Micro controller’s Assignments

I.Group members:

- Trần Gia Bảo – 20IT303

- Trần Ngọc Dương – 23IT043
- Dương Trung Kiên – 23IT131

II.Assignments questions:

1. What are the primary uses of Proteus and Keil C?

2. Describe the steps to create and simulate a circuit in Proteus.

3. Explain how to compile and generate a HEX file in Keil C.

4. How can Proteus and Keil C be intergrated for embedded system development?

5. List some advantages of using Proteus before hardware implementation.

Answer the questions about 10 pages.

1. What are the primary uses of Proteus and Keil C?

Embedded system development requires both software and hardware simulation tools to ensure
smooth functioning before implementation. Proteus and Keil C are two widely used tools in this
domain. Proteus is mainly used for circuit simulation, while Keil C is an integrated development
environment (IDE) for programming microcontrollers.

2. Describe the steps to create and simulate a circuit in Proteus.

Step 1: Installing Proteus 8.0
You can install from labcentre or you can visit the following link in this link and you can watch a
tutorial video about how to download Proteus 8 or any other version of Proteus.

LINK

Step 2: Getting Started

When you launch Prteus click on New Project or press CTRL+N. A new window called New Project
Wizard appears

 Start

There you can change the Name and Path of the project after setting click Next

 Schematic Design

Now you need to Mark Create a schematic from the selected template then you can either
select Default or you can select any templates size normally we select landscape A4, by selecting the
Landscape A4 you will have a schematic window as shown in the picture 4

 PCB Layout

If you do not want PCB design just click Next otherwise Mark on create a schematic from the
selected template, now you can select Generic single layer or any other layer of your requirement
and then click Next, by selecting single layerif you do auto-routing then the software will do only
single layer routing(bottom) if you select default and then upon selecting auto-routing the software
would double layer(top & bottom layer routing).

 Firmware

Normally we select No firmware Project, but if we require to work with microcontrollers like 8051,
Arduino we select Creat Firmware Project, and select the options accordingly, if anybody wants to
know about that just write down a comment, I would guide for that.

Here you can check the selected options and click Finish.
Step 3: Placing the Components

A black colored window would appear that is PCB layout tab, you can switch the tab to schematic
capture

Click on P button it stands for place, a new window would appear, In this window you can search for
the components by typing exact names like 1n4007(diode) or simply type diode but if you want to
make PCB you have to check that your selected component has a PCB design which is shown in PCB
preview. Double click the required component and it would appear in your devices and search for
other components and place them all in your devices section, some of the components might not
have the PCB previews but we can add the PCB layout of them(mentioned later).

Tips:

 for electrolytic capacitors just tzpe cap-elec

 for ceramic capacitor type cap

 for resistor type res

 for AC source type VSINE

Sometimes you may have different package but you are selecting another component you need to
select appropriate PCB as described here for potentiometer(variable resistor) there are many kinds
of potentiometer available in market so you need to first check what is available for your then you
can select appropriate design, I have mentioned here some of the potentiometers.
Step 4: Making the Schemetic

for this tutorial I designed a Variable Power Supply

1. Make sure you selected the little diode button

2. select any component as I clicked 1n4007 from devices section by clicking them once, then
click in the area provided for drawing the circuit now the component is available to be place
anyzhere, to place click again. If you want another 1N4007 just click again as many times as
you want. similarly place all the components

3. to join the components with each other click on one end of a component, a line would start,
you can click on the other components where you want it to join like in the picture. similarly
complete your circuit diagram.

4. To change the values of components(resistors, capacitors) double click on the component

and change it.

5. Similarly change the value of VSINE by double clicking it. As it is AC you need to add
frequency and voltage value as mentioned at output terminals of transformer.

6. To add a voltmeter click on the meter icon and select DC VOLTMETER then click where ever
you want to place it connect it by wires(lines) if necessary

7. To check the circuit click on the play icon on bottom left of the proteus.

8. I have attached last two pictures by changing the value of variable resistor check the output
voltage.

9. At this step we have simulated our circuit and verified it on Proteus you need to save this file
for later purposes
Step 5: Preparation for PCB Design

As you know we can not place VSINE or Transformer on the PCB board we need to add a block which
is called as TBLOCK-I2 it is a two terminal connector at which we will connect our output terminals of
the transformer similarly for the voltmeter we are going to put the same terminal block.

For this purpose we will replace VSINE and voltmeter with terminal block (TBLOCK)

Now only remaining component is LED who's PCB footprint is missing so we need to add the PCB
footprint of LED for that purpose double click the LED click on the question mark a new window
named packages would appear type LED and double-click LED now and the PCB package you can see
there would be written LED at the end.

You can rename the terminal blocks by input and output or whatever you like

The schematic is ready for PCB designing

Step 6: PCB Desiging

Board Edge (Border or Size)

1. Click on the PCB layout tab then zoom in to upper left corner as shown in pictures this block
is 1x1 cm in area

2. Now from the left toolbar click on the Square button and from the bottom toolbar
select Board Edge.

3. Draw a rectangle of any size by clicking anywhere inside the blue area of the PCB window, as
you can see I have drawn a 2 x 2 cm² block. This is the size of your PCB you can change it by
hoovering your mouse pointer at any corner off this Block. As I have also changed it after
completing the design.

4. Now click on the small diode icon which indicate that component lists. Select the component
and then click inside the yellow Square to place it

5. When you would be placing a component you will see green lines which indicates the
connection of one point to the other point and the Yellow arrow head which indicates that
this component is to join with this terminal of the other component. Place the components
wherever you like keep in mind that you choose simple and easy path which is indicated by
the green lines. After placing all the components you can adjust the yellow rectangle

6. Make sure there are no DRC errors on the bottom status bar, DRC error appears when there
is an overlapping of a terminal with other terminals or with board edge.

Auto-Routing

1. Click on the routing button from left toolbar as described in picture then double
click default, change the default width to 20th or 25th (this is the thickness of your PCB
routing) and click OK

2. Now click on the second last icon (Auto-Router) and check the Wire-Grid and Via-Grid it
should be more than 15 other wise soldering would be difficult in close connections. then
click Begin Routing

3. After routing make sure there are no CRC errors, in case there is an error there would be a
connection missing press CTRL+Z and re-arrange that component and start routing again.

Manual-Routing
 1. Click on the routing button from left toolbar as described in picture then double
click default, change the default width to 20th or 25th (this is the thickness of your PCB
routing) and click OK

2. Click on any terminal the point that terminal wants to connect would be highlighted just click
on that highlighted terminal same as we did while making the schematic. Make all the
connections you would notice that whenever you are making the connection the CRC errors
would be reduced after all the connections there would be no CRC error.

Step 7: 3D View

Proteus offer to students a 3D visualisation tool you can see your circuit in 3D which is quite
awesome

Step 8: Printing Out PCB for Etching (Toner Transfer Method)

For etching you need to print the PCB layout on a glossy sheet from a laser printer
For printing the PCB layout there are two methods

1. Go to output click on export graphics then click on export Adobe PDF file in this method you
will save the PCB layout as a PDF file and dialog box will open from this box only select
the bottom copper and the Board Edge and un-check everything else and click OK. You need
to check the actual size printing option while printing from a adobe or any other PDF viewer.

2. Go to output click on print layout, a dialog box will appear only check bottom
copper and board Edge adjust the PCB as shown in the print preview you can print it
anywhere on the page and click OK.

Step 9: Toner Transfer Method

1. Cut the PCB sheet with scale and paper knife you can watch a YouTube video about how to
cut acrylic sheet the same yqz you can cut the PCB sheet

2. Take the glossy paper which has a print of your PCB layout place the printed area on the
copper side of the PCB sheet it is recommended to use a scotch tape to hold it properly

3. Use electric iron to transfer ink from glossy sheet to your PCB board it will take less than 5
minutes to transfer the glossy sheet, it has to stick properly on the PCB board like a sticker
after 5 to 7 minutes check from one corner gently if the ink has been pasted on the PCB
board. If not iron more for some time gently.

4. Remove the glossy sheet from your PCB board under warm water check if there are any
paper particles stuck on new PCB board if there are particles remove them by scratching
them with a sandpaper

5. Dry the PCB board with a tissue paper and check if they are proper markings you can check it
by taking a look on your computer the PCB design should be printed on the PCB board if
there are some missed printing you can mark those points with a permanent black marker

Step 10: Etching

1. Take a pot or a flat bottom bowl of the size a little bigger than your PCB board

2. Place the PCB me in bowl and add 1 to 2 tablespoons of powdered ferric chloride on the
upper surface of the PCB

3. Boil one glass of water and pour a small amount of water on the PCB containing ferric
chloride the solution should be concentrated do not dilute the ferric chloride solution.

4. Gently Shake the bowl if the solution is concentrated and the water is super hot the etching
would not take more than 3 minutes I have even done it with in one minute.

5. You would notice that all the copper is removed expect the black markered/printed area.

6. clean the board with water and nail polish remover to remove the printings.

7. your PCB is finally etched.

8. take extra precautions while etching with hot water, the ferric chloride leaves very dirty stain
on clothes.

3. Explain how to compile and generate a HEX file in Keil C.

 Step 1: Open Keil µVision
Launch Keil µVision (e.g., Keil µVision5 for ARM or Keil µVision4 for 8051).

Step 2: Create a New Project

-Click "Project" → "New µVision Project".
-Choose a directory and enter a project name.
-Select the microcontroller (MCU) from the device list (e.g., AT89C51, STM32F103, etc.).
-Click "OK" and confirm if prompted to add a startup file.

Step 3: Add a New Source File

- Click "File" → "New" and write your C program.
- Save the file with a .c extension (e.g., main.c).
- Right-click "Source Group 1" in the Project Explorer.
- Select "Add Existing Files to Group", then choose your main.c file.

Step 4: Configure HEX File Generation

Click "Project" → "Options for Target 'Target 1'".
Go to the "Output" tab.
Check the "Create HEX File" box.
Click OK.

Step 5: Compile the Code

Click "Project" → "Build Target" (or press F7).

- If there are errors, debug and fix them.

- If the compilation is successful, you will see "0 Errors, 0 Warnings" in the Build Output
window.

Step 6: Locate the HEX File

- Go to your project folder.
- Open the "Objects" directory.
- The HEX file (e.g., main.hex) will be available there.

Step 7: Load the HEX File into a Simulator or Microcontroller

- Use Proteus or a hardware programmer (e.g., Arduino, ST-Link, USBASP) to upload the HEX
file onto your microcontroller.

4. How can Proteus and Keil C be intergrated for embedded system

development?
*Step-by-Step Integration Process:

1. Write and Compile Code in Keil C

2. Design the Circuit in Proteus

3. Load the HEX File into Proteus

4. Run the Simulation in Proteus

5. Debug and Optimize

6. Deploy to Real Hardware (Optional)

5. List some advantages of using Proteus before hardware implementation.

1. Cost-Effective Development: Eliminates the need for physical components, reducing hardware
costs during the initial design phase.

2. Early Error Detection & Debugging : Helps identify and fix design errors, incorrect connections,
and coding issues before testing on actual hardware.

3. Time-Saving: Avoids delays caused by sourcing and assembling components, enabling faster
debugging and modifications.

4. Software & Hardware Co-Simulation: Allows simultaneous testing of microcontroller code and
hardware behavior, ensuring smooth integration.