Information Concepts

D ATA I NFOR MATIO N KN OWL ED GE C HAR ACTE RI STIC S OF

V AL UAB LE I NFO RMATI ON
Raw facts that describe a Data that has been organized Awareness and understanding of
particular phenomenon, such as and processed to convey information that can be applied Accessible, Accurate, Complete,
numbers, letters, and other meaning and value within a to support a specific task or Economical, Flexible, Relevant,
characters, graphic images, specific context decision-making Reliable, Secure, Simple, Timely,
sounds, or moving pictures Verifiable

U N D E RSTA N DI N G TH E DI FF E RE N C E S B E TWE E N D AT A, I N FO RM ATIO N , AN D KN O WL E DG E , A S

WE L L AS TH E C H AR AC TE R ISTI CS OF V AL U ABL E IN F OR MA TIO N , IS C RU C IAL F OR E F FE C TI VE
D E CI SIO N- MA KIN G AN D P R OB LE M - SO LV IN G IN A N Y O RG AN IZ ATI ON .
What is Information?

• Information is organized and processed data that helps people make

decisions.
• Think of it like cooking!
• Data = Raw ingredients (flour, eggs, sugar)
• Information = A cake recipe (organized ingredients with instructions)
• Knowledge = The ability to bake a perfect cake
Key Information Concepts

Why Is This Important?

Businesses and organizations need accurate and useful
information to make smart decisions!
How Information Systems
Process Data Into Information
Step 1: Data Collection
•Data is gathered (sales reports, customer feedback, weather updates).
•Example: A shopping app collects data on what users buy.
Step 2: Data Processing
•The system organizes and analyzes the data.
•Example: The app groups data by “most purchased items.”
Step 3: Information Output
•The processed data is displayed as useful information.
•Example: The app shows “Top 10 Trending Products” based on
purchases.
Step 4: Decision-Making
•Businesses use this information to improve their strategies.
•Example: The shopping app recommends similar products to
customers.

Real-Life Example:
Imagine Netflix —it collects data on what users watch, processes it,
and suggests new shows based on their interests.
Summary

Data is raw facts; information is meaningful data.

Knowledge is using information to make smart decisions.
Information Systems collect, process, and store data to help
businesses operate better.
Real-life examples include Netflix, shopping apps, banks, and schools
using data for decision-making.

Think of Information Systems like a brain —they turn random

facts into useful knowledge!
Characteristics of Valuable Information
CHARACTERISTICS DEFINITIONS

Accessible Information should be easily accessible by authorized users so they can obtain it in the right format and at the right time to
meet their needs.

Accurate Accurate information is error free. In some cases, inaccurate information is generated because inaccurate data is fed into the
transformation process. This is commonly called garbage in, garbage out. (GIGO)

Complete Complete information contains all the important facts.

Economical Information should also be relatively economical to reproduce. Decision makers must always balance the value of information
with the cost of producing it.

Flexible Flexible information can be used for a variety of purposes.

Relevant Relevant information is important to the decision maker

Reliable Reliable information can be trusted by the users

Secure Information should be secure from access by authorized users

Simple Information should be simple not complex. Too much information can cause information overload.

Timely Timely information is delivered when it is needed.

Verifiable Information should be verifiable. This means treat you can check it to make sure it is correct, perhaps by checking many
sources for the same information
Characteristics of Valuable
Information
Characteristic What It Means Example
Easy to find and use when Google Search helps students quickly find
1. Accessible
needed research materials.
A bank correctly records your account balance.
2. Accurate Correct and free from errors

A doctor's prescription includes the medicine

3. Complete Has all the necessary details
name, dosage, and instructions.
Schools use free online resources instead of
4. Economical Cost-effective to obtain
expensive textbooks.
Can be used for different Sales data can be analyzed for profits,
5. Flexible
purposes customer trends, or marketing.
A weather report is important for travelers but
6. Relevant Useful for a specific situation
not for a history exam.
A government health website gives accurate
7. Reliable Comes from a trusted source
medical advice.
Protected from unauthorized Online banking encrypts your personal data to
8. Secure
access keep it safe.
Easy to understand and not A teacher explains a math problem step by
9. Simple
overly complicated step.
Live traffic updates help drivers avoid
10. Timely Available when needed
roadblocks.
Can be checked from reliable A research paper cites multiple sources to
11. Verifiable
sources support facts.
Why Does This Matter?
If information isn’t accurate, complete, or timely, it can cause big
problems!

Example: Business Decision-Making

•A company needs accurate and timely sales data to make smart financial
decisions.
•If the data is wrong or late, the company could lose money!

Example: Healthcare
•A hospital needs complete and secure patient records to give the right
treatment.
•If records are incomplete or inaccurate, the patient could receive the
wrong medicine.

Example: Social Media & Fake News

•People must verify information before believing or sharing it.
•If the news is fake, it can spread misinformation!
The 4 Main Component What It Does Example
Components of an in information systems, it is the A student types their
Information System 1. Input activity of gathering and
capturing raw data
name into an online exam
system.
in information systems, it means
converting or transforming data
The exam system checks
into useful outputs; can involve
the student's answers
2. Processing making calculations, comparing
against the correct ones.
data and taking alternative
actions, and storing data for
future use
in information systems, involves
producing useful information, The exam system displays
3. Output
usually in the form of documents the student’s score.
or reports
in information systems, it is the If a student answers
information from the system that incorrectly, the system
4. Feedback
is used to make changes to input suggests a study guide.
or processing activities
The 4 Main How These Components Work
Components of an
Together
Information System
Imagine an online food ordering system (like GrabFood or FoodPanda) :

1️⃣ Input → You select food and enter your address.

2️⃣ Processing → The system processes your order and finds a restaurant
near you.

3️⃣ Output → You get a confirmation message and estimated delivery time.

4️⃣ Feedback → If the food is delayed, the system updates the time and
notifies you.

Without these 4 components, the system wouldn’t function properly!

The 4 Main Why Are These Components
Components of an Important?
Information System
Businesses use them to process sales and customer data.

Hospitals use them to track patient information and treatments.

Schools use them to process student grades and attendance.

Banks use them for ATM transactions and online banking.

Think of these components like a cycle —each step must happen for
the system to work correctly!
 • consist of computer equipment used to perform input, consists of the computer programs that govern the
is a single set of hardware, software, databases, processing, storage and output activities; trend in the computer operation of the computer
industry is to produce smaller, faster and more mobile hardware is a program or collection of programs that enable the
telecommunications, people, and procedures that are • consists of devices that accept, process, and display data and
hardware to process the data
information
configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data two types: system software such as Microsoft Windows
• input devices include keyboards, mouse, pointing devices,
automatic scanning devices and equipment that can read which controls basic computer operations including start-up
into information. and printing and application software such as Microsoft
magnetic ink characters
• processing devices include computer ships that contain the office which allows users to accomplish specific task
central processing unit (CPU) and main memory including word processing or tabulating numbers
• output devices include printers and computer screens
It is a collection of related files or tables containing data
an organized collection of facts and information, typically
consisting of two or more related data files; for example,
an organization’s database can contain facts and
information on customers, employees, inventory,
competitor’s sales, online purchases and much more
Telecommunications is the electronic transmission of signals are the most important element in most CBIS because they
or communications that enables organizations to carry out make the difference between success and failure for most
their processes and tasks through effective computer organizations; IS personnel include all the people who
networks and can take place through wired, wireless, and manage, run program, maintain the system, including the
satellite transmissions. chief information officer who manages the IS Department,
Networks connect computers and equipment in a building, other people who work with IS are financial executives,
• include the strategies, policies, methods, and rules for around the country or around the world to enable electronic marketing representatives, manufacturing operators and
using the CBIS including the operation, maintenance, communications; permits different computers to share many others.
and security of the computer resources.
• are the instructions for combining the above Internet is the world’s largest computer networks, consisting
components in order to process information and of thousand on interconnected networks, all freely
generate desired output exchanging information
Intranet is an internal network based on Web technologies
that allows people within an organization to exchange
information and work on projects.
Extranets a network based on Web technologies that allows
selected outsiders, such as business partners and customers,
to access authorize resources of company’s intranet.
Computer-Based What is a Computer-Based Information System (CBIS)?
Information A Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) is a system that uses computers and technology
to collect, store, process, and share information.

Systems (CBIS) Think of CBIS like a smartphone!

• It stores contacts, messages, and apps (data storage).
• It processes information when you use apps (Google, Facebook, YouTube).
• It displays results when you search for something.
CBIS helps businesses, schools, hospitals, and banks work faster, smarter, and more efficiently!

The 5 Main Components of CBIS

Component What It Does Example
The physical devices that process andComputers, servers, keyboards,
1. Hardware
store data. printers.
The programs that run on the Microsoft Office, Google Chrome,
2. Software
computer. Online Banking apps.
A student records system that stores
3. Database Stores large amounts of information.
names and grades.
The internet, Wi-Fi, or a school’s local
4. Network Connects computers to share data.
network.
Users who input, manage, and use the Teachers, students, doctors, business
5. People
system. managers.
Computer-Based Real-Life Examples of CBIS
Information
Systems (CBIS) Online Banking
• You transfer money using a mobile app.
• The system updates your account balance.

School Information System

• Teachers enter grades into the system.
• Students check their results online.

Online Shopping (Lazada, Shopee, Amazon)

• You search for a product.
• The system finds sellers and processes your order.
Computer-Based Why Are Procedures Important?
Information Ensure accuracy – Prevent errors in data entry.
Systems (CBIS) Improve efficiency – Help businesses work faster.

Enhance security – Protect sensitive information.

Provide consistency – Everyone follows the same steps,

avoiding confusion.
Computer-Based Examples of Procedures in CBIS
Information
Systems (CBIS) Situation Procedure (Steps to Follow)
1. Log in securely with a username & password.
Online Banking
2. Select "Transfer Money" and enter details.
3. Confirm the transaction with OTP.
1. Teacher logs in to enter student grades.
School Information System 2. Grades are saved and verified.
3. Students can check their grades online.
1. Search for a product.
Online Shopping (Shopee,
2. Add to cart and enter payment details.
Amazon)
3. Confirm order and track shipping.
1. Doctor logs in to check patient history.
2. Updates treatment details.
Hospital System
3. Prescriptions are generated for the
pharmacy.
Computer-Based How Procedures Work with Other CBIS Components
Information
Systems (CBIS) 1️⃣ Hardware – Users must follow steps to operate devices
correctly.
2️⃣ Software – Each program has specific instructions for use.
3️⃣ Database – Procedures ensure data is entered and
retrieved correctly.
4️⃣ Network – Users follow security steps when accessing data
remotely.
5️⃣ People – Employees must be trained to follow system
procedures properly.

Think of procedures like the rules in a game! Without

clear rules, the system won’t function properly!