Lab Manual

EEE-442
Integrated Design Project - I

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Green University of Bangladesh

 Table of Contents
General Instructions .................................................................................................................................... 3

Experiment 1 Construction of electronic circuits in Proteus Design Suite ...................... 14

Experiment 2 Construction of a Non-Inverting Amplifier in Proteus Design Suite ........... 23

Experiment 3 Designing PCB of a Stable Power Supply in Proteus ................................... 27

Experiment 4 Designing PCB of a Non-Inverting Amplifier circuit in Proteus ............ 33

Experiment 5 Hardware Implementation of a Non-Inverting Amplifier on PCB........ 39

Experiment 6 Study of a DC motor speed controller using 555 IC ..................................... 44

Experiment 7 Design and Implementation of a UPS Circuit.................................................. 50

Experiment 8 Design and Implementation of a Sine Wave Generator. ............................ 54

Experiment 9 Speed Control of a Dc motor Using SCR. .......................................................... 58

Experiment 10 Traffic Signal Light Control System Using Proteus .................................... 61

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 General Instructions

Introduction
There are 2.5 hours allocated to a laboratory session in Integrated Design Project II. It
is a necessary part of the course that attendance is compulsory. Here are some
guidelines to help you perform the experiments and to submit the reports:
i. Read all instructions carefully and carry them all out.
ii. Ask for a demonstration if you are unsure of anything.
iii. Record actual results (comment on them if they are unexpected!)
iv. Write up full and suitable conclusions for each experiment.
v. If you have any doubt about the safety of any procedure, contact the
demonstrator beforehand.
vi. THINK about what you are doing!
Breadboard
Proteus is a software used for electronic design automation; mainly used for
preparing schematics and designing PCBs. It has many tools which are not only easy
to use but are helpful in PCB designing and learning about PCB designing. IT takes
use of an integrated auto-router, and allows for the full schematic capture,
configurable design rules, supports power planes, has an interactive circuit
stimulator, follows industry standard CADCAM and ODB++ output, and allows 3D
viewing

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PCB Layout Designing:
Next, we will use the virtual circuit to design our PCB layout. Proteus has an
integrated ARES designing suit. We can use this to develop our PCB. First you will
open Proteus and select ‘Tools’ and then select ‘netlist to Ares’.

This will open a window with components list. Now we will create our board edge
using ‘2D Graphics Box Mode’. Click on ‘select layer’ and then select ‘board edge’.
Now draw a box in your workspace. Once you’re done, click once again and the green
line will change into a yellow colored layout. Our circuit is to be drawn in this box.
You can also expand the box if required.

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Next, click on the component and rotate if required using rotate buttons, then place
into your workspace. After adding all the components, arrange the components
properly. You can change position by clicking on ‘selection mode’ and then selecting
your component, you can then drag it to the required position. Next, connect all the
components. Select ‘track mode’ and you can change the track width by selecting ‘C’
(Create) or ‘E’ (Edit) as shown. Selecting these buttons will open a new window.
Select your width according to the PCB you design. Since this is hobbyist PCB made
at home, we will use a width greater than 25. Here we will use 35.

Next, connect components, click on the component end with a pen and follow the
green line. Once you’re done the green line will be removed. If you are designing a
single layered PCB then components are placed on one side and connections are
made on the other side. In double layered, tracking and components are done on two
sides. In multi-layered, the different layers are represented by different colors. For
example, the bottom layer represents blue, top layer red and inner layers also show
different colors.

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The directions of our component traces are indicated by white arrows, connections
by green lines and blue lines show track. Any errors in tracking are shown by red
circles.

To avoid errors, you can change the track path. For double layered PCBs, you can
change track between layers by double-clicking the left button on your mouse, this
will help to change the layer from one to another. The orange circles represent vias
between layers. With the auto-router tool, you can arrange the tracks automatically.
You can choose an auto-router window which contains all the modes, designing rules
and grid width options you can change accordingly and then click Routing.
Automatic routing will start. Red tracks as shown indicate top and tracks and blue
show bottom tracks between layers. This is for double-layered PCBs.

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After you complete tracking, save your project in the same file you saved your Proteus
project. You can choose 3D visualization to see the final circuit. You can view all the
angles, components, board without the components placed, front and back view.

Layout Printing: Next is our final step, layout printing. For this go to the output
option and select ‘Print’. The print layout window will open. There are many options
such as mode, path, scale, rotation etc. There are 4 modes, artwork, a solder resist,
SMT mask and drill plot. In artwork mode, the yellow colored module we designed
can be printed. Keep in mind that for the bottom copper layer, we must select more
in ‘reflection’. We will take many prints of the circuit layout.

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1: Top copper layer: This is only required for dual layered PCBs.`
2: Bottom copper layer: While printing this layer, only select ‘bottom copper’ and
‘board edge’ in ‘layer/artwork’. Select the scale as 100%, select ‘X Horizontal’ in
Rotation and ‘Mirror’ in ‘reflection’ option. Since the printed side will be facing the
copper layer in the opposite direction so we select the ‘mirror’ option.

3: Top Silk layer: This is in combination with the bottom copper layer. Top silk layer
prints the components view. For this, you will select ‘top silk’ and ‘board edge’ in
‘layer/artwork’. Select ‘normal’ in ‘Reflection’ mode.

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4: Bottom Silk Layer: This is for dual layered PCB.
5: Solder Resist Layer: This is for prevention of short circuits. For this select mode as
‘solder resist’ and select ‘bottom resist’ and ‘board edge’. Also select reflection as
‘mirror’ mode

6: SMT Mode: We do not use SMT (Surface Mount Technology) mode as our circuit
does not require an SMT module.
7: Drill Plot Layer: This layer is used to indicate the drill place and drill hole size.
Select ‘drill’ and ‘board edge’. Select ‘normal’ in the Reflection option.

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Building the Circuit
PCB Etching: Next, we will move on to the etching process. We will basically design
our copper tracks by copper layer print.
1: Take the copper layer board and cut according to your requirement.
2: Place the bottom copper layer print into the copper PCB board facing the print
towards the copper layer as shown. Adjust the paper and board carefully.

3: Apply heat to the printed paper by an iron box or any heat source.
4: We will see that the paper print is merged with the board. Next, drop the board
into the water and remove the paper. The carbon print on the board will remain.

5: Next place your board in ferric chloride liquid. The copper will react with the
ferric chloride whereas the copper not having a carbon layer will be dissolved.

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 6: Now clean your board with sandpaper. Remove any excess carbon layer.
7: Next, drill holes according to the drill position layer we designed.
8: Next place your components in the correct place and use a soldering kit to solder
them into place.
9: Finally, cut the extra pins with a cutter. The circuit is complete.
Common Causes of Problems
1. Not connecting the ground and/or power pins for all ICs.
2. Not turning on the power supply before checking the operation of the circuit.
3. Leaving out wires.
4. Plugging wires into the wrong holes.
5. Driving a single gate input with the multiple gates
6. Modifying the circuit with the power on.
In all experiments, you will be expected to obtain all instruments, connecting leads,
components at the start of the experiment and return them to their proper place after
you have finished the experiment. Please inform the technician if you identify any
faulty equipment. If you damage an IC, inform the Lab technician. Don't put it back
in the box of chips for somebody else to use.
General Instruc

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 Laboratory Regulation and Safety Rules

The following Regulations and Safety Rules must be observed in all concerned
laboratory locations.
1. It is the duty of all concerned who use any electrical laboratory to take all
reasonable steps to safeguard the HEALTH and SAFETY of themselves and all
other users and visitors.
2. Be sure that all equipment is properly working before using them for laboratory
exercises. Any defective equipment must be reported immediately to the Lab.
Instructors or Lab. Technical Staff.
3. Students are allowed to use only the equipment provided in the experiment
manual or equipment used for senior project laboratory.
4. Power supply terminals connected to any circuit are only energized with the
presence of the Instructor or Lab. Staff.
5. Students should keep a safe distance from the circuit breakers, electric circuits
or any moving parts during the experiment.
6. Avoid any part of your body to be connected to the energized circuit and
ground.
7. Switch off the equipment and disconnect the power supplies from the circuit
before leaving the laboratory.
8. Observe cleanliness and proper laboratory housekeeping of the equipment and
other related accessories.
9. Wear proper clothes and safety gloves or goggles required in working areas
that involve fabrications of printed circuit boards, chemicals process control
system, antenna communication equipment and laser facility laboratories.
10. Double check your circuit connections specifically in handling electrical power
machines, AC motors and generators before switching “ON” the power supply.
11. Make sure that the last connection to be made in your circuit is the power
supply and the first thing to be disconnected is also the power supply.
12. Equipment should not be removed, transferred to any location without
permission from the laboratory staff.
13. Software installation in any computer laboratory is not allowed without the
permission from the Laboratory Staff.
14. Computer games are strictly prohibited in the computer laboratory.
15. Students are not allowed to use any equipment without proper orientation and

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 actual hands on equipment operation.
16. Smoking and drinking in the laboratory are not permitted.
All these rules and regulations are necessary precautions in the Electrical Laboratory
to safeguard the students, laboratory staff, the equipment and other laboratory users.

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 Experiment 1
Construction of electronic circuits in Proteus Design Suite

1.1 Objective
1. To be familiarized with Proteus Design Suite.
2. To design and simulate rectifier and regulator circuits using Proteus.
3. To educate students about the operation and characteristics of BJTs and
MOSFETs as electronic switches.
1.2 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this experiment students will be able to,
1. Gain knowledge about essential electronic components like resistors, capacitors
and LEDs and learn how to incorporate them into circuits.
2. Difference between BJTs and MOSFETs in their operation as a switch.
3. Design and simulate different circuits using Proteus Design Suite.

1.3 Theory
Proteus Design Suite is a powerful and widely used software package for electronic
circuit design, simulation, and PCB (Printed Circuit Board) layout. It is a
comprehensive tool that helps both beginners and experienced engineers in the field
of electronics. It allows users to design and simulate electronic circuits before actually
building them physically. It supports a wide range of components, including resistors,
capacitors, diodes, microcontrollers, and more. Users can simulate the behavior of
these components, making it an invaluable tool for testing circuit functionality and
troubleshooting. In addition, Proteus offers a PCB design module that allows users to
create professional-grade PCB layouts. It provides tools for placing components,
routing traces, and generating manufacturing-ready files. In this experiment, the
students will design and simulate two different circuits that are very important in the
field of electrical engineering.
Full Wave Rectifier
A full wave rectifier is an electronic circuit that converts alternating current (AC) to
direct current (DC) using diodes. An AC source is used at the primary side of a center-
tapped transformer which induces an AC voltage on the secondary side. During the
positive half-cycle of the AC input, the upper diode becomes forward-biased, allowing
current to flow through it. Simultaneously, the lower diode becomes reverse-biased

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and blocks current flow. During the negative half-cycle of the AC input, the lower
diode becomes forward-biased, while the upper diode blocks current flow. This
alternating action of diodes effectively rectifies both positive and negative half-cycles
of the input AC voltage. The output of the rectifier is a pulsating DC waveform that
includes both the positive and negative halves of the input AC voltage.
Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator circuit is an electronic device or circuitry designed to maintain a
stable, constant output voltage regardless of variations in the input voltage or load
conditions. Voltage regulators are crucial components in many electronic devices and
power supplies, ensuring that sensitive components receive the required, consistent
voltage for proper operation. In this experiment, students will use 7805 IC which
regulates the voltage to a desired value of 5 V.
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) can be used as a switch by controlling the current
flow through the circuit. To control a circuit using an NPN BJT, a small current is
applied to the base terminal. This current controls the larger current flowing from the
collector to the emitter. When the base current is applied, the transistor enters the
"ON" state, allowing current to flow through the load. To turn off the relay, the base
current is removed, causing the transistor to enter the "OFF" state. In this state, the
current through the load is interrupted, switching the load off.
Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor
Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistors (MOSFET) can also be used as a switching device.
They offer advantages like high input impedance and low power dissipation.
MOSFET is a three-terminal device with a gate (G), drain (D), and source (S). It
operates based on the voltage applied to the gate terminal. Applying a voltage to the
gate terminal of the MOSFET creates an electric field that controls the flow of current
between the drain and source. When a sufficient gate-source voltage (Vgs) is applied,
the MOSFET is in the "ON" state, allowing current to flow through the circuit. If the
gate voltage (Vgs) is reduced below the threshold voltage, the MOSFET enters the
"OFF" state. In this state, the current through the load is interrupted and thus
switching off the load.

1.4 Equipment Required

1. Proteus Design Suite.

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 2. AC Voltage Source (311 V, 50 Hz).
3. Centre Tapped Transformer (TRAN – 2P3S).
4. Diode (1N4007).
5. Capacitor.
6. Resistor.
7. LED.
1.5 Circuit Diagram

Figure 1.1: Circuit Diagram of full wave rectifier.

Figure 1.2: Circuit Diagram for the Voltage Regulator.

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1.6 Procedure
1. Install Proteus Design Suite 8.12.
2. Open Proteus Design Suite. The following window will appear.

3. Go to “New Project”. Name your project as “Experiment_1_XX” where XX are

the last two digits of your student ID

4. To set the page size to A0, go to “System 🡪 Set Sheet Sizes”. Choose A0 as the
sheet size

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5. To select components go to “P” (Highlighted in Blue Color in the interface),
then search for the component. Then select the appropriate category and sub-
category to find your device.

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6. Notice that, while choosing components you have to select components that
have PCB layout support indicated at the lower right corner. Some components
do not have PCB layout support, do not select them.

7. Once selected, the component will appear in the ‘’INSTRUMENTS’’ box. You
have to drag and drop the components in your design environment.

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8. Give suitable values to your components. For example, to properly set up the
VSINE source, double click on the source symbol and set the parameters as the
following.

9. Connect the measuring instruments (Oscilloscope, Ammeter, Voltmeter) in

proper places to extract required data or simulation output.

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 10. Press the '’run’’ button to start the simulation and observe the simulation
output.

1.7 Student Works

1. Task-01: Implement the following circuit of BJT switching in Proteus.

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 2. Task-02: Implement the following circuit of MOSFET switching in Proteus.

1.8 Question to be answered

1. What is the role of a voltage controller in a full-wave rectifier circuit?
2. what should be the expected output voltage of the voltage controller (7805),
and how can you confirm it in Proteus?
3. What specific waveforms should you observe at the input and output of the
Full Wave Rectifier?
4. What is the purpose of the filter capacitor in a full-wave rectifier circuit? How
would the output change if the filter capacitor were removed from the circuit?
1.9 References
i. https://microcontrollerslab.com/proteus-tutorials/
ii. https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/full-wave-rectifier-circuit

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 Experiment 2
Construction of a Non-Inverting Amplifier in Proteus Design

Suite

2.1 Objective
1. To design a non-inverting amplifier circuit using an operational amplifier (op-
amp) in Proteus Design Suite.
2. To simulate the circuit in Proteus and observe the input and output waveforms
using virtual instruments.
2.2 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this experiment students will be able to,
1. Design a non-inverting amplifier circuit using an operational amplifier.
2. Simulate the circuit in Proteus Design Suite and measure the gain.
3. Use simulation tools such as an oscilloscope to observe the waveforms.
2.3 Theory
A non-inverting amplifier is a configuration of an operational amplifier (op-amp)
where the input signal is applied to the non-inverting terminal of the op-amp, and
feedback is provided from the output to the inverting terminal. This arrangement
allows the output signal to be in phase with the input, meaning that both signals have
the same polarity. The amplifier has high input impedance and low output
impedance, which makes it suitable for applications where a small input signal needs
to be amplified without loading the source.
In a non-inverting amplifier, the op-amp boosts the input signal without changing its
phase. The amount of amplification, or "gain," is determined by a feedback network
made up of resistors. This configuration is widely used because it offers high input
impedance, meaning it does not load the signal source, and low output impedance,
which allows it to drive a variety of loads effectively.

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 Figure 2.1: Non-inverting Amplifier using Op-Amp.
One of the key features of this amplifier is the feedback mechanism. The feedback
helps stabilize the circuit and control the amplification, ensuring that the output
remains consistent and proportional to the input signal. Non-inverting amplifiers are
commonly used in applications where signal integrity and amplification are critical,
such as in audio equipment, sensor interfacing, and control systems.
2.4 Equipment Required
1. Proteus Design Suite (Software)
2. Operational Amplifier
3. Resistors
4. Signal generator
5. Oscilloscope
6. DC Power Supply

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2.5 Circuit Diagram

Figure 2.2: Schematic Diagram for non-inverting amplifier.

2.6 Procedure
1. Start a new project and choose the schematic capture option.

2. From the component library, select the operational amplifier, resistors, a signal
generator, and an oscilloscope.

3. Place the components on the workspace. Notice that, while choosing

components you have to select components that have PCB layout support
indicated at the lower right corner. Some components do not have PCB layout
support, do not select them.

4. Connect the non-inverting terminal (+) of the op-amp to the input signal and
place other components accordingly.

5. Give suitable values to your components. For example, to properly set up the
VSINE source, double click on the source symbol and set the parameters.

6. Connect the measuring instruments (Oscilloscope, Ammeter, Voltmeter) in

proper places to extract required data or simulation output.

7. Start the simulation by clicking the “Run” button.

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 8. Observe the input and output waveforms on the oscilloscope.

2.7 Student Works

Task-01: Simulate the following circuit in Proteus and capture the input and
output waveforms.

2.8 Question to be answered

1. How do you verify the gain of the non-inverting amplifier during simulation
in Proteus?
2. What is the purpose of the feedback resistor in the non-inverting amplifier?

2.9 References
i. https://www.circuitstoday.com/op-amp-circuits-in-proteus

ii. https://youtu.be/sfNb0sYF6MU

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 Experiment 3
Designing PCB of a Stable Power Supply in Proteus

3.1 Objective
1. To introduce students to the process of designing a Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
using Proteus Design Suite.
2. To develop students' skills in arranging components properly to ensure ease of
manufacturing.
3.2 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this experiment students will be able to,
1. Familiarize with Proteus Design Suite's PCB design module, including
component placement, routing, and PCB layout editing.
2. Select and place electronic components on a PCB layout strategically,
considering factors such as functionality and feasibility of hardware
implementation.
3.3 Theory
Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are essential components of most electronic devices,
providing a compact and organized means of connecting and interconnecting
electronic components. PCB design involves creating a layout that ensures the reliable
and efficient operation of an electronic circuit. It is a flat board made of an insulating
material (usually fiberglass or epoxy) with conductive copper traces on one or both
sides. Components such as resistors, capacitors, integrated circuits (ICs), and
connectors are mounted on the PCB and connected through these copper traces.
The design of a PCB layout is crucial for ensuring signal integrity, minimizing
interference, and optimizing the reliability of the electronic circuit. Proteus Design
Suite provides a comprehensive environment for PCB design, allowing engineers to
create, modify, and validate PCB layouts. Within Proteus, users can access a library of
electronic components, select footprints for each component, and arrange them on the
PCB canvas.

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 Figure 3.1: PCB Layout.
In this experiment we aim to introduce the students with the basics of PCB
designing.
3.4 Equipment Required
1. Proteus Design Suite.
2. Diode (1N4007).
3. Capacitor.
4. Resistor.
5. LED.
6. Voltage Regulator IC(7805).
3.5 Circuit Diagram

Figure 3.2: Circuit Diagram for the Voltage Regulator.

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3.6 Procedure
1. Construct the circuit as the following figure. Notice that the circuit is exactly
like the voltage regulator circuit we studied in experiment 1. There are a few
modifications in the circuit, such as, we replaced the transformer and AC
voltage source with a port and on the output side we added another port.
Search “TBLOCK” in the parts search window to find the ports.

2. Open the PCB design tool by clicking on the icon. You will have the following
window appear.

3. Go to “Component Mode”. You will see the components on the left side of your
window. Make sure there are no “X” signs beside the components. Otherwise
you might have to redraw the circuit again with proper components.

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4. Place the components properly like the following figure. It is instructed to follow
the figure, because it will make the next few steps easier for you to perform.

5. Go to “Track Mode” and select the width as 50 and route the wires without any
overlap. Be careful that overlapping wires will result in a faulty PCB when
manufactured and potentially damage all the components.

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6. Now go to “2D Graphics Box Mode” and select Board edge and draw the board
edge according to the figure.

7. Once selected, go to “3D Visualizer.” Now you can see how your PCB will look
in real life. It is now ready to be implemented in hardware.

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3.7 Student Works
1. Task: Follow the example and complete the PCB design individually.
3.8 Question to be answered
1. What are the key considerations for optimal component placement on a PCB
layout? How does improper placement affect the circuit’s performance?
2. What is the difference between a single-layer and a multi-layer PCB in Proteus?
3. How can you preview the PCB layout in Proteus before finalizing the design?
3.9 References
i. https://www.instructables.com/Simulating-Designing-of-CircuitsPCB-on-Proteus/

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 Experiment 4
Designing PCB of a Non-Inverting Amplifier circuit in

Proteus

4.1 Objective
1. To design a PCB layout from a schematic.
2. To learn the proper arrangement of components for effective PCB design.
3. To perform manual and automatic routing of traces between components.
4.2 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this experiment students are expected to
1. How to transfer schematic to PCB layout in Proteus.
2. How to arrange and route components manually and automatically.
3. Understanding of power and ground planes for signal integrity.
4. Familiarity with the Design Rule Check (DRC) process.
4.3 Theory
Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) form the backbone of most electronic devices, providing
mechanical support and electrical connections to the components. A PCB consists of
conductive tracks and pads etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-
conductive substrate. Designing a PCB involves transferring an electronic circuit
schematic into a physical board layout, optimizing the placement of components, and
routing electrical connections between them.

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 Figure 4.1:PCB Layout.

4.4 Equipment Required

1. Proteus Design Suite.
2. Op-Amp (lm 741)
3. Variable Resistor
4. Resistor
5. Terminal Blocks

4.5 Circuit Diagram

Figure 4.2: Schematic Diagram for simulation.

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 Figure 4.3:PCB Layout of Circuit.

4.6 Procedure
1. Construct the circuit as the following figure. Notice that the circuit is exactly
like the voltage regulator circuit we studied in experiment 2.
2. There are a few modifications in the circuit, such as, we replaced the
transformer and AC voltage source with a port and on the output side we
added another port. Search “TBLOCK” in the parts search window to find the
ports.

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3. Open the PCB design tool by clicking on the icon. You will have the following
window appear.

4. Go to “Component Mode”. You will see the components on the left side of your
window. Make sure there are no “X” signs beside the components. Otherwise
you might have to redraw the circuit again with proper components.

5. Place the components properly like the following figure. It is instructed to

follow the figure, because it will make the next few steps easier for you to
perform.
6. Go to “Track Mode” and select the width as 50 and route the wires without any
overlap. Be careful that overlapping wires will result in a faulty PCB when
manufactured and potentially damage all the components.

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7. Now go to “2D Graphics Box Mode” and select Board edge and draw the board
edge according to the figure.

8. Once selected, go to “3D Visualizer.” Now you can see how your PCB will look
in real life. It is now ready to be implemented in hardware.

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4.7 Student Works
Task-01: Follow the example and complete the PCB design individually.
4.8 Question to be answered
1. Why is component placement important in PCB design?
2. What is the purpose of the Design Rule Check (DRC)?
3. What are the advantages of using auto-routing in PCB design?

4.9 References
i. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYAHwYUUs34

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 Experiment 5
Hardware Implementation of a Non-Inverting Amplifier on

PCB

5.1 Objective
1. To be familiarized with PCB hardware
2. To fabricate and test the designed PCB hardware for functionality and
performance.
5.2 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this experiment students are expected to
1. Gain practical experience in fabricating and assembling a PCB.
2. Test the fabricated PCB for electrical continuity and performance.
5.3 Theory
Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are essential in modern electronics, offering a platform
for mounting and connecting components through conductive tracks etched from
copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. The PCB design process
involves schematic creation, translating that into a physical layout, and manufacturing
the board with all necessary components soldered in place.

Before fabrication, the circuit is simulated to verify functionality, and after fabrication,
it undergoes testing to ensure it meets design specifications. Once the layout is ready
to go, the design files are sent to a manufacturer for fabrication, where the board is
etched, drilled, and coated to match the exact design specifications. Components are
then mounted on the board, either through soldering or surface-mount technology
(SMT). Finally, the assembled PCB undergoes testing to ensure it operates as intended,
which is critical for quality assurance and functionality in real-world use cases.

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 Figure 5.1: PCB Hardware.

PCBs come in different forms such as single-layer, double-layer, and multilayer

boards, depending on complexity and use cases. Applications span from simple
consumer electronics to more sophisticated medical and aerospace systems. This lab
focuses on understanding the key principles behind PCB design and hardware
implementation.

5.4 Circuit Diagram

Figure 5.2: PCB Layout on Non-Inverting Amplifier.

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 Figure 5.3: Component positions PCB Layout.

5.5 Equipment Required

1. Proteus Design Suite.
2. Copper-clad board (for PCB fabrication)
3. Etching kit or service (for PCB manufacturing)
4. Soldering iron and solder
5. Multimeter (for testing)
6. Electronic components for the circuit (resistors, capacitors, ICs, etc.)
5.6 Procedure
1. Open the Proteus and create a schematic diagram of the circuit. Simulate the
circuit and debug any errors.
2. Convert the schematic into a PCB layout with proper positioning and routing.
3. Perform a DRC to ensure the PCB layout adheres to design standards and is
ready for fabrication. If there is any DRC error, check accordingly.

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 4. Once the PCB layout is complete, generate the Gerber files necessary for PCB
fabrication.
5. Print the PCB layout on transparent paper or glossy magazine paper using a
laser printer. Ensure that the layout is mirrored so it transfers correctly onto the
copper-clad board.
6. Place the printed layout onto the copper-clad board and use an iron to heat the
layout, transferring the toner onto the copper surface. Ensure that the layout is
fully transferred to avoid incomplete traces.
7. Submerge the copper-clad board in a ferric chloride (FeCl3) solution to remove
the exposed copper, leaving only the traces protected by the toner. Monitor the
etching process and remove the board once all unwanted copper is dissolved.
8. Clean the PCB by removing the toner using acetone or similar solvent. After
cleaning, use a PCB drill to make holes for through-hole components based on
the component layout.
9. Place the selected components (resistors, capacitors, diodes, etc.) onto the board
according to the layout. Ensure each component is correctly positioned and that
the polarity of polarized components (e.g., diodes, electrolytic capacitors) is
respected.
10. Use a soldering iron and solder wire to solder the components onto the PCB.
Take care to avoid cold solder joints and ensure all connections are properly
made.
11. After assembling and soldering the components, perform an electrical
continuity check using a multimeter. Power the circuit and test its functionality,
comparing the results to the simulated output from Proteus.
5.7 Student Works
● Task-01: Follow the example and complete the process in small groups.

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5.8 Question to be answered
1. What are the essential steps to follow before fabricating a PCB?
2. What is the significance of a Design Rule Check (DRC)?
3. How does a multimeter help in PCB testing?
4. What are some common PCB design errors to avoid?
5.9 References
i. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJr-kHy6STg
ii. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRJ6YL_R8a8
iii. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJ9TX0rDbNs
iv. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyBgbNPrWg8

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 Experiment 6
Study of a DC motor speed controller using 555 IC

6.1 Objective
1. To be familiarized with the 555 timer IC.
2. To design and simulate DC motor speed controller using 555 IC.
6.2 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this experiment students are expected to
1. Be familiarized with the 8-pin package of 555 timer IC and also the internal
circuit of the 555 timer IC.
2. Gain knowledge about different modes of operation of 555 timer IC.
3. Implement a DC motor speed controller circuit using 555 timer IC.
6.3 Theory
The 555 timer IC consists of two voltage comparators, an SR flip-flop, a discharge
transistor, and resistors connected in a specific configuration. These components are
arranged to create a versatile timing circuit.
(i) Pin Description:

Figure 6.1: 8-pin package of 555 timer IC.

Pin 1 & 8: Power supply should be connected to pin 8(+Vcc). Pin 1(Ground) should be
connected to the ground of the circuit.
Pin 2 & 6: The 555 timer has a trigger input (pin 2) and a threshold input (pin 6). In
monostable and bi-stable modes, these inputs are used to trigger or reset the internal
flip-flop, controlling the output state. In astable mode these pins are connected to a

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capacitor.
Pin 3: Output of the 555 timer IC is taken out through this pin.
Pin 7: Discharging of the external capacitor occurs through this pin.
Pin 4: Connected to reset pin of the internal SR flip flop. Can be active-low or active-
high. Pin5: In some 555 timer variants, there is a control voltage pin (CV) that allows
for external control of timing parameters.
(ii) Internal Circuit Diagram:

Figure 6.2: Internal circuit diagram of 555 timer IC.

(iii) Modes of operation: There are three modes of operation. These are,
(a) Monostable mode: In monostable mode, the 555 timer generates a single output
pulse of a specified duration in response to an external trigger input.
(b) Bistable mode: In bistable mode, the 555 timer operates as a flip-flop with two
stable states. Bistable mode doesn't rely on timing components like resistors and
capacitors. Instead, it responds to the presence or absence of trigger pulses.
(c) Astable mode: In astable mode, the 555 timer functions as an oscillator,
continuously producing a square wave output. Timing in astable mode is controlled
by two external resistors and a capacitor. By adjusting the values of these components,
you can determine the frequency and duty cycle of the output waveform.

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 Figure 6.3: 555 timer IC in a stable mode of operation.
Initially, the capacitor (C) is discharged, and the voltage at the Threshold and Trigger
inputs are respectively two thirds of Vcc and one third of Vcc. The voltage across the
capacitor starts to rise as it charges through RA and RB connected in series. Inside the
555 timer, there are two voltage comparators - the threshold and trigger comparators.
The voltage at the junction of RA and RB is compared with two
thirds of the supply voltage (Vcc) by the threshold comparator and one-third of Vcc
by the trigger comparator. When the voltage across the capacitor reaches the trigger
voltage (one-third of Vcc), the trigger comparator triggers the internal flip-flop to set,
turning on the discharge transistor.When the flip flop is set, the discharge transistor
is on, and the external capacitor (C) starts discharging through resistor RB . This
discharging process continues until the voltage across the capacitor drops to two-
thirds of Vcc, which is detected by the threshold comparator. When the voltage across
the capacitor reaches two-thirds of Vcc, the threshold comparator triggers the internal
flip-flop to reset, turning off the discharge transistor.
During charging, charging time, Tc = 0.693 (RA + RB)C
During discharging, discharging time, Td = 0.693 RBC
Total Time, T = Tc + Td = 0.693 (RA + RB)C +0.693 RBC = 0.693 (RA + 2RB)C
(𝑅 + 𝑅 )
Duty Cycle, d = Tc /T = (𝑅 𝐴+ 2𝑅𝐵 )
𝐴 𝐵

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 Figure 6.4: Capacitor voltage and output voltage for 555 timer IC in astable mode of
operation Time period

6.4 Circuit Diagram

Figure 6.5:Circuit Diagram for DC motor speed control using 555 timer IC.

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6.5 Equipment Required
1. IRFZ44E
2. 555 timer IC (555)
3. Diode (1N4007)
4. Resistor
5. Capacitor
6. DC Motor
7. POT-HG
8. DC Voltage (12V)
9. Oscilloscope
6.6 Procedure
1. Go to “New Project”. Name your project as “Experiment_6_XX” where XX are
the last two digits of your student ID.
2. To set the page size to A0, go to “System → Set Sheet Sizes”. Choose A0 as the
sheet size. 3. To select components go to “P” (Highlighted in Blue Color in the
interface), then search for the component. Then select the appropriate category
and sub-category to find your device.
3. Notice that, while choosing components you have to select components that
have PCB layout support indicated at the lower right corner. Some components
do not have PCB layout support, do not select them.
4. Connect the components as depicted in the circuit diagram.
5. Set the value of the DC voltage source as 12 V.
6. Connect the measuring instrument Oscilloscope to view simulation output.
7. Press the '’run’’ button to start the simulation and observe the simulation
output.
8. Vary the potentiometer and observe the motor speed as well as voltage output
of the 555 timer IC in the oscilloscope.

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6.7 Student Works
1. Task-01: Implement PCB Layout of the following circuit in Proteus.

6.8 Questions to be answered

1. What is the function of pin 2 (trigger) and pin 6 (threshold) in the 555 timer IC,
and how do they interact to control the output in astable mode?
2. In the context of this experiment, explain why the 555 timer is operated in
astable mode for controlling the speed of the DC motor.
3. How do the resistor and capacitor values (RA, RB, and C) affect the frequency
and duty cycle of the output waveform in astable mode?
4. Describe how the output signal from the 555 timer can be used to control the
speed of a DC motor. How does the duty cycle of the waveform influence motor
speed?
6.9 References
i. https://www.eeeguide.com/astable-multivibrator-using-555-timer-ic/
ii. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJYm_BGqa1A

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 Experiment 7
Design and Implementation of a UPS Circuit

7.1 Objective
1. To understand the working principle and design of a basic UPS system.
2. To implement a simple UPS circuit for small-scale electronic devices.
7.2 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this experiment students are expected to
1. Understand the functioning of a UPS and its components, including batteries,
inverters, and rectifiers.
2. Gain practical experience in testing UPS performance and measuring its
response to power failure.
3. Learn about different UPS configurations and their applications in providing
continuous power to critical systems.
7.3 Theory
A UPS is an electrical device that provides backup power to connected loads when the
primary power source fails. It ensures the uninterrupted operation of equipment like
computers, medical instruments, and industrial systems, protecting them from power
outages, surges, and voltage fluctuations.

A UPS system generally consists of a rectifier, inverter, battery, and switching

circuits. The rectifier converts incoming AC power to DC, which is used to charge the
battery. The inverter converts the stored DC power back to AC when the mains supply
fails. Depending on the type of UPS, it may either switch to battery power when the
mains fails (offline/standby UPS), stabilize voltage during minor fluctuations (line-
interactive UPS), or continuously provide clean, regulated power by always routing
through the battery (online/double-conversion UPS).

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 Figure 7.1: Different types of UPS.

Figure 7.2: Typical configuration of an UPS.

When the main supply is not available, the battery takes over and supplies current to
the voltage regulator IC and to the 12V terminal.
7.4 Circuit Diagram

Figure 7.3: Internal Circuit Diagram of an UPS.

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7.5 Equipment Required
1. Step Down Transformer
2. AC source (311V, 50Hz)
3. Diode (1N4007)
4. Resistor
5. Capacitor
6. DC Voltage (12V)
7. LED
8. Connecting Wires (As required)
7.6 Procedure
1. Go to “New Project”. Name your project as “Experiment_7_XX” where XX are
the last two digits of your student ID.
2. To set the page size to A0, go to “System → Set Sheet Sizes”. Choose A0 as the
sheet size. 3. To select components go to “P” (Highlighted in Blue Color in the
interface), then search for the component. Then select the appropriate
category and sub-category to find your device.
3. Notice that, while choosing components you have to select components that
have PCB layout support indicated at the lower right corner. Some
components do not have PCB layout support, do not select them.
4. Connect the components as depicted in the circuit diagram.
5. Set the value of the DC voltage source as 12 V.
6. Set the value of the AC voltage source as 311V and 50Hz.
7. Connect the measuring instrument Voltmeter to measure the output.
8. Press the '’run’’ button to start the simulation and observe the simulation
output.
7.7 Student Works
● Task-01: Follow the Instruction and complete the design. Provide the
simulation results.
● Task-02: Redesign the simulation for 15V and 12V output.
7.8 Question to be answered
1. What is the primary function of a UPS?
2. What is the difference between an offline UPS and an online UPS?
3. How does the UPS ensure voltage regulation during minor fluctuations?
4. How long can a typical UPS supply power during a blackout?

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7.9 References
i. https://www.eleccircuit.com/small-uninterruptible-power-supply-ups-circuit/

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 Experiment 8
Design and Implementation of a Sine Wave Generator

8.1 Objective
1. To design a basic Sine Wave Generator using operational amplifiers.
2. To understand the use of op-amp configurations like integrators and amplifiers
in waveform generation.
3. To analyze the generated waveform's frequency and amplitude.
8.2 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this experiment students are expected to
1. Understand the working principle of sine wave oscillators using op-amps.
2. Learn to simulate and verify the performance of sine wave generators in
Proteus.
3. Develop skills to analyze waveform parameters such as frequency and
amplitude.
8.3 Theory
A sine wave generator produces a sinusoidal output waveform, which is crucial in
various applications like communication systems, signal processing, and testing
electronic circuits. Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are widely used in these circuits
due to their high gain and versatility.

The circuit utilizes an op-amp with resistors and capacitors to form a phase-shift
network, which generates sinusoidal oscillations. The op-amp amplifies the oscillatory
signal while maintaining the necessary feedback to sustain the oscillations.

The frequency of the sine wave depends on the values of the resistors and capacitors
in the circuit. Adjusting these components allows precise control over the frequency
and amplitude. By incorporating both sine and cosine wave outputs, this circuit finds
applications in signal processing, waveform generation, and communication systems.

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 Figure 8.1: Typical Sine Wave Generator.
To stabilize the oscillation amplitude, non-linear elements like diodes are often
introduced. This ensures the output waveform remains consistent without distortion.
In simulation environments like Proteus, this circuit provides a straightforward way
to study sinusoidal waveform generation and analyze the effects of component
variations.

8.4 Circuit Diagram

Figure 8.2: Circuit Diagram of a Sine Wave Generator.

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8.5 Equipment Required
1. Op-AMp (LM358n)
2. Resistor
3. Capacitor
4. DC Voltage (12V)
5. Oscilloscope
6. Connecting Wires (As required)

8.6 Procedure
1. Go to “New Project”. Name your project as “Experiment_8_XX” where XX are
the last two digits of your student ID.
2. To set the page size to A0, go to “System → Set Sheet Sizes”. Choose A0 as the
sheet size. 3. To select components go to “P” (Highlighted in Blue Color in the
interface), then search for the component. Then select the appropriate category
and sub-category to find your device.
3. Notice that, while choosing components you have to select components that
have PCB layout support indicated at the lower right corner. Some components
do not have PCB layout support, do not select them.
4. Add the required components: op-amp, resistors, capacitors, and power
source.
5. Connect the circuit as per the schematic.
6. Set the value of the DC voltage source as 5 V.
7. Connect the Oscilloscope to observe the output.
8. Press the '’run’’ button to start the simulation and observe the simulation
output.

8.7 Student Works

● Task-01: Follow the Instruction and complete the design. Provide the
simulation results.
● Task-02: Modify the design to generate Square Wave.
● Task-03: Modify the design to generate Triangular Wave.

8.8 Question to be answered

1. How does an op-amp function in generating sine and cosine waveforms in the
circuit?

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 2. What role does the RC network play in determining the waveform's frequency?
3. Why are variable resistors used in the practical implementation, and how do
they affect the output?
4. What is the importance of feedback in maintaining the oscillation of sine
waves?

8.9 References
i. https://labprojectsbd.com/2020/04/23/easy-sine-co-sine-wave-using-simple-
op-amp/

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 Experiment 9
Speed Control of a Dc motor Using SCR.

9.1 Objective
1. To learn about the operation and characteristics of a Uni-Junction Transistor
2. To learn how to implement the SCR firing circuit using UJT

9.2 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this experiment students are expected to
1. Understand and explain the operation principle of a UJT.
2. Design and analyze to control the delay angle of the output gate pulse.
3. Implement a DC motor speed controller circuit using SCR.

9.3 Theory
Speed control of DC motors is a fundamental aspect of various industrial and
automation processes. One of the common methods to achieve speed control is by
using Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs), also known as Thyristors. SCRs are
semiconductor devices that can be controlled to regulate the amount of DC voltage
supplied to the motor, thereby controlling its speed. This report discusses the
principles, advantages, and challenges associated with using SCRs for speed control
of DC motors.

The speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the applied voltage. By regulating

the voltage supplied to the motor, its speed can be adjusted. SCRs are bi-directional
devices that can be triggered to conduct current only in one direction. They are
controlled using a gate signal, which determines the point in the AC waveform when
the SCR will start conducting.

Rectification
The AC supply voltage is first rectified to obtain a pulsating DC voltage using a bridge
rectifier. This pulsating DC voltage is then smoothed using a capacitor to reduce the
ripple.

Triggering the SCR

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The SCR is triggered at a specific point in the AC waveform by applying a gate signal.
This causes the SCR to conduct, allowing current to flow through the motor.

Control Method
By adjusting the delay angle at which the SCR is triggered in each AC half-cycle, the
effective voltage applied to the motor can be controlled. A larger delay angle results
in a lower average voltage, reducing the motor speed, while a smaller delay angle
increases the speed.

9.4 Circuit Diagram

Figure 9.1: Speed control of a dc motor using SCR.

9.5 Equipment Required

1. Step Down Transformer
2. POT
3. SCR (2P4M).
4. Resistor.
5. Capacitor.
6. DC Voltage (12V).
7. Load (DC Motor)
8. Connecting Wires (As required)

9.6 Procedure
1. Go to “New Project”. Name your project as “Experiment_9_XX” where XX are
the last two digits of your student ID.
2. To set the page size to A0, go to “System → Set Sheet Sizes”. Choose A0 as the

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 sheet size. 3. To select components go to “P” (Highlighted in Blue Color in the
interface), then search for the component. Then select the appropriate category
and sub-category to find your device.
3. Notice that, while choosing components you have to select components that
have PCB layout support indicated at the lower right corner. Some components
do not have PCB layout support, do not select them.
4. Connect the components as depicted in the circuit diagram.
5. Set the value of the DC voltage source as 12 V.
6. Connect the Oscilloscope to measure the output.
7. Press the '’run’’ button to start the simulation and observe the simulation
output.
8. Observe the gate signal in the oscilloscope and try to vary the delay angle by
varying R3.
9. Observe the output waveforms across the thyristor and DC Motor by varying
the delay angle.

9.7 Student Works

● Task-01: Follow the Instruction and complete the design. Provide the
simulation results.

9.8 Question to be answered

1. What is the role of the SCR in the DC motor speed control circuit?
2. What is the function of the freewheeling diode in this circuit?
3. How does adjusting the firing angle affect the motor’s performance?
4. How can you vary the firing angle of the SCR in this circuit?
9.9 References
i. https://www.circuits-diy.com/dc-motor-control-using-thyristor-scr/

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 Experiment 10
Traffic Signal Light Control System Using Proteus

10.1 Objective
1. To design and simulate a traffic light control system in Proteus.
2. To understand the working of sequential light control using basic electronic
components.
3. To implement timing and logical switching using ICs like the 555 timer or 4017
decade counter.
10.2 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this experiment students are expected to
1. Understand the operation of sequential control circuits.
2. Learn to design timing and switching circuits for real-world applications.
3. Simulate traffic signal operation for a single or multiple junctions.
10.3 Theory
Traffic signals play a crucial role in managing vehicular traffic at intersections. A basic
traffic light control system involves three colored lights (red, yellow, green) operating
in a timed sequence to control vehicle flow. The control system uses timing circuits
(such as a 555 timer IC) and sequential logic circuits (like the 4017 decade counter) to
manage the sequence and duration of the lights. Each color represents a specific action:

● Red: Stop
● Yellow: Get Ready
● Green: Go

Figure 10.1: Traffic Signal.

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In this experiment, the focus is on a simple circuit-based traffic signal system
simulated in Proteus. The circuit relies on digital electronics components, primarily
the 555 timer IC and the 4017 decade counter IC, to create timed sequences for lighting
up the traffic lights. LEDs are used to simulate the traffic lights. Resistors are placed
in series with LEDs to limit current and prevent damage.

555 Timer IC:

The 555 timer is used in astable mode to generate periodic clock pulses. These pulses
act as the time base for the circuit, determining the interval for which each traffic light
remains ON. By adjusting the resistors and capacitors connected to the timer, the
duration of the pulses can be modified, thereby changing the duration of each light in
the traffic sequence.

4017 Decade Counter IC:

This IC is a decade counter that counts the clock pulses from the 555 timer and
activates one of its ten outputs sequentially. For this experiment, the outputs Q 0, Q1,
and Q2 are connected to the red, yellow, and green LEDs, respectively. After Q 9, the
counter resets back to Q0, restarting the cycle.
Sequential Operation:
● The red light turns ON first, signaling vehicles to stop.
● After a preset time, the yellow light turns ON, indicating readiness to move.
● Finally, the green light turns ON, allowing vehicles to pass.
● This cycle repeats continuously, controlled by the clock pulses.

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10.4 Circuit Diagram

Figure 10.2: Traffic Signal Light Control System.

10.5 Equipment Required
1. 555 Timer IC
2. 4017 Decade Counter IC
3. Resistor.
4. Capacitor.
5. Diodes (1n4007)
6. DC Voltage (12V).
7. LEDs
8. Connecting Wires (As required)
10.6 Procedure
1. Go to “New Project”. Name your project as “Experiment_10_XX” where XX are
the last two digits of your student ID.
2. To set the page size to A0, go to “System → Set Sheet Sizes”. Choose A0 as the
sheet size. 3. To select components go to “P” (Highlighted in Blue Color in the
interface), then search for the component. Then select the appropriate category
and sub-category to find your device.
3. Notice that, while choosing components you have to select components that
have PCB layout support indicated at the lower right corner. Some components

Page | 63
 do not have PCB layout support, do not select them.
4. Place all required components: 555 Timer, 4017 Decade Counter, LEDs,
resistors, capacitors, and power supply.
5. Connect the components as depicted in the circuit diagram.
6. Set the value of the DC voltage source as 12 V. .
7. Press the '’run’’ button to start the simulation and observe the simulation
output.
10.7 Student Works
● Task-01: Follow the Instruction and complete the design. Provide the
simulation results.
10.8 Question to be answered
1. What is the role of the 555 timer in the circuit?
2. Why is the 4017 decade counter used in this circuit?
3. How can the timing for each traffic light be adjusted?
4. What are the practical challenges of implementing this circuit in real life?
10.9 References
i. https://www.electroinvention.co.in/traffic-light-controller-circuit-using-ic-555-
cd-4017/
ii. https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2014/10/traffic-light-control-electronic-
project.html

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