Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge Ordinary Level

Akhtar Mahmood (0333-4281759)

SALT Academy
AKHTAR MAHMOOD 0333 4281759

S A L T
Academy
* 0 8 9 5 7 5 0 1 8 1 *

PHYSICS 5054/22

Akhter
Paper 2 Theory October/November 2018
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the Question Paper.

Section B
Answer any two questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the Question Paper.

Electronic calculators may be used.

You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 17 printed pages and 3 blank pages.

DC (NF/CT) 155625/5
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Section A

Answer all the questions in this section. Answer in the spaces provided.

1 Fig. 1.1 shows a satellite travelling at a constant speed in a circular orbit around the Earth.

satellite

Fig. 1.1 (not to scale)

(a) State how speed differs from velocity.

speed is a scalar quantity without any direction

...................................................................................................................................................

white velocity is vector due to its direction

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) As it orbits the Earth, the satellite is experiencing an acceleration.

(i) Explain, in terms of its velocity, why the satellite is accelerating.

acceleration Change of velocity

...........................................................................................................................................
time
velocity is changing in a circular path dueto
...........................................................................................................................................

change in the direction of motion

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) On Fig. 1.1, draw an arrow, starting on the satellite, to show the direction of the satellite’s
acceleration. [1]

(c) As the satellite orbits the Earth, it experiences a force due to gravitational attraction.

State and explain whether this force does work on the satellite and state whether the energy
of the satellite is affected.

To wortis done because force is not in the

...................................................................................................................................................

direction of motion ie force is perpendicular to

...................................................................................................................................................

motion Since speed is constant and so is kindaeners

...................................................................................................................................................

Gravitational potential energy is also constant and[2]

..............................................................................................................................................

© UCLES 2018 there is no change in height so total energy 5054/22/O/N/18

is also constant
 3

2 A sports car is designed to be very stable when turning a corner at high speed.

Fig. 2.1 shows the position of the centre of mass of the car.

centre
of mass

Fig. 2.1

(a) State what is meant by centre of mass.

point where whole mall of an object

...................................................................................................................................................

appears to be located
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) State two features of the design that make the car in Fig. 2.1 stable.

Centre of mass is near to its base area

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

Base area
of car should be large
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(c) Fig. 2.2 shows an irregularly shaped piece of card.

XA
A

B
I B cm

Fig. 2.2 f xA

Describe how to determine the position of the centre of mass of the piece of card.

You may draw on Fig. 2.2 or in the blank space.

1 Make several holes near the boundary ofcard

...................................................................................................................................................

2 Suspend it from its one hole so that it can

...................................................................................................................................................

move freely
...................................................................................................................................................

3 Suspend a plumb line from the same nail

...................................................................................................................................................

and make a point on card exactly behind

...................................................................................................................................................

plumb line
...................................................................................................................................................

4 Repeat step a and 13 with other holesand

...................................................................................................................................................

draw straight lines from holes ofsuspension[3]

..............................................................................................................................................

to their respective marked point

s The point of intersection of all these lines
provide centre of mass of irregular card

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3 Fig. 3.1 shows a cylindrical copper kettle that contains cold water.

cold water

copper less dense particles

cable
Genser do heater
rise up

Fig. 3.1

The kettle is used to heat water and there is an electric heater at the base.

(a) State and explain the advantage of heating the water from below.

so that heat is uniformly transferred through

...................................................................................................................................................

out water to increase its temperature due to

...................................................................................................................................................

conventional current as less dense particles

...................................................................................................................................................

rise up and denser particles occupytheirspace [2]

..............................................................................................................................................

(b) As the water is heated, it expands.

(i) Explain, in terms of molecules, why water expands when it is heated.

EkT
kinetic energy of molecules increases so
...........................................................................................................................................

is their motion with greater amplitude

...........................................................................................................................................

This increases the spaces b w molecules

...........................................................................................................................................

and Volume of water increases

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Copper also expands when heated.

State what happens to level X of the water in the kettle. Explain your answer in terms of
the expansion of the copper and the water.

Initially water level falls due to expansion of

...........................................................................................................................................

kettle and then rises to a greater level

...........................................................................................................................................

due to expansion of water

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

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4 A house has several solar panels on the roof.

These panels use energy from the Sun both to generate electricity and to raise the temperature of
water that passes through tubes inside the panels.

(a) The panels on the roof of the house have a black surface.

(i) State how energy from the Sun travels through space before it reaches the Earth.

in the form of light and Infra red radiating

...........................................................................................................................................

which do not need a state of matter totravel

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain the advantage of using panels that have a black surface.

because Black surface is a good absorber

...........................................................................................................................................

of Infra red radiations so greater heat

...........................................................................................................................................

is transferred and increases efficiency

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) On one occasion, the panels are supplying an electric current of 15 A at a voltage of 24 V.

(i) Calculate the electrical energy generated by the panels in one hour.

E V It
24 15 60 60 1 296 106 J
106 J
1 3
electrical energy = ........................................................... [2]

(ii) In the same time, 51 kg of cold water is pumped through the panels. The temperature of
the water increases from 16 °C to 45 °C.

The specific heat capacityo

Oz
of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).
C
Calculate the increase in thermal energy of the water.

AQ MC Oz Q
S1 4200 45 16 6.2118 106

106 J
6 2
thermal energy increase = ........................................................... [3]

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5 Two uncharged conducting spheres, K and L, are mounted on insulating stands.

(a) State how the structure of an insulator differs from that of a conductor and give one example
of an insulator.

In insulator electrons are localised to their

...................................................................................................................................................

atom and are not flee like conductor metal

...................................................................................................................................................

For example wood Iodine glass plastic etc [2]

..............................................................................................................................................

(b) The two spheres are in contact.

Fig. 5.1 shows a positively-charged insulating rod held next to K.

K L

insulating stands

Fig. 5.1

(i) On Fig. 5.1, draw the charges on K and on L. [2]

(ii) Sphere L is moved to the right, a long way from sphere K.

1. The positively charged rod is moved away.

State what happens to the charge on K.

we charge is uniformly deposited

....................................................................................................................................

through out the surface of sphere

............................................................................................................................... [1]

2. An earthing wire is connected to sphere L.

State what happens to the charge on L.

Electrons move from Earth a sphere L

....................................................................................................................................

and neutralise the charge on it

............................................................................................................................... [1]

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6 Fig. 6.1 shows a radiation detector placed on a laboratory bench.

radiation
detector
000031 counts / minute

point P

Fig. 6.1

The detector is switched on and six readings of the count rate are recorded.

The table in Fig. 6.2 shows the readings obtained.

reading
1 2 3 4 5 6
number
count rate
31 36 29 32 31 33
counts / minute

Fig. 6.2

(a) Using all the readings obtained, determine an average value for the background count rate.

3 I 36 29 32 31 33

32
background count rate = ........................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 6.1 shows a point P which is a very short distance from the end of the radiation detector.
A sample of the radioactive isotope cobalt-60 is placed at P. The average value of the count
rate obtained is now 975 counts / minute.

The average count rate is determined with different objects between the radiation detector
and the sample. The table in Fig. 6.3 shows the results obtained.

average count rate

object
counts / minute

no object 975

four sheets of paper 976 I a is notemitted

0.50 mm thickness sheet of aluminium 117
B is emitted
2.0 cm thickness sheet of lead 52
o is emitted
Fig. 6.3

2
co I t B

I
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X to
 9

(i) Indicate, by placing ticks (✓) in the appropriate boxes, the radiation emitted by cobalt-60.

alpha-particles beta-particles gamma rays

[1]

(ii) This radiation is produced when a nucleus of cobalt-60 ( 60

27Co) decays into a nucleus of
the daughter product X. Product X is not radioactive.

Determine

1.
o
the number of protons in a nucleus of X,
Ix B to

28
number of protons = ........................................................... [1]

2. the number of neutrons in a nucleus of X.

GEE EIN
32
number of neutrons = ........................................................... [1]

(c) The half-life of cobalt-60 is 5.3 years.

(i) State what is meant by half-life.

Time in which half of the original

...........................................................................................................................................

number of radioactive nuclei atom decay

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) When there is a lead sheet between the detector and the sample, the average count rate
is obtained from six readings taken at one-minute intervals. The six readings are given in
the table in Fig. 6.4.

reading
1 2 3 4 5 6
number
count rate
61 46 43 56 49 57
counts / minute

Fig. 6.4

There are reasons for suggesting that the variation in these readings is random and not
because the number of cobalt-60 atoms in the sample is decreasing.

State two of these reasons.

Activity is very small due ti glede

1. .......................................................................................................................................

half life of source

...........................................................................................................................................

Readings fluctuate because particles can

2. .......................................................................................................................................

emit at time and in direction

any any
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
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7 Fig. 7.1 shows the structure of a transformer.

iron core

primary
coil

secondary
coil

Fig. 7.1

A lamp is connected to the secondary coil.

(a) Explain why the core of the transformer is made from iron.

Iron is a magnetic material and is magnetised

...................................................................................................................................................

and demagnetized quickly soft material

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) When there is an alternating current (a.c.) in the primary coil, the lamp is lit.

When there is a direct current (d.c.) in the primary coil, the lamp is not lit.

(i) State two ways in which an alternating current differs from a direct current.

The magnitude of Ac changes continuously

1. .......................................................................................................................................

If ...........................................................................................................................................

The direction of Ac also changes continuously

2. .......................................................................................................................................

from the to ve fromhigh to low potential [2]

...........................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain why the lamp is not lit when there is a direct current in the primary coil.

The magnetic flux field lines in the core

...........................................................................................................................................

is linked up with the secondary coil

...........................................................................................................................................

but does not change per unit time to

...........................................................................................................................................

induce emf in secondary coil

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

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Section B

Answer two questions from this section. Answer in the spaces provided.

8 During a game of cricket, a player hits a ball with a bat. The ball then travels vertically upwards, as
shown in Fig. 8.1.

ball

U 8 7m51
bat

Fig. 8.1

The speed of the ball as it leaves the bat is 8.7 m / s.

(a) The mass of the ball is 0.16 kg.

(i) 1. State what is meant by mass.

Quantity of matter in a body

....................................................................................................................................

measure of inertia in a body

............................................................................................................................... [1]

2. State the name of a measuring instrument that is used to determine mass.

Top pan balance or beam balance

....................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy of the ball as it leaves the bat.

Ek I m v2

8.732 6.055
I o 16

G 06J
kinetic energy = ........................................................... [3]
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(b) Fig. 8.2 is the velocity-time graph for the ball.

10

hit A
velocity 8
m/s

V OBuso 6
movingup
4

AH 2

0
8 7 0 89
Yo highestpoint Pest
is 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
–2 B time / s

–4
Moving
–6 down
–8

–10 c
hit ground

Fig. 8.2 deceleration acceleration

(i) Fig. 8.2 shows that immediately after being hit, the ball has a negative acceleration.

1. State the name given to a negative acceleration.

Deceleration retardation
............................................................................................................................... [1]

2. State how the graph shows that the ball has a negative acceleration.

Accelerator Gradientof velocity time gleph

....................................................................................................................................

Since Gradient is in me and so is acceleration [1]

...............................................................................................................................

(ii) Using Fig. 8.2, determine

1. the time at which the ball stops moving upwards,

0 890 s
time = ........................................................... [1]

2. the distance travelled before the ball stops moving upwards.

Distance Area under graph

I 8 7 Co 890
3 87m
distance = ........................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2018 5054/22/O/N/18
Fe Ma M
Vy Ea 13
F constant O
Y Y
(iii) Suggest why the graph, in Fig. 8.2, is almost vertical when time = 1.84 s.

Ball hits the ground and comes to rest due

...........................................................................................................................................

to larger retarding force on contact

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Fig. 8.2 shows that the ball remains stationary after a time of 1.84 s.

Describe the energy change that is occurring at a time of 1.84 s.

Kinetic energy on contact becomes zero

...........................................................................................................................................

and becomes the heat internal energy of

...........................................................................................................................................

ball and ground

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) For this ball moving in the way shown, the effect of air resistance is negligible.

When a ball with a much smaller mass is hit vertically upwards at the same speed, air
resistance produces a noticeable effect on its motion.

Suggest two ways in which the velocity-time graph for the ball with a smaller mass differs
from Fig. 8.2.

Graph is curved and not a straight line

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

takes less time to gain the maximum height

2. ...............................................................................................................................................

and to return to ground ie lesser area of

...................................................................................................................................................

with
[2]
graph along time axis

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9 Both sound and ultrasound are waves that travel in solids, liquids and gases.

(a) State how sound differs from ultrasound. F 20,000113

Its frequency is lesser than maximum audible

...................................................................................................................................................

frequency limit of 20,00018

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Sound and ultrasound are longitudinal waves that consist of compressions and rarefactions.

(i) Explain what is meant by a wave and describe how a longitudinal wave differs from a
transverse wave.

Wat is a disturbance in a medium and

...........................................................................................................................................

is a mean to carry
energy due to vibration
...........................................................................................................................................

fumes ...........................................................................................................................................
of particles In longitudinal wane particles
of medium vibrate parallel to the direction
...........................................................................................................................................

Is travel transversewares
of (ii)
of wane
energy unlike
......................................................................................................................................

Fig. 9.1 represents a longitudinal wave of frequency 25 000 Hz travelling in oil.

[3]

R R
e x Fig. 9.1 (full scale)
K 4.8cL
1. On Fig. 9.1, mark two points at the centre of two different rarefactions and label
each one R. [1]

2. On Fig. 9.1, draw a double-headed arrow to indicate a distance that is equal to one
wavelength of the wave. [1]

3. Measure the length of the arrow drawn on Fig. 9.1 and use it to determine the speed
of the wave in oil.
V FX
25000 4 8 120000cm 5
1200 Ms
speed = ........................................................... [2]

(c) A sound wave travelling in a liquid, passes into air.

(i) State what happens to the speed of the sound wave as it enters the air.

decreases
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

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 15

(ii) The wave in the liquid travels towards the surface at an angle. Fig. 9.2 shows the centres
of the compressions of the sound wave in the liquid.

air
liquid

centres of compressions
direction
of wave

Fig. 9.2

Some compressions shown have reached the liquid-air boundary. The parts of these
compressions in the air are not shown on Fig. 9.2.

On Fig. 9.2, draw the parts of these compressions that are in the air. [3]

(d) Describe, in outline, how ultrasound is used in cleaning.

Initially object is immersed in a liquid for sometime

...................................................................................................................................................

so that liquid particles are cling to it Now

...................................................................................................................................................

ultrasound is incident on object so that dust

...................................................................................................................................................

particles vibrate in clinged water dueto compression

...................................................................................................................................................

and rarefaction and ale removed

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

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10 A student sets up the circuit shown in Fig. 10.1 in a laboratory at room temperature.

It
12 V
+ – Y

n
E oscilloscope 1.3 Ω
1.5 Ω
A

Ia
4 ly II o

Rt F to.to2d
HEEL
Z
tan p
Fig. 10.1

The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the battery is 12 V. p 1.3 1.2 2 5h

The switch is closed.

(a) The connecting wires in the circuit are made from copper covered by insulating plastic.
electron
State the name of the particles that flow in the copper and state the direction in which they
are flowing at point Y in the circuit.

Electrons flow in copper from ve to the

...................................................................................................................................................

terminal of battery through an externalcircuit

...................................................................................................................................................

At Y Its direction is towards Ammeter

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) At room temperature, the resistance of component Z is 6.0 Ω.

(i) State the name of component Z.

Thermistor
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the resistance of the whole circuit.

and 1 sn resistor 1 5 60
Total resistance of thermistor 1.2
1 5 6.0
R 1.3 1.2 2.5
2 51
resistance = ........................................................... [3]

(iii) Calculate the current measured by the ammeter.

V I R
12 I 2.5

I 4.8A
4 8A
current = ........................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2018 5054/22/O/N/18
 17

(iv) The current in the ammeter is IA, the current in the 1.5 Ω resistor is IR and the current in
component Z is IZ.

Write down an equation that relates IA, IR and IZ.

Ia Ir Iz
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Fig. 10.2 shows the screen of the oscilloscope.

pity
trace with switch closed

trace with switch open

Ete
OT Rtt Rat t Vatt Fig. 10.2
Mn
L
y y Before the switch is closed, the trace is a horizontal line across the middle of the screen, as
shown in Fig. 10.2. When the switch is closed, the trace remains horizontal and moves up the
screen.

Component Z is heated.

State and explain what is observed on the oscilloscope screen as the temperature of Z
increases.

As temperature increases resistance of thermistor decreases

...................................................................................................................................................

The total resistance of parallel combinationof

...................................................................................................................................................

thermistor and i su resistor decreases Hence p d

...................................................................................................................................................

across these parallel resistor decreases and indeed

...................................................................................................................................................

across 1 3r Hence trace move towards top of

...................................................................................................................................................

screen
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(d) The 12 V battery is made from cells of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 1.5 V which are all in series.

(i) Calculate the number of 1.5 V cells that make up the battery.
e nf ofsinglecell
e mf of 12
battery
n 15
no ofcells
8
number = ........................................................... [1]

(ii) State the e.m.f. of a battery made by connecting all of these cells in parallel.

lS V
e.m.f. = ........................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2018 5054/22/O/N/18

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