150 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, PHYSICS, Class – XII

5
CHAPTER

matter

Syllabus
¾ Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment; Magnetic dipole moment of a
revolving electron; Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and
perpendicular to its axis; Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field.
¾ Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid. Magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements;
para-, dia- and ferro-magnetic substances, with examples; Electromagnets and factors affecting their
strengths; Permanent magnets.

Chapter Analysis
List of Topics 2016 2017 2018
Magnetic Dipole 2Q 1Q
–
(3 marks) (3 marks)
Magnetic field of solenoid, Earth's 1Q 1Q
magnetism & magnetic properties of (1 mark) (1 mark)
–
materials. 2Q 2Q
(3 marks) (2 marks)

TopiC-1 
... P. 150
Magnetic Dipole TOPIC - 2
Magnetic field of a Solenoid, Earth's
Magnetism & Magnetic Properties of

Revision Notes Materials .... P. 158

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment

¾ Magnetic dipole is a small magnet of microscopic dimensions similar to flow of electric charge around a loop.
¾ Magnetic dipole moment is the strength of magnetic dipole that measures dipole’s ability to align itself with
external magnetic field.
¾ Magnetic dipole moment known as magnetic moment is the maximum amount of torque caused by magnetic
force on dipole which appears per unit value of surrounding magnetic field in vacuum.
¾ Magnetic field produced at large distance r from the centre of circular loop along its axis will be
2µ IA
B= 0 3
4 πr
where, I = current in the loop, A = area
¾ Magnetic moment of current loop is the product of current and loop area,
M=I×A
¾ A current loop may experience a torque in a constant magnetic field,
→ → →
τ = M ×B
MagnetisM and Matter [ 151

Magnetic dipole moment of revolving electron

¾ For an electron of charge e revolving around a nucleus of charge Ze at an orbit of radius r, with velocity v and
magnetic moment μ1, the orbital magnetic moment will be
eme vr
m1 = −
2 me

But angular momentum of electron,

L = mevr
e
\ m1 = − L
2 me

Here (–) sign shows that angular momentum’s direction is opposite to the magnetic moment’s direction.
Magnetic field intensity due to magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
¾ Bar magnet has two magnetic poles known as north pole and south pole each having strength m. If the separation
between the poles known as magnetic length is 2l, then bar magnet is said to have magnetic dipole moment
which is M = m × 2l = 2ml
¾ Direction of magnetic dipole moment is from South Pole of bar magnet to North Pole of bar magnet.
¾ Lines of magnetic force run in closed loops and form continuously closed loops.
Point lies on axis line of bar magnet :
¾ If 2l is length of bar magnet, m is magnetic strength of each pole, M is magnetic dipole moment, then magnetic
field at point P due to :

North pole of magnet (N)

µ 0 ( +m)
B=
4 π( d − l )2
South pole of magnet (S)
µ 0 ( −m )
B=
4 π( d + l ) 2
Hence, resultant at point P when 2l << d :
µ0 2 M
B=
4 πd 3
where, M = m × 2l.
B
Point lies on equatorial line of bar magnet
¾ If 2l is magnet length of bar magnet, m is magnetic strength of each pole, m0 
P
is permeability of free space, then magnetic field at point P due to :
N pole of magnet (direction N–P)
B 
+µ 0 ( m)
B=
4 π( d 2 + l )2
B
¾ S pole of magnet (direction P–S)
−µ 0 m
B=
4 π( d 2 + l 2 )
¾ Hence resultant at point P when 2l << d :  
m m
µ0 M
B= S O N
4 πd 3 2l
where, M = m × 2l
Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in uniform magnetic field
¾ A bar magnet with length 2l and pole strength m in uniform magnetic field induction B at angle q with force mB
acting on North and South Pole along the direction opposite to magnetic field results as a couple where torque τ
due to couple will be :
152 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, PHYSICS, Class – XII

t = Force × perpendicular distance

t = F × NA
= mB × NA
= mB × 2lsin q
= MBsin q
where, M = m × 2l
In vector form :
→ → →
τ = M× B
The direction of t is perpendicular to plane containing, so when B = 1 and q = 900,
t=M
¾ Magnetic moment M of the magnet will be equal to the torque required to keep the magnet at right angles to a
magnetic field of unit magnetic induction.
Magnetic field lines
¾ They are imaginary closed loops which continuously represent the direction of magnetic field at any point.
Tangent at any point of these loops give the direction of magnetic field at that point.
¾ Concentration of field lines gives strength of magnetic field.
¾ Two field lines can never intersect each other. If they would, there would have been two tangents at the point of
intersection, which mean two directions of magnetic lines, which is impossible.
¾ In a ‘uniform’ magnetic field, the field lines are parallel and equidistant.
¾ If a magnetic needle is placed in a magnetic field and then left, it will experience a torque and start oscillating in
simple harmonic motion.
¾ Torque on a magnetic needle,
  
τ = M×B

where, B is external magnetic field in which magnetic needle is kept.
¾ Time period of oscillations of magnetic needle,
I
T = 2π
MB
where, I is moment of inertia of magnetic needle.
¾ Potential energy of a magnet in a magnetic field,
 
U = − M .B

Know the Terms

¾ Magnetic dipole : A system of two equal and opposite poles separated by small distance.
¾ Magnetic length : It is the distance between the two poles of a magnetic dipole.
¾ Magnetic dipole moment : It is the product of pole strength and separation between two poles and is denoted by M.
¾ Geographic meridian : It is a vertical plane that passes through the north and south poles at a given place.
¾ Magnetic declination : It is a region which describes the angle between the geographic meridian and magnetic
meridian.
¾ Magnetic intensity : It is the magnetic moment per unit volume.

Know the Formulae

¾ Magnetic field due to short dipole at distance ‘d’ on axial line :
µ 2M
Baxial = 0 3
4 πd
¾ Magnetic field due to short dipole at distance ‘d’ on equatorial line :
µ M
Bequi = 0 3
4 πd
¾ Torque on a magnetic dipole in uniform magnetic field :
t = MBsin q
MagnetisM and Matter [ 153

objective Type Questions (1 mark each)

Q. 1. A toroid of n turns, mean radius R and cross- is not possible here.

sectional radius a carries current I. It is placed on
a horizontal table taken as x-y plane. Its magnetic Q. 2. Consider the two idealized systems : (i) a parallel
moment m plate capacitor with large plates and small
separation and (ii) a long solenoid of length L >> R,
(a) is non-zero and points in the z-direction by
radius of cross-section. In (i) E is ideally treated
symmetry.
as a constant between plates and zero outside. In
(b) points along the axis of the toroid (m = mf). (ii) magnetic field is constant inside the solenoid
(c) is zero, otherwise there would be a field falling and zero outside. These idealized assumptions,
1 however, contradict fundamental laws as below :
as 3 at large distances outside the toroid.
r (a) case (i) contradicts Gauss’s law for electrostatic
(d) is pointing radially outwards. fields.
[NCERT Exemplar] (b) case (ii) contradicts Gauss’s law for magnetic
Ans. Correct option : (c) fields.
Explanation : As we know that a toroid can be (c) case (i) agrees with ∫ s E. dl = 0
considered as a ring shaped closed solenoid. So that
it is like an endless cylindrical solenoid.
×
(d) case (ii) contradicts ∫ H .dl = I en

Winding × × [NCERT Exemplar]

Ans. Correct option : (b)
Core
×
. . P
×
Explanation : According to Gauss’s law of
r dl . or .
× . × electrostatic field,
B
i q
×
×
×
∫ E.ds =
ε0
So, the magnetic field is only confined inside the So it does not contradict for electrostatic field as the
body of a toroid in the form of concentric magnetic electric field lines do not form continuous path.
lines of force. According to Gauss’s law of magnetic field,
For any point inside the empty space surrounded ∫ B.ds = 0
by toroid and outside the toroid, the magnetic It is clear that it contradicts for magnetic field
field B is zero because the net current enclosed in because there is magnetic field inside the solenoid,
these spaces is zero. So that, the magnetic moment and no field outside the solenoid carrying current,
of toroid is zero. In general, if we take r as a long but the magnetic field lines form the closed paths.
1
distance outside the toroid, the m µ 3 but this case
r

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each)

Q. 1. A rod of length L, along East West direction is Hence, induced emf will be :
dropped from a height H. If B be the magnetic e = B cos θ × L × v
field due to earth at that place and angle of dip
is q, then what is the magnitude of induced emf e = B cos θ × L × 2 gH 1
across two ends of the rod when the rod reaches
Q. 2. An electron in an atom revolves around the
the earth. U [CBSE SQP, 2016]
nucleus in an orbit of radius r with frequency u.
Ans. ε = Blv Write the expression for the magnetic moment of
= Bcos q × L × (2gH)½ 1 the electron. A [Foreign III 2014]
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] Ans. An electron revolving around the nucleus in an
Detailed Answer : orbit will behave as current loop, so it will possess
If a rod of length L is dropped from the height magnetic momentum,
H, it will cut the horizontal component of earth's
magnetic field thereby changing the magnetic flux M = IA
by inducing an emf. When B is the magnetic field where,
and q is the angle of dip, then horizontal magnetic I = current flowing through circular loop
field will be Bcos q and velocity of rod dropped will e
Now, I=
be 2gH T
154 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, PHYSICS, Class – XII

Ans. The magnetic moment, associated with the coil is

1
where, T = time period = NIA =1 × I × a2 ½
υ
→

So,
1
=υ µ m = Ia 2 i along x-axis ½
T
Q. 4. A coil of ‘N’ turns and radius ‘R’ carries a current
I = en ‘I’. It is unwound and rewound to make a square
The area of circular loop A = pr2 coil of side ‘a’ having same number of turns (N).
Hence from above, M = e υ πr 2 ( ) 1 Keeping the current ‘I’ same, find the ratio of
the magnetic moments of the square coil and the
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
circular coil. C [Delhi Comptt. I, II, III 2013]
Q. 3. A square coil OPQR, of side a, carrying a current I,
is placed in the Y-Z 'plane' as shown here. Find the Ans. A1 = πR2
magnetic moment associated with this coil. m1 = NIA1
A [CBSE SPQ 2013] A2 = a2 [Square coil]
Z
m2 = NIA2
m1 NIA1
R Q =
m2 NIA2

2
I = πR
2
a
P
O 2
Y m1 22  R 
=   1
m2 7 a

X

Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)

Q. 1. A rectangular coil of sides ‘l’ and ‘b’ carrying a Q. 2. A circular coil of N turns and radius R carries a
current I is subjected to a uniform magnetic field current I. It is unwound and rewound to make
→
B , acting perpendicular to its plane. Obtain the another coil of radius R/2, current I remaining the
expression for the torque acting on it. same. Calculate the ratio of the magnetic moments
of the new coil and the original coil. A [O.D. 2012]
U

→ N1.2πR = N2. 2π(R/2) ½

M = IAn
∴ N2 = 2N1
→
Magnetic moment of a coil, m = NAI ½
∴ M = Ilb n ½
( n = unit vector ⊥ to the plane of the coil) For the coil of radius ‘R’,
→ → m1 = NIA1 = NIπR2
∴ Torque = M × B
→ For the coil of radius R/2,
= Ilb n × B ½ m2 = N2IA2 = 2NIπR2/4 = NIπR2/2 ½
=0 ½
→ ⇒ m1 : m2 = 1 : 2 ½
(as n and B are parallel or antiparallel to each
other) ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]

Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each)

Q. 1. An electron of mass me revolves around a → e → →

nucleus of charge +Ze. Show that it behaves like as µ = − L , where L is the orbital angular
a tiny magnetic dipole. Hence, prove that the 2 me
magnetic moment associated with it is expressed momentum of the electron. Give the significance
of negative sign. U [Delhi II 2017, 2014]
MagnetisM and Matter [ 155

Ans. (i) Behaviour of revolving electron as a tiny

magnetic dipole. 1
→ e →
(ii) Proof of the relation m = − L 1
2 me
(iii) Significance of negative sign 1

1 |Force on arm BC| = |Force on arm DA| = IlB sin q

Current associated with the revolving electron : 4 →
e where, q = angle between side BC and B ½
I=
T
These two forces add up to zero as they are
2πr collinear (along the axis of the coil) and act in
and T=
v opposite directions. ½
e |Force on arm AB| = |Force on arm CD| = IbBsin q
\ I= v ½
2πr
e– These two equal and opposite forces are not
collinear. The perpendicular distance between
their lines of action is, as shown,
r a
2× sin q = asin q
2
 ∴ Torque acting on the coil, has a magnitude τ,
+Ze
where,
τ = (lbB) × (asin q) = IABsin q (A = ab = area of
the coil) ½
Magnetic moment of the loop, In vector form,
ev 2 →
m = IA = πr τ = I A× B
→ →
2 πr
→ →
evr e.me vr
= = ½ But I A = m , as given
2 2 me
→ → →
∴ τ = m ×B ½
[Note : Award these 3 marks, as per the given
sequence, even if the student does the derivation
→ −e → by taking the coil in the (special) position where
µ = L ½
2 me its two arms are parallel and the other two arms
→
–ve sign signifies that the angular momentum of are perpendicular to the direction of B ]
the revolving electron is opposite in direction to
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2016]
the magnetic moment associated with it. 1
Q. 3. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 6 J/T is aligned
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
at 60° with a uniform external magnetic field of
Q. 2. Derive the expression for the torque τ acting on 0.44 T. Calculate (a) the work done in turning the
magnet to align its magnetic moment (i) normal
a rectangular current loop of area A placed in a
→ → →
to the magnetic field, (ii) opposite to the magnetic
uniform magnetic field B. Show that τ = m × B field, and (b) the torque on the magnet in the final
→ orientation in case (ii). U [Delhi & OD 2018]
where m is the magnetic moment of the current
→ →
Ans. (a) Formula and
loop given by m = I A . U [Foreign, 2016] Calculation of work done in the two cases (1+ 1)
(b) Calculation of torque in case (ii) 1
Ans. The force, on a wire of length l, carrying a current (a) Work done = MB(cos q1− cos q2)
→ →
(i) q1 = 60°, q2 = 90°
I, in a magnetic field B , is given by F = IlB sin q
→ →
\ Work done = MB(cos 60°− cos 90°)
= I l ×B ½ 1  1
For a rectangular loop, placed as shown, in a = MB  − 0  = MB ½
2  2
→
magnetic field B ,
= 1 × 6 × 0·44 J = 1·32 J ½
2
156 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, PHYSICS, Class – XII

Q. 4. A closely wound solenoid of 2000 turns and area

(ii) q1 = 60°, q2 = 180° of cross section 1.6 × 10–4 m2 carrying a current of
\ Work done = MB(cos 60° – cos 180°) 4.0 A, is suspended through its centre allowing it
to turn in a horizontal plane.
1  3 (i) What is the magnetic moment associated with the
= MB  − (−1) = MB ½
2  2 solenoid?
(ii) What are the force and torque on the solenoid if
3 a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 7.5 × 10–2
= × 6 × 0·44 J = 3·96 J ½
2 T is setup at an angle of 30° with the axis of the
solenoid? U [CBSE OD Set I, 2015]
[Also accept calculations done through changes in
Ans. Number of turns in solenoid,
potential energy.]
N = 2000 (given)
 
Torque = M × B = MB sin θ Area of cross-section of solenoid,
A = 1.6 × 10–4 m2 (given)
For q = 180°, ½ I = 4.0 A (given)
(i) Magnetic moment of the solenoid,
We have Torque = 6×0.44 sin 180° = 0
m = NIA
[If the student straight away writes that the torque = 2000 × 1.6 × 10–4 × 4.0
is zero since magnetic moment and magnetic field = 1.28 Am2 1
are anti parallel in this orientation, award full marks] ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]
½
Detailed Answer :
→ Torque on a solenoid,
Given, B = 0.44 T
Given : τ = MB Sin q
M = 6 J/T  –2
M2 B = 7.5 × 10 T and q = 30° (given)
2
M1
–2 1
N t = 1.28 × 7.5 × 10 ×
2

60°
3
M3 N S5S N1

o o
(a) (i) q1 = 60 , q2 = 90 since magnet is placed U [CBSE SQP, 2011]
perpendicular to magnetic field. So, work done Ans. M 3
in rotating the magnet from q1 to q2 is
W1 = − MB(cos θ2 − cos θ1 )
 1
= −6 × 0.44(cos 90° − cos 60°) = −2.64 × − 
 2
M
W1 = 1.32 Joule. 1
(ii) Work done in aligning the magnet opposite to
magnetic field. i.e. q2 = 180°, q1 = 60°
1
 1
W2 = − MB(cos 180  − cos 60  ) = −6 × 0.44  −1 −  In equilibrium condition, torque on both magnets
 2 are equal and opposite. Hence, 1
 3 MB sin q = 3 M sin (90° – q)
= −2.64 ×  −  = +3.96 Joule
 2
MB sin q = 3 M cos q
W2 = +3.96 Joule 1
sin θ 3M
(b) The Torque on magnet aligned at angle q2 is given =
o cos θ M
by t = MBsin q2 in case a (ii) q2 = 180 therefore
τ = 6 × 0.44 × sin 180  = 2.4 × 0 tan q = 3 or q = 60° 1
τ=0 Q. 6. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment m = 0.32 JT-1
Þ Torque in case a (ii) i.e., at q2 = 180 position is zero. 1 is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T. If
the bar is free to rotate in the plane of the field,
MagnetisM and Matter [ 157

which orientation would correspond to its (a) and magnetic field is parallel to each other (angle
stable, and unstable equilibrium? (b) What is the between them = 180°) ½
potential energy of the magnet in each case? (b) Potential energy stored in a magnet,
U [Foreign 2013] U = –mB cosq
Ans. External magnetic field, In case of stable equilibrium
B = 0.15 T U = –0.32 × 0.15 cos0°J
Magnetic moment of the bar magnet, U = –0.048 J
m = 0.32 J T–1 (–ve sign shows Work (energy) is required to
(a) In stable equilibrium, the orientation would be re-align the magnetic dipole in an external B field) 1
such that the direction of magnetic moment and In case of unstable equilibrium
magnetic field is parallel to each other (angle U = –0.32 × 0.15 cos180°J
between them = 0°) ½ U = –0.32 × 0.15 × –1
In unstable equilibrium, the orientation would U = 0.048 J
be such that the direction of magnetic moment (It has maximum energy in this orientation). 1

Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)

Q. 1. (a) Write the expression for the equivalent τ = MBsinq

magnetic moment of a planer current loop of area hence, Um = ∫ MB sin θ = − M cos θ
A, having N turns and carrying a current i. Use the
→ →
expression to find the magnetic dipole moment of = − M .B 2
a revolving electron.
(b) Angle of Dip, q = 60° (Given)
(b) A circular loop of radius r, having N turns and H = 0.4 G
carrying current I, is kept in the XY plane. It H
is then subjected to a uniform magnetic field B =
→ cosθ

B = Bx i + By j + Bz k . Obtain expression for the 0.4 0.4
magnetic potential energy of the coil-magnetic B = = = 0.8 G 3
cos 60° 1
field system U [CBSE SQP 2018-19] 2
Ans. (a) The equivalent magnetic moment is given by Q. 3. (a) A small compass needle of magnetic moment
M = NIA ½ ‘m’ is free to turn about an axis perpendicular to
The direction of m is perpendicular to the plane
of current carrying loop. It is directed along the the direction of uniform magnetic field ‘B'. The
direction of advance of a right-handed screw moment of inertia of the needle about the axis is
rotated along the direction of flow of current ‘I’. The needle is slightly disturbed from its stable
Derivation of expression for M of electron position and then released. Prove that it executes
revolving around a nucleus 2 simple harmonic motion. Hence deduce the

(b) for the loop, M = N πr 2 Ik   ½ expression for its time period.
Magnetic potential energy = M.B ½ (b) A compass needle, free to turn in a vertical plane
= Nπr2I k ( B i + B j + B k )
x y z ½ orient itself with its axis vertical at a certain place
= πr2NIBz ½ on the earth. Find out the values of (i) horizontal
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2018] component of earth’s magnetic field and (ii) angle
Detailed Answer : of dip at that place. U [Delhi 2013]
Similar to Q.1 SATQ-I Ans. (a) Let magnetic needle is suspended in the uniform
Q. 2. (a) Prove that the potential energy of a magnet in a external magnetic field B and making angle q with
 
uniform magnetic field is U = – m . B it and is slightly disturbed to oscillate in this field.
→
(b) A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical plane As Magnetic moment M is directed along the axis
parallel to the magnetic meridian has its north tip of needle, torque τ on the needle is
down at 60° with the horizontal. The horizontal   
τ = M×B
component of earth’s magnetic field at the place
is known to be 0.4 G. determine the magnitude of = MBsin q
the Earth’s magnetic field at the place. We also know that
U [Delhi 2011] τ = Ia
Ans. (a) The magnetic potential energy Um is given by Where I is moment of inertia of needle and a
angular acceleration
Um = ∫ τ ( θ ) dθ
158 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, PHYSICS, Class – XII

Angular acceleration, Hence, proved that it executes simple harmonic

d 2θ motion.
a= 2 2π
dt We know that w=
T
d 2θ
Hence, τ= I = – MB sinq where, T is period of oscillation.
dt 2
MB
(–ve sign implies that this torque is acting as Putting the value of w =
restoring torque). I
Now if q is small then sin q = q MB 2π
d 2θ =
So, I 2 = – MBq I T
dt
I
 − MB  T =2π 1
d 2θ MB
Or =  θ ...(2)
dt 2  I 
(b) Horizontal component of earth's magnetic field H
This derived equation is similar to equation of = B cosq
simple harmonic motion, If needle orients itself with its axis vertical at a
d 2θ certain place on the earth then q = 90°
= –w2 q H = B cos 90°
dt 2
So, H =0 1
MB
where, w2 = Angle of dip = The angle that magnetic field make
I with horizontal line at that point. For a compass
needle align vertical at a certain place means is 90°. 1

TopiC-2
Magnetic field of a Solenoid, Earth's Magnetism &
Magnetic properties of Materials
Revision Notes
Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
¾ If a solenoid of length 2l, radius a with current I having n number of turns per unit length, then the magnetic
moment of solenoid,
µ 2M
M (= NIA), B = 0
4 πd 3

¾ Magnetic moment of a bar magnet is equal to magnetic moment of an equivalent solenoid that produces same
magnetic field.
Gauss’s Law for Magnetic Fields
¾ Gauss’ Law for magnetism applies to the magnetic flux through a closed surface.
¾ Shows that no magnetic monopoles exist and total flux through closed surface will be zero.
¾ The Gauss’s law for magnetic fields in integral form is given by
φ = ∫ B.dA = 0

Earth’s Magnetism
¾ Earth shows magnetic properties. This is evident from the following facts
 A freely suspended needle stays in north south direction.
 Availability of neutral points. At neutral points, magnetic field due to suspended magnet is equal and opposite
to the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field.
¾ The source of Earth’s magnetism is still unknown, though certain theories have good scientific justifications like
ions revolving with earth.
MagnetisM and Matter [ 159

Characteristics of Earth’s Magnetism

¾ Earth’s south pole and north pole are defined by Sun’s direction. These are known as geographical north and
south poles. Magnetic north and south poles are the points where the magnetic needle becomes perpendicular
to earth’s surface. Hence, there are two system of directions.
¾ Due to two system of directions, we can draw two meridians. (Plane joining geographic North and South pole is
geographic meridian and plane joining magnetic North and South pole is magnetic meridian)
Elements of earth’s magnetic field
¾ Angle of Declination : At any place on earth, the acute angle between magnetic meridian and the geographical
meridian is called the angle of declination.
¾ Angle of Dip : The angle of dip at any place is the angle between earth’s magnetic field intensity B with horizontal
in the magnetic meridian at that place.
Angle of declination
H Angle of dip
B
Earth's magnetic field
BV
at a point

Geographical meridian

Magnetic merdian
¾ Horizontal Component of Earth’s Magnetic field : The horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field H is in
the horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian.
BH or H = Bcos q
BV = Bsin q
B
Where q is angle of Dip, tan q = V
BH
We find the earth’s magnetic field B at any place by measuring its horizontal component. Hence,
H
B= and BV = H tan θ
cos θ
¾ There is variation in magnetic field between place to place depending upon angle of Dip, angle of declination and
magnetic field horizontal component of earth, Hence, these are known as elements of Earth’s magnetic field.
Magnetic elements : para-, dia- and ferro-magnetic substances
Ferromagnetic Substances :
¾ The substances, which are placed in external magnetising field, get magnetised very strongly in the direction of
the magnetising field are called ferromagnetic substances. Examples of ferromagnetic substances : iron, nickel,
cobalt and certain alloys such as alnico.
¾ Ferromagnetism is not found in liquids and gases.
Curie Point : The ferromagnetism depends on the temperature. If we raise temperature of the ferromagnetic
substance, the domains may disintegrate and the substance turns paramagnetic. The temperature at which this
happens is called Curie point. Thus, the Curie point is the temperature above which the ferromagnetic substance
looses ferromagnetism and turns into a paramagnetic substance.
¾ Ferromagnetic substances are strongly magnetised and their induced dipole moment M is in the direction of the
magnetising field H.
¾ For ferromagnetic substances, mr >> 1
¾ χm of ferromagnetic substance is positive and large.
¾ B (magnetic induction) inside the ferromagnetic substances is much larger than that in vacuum. B for ferromagnetic
substances is much larger than that for paramagnetic substances.
¾ They move from the weaker regions of the magnetic field to the stronger regions.
¾ They are strongly attracted by a bar magnet.
¾ If a bar magnet of ferromagnetic material is freely suspended between the pole pieces of a magnet, it aligns itself
along the magnetic field.
The liquids do not exhibit ferromagnetism. However, if a finely powdered ferromagnetic substance is placed
in the watch glass kept on the pole pieces of a magnet, it elevates from the middle when pole pieces are closed
together which suffers a depression in the middle when the pole pieces are far apart.
160 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, PHYSICS, Class – XII

Area under a B-H curve represents power loss per unit volume per cycle.
Diamagnetic Substances :
¾ The substances, which when placed in external magnetising field, get magnetised feebly in a direction opposite
to the magnetising field are called diamagnetic substances.
Examples of diamagnetic substances : Copper, silver, gold, bismuth, zinc, lead, glass, marble, sodium chloride,
water and gases such as helium, argon, etc.
¾ Diamagnetic substances are feebly magnetised and their induced magnetic dipole moment is directed opposite to
the magnetising field H.
¾ For diamagnetic substances, 0 ≤ mr < 1.
¾ χm of diamagnetic substances is negative and small, – 1 ≤ cm < 0.
¾ B (magnetic induction field) inside the diamagnetic materials is less than that in vacuum, because,
B = m0 (H + M)
B = m0(H + χmH) = m0(1 + χm)H.
Because χm is negative, therefore B is less than H
B0 = m0H
¾ They move from the stronger regions of magnetising field to the weaker regions.
¾ They are repelled by a bar magnet.
¾ If a bar of diamagnetic material is suspended between the pole pieces of a magnet, it aligns itself perpendicular
to the magnetic field of the magnet.
¾ Diamagnetic substances do not obey the Curie’s law.
¾ Diamagnetic properties are independent of the temperature.
Paramagnetic Substances :
¾ The substances which when placed in an external magnetising field, get weakly magnetised in the direction of
magnetic field are called paramagnetic substances.
Examples of paramagnetic substances : Aluminium, antimony, platinum, manganese, sodium, chromium, liquid
oxygen, etc.
¾ Paramagnetic substances are feebly magnetised and their induced magnetic dipole moment M is in the direction
of the magnetising field H.
¾ For paramagnetic substance mr > 1 but small, 1 < mr < 1 + e.
¾ χm of paramagnetic substances is positive but small, 0 < cm < e.
¾ B (magnetic induction field) inside the paramagnetic materials is slightly more than that in vacuum.
¾ They move from the weaker regions of magnetic field to the stronger regions.
¾ They are attracted by a bar magnet.
¾ If a bar magnet of paramagnetic material is suspended between the pole pieces of the magnet it aligns itself
parallel to the magnetising field of the magnet.
¾ The paramagnetism depends on the temperature. As the temperature increases, magnetisation tends to decrease.
¾ Paramagnetic substances obey the Curie’s law, which states that the magnetic susceptibility is inversely
proportional to the temperature in kelvin,
I
i.e., χm ∝ .
T

H
I∝
T
CH
∴ I=
T
MagnetisM and Matter [ 161

I
⇒ = C
H T

or χ= C
T
where, C is known as Curie constant.
¾ Magnetic Permeability : magnetic field exists in vacuum. It can exist in other materials also. Magnetic permeability
of a medium is defined as the ratio of magnetic intensity and the magnetising field,
B
i.e., m =
H

¾ Magnetic permeability of a material decides the ability of the material to allow magnetic lines of force through it.
Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths
¾ Electromagnet is also known as a solenoid having a core of iron with wire wrapped around on it.
¾ Factors which affect the strength of electromagnets are :
• nature of core material
• strength of current passing through the core
• number of turns of wire on the core
• shape and size of the core
¾ Core is a solenoid having copper wire wound on it. More will be the number of turns, more will be the strength
of magnetic field.
Permanent magnets
¾ Magnets where magnetic field is generated by internal structure of material itself.
¾ Permanent magnets have consistent non-varying magnetic field having north and south pole linked with it.
¾ Magnetic fields of permanent magnets are the sum of nuclear spins, electron spins and orbits of electrons.
¾ Permanent magnets produce a longitudinal magnetic field between the poles.

Know the Terms

¾ Magnetic lines of force : The lines that are mapped out around the magnet.
¾ Permanent magnet : A material, or piece of such material, which retains its magnetism even when not subjected
to any external magnetic fields.
¾ Electromagnet : A magnet which attracts metals only when electrically activated.
¾ Hysteresis : The intensity magnetisation (M) or magnetic induction (B) of the ferromagnetic substances lags
behind the magnetising field H. The phenomenon is called hysteresis.

Know the Formulae

→ → →
τ = M× B
τ = MBsin q
→ →
where, q is the angle between M and B .
M m
χm = [Magnetisation, M = ]
H v
χm = m r – 1
H
¾ I∝
T
B
m=
H
B = m0(H + M)
= m0(H + χmH) = m0(1 + χm)H
¾
µ 0 qm qm′
F= .
4π r 2
162 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, PHYSICS, Class – XII

Factors affecting the strength of electromagnets

 Nature of core material.
 Strength of current passing through the core.
 Number of turns of wire on the core.
 Shape and size of the core.

Characteristic Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

mr <1 >1 >> 1
χm <0 >0 >> 0
small large

objective Answer Type Questions (1 mark each)

Q. 1. The magnetic field of Earth can be modelled by same sample is placed in an external magnetic field
that of a point dipole placed at the centre of the of 0.2 T at a temperature of 16 K, the magnetization
Earth. The dipole axis makes an angle of 11.3° with will be
the axis of Earth. At Mumbai, declination is nearly 32 2
zero. Then, (a) Am–1 (b) Am–1
(a) the declination varies between 11.3° W to 11.3° E. 3 3
(b) the least declination is 0°. (c) 6 Am–1 (d) 2.4 Am–1
(c) the plane defined by dipole axis and Earth axis [NCERT Exemplar]
passes through Greenwich. Ans. Correct option : (b)
(d) declination averaged over Earth must be Explanation : According to the Curie’s law of mag-
always negative. [NCERT Exemplar] netisation, the magnetic susceptibility for a sub-
Ans. Correct option : (a) stance is directly proportional to magnetic field
Explanation : The magnetic field lines of the Earth induction (B) and inversely proportional to the ab-
resemble that of a hypothetical magnetic dipole solute temperature (T).
located at the centre of the Earth.
B
B
The axis of the dipole does not coincide with the II ∝
∝T
axis of rotation of the Earth and it is tilted at some T
angle (angle of declination). So that, So
So that,
that,
In this situation, the angle of declination is II 2 B 2T1
approximately 11.3° with respect to the later. So, 2 = B2T1
=
II1 B
there is two possibilities arises as shown : 1 B11T
T22

N N Given,
11.3˚ 11.3˚ I1 = 8 Am −1
S S B1 = 0.6 T
W W E
E T1 = 4 K
N N
I2 = ?
S S
B2 = 0.2 T
So that the declination varies between 11.3° W to T2 = 16 K
11.3° E. Put the values, Put the values,
Q. 2. A paramagnetic sample shows a net magnetization BT 0.2 × 8 × 4 2
of 8 Am–1 when placed in an external magnetic I 2 = 2 1 I1 = = Am −1
B1T2 0.6 × 16 3
field of 0.6 T at a temperature of 4 K. When the

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each)

Q. 1. At a place, the horizontal component of earth’s

magnetic field is B and angle of dip is 600. What Ans. BH = BEcos d ½
is the value of horizontal component of the earth’s B = BEcos 60°
magnetic field at equator ? R [Delhi I, II, III 2017] Þ BE = 2B
At equator d = 0° ½
\ BH = 2Bcos 0° = 2B
MagnetisM and Matter [ 163

[Alternatively, Award full one mark, if student Q. 5. In what way is the behavior of a diamagnetic
doesn't take the value (= 2B) of BE, while finding material different from that of a paramagnetic,
the value of horizontal component at equator, and when kept in an external magnetic field ?
just writes the formula only.] U [O.D. I, II, III 2016]
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
Ans. Diamagnetic specimen will move towards the
Q. 2. What are permanent magnets ? Give one example. weaker region of the field while paramagnetic
R [Delhi Comptt. I, II, III 2013,
specimen moves towards the stronger region. The
Delhi I, II, III 2013]
diamagnetic specimen gets repelled by a magnet
Ans. Substances, which at room temperature, retain while paramagnetic specimen moves towards the
their ferromagnetic property for a long period
magnet. Further, the paramagnetic gets aligned
of time are called permanent magnets. e.g. Iron,
cobalt, steel and nickel. ½+½ along B while diamagnetic remains perpendicular
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2013] to the field. 1
Q. 3. Where on the surface of Earth is the vertical [CBSE Marking Scheme 2016]
component of earth's magnetic field zero ?
Answering Tip
R [Delhi Comptt. I, II, III 2013]
 For answering correctly first of all learn about the
Ans. On the equator the vertical component of earth's
difference between diamagnetic material and
magnetic field is zero. 1
paramagnetic material.
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2013]
Q. 4. The horizontal component of the earth's magnetic Q. 6. Relative permeability of a material, mr = 0.5.
field at a place is B and angle of dip is 60°. What is the Identify the nature of the magnetic material and
value of vertical component of earth's magnetic field write its relation to magnetic susceptibility.
at equator ? U [Delhi I, II, III 2012] C [Delhi Comptt. I, II, III 2014]
Ans. Zero. 1 Ans. Diamagnetic material
On the equator, value of angle of dip (d) and vertical
mr = 1 + χ 1
component of earth’s magnetic field are zero.
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012] [CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]

Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)

Q. 1. Write two properties of a material suitable for (b) Low Coercivity

making (i) a permanent magnet, and (ii) an (c) Low permeability
electromagnet. R [O.D., Delhi I, II, III 2017] (Any two) ½ + ½
Ans. (i) Two properties for making permanent (ii) For making electromagnet :
magnet ½+½ (a) High permeability
(ii) Two properties for making an electromagnet. (b) Low retentivity
½+½ (c) Low Coercivity
(i) For making permanent magnet : (Any two) ½ + ½
(a) High retentivity [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
OR

Ans.

[Topper's Answer 2017]

164 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, PHYSICS, Class – XII

Q. 2. Depict the behaviour of magnetic field lines near

(i) diamagnetic and (ii) paramagnetic substances.
Justify, giving reasons.
R [Delhi Comptt. I, II, III 2017]
R [O.D. Comptt. I, II, III 2014]
Ans. Depiction of behaviour :
(i) Diamagnetic ½ Ans. (i) An electromagnet consists of a core made of a
Paramagnetic ½ ferromagnetic material placed inside a solenoid.
(ii) Their justification ½+½ It behaves like a strong magnet when the current
flows through the solenoid and effectively loses
its magnetism when the current is switched off. ½
(i) ½ (a) A permanent magnet is also made up of a
ferromagnetic material but it retains its magnetism
at room temperature for a longer time after being
magnetised once. ½
(ii) ½ (ii) (a) High permeability
(b) Low retentivity
(c) Low coercivity (Any Two) ½ + ½
The Field lines are repelled or expelled and the
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
field inside the material is reduced. ½
In the presence of magnetic field, the individual Q. 6. (a) An iron ring of relative permeability mr has
atomic dipoles can get aligned in the direction of windings of insulated copper wire of n turns per
the applied magnetic field. Therefore, field lines metre. When the current in the windings is I, find
the expression for the magnetic field in the ring.
get concentrated inside the material and the field
(b) The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 0.9853.
inside is enhanced. ½
Identify the type of magnetic material. Draw the
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
modification of the field pattern on keeping a
Q. 3. If magnetic monopoles existed, how would gauss piece of this material in a uniform magnetic field.
law of magnetism be modified? R [SQP II 2017]
R [Delhi & OD, 2018]
Ans. Gauss law of magnetism describes that divergence
Ans. (a) Expression for Ampere's circuital law ½
of magnetic field will be zero while divergence
of electric field is not zero which shows the non Derivation of magnetic field inside the ring ½
existence of magnetic monopole. As per Gauss (b) Identification of the material ½
law of magnetism, Drawing the modification of the field pattern ½
∫ B.ds = 0 . 1 (a) From Ampere's circuital law, we have,
 
If monopole exists, then the right side will be ∫ B·dl = m0mr Ienclosed ...(i) ½
equal to the monopole which is multiplied by μ0.
1 For the field inside the ring, we can write
 
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017] ∫ B·dl = ∫ Bdl = B·2πr
Q. 4. From molecular viewpoint, discuss the temperature (r = radius of the ring)
dependence of susceptibility for diamagnetism, Also, Ienclosed = (2prn)I
paramagnetism and ferromagnetism. using equation (i)
U [SQP II 2017] \ B·2pr = m0mr(2prn)I
Ans. Diamagnetism is due to orbital motion of \ B = m0mrnI
electrons in an atom developing magnetic 1 1
moments opposite to applied field as a result [Award these  +  marks even if the result is
of which, resultant magnetic moment of 2 2
diamagnetic material is zero. Hence, susceptibility written without giving the derivation] ½
of diamagnetic material is not much affected by (b) The material is paramagnetic. ½
temperature.
The field pattern gets modified as shown in the
Paramagnetism and ferromagnetism are due to
figure below.
alignments of atomic magnetic moments in the
direction of the applied field. As temperature
is raised, this alignment is disturbed, resulting ½
decrease in susceptibility of both, with increase in
temperature. 2 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017] [CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]
MagnetisM and Matter [ 165

Detailed Answer :
I
Also accept x=
(a) H
We have x = mr – 1 ½
r ½
500 : Ferromagnetic ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]
Q. 8. The vertical component of Earth's magnetic field
I I at a place is √3 times the horizontal component.
What is the value of angle of dip at this place?
R [OD 2012]
Apply Ampere’s Law for the magnetic Sol. We know that
field due to iron ring wounded by Vertical component of Earth's magnetic field,
insulating copper wire, having current I,
Bv = Bsin q
∫ B.dl = µ ' × (current enclosed by closed path) ½ Horizontal component of Earth's magnetic filed,
or, Bdl cos 0° = µ ' × ( n × 2 × r ) × I H = Bcos q
Where q is the angle of dip ½
or, B × 2 × r × 1 = µ ' n × 2 × r × I According to the question, at a place
B = µ ' nI (i) Bv
or, = 3 ½
H
µ' (ii)
But µr = B sin θ
µo ⇒ = 3
B cos θ
So, B = µ 0µ r nI tanq = 3
This is the required expression for magnetic field. ∴ q = 60° 1
Where, mr ® relative permeability, m0 ® permeability Q. 9. Give two points to distinguish between a
of free space, n ® number of turns per unit length ½ paramagnetic and a diamagnetic substance.
R [Foreign 2014]
(b) Given : susceptibility c = 0.9853 since susceptibility
c given is +ve and less than unity i.e. c < + 1 ½ Ans. S.
Diamagnetic Paramagnetic
Þ magnetic material is paramagnetic material. No.
Thus when paramagnetic material is placed in (i) Weakly repelled by Weakly attracted by
the uniform magnetic field then the modified external magnetic magnetic field.
magnetic field is shown in figure. field.

(ii) Align perpendicular Align parallel to the

to the field. field.
(iii) Move from stronger Move from weaker
to weaker region. to stronger region.
(iv) Not affected by Affected by
temperature. temperature.
(v) Susceptibility < 0 Susceptibility > 0

½ (vi) Permeability mr < 1 Permeability mr > 1

Q. 7. Define the term magnetic susceptibility and (Any two) 1 + 1
write its relation in terms of relative magnetic Q. 10. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is
permeability. –2.6 × 105. Identify the type of magnetic material
(b) Two magnetic materials A and B have relative and state its two properties.
magnetic permeabilities of 0.96 and 500. Identify
R [Delhi I, II, III 2012]
the magnetic materials A and B.
U [Delhi Comptt. 2018] Ans. Diamagnetic material. 1
Ans. (a) Definition and Relation ½+½ Properties :

(b) Identification of A and B ½+½ (i) They have the tendency to move from stronger to
weaker part of the external magnetic field.
(a) Measure of the response of magnetic material to
(ii) They expel magnetic field lines.
an external magnetic field. ½
(iii) Such substances are repelled by a bar magnet.
166 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, PHYSICS, Class – XII

(iv) When placed in an external magnetic field, a net Q. 13. The given graphs show the variation of intensity
magnetic dipole moment is developed inside of magnetisation I with strength of applied magnetic
field H for two magnetic materials P and Q.
it which is in a direction opposite to that of the
applied magnetic field. (Any two) ½ + ½
Q
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
I
Q. 11. Out of the two magnetic materials, 'A' has relative
P
permeability slightly greater than unity while
'B' has less than unity. Identify the nature of the
materials 'A' and 'B'. Will their susceptibilities be
positive or negative ? U [Delhi I, II, III 2014] H
(i) Identify the materials P and Q.
Ans. A : Paramagnetic ½
(ii) For material P, plot the variation of intensity of
B : Diamagnetic ½ magnetisation with temperature. Justify your
Susceptibility : answer. U [CBSE SQP 2014]
For A : positive ½ Ans. (i) P : Paramagnetic material ½
(ii) Q : Ferromagnetic material ½

U [O.D. I, II, III 2014]

Ans. (i) Try yourself, Similar to Q. 3, Short Answer Type
Questions-I 1
(ii) A paramagnetic material tends to move from T
weaker to stronger region of the magnetic field In paramagnetic materials, I decreases with
passing through it. ½ H
temperature as, I ∝ ,
A diamagnetic material tends to move from stronger T
to weaker regions of the magnetic field and hence, where, H is the magnetising field. 1
decreases the number of lines of magnetic field
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]
passing through it. ½

Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each)

Q. 1. Define the term magnetic moment of a current

loop. Derive an expression for the magnetic field Bh = m0nhI
at any point along the axis of a solenoid of length Þ B = m0nI ½
2l, and radius a, and number of turns per unit [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
length n. R [Delhi Comptt. II, III 2017]
Commonly Made Error
Ans. Definition of magnetic moment 1
 Students get confused during deriving the magnetic
Derivation of expression of magnetic field. 2 field in solenoid.
Magnetic moment of a current loop is equal to the
product of current flowing in the loop and its area Answering Tip
and its direction is along area vector as per the  Always go step by step during derivation.
right handed screw rule. 1
→ →
Detailed Answer :
Alternatively, M = IA 1 Magnetic moment M of a current loop is a vector
Q
with magnitude equal to the area of loop times the
magnitude of current flowing in it, M = IA with
direction perpendicular to the plane in which the
current flows. Magnetic moment is considered as
vector quantity having direction perpendicular to
current loop as per right handed screw rule.

→ → Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid :
∫ B . dl = m0nhI ½
The magnetic field lines for a bar magnet and a
current carrying solenoid resemble very closely.
MagnetisM and Matter [ 167

Therefore, a bar magnet can be thought as a large µ 0 nia 2 µ 0 nia 2

number of circulating currents in analogy with a = x +l = (2I )
−l
solenoid. 2r 3 2r 3
Cutting a bar magnet in half is like cutting a µ 0 2n( 2l )i πa 2
solenoid. We get two smaller solenoids with = ...(iv)
4r r3
weaker magnetic properties The field lines remain
continuous, emerging from one face of the solenoid If M is the magnetic moment of the solenoid, then
and entering into other face. M = Total number of turns × Current
One can test this analogy by moving a small × Area of cross-section
compass needle in the neighborhood of a bar M = n(2l) × i × pa2
magnet and a current carrying finite solenoid and µ 2M
Þ B = 0· 3
noting that the deflections of the needle area similar 4π r
in both the cases.
This is the expression of magnetic field on the axial
To prove mathematically that magnetic field
produced by a solenoid on any point on the axial line of a short bar magnet.
line is same as that of a bar magnet. This analogy The magnetic moment of bar magnet is thus equal
between bar magnet and solenoid can be shown by to the magnetic moment of a equivalent solenoid
calculating the magnetic field at an axial point of that produces the same magnetic field. 3
solenoid which resemble to that of a bar magnet. Q. 2. What do you mean by diamagnetism,
x
dx
paramagnetism and ferromagnetism?
R [SQP 2017]
Ans. Try yourself, Similar to Q. 5 Short Answer Type-I
P
i i
O
Q. 3. Draw the magnetic field lines for a current
r
carrying solenoid when a rod made of (i) copper,
(ii) aluminium and (iii) iron are inserted within
I the solenoid as shown. R [CBSE SQP 2017-18]
r
2I

Let i be current passing through a solenoid, a be the

radius of solenoid, 2l be the length of solenoid and n
be the number of turns per unit length of solenoid.

N

S

Ans. The magnetic field lines for current carrying

Let P be the point at distance r from centre at which solenoid when rod made of (i) copper, (ii)
magnetic field is to be calculated. Consider a small aluminium and (iii) iron are inserted in solenoid
element of thickness dx of the solenoid at a distance as shown :
(x) from the centre O.
Number of turns in the element = ndx
The magnitude of the field at point P due to the
(a)
circular element is given by.
µ0ia 2 ( ndx )
dB = 3/2
...(i)
2 ( r − x )2 + a 2 
(b)
If P lies at a very large distance from O, i.e., r > > > a
and r > > > x, then [(r – x)2 + a2]3/2 = r3
µ0ia 2 ndx ...(ii)
dB = (c)
2r 3
1
Total magnetic field at point P due to current
carrying solenoid. 1
1
µ 0 nia 2 +l ...(iii)
B=
2r 3 ∫ −l dx
[ Range of variation of x is from – l to + l]
168 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, PHYSICS, Class – XII

Q. 4.(i) Mention two properties of soft iron due to which it is preferred for making an electromagnet ?
(ii) State Gauss law in magnetism. How it is different from Gauss law in electrostatics and why ?
R [OD I 2016]

Ans : (i)

(ii)

[Topper's Answer 2016]

Declination
Commonly Made Error
True North
 Concept of electromagnet is sometimes not clear to
the students.
N D
Answering Tip
 Always read the concept thoroughly and remember
electromagnet is not a permanent magnet.
S
Q. 5. Derive an expression for the axial magnetic field
of a finite solenoid of length 2l and radius r
(ii) Angle of dip : It is the angle which the magnetic
carrying current I. Under what condition does the needle makes with the horizontal in the magnetic
field become equivalent to that produced by a bar meridian. ½
magnet? R [Outside Delhi I 2016] Alternatively,
Ans. Try yourself as Q. 1 SAQ II The angle which the total magnetic field of the
earth makes with the surface of the earth. ½
Q. 6. Define the following using suitable diagrams : Nm
P
(i) magnetic declination and (ii) angle of dip. In
I HE
what direction will a compass needle point when
BE
ZE
kept at the (i) poles and (ii) equator ?
R [Delhi I, II, III 2015]
Ans. (i) Magnetic declination : Angle between the
magnetic axis and geographical axis. ½
Alternatively : Angle between magnetic meridian
and geographical meridian. ½ The direction of compass needle is vertical to the
earth’s surface at poles and is parallel to the earth’s
surface at equator. ½+½

Long Answer Type Question (5 marks)

Q. 1. (a) A long solenoid with air core has n turns (b) A (small) bar of material, having magnetic
susceptibility χ, is now put along the axis and near
per unit length and carries a current I. Using
the centre, of the solenoid which is carrying a d.c.
Ampere’s circuital law, derive an expression for through its coils. After some time, the bar is taken
the magnetic field B at an interior point on its axis. out and suspended freely with an unspun thread.
Write an expression for magnetic intensity H in Will the bar orient itself in magnetic meridian if
the interior of the solenoid. (i) χ < 0 (ii) χ > 1000? Justify your answer in each
case. A [CBSE SQP 2018-19]
MagnetisM and Matter [ 169

Sol. (a) Derivation H = nI 2½ ½

½ ½
½ [CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]

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