ान ACADEMY

BY: RITESH SINGH RAJPUT

HOD, SCIENCE

MOB: 7362875114

CH 5 PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

Notes of Ch 5 Periodic Classi ication of

Elements| Class 10th Science
Study Material and Notes of Ch 5 Periodic Classi ication of Elements Class
10th Science

Topics in the Chapter

• Introduction
• Dobereiner’s Traids
→ Limitations of Dobereiner’s Traids
• Newland’s Law of Octaves
→ Limitations of Newland’s Law of Octaves
• Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
→ Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
→ Limitations of Mendeleev’s Classi ication
→ Explanation of the Anomalies of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• Modern Periodic Table
→ Explanation of the Anomalies by Modern Periodic Table
→ Trends in the Modern Periodic Table
• Metallic Character
• Non-metallic Character

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• Atomic size, Metallic character and non-metallic according to Periodic table
Introduction

→ Matter around us is present in the form of elements, compounds and

mixtures.

→ Elements are substances containing atoms of only one type. E.g., Na, Mg, Au,
etc.

→ There are 118 elements known to us. All these have different properties.

→ To make the study of these elements easy, these elements have been divided
into few groups in such a way that elements in the same group have similar
properties.

Dobereiner’s Traids

→ When elements were arranged in the order of increasing atomic masses,

groups of three elements (known as traids), having similar chemical
properties are obtained.

→ The atomic mass of the middle element of the triad was roughly the average
of the atomic masses of the other two elements.

Elements Atomic Mass

Ca 40.1

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 Sr 87.6

Ba 137.3

• Limitations of Dobereiner’s Traids

→ Only three traids were recognized from the elements known at that time.
(i) Li, Na, K
(ii) Ca, Sr, Ba
(iii) Cl, Br, I

Newland’s Law of Octaves

→ Newland arranged the then known elements in the order of increasing

atomic masses and found that the properties of every 8th element is similar to
that of the 1st element.

→ He compared this to the octaves found in music and called it the ‘Law of
Octaves’. For example, the properties of lithium (Li) and sodium (Na) were
found to be the same.

• Limitations of Newland’s Law of Octaves

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→ It was applicable upto calcium (for lighter elements only).

→ Properties of new discovered elements did not it into the law of octave.

→ To it elements into his table, Newlands put even two elements together in
one slot and that too in the column of unlike elements having very different
properties.

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

→ When elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic masses, the
element with similar properties occur at regular intervals.

→ The properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses.

→ Mendeleev’s periodic table is based on the chemical properties of elements.

It contains 7 periods (horizontal rows) and 8 groups (vertical columns).

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• Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

→ Some gaps were left for the undiscovered elements like gallium (Ga),
Scandium (Sc) and Germanium (Ge).

→ Predict properties of elements on the basis of their positions in the periodic

table.

→ Accommodate noble gases when they were discovered without disturbing

the original arrangement.

• Limitations of Mendeleev’s Classi ication

→ Position of isotopes could not be explained.

→ No ixed position for hydrogen.

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→ Wrong order of atomic masses of some elements could not be explained.

Modern Periodic Table

→ Atomic number of an element is a more fundamental property than its

atomic mass.

→ According to the Modern Periodic law : The properties of elements are a

periodic function of their atomic number.

→ All the anomalies of Mendeleev’s classi ication disappear.

• Explanation of the Anomalies by Modern Periodic Table

→ Explanation for the position of isotopes (Same atomic number put at one
place in the same group).

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→ Cobalt with atomic number 27 came irst and nickel (28) should come later.

→ Unlike atomic masses, atomic number is always a whole number, so there is

no element between hydrogen and helium.

→ Atomic Number: It is denoted by Z and equal to the number of protons in the

nucleus of an atom.

→ Modern Periodic table has 18 vertical columns known as ‘groups’ and 7

horizontal rows known as ‘periods’.
→ Elements with same number of valence electrons are placed in the same
group. Example:
Li : 2, 1
Na : 2, 8, 1
K : 2, 8, 8, 1

→ Outermost or valence shell in all the three contains 1 electron. These

elements have been placed in the same group.

→ Number of shells increases as we go down the group.

→ Elements with same number of occupied shells are placed in same period.
For example, Li (2, 1); Be (2, 2); B (2, 3), C (2, 4), N(2, 5). These elements have
same number of shells (two).

→ Each period marks a new electronic shell getting illed.

→ Number of elements placed in a particular period depends upon the fact

that how electrons are illed into various shell.

→ Maximum number of electrons that can be illed in a shell is given by 2n2

where n is shell number.

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Example:
K shell n = 1 or 2n2 = 2(1) 2 = 2 (First period has 2 elements.)
L shell n = 2 or 2n2 = 2(2)2 = 8 (Second period has 8 elements.)

→ Position of an element in the periodic table tells us its chemical reactivity.

→ Valence electron determine the kind and number of bonds formed by the
element.

• Trends in the Modern Periodic Table

→ Valency: No. of valence electrons present in the outermost shell of its atom.
On moving from left to right in each period, the valency of elements increases
from 1 to 4 and then decreases to 0.

Valency remains the same down in a group.

→ Atomic size: Atomic size refers to the radius of an atom. It may be visualized
as the distance between the centre of the nucleus and the outermost shell.

→ Atomic size or radius of an atom decreases as we move from left to right in a

period because due to large +ve charge on the nucleus, the electrons are pulled
in more close to the nucleus and size decreases.

→ Atomic size increases as we move down the group because new shells are
being added and this increases the distance between nucleus and outermost
electron.

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Metallic Character

→ Metallic character means the tendency of an atom to lose electron.

→ Metals occupy the left hand side of the periodic table.

→ On moving left to right in a period, the metallic character of an element
decreases because the effective nuclear charge increases. It means tendency to
lose electron decreases.

→ Metals are electropositive as they tend to lose electrons while forming

bonds.

→ Metallic character increases as we go down a group as the effective nuclear

charge is decreasing.

Non-metallic Character

→ Non-metals are electronegative as they tend to form bonds by gaining

electrons.

→ Non-metals occupies the right side of the periodic table.

→ Non-metallic character increases across a period because due to increase in

effective nuclear charge that means tendency to gain electron increase.

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→ Non-metallic character decreases as we move down a group due to decrease
in effective nuclear charge experienced by the valence electron thus the
tendency to gain electron decreases.

→ In the middle of periodic table we have semi-metals or metalloid because

they exhibit some properties of metals and non-metals.
→ Oxides of metals are basic in nature while oxides of non-metals are acidic in
nature.

Atomic size, Metallic character and non-metallic according to Periodic

table

Metallic Non-metallic
character character
Property Atomic Size

Varia on
across
Periods

Decreases Decreases Increase s

Due to increase in
nuclear charge, or
Due to increase in
resul ng
effec ve nuclear
in stronger
charge, tendency to
force of a rac on
lose valence electrons Due to increase in effec ve
which causes
decreases. nuclear charge,
shrinking tendency to gain electrons
Reason . increases.

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Varia on
along Groups

Increases Increases Decreases

Due to addi on of Decrease in effec ve Due to decrease in effec ve

new shells, the nuclear charge nuclear charge experienced
distance between experienced by valence by valence electrons (due to
outermost electron electrons. Tendency to addi on of new shells)
and nucleus lose electrons tendency to gain electrons
increases. increases. decreases.

Reason

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