elevator car when its

overloaded, Elevator Sensor Switch Load Weighing installed
Under Elevator Car Bottom, Fig (2.14).

When an elevator car is overloaded, and it is started in the

down direction, there is danger that it cannot be stopped at the
desired floor but will continue downward into the pit, from which it
cannot be raised by the regular elevator motor. This involves
much trouble and delay before the elevator is in use again, even
where no injury to the apparatus is inflicted.
 Fig (2.14). Over Load Sencer Device

6) Car Apron Electrical protection switch;

On many modern lifts the doors begin to open when the car enters
the Levelling Zone, which may be 0.25 meter from the floor level.
To prevent a person’s foot from being trapped between the landing
and descending car during this leveling period, an apron switch
should be fitted to the car platform, Fig (2.15), of such a depth that
no gap exists at any time when a landing door is opening.
a) Car Apron in Full extension position
 b) Car Apron in Full retraction position
Fig (2.15) Car Apron switch in two position (a- extension: b- retraction).
2.3 - Extra protection requirements:
i) Pit Buffers ;
In the event of the final terminal stopping switch, and the
car not coming to rest within the clearance provided, either the
car or counterweight will make contact with buffers which
lessen the impact.
Two buffers are fitted in the bit under the car, these being
placed symmetrically with respect to the center of gravity of
the car, and in addition, one or two buffers are fitted under the
counterweight. These buffers therefore constitute the final
emergency device.
There are two buffer types;
1) Spring Buffers. For speeds up to 300 ft. per min. Fig
(2.16).
 2) Oil Buffers. For speeds up to 300 ft. per min. Fig (2.16).

Fig (2.16). Main types of elevator Buffers.

ii) fire alarm protection system;
Elevator recall for firefighter operations is a required function in all
automatic elevators;

is defined as an automatic sequence initiated by the fire alarm system to

relocate an elevator cabin to the designated floor. Activation of an
automatic fire alarm initiating device located directly adjacent to an elevator
door, an elevator hoistway, or within rooms or spaces containing elevator
machinery controls. Phase I recall will bring all elevators to the primary
floor, with or without passengers.
 iii) Cabin emergency exit;

The emergency exit of an elevator car is a hinged door that opens outwards,
mostly installed on the top of the car with electrical switch therefore when this
door is opened prevent the car movement, Fig (2.17).

Fig (2.17). Emergency Exit with electrical switch contact.

iv)Cabin intercom system;
In the event of a problem with the elevators, such as doors not opening or
the cabin stopping between floors, depress the help button on the front
panel, see Fig (2.18), the elevators are monitored with all help calls recorded
and relayed to building Security. The security officer on duty will respond via
an intercom system in the elevator cabin and will arrange for immediate
assistance.
Also if the car stop between floors and the door opens, do not ever attempt
to climb out or jump to the floor below, as help will be there as soon as
possible to assist with the situation.

Fig (2.18). Cabin Emergency Intercom.

v) Protection devices for cabin door operation;
1)photocell.
Photocells in elevators, Fig (2.19), are very common in recent
years and it is known that they are used in most elevator systems.
During the closing process of the elevator landing door, the
person/object on the door is detected and the door is opened
again. It is one of the products that plays an important role in the
safety of passengers during the opening. Photocells control
passengers entering and exiting the cabin.
 Fig (2.19) elevator automatic door photocell.
2)optical sensor

The optical sensor, Fig (2.20), installed for the elevator door operation,
present as a customized sensor solution for door safety guarding and
hoist way monitoring, for more than 20 years ago.

Fig (2.20) Optical sensor for automatic door detection.

 3) Door Pressure electrical switch.
Integrated structure rubber pressure safety edge sensor, shown in
Fig (2.21)

Fig (2.21) Elevator Door Pressure electrical switch.

v) Cabin Fan
The fan aids is to circulating air in the elevator car. This fan is positioned
on the car's top, as shown in Fig (2.22), and extracts air from elevator
cabin into the hoistway. A toe kick helps the fan to opposite the air
direction supply from hoistway into the cabin.

Fig (2.22) Cabin Fan.

 vi) Priority (VIP) switch
For (VIP) or special purpose using of elevators.
It's an electrical switch installed in the cabin, Fig (2.23),
gives the Priority to moving directly to destination floor
and disregarding all calls of other stops.

Fig (2.23) VIP, Fan, Light, of the cabin Switches.