Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005

(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

B.E: Electrical Engineering

Semester: V

Lab Manual
Electrical Machines Lab
(BEEL506)
 CODE OF CONDUCT FOR LABORATORY

 All students must observe the Dress Code while in the laboratory.
 Sandals or open-toed shoes are NOT allowed. Foods, drinks and smoking
are NOT allowed.
 All bags must be left at the indicated place.
 The lab timetable must be strictly followed.
 Be PUNCTUAL for your laboratory session.
 Experiment must be completed within the given time.
 Noise must be kept to a minimum.
 Workspace must be kept clean and tidy at all time.
 Handle all apparatus with care.
 All students are liable for any damage to equipment due to
their own negligence.
 All equipment, apparatus, tools and components must be RETURNED to
their original place after use.
 Students are strictly PROHIBITED from taking out any items from the
laboratory.
 Students are NOT allowed to work alone in the laboratory without
the Lab Supervisor
 Report immediately to the Lab Supervisor if any injury occurred.
 Report immediately to the Lab Supervisor any damages to
equipment

BEFORE LEAVING THE LAB

 Place the stools under the lab bench.

 Turn off the power to all instruments.
 Turn off the main power switch to the lab bench.
 Please check the laboratory notice board regularly for updates
 GENERAL LABORATORY INSTRUCTION

 You should be punctual for your laboratory session and should not
leave the lab without the permission of the teacher.
 Each student is expected to have his/her own lab book where they will
take notes on the experiments as they are completed.
 The lab books will be checked at the end of each lab session. Lab
notes are a primary source from which you will write your lab reports.
 You and your batch mates will work closely on the experiments
together. One partner doing all the work will not be tolerated. All the
Batch mates should be able to explain the purpose of the experiment
and the underlying concepts.
 Please report immediately to the member of staff or lab assistant
present in the laboratory; if any equipment is faulty.

ORGANIZATION OF THE LABORATORY

 It is important that the experiments are done according to the timetable

and completed within the scheduled time.
 You should complete the pre-lab work in advance and utilize the
laboratory time for verification only.
 The aim of these exercises is to develop your ability to understand,
analyze and test them in the laboratory.
 A member of staff and a Lab assistant will be available during scheduled
laboratory sessions to provide assistance.
 Always attempt experiments; first without seeking help. When you get
into difficulty; ask for assistance

ASSESMENT

 The laboratory work of a student will be evaluated continuously during

the semester for 20 marks. Of the 20 marks, 15 marks will be awarded for
day-to-day work.
 For each experiment marks are awarded under three heads:
 Practical work –5marks
  Record of the Experiment –5marks
 Internal lab test(s) conducted during the semester carries 10
marks.
 End semester lab examination, conducted as per the MITS regulations,
carries 30 marks.
 At the end of each laboratory session you must obtain the signature of the
teacher along with the marks for the session out of 10 on the lab
notebook

LAB REPORTS

 Note that, although students are encouraged to collaborate during lab, each
must individually prepare a report and submit.
 They must be organized, neat and legible.
 Your report should be complete, thorough, understandable and
literate.
 You should include a well-drawn and labeled engineering schematic for each
circuit Investigated.
 Your reports should follow the prescribed format, to give your report
structure and to make sure that you address all of the important points.
 Graphics requiring-drawn straight lines should be done with a straight edge.
Well drawn freehand sketches are permissible for schematics.
 Space must be provided in the flow of your discussion for any tables or
figures. Do not collect figures and drawings in a single appendix at the end of
the report.
 Reports should be submitted within one week after completing a
scheduled lab session

REPORTS FORMAT

Lab write ups should consist of the following sections

 Aim: A concise statement describing the experiment and the results. This
is usually not more than 3 sentences. Since the abstract is a summary of
what you have done, it’s a good idea to write this last.
 Apparatus: Describe what equipment and components you used to
conduct the experiment.
 Theory: Several paragraphs that explain the motivation of the
experiment. Usually in this statement you state what you intent to
accomplish as well as the expected results of the experiment.
 Procedure: Describe how you conducted the experiment
 Results and Analysis: This is the main body of the report. Graphs, tables,
schematics, diagrams should all be included and explained. Results of any
calculations should be explained and shown. State the results of the
experiment. Include any problems encountered.
 Conclusion: Explain how the experiment went, and whether you were
able to achieve the expected results stated in the introduction

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

 Power must be switched-OFF while making any connections.

 Do not come in contact with live supply.
 Power should always be in switch-OFF condition, EXCEPT while you are
taking readings.
 The Circuit diagram should be approved by the faculty before making
connections.
 Circuit connections should be checked & approved by the faculty before
switching on the power.
 Keep your Experimental Set-up neat and tidy.
 Check the polarities of meters and supplies while making connections.
 Always connect the voltmeter after making all other connections.
 Check the Fuse and it’s ratify.
 Use right color and gauge of the fuse.
 All terminations should be firm and no exposed wire.
 Do not use joints for connection wire.
 While making 3-phase motor ON, check its current rating from motor
name plate details and adjust its rated current setting on MPCB(Motor
Protection Circuit Breaker) by taking approval of the faculty.
 Before switch-ON the AC or DC motor, verify that the Belt load is
unloaded.
 Before switch-ON the DC Motor-Generator set ON, verify that the DC
motor field resistance should be kept in minimum position. Whereas the
DC generator / AC generator field resistance should be kept in Maximum
position.
 Avoid loose connections. Loose connections leads to heavy sparking &
damage for the equipments as well as danger for the human life.
 Before starting the AC motor/Transformer see that their variacs or
Dimmer-stats always kept in zero position.
 For making perfect DC experiment connections & avoiding confusions
follow color coding connections strictly. Red color wires should be used
for positive connections while black color wires to be used for Negative
connections.
 After making DPST switch/ICTPN switch-OFF see that the switch in
switched-OFF Perfectly or not. Open the switch door & see the inside
switch contacts are in open. If in-contact inform to faculty for corrective
action.
 For safety protection always giv e connections through MCB (Miniature
circuit breaker) while performing the experiments

TREATMENT AGAINST SHOCK

(Artificial Respiration)
 Place him/her on back. Clear his mouth and throat. Turn his/her head to
side and remove any foreign bodies with fingers.
 Tilt his/her head back by holding lower jaw –this gives a clear air passage
way to his/her lungs and keep tongue out of throat.
 You take deep breath of fresh air. Place mouth over his/her nose. Hold
mouth closed. Blow into nose. Adults-blow fully, children-puff gently.
Watch chest rise. Remove mouth–let chest fall. Continue until patient
resumes breathing.
Note: If chest does not rise when you blow check for obstruction in
his/her throat.

 Listen to the air being exhaled. When flow of air stops blow it again
 OBJECTIVE

Electrical engineering is generation, transmission,distribution and utilization of

electricity. In all these aspects electrical machines are the mandatory
components. The Electrical Machines –I laboratory is the first real time
exposure to electrical machines for the students. The laboratory aids the
student on real time to confirm the concepts of theory of dc machines learnt in
the previous semester. The course has experiments on all the types of dc
generators and dc motors. These experiments consolidates the student’s
knowledge of construction, operation and performance of dc machines

VISION
To Educate and Prepare World Class Engineers for Global and Social
Technological Demands

MISSION
 To strive for excellence in teaching and research and to promote academic
growth by offering state-of-the-art undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral
programmes
 To generate new knowledge by engaging in cutting-edge research for overall
development of students and society
 To identify areas of specialization based on an informed perception of regional,
national and global needs
 To undertake collaborative projects which offer opportunities for long-term
interaction with academia and industry
 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

List of Experiments
Sub: Electrical Machines-II
S.No. Name of the Experiment Date

1 To Conduct No Load & Blocked Rotor Test on 3-Ph Sq. Cage Induction
Motor and plot performance curve

2 To Conduct Load Test on 3-Ph Sq. Cage Induction Motor and plot
performance curve

3 To Conduct No Load & Blocked Rotor Test on 3-Ph Slip Ring

Induction Motor and plot performance curve

4 To Conduct Load Test on 3-Ph Slip Ring Induction Motor and plot
performance curve

5 To Study the cascaded connection of Two 3-Phase Slip Ring induction

motor

6 To Find out OCC and SCC of an Alternator and its regulation using
synchronous impedance method.

7
To find regulation of Alternator using ZPF Method.

8 To draw V Curves of Synchronous motor

9 Synchronization of Alternators

a) Determination of Xd & Xq of an alternator using Slip Test

10 b) Determination of Xd” & Xq” of an alternator (Positive sequence
Reactance)

11

12
 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experimental Panel:

1) A 2 Point DC Starter -1 No.

2) DC Voltmeters 300 V DC – 1 Nos.
3) DC Ammeters 30 A DC – 1 Nos.
4) RPM Indicator – 1 Nos.
 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experiment no: 1 Date performed: ………….

Date submitted: …………..

Co-workers:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. Objective:
To Conduct No Load & Blocked Rotor Test on 3 Ph Sq. Cage Induction Motor and plot
performance curve

2. INSTRUMENTS

S. No. Name Type Range Quantity

1. Voltmeter Digital 0-500V 3
2. Ammeter Digital 0-20A 3
3. RPM Meter Digital 20000 1
4. Multifunction meter Digital 500V, 20A 1
5. Variac 3 Phase 0-470 a 1

3. THEORY

No load Test:
To obtain no load current and its power factor angle No load test is performed at rated voltage and
frequency. Let say Vo Io are the Voltage and current and φo is the PF angle at no load condition
The power consumed at no load is equal to the iron losses or the open circuit losses of the motor

Block Rotor Test:

To obtain short circuit current and its power factor blocked rotor test is performed where the shaft
of rotor is blocked to move by tightening of drum brake belt and motor is excited at a very reduced
voltage until rated current is reached the power consumed is directly equal to short circuit loss
(copper loss) of the motor
The readings of meters show Isc Vsc and φsc here the short circuit current Isc is the current
corresponding reduced voltage Vsc but for rated voltage the short circuit current would be I’sc

So

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5. PROCEDURE

No Load Test
1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram
2) Ensure that motor is unloaded and variac is at zero position.
3) Switch on 3 Phase Supply through MCB , Push the start switch on panel (Green Push button)
4) Now start the motor with gradually increasing the voltage until it reaches Rated Voltage.
5) This is motor running at no load condition. Take down the readings of all the meters
multifunction meter power and PF and speed
6) Record the readings of meters
7) Switch off from the push switch RED and MCB
Blocked Rotor Test
1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram
2) Ensure that variac is at zero position.
3) Tighten the belt around motor pulley such that it is jammed
4) Switch on 3 Phase Supply through MCB , Push the start switch on panel (Green Push button)
5) Now gradually increasing the voltage and keeping an eye on current and stop until it reaches
Rated Current.
6) Take down the readings of all the meters multifunction meter power and PF and speed
7) Take down the voltage down to zero relase the tension in belt pulley
8) Switch off from the push switch RED and MCB

6. OBSERVATION

SNO NO LOAD TEST BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

VO IO WO PF ΦO VSC ISC WSC PF ΦSC

7. PERFORMANCE CURVES

DRAW THE CIRCLE DIAGRAM USING THESE DATAS

 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experiment no: 2 Date performed: ………….

Date submitted: …………..

Co-workers:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. Objective:
To Conduct Load Test on 3 Ph Sq. Cage Induction Motor and plot performance curve

2. INSTRUMENTS

S. No. Name Type Range Quantity

1. Voltmeter Digital 0-500V 3
2. Ammeter Digital 0-20A 3
3. RPM Meter Digital 20000 1
4. Multifunction meter Digital 500V, 20A 1

3. THEORY
The load test on induction motor is performed to compute its completer performance ie. Torque
slip efficiency power factor etc. During this test, the motor is operated at rated voltage and
frequency and normally loaded mechanically by brake and pulley arrangement from the observed
data the performance can be calculated following the steps given below
SLIP: The speed of motor drops slightly at application of load and can be calculated as
Where Ns is the synchronous speed and Nr is the running speed normally the slip is 2 to 5 %
TORQUE: The net force applied on the motor shaft by tightening the belt of brake drum, this net
force can be obtained by reading S1 and S2 of spring balances ie.
Net Force Exerted W= S1-S2 kg
Torque = W X r X 9.8 N-M
Where r is radius of pulley = 150mm = 0.15m
OUTPUT POWER: The output power in watts developed by the motor is given by
Output Power Watts

Where N is the speed of Motor

INPUT POWER: It is the Electrical Power fed to the motor and can be observed directly from the
multifunction meter in watts
INPUT POWER FACTOR: It is the Power factor of the motor and can be observed directly from
the multifunction meter in terms of Cos φ
EFFICIENCY:
Percentage efficiency of motor

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5. PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram

2. Ensure that motor is unloaded
3. Switch on 3 Phase Supply through MCB, Push the start switch on panel (Green Push button)
4. Now start the motor with Automatic Star Delta Starter provided the motor will run in star at
first then will come to delta this can be understood by checking voltage across coil A1 and A2
5. This is motor running at no load condition. Take down the readings of all the meters
multifunction meter power and PF and speed
6. Increase the load on motor gradually by turning the hand wheel thus tightening the belt
7. Record the readings of meters and repeat it for next step of loading
8. This process is to be continued till the rated current of motor is achieved
9. Now remove the loads slowly and finally unload it completely
10. Switch off from the starter and then from push switch RED and MCB

Note: Radius of pulley 0.15 m

6. OBSERVATION

S.NO. VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER PF SPEED W1-W2 SLIP

7. PERFORMANCE CURVES
Plot the following performance curves
1) Efficiency Vs Output Power
2) Torque Vs Output Power
3) Line Current Vs Output Power
4) PF Vs Output Power
5) Slip Vs Output Power
6) Torque vs speed
 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experiment no: 3 Date performed: ………….

Date submitted: …………..

Co-workers:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. Objective:

To Conduct No Load & Blocked Rotor Test on 3 Ph Slip Ring Induction Motor and plot
performance curve

2. INSTRUMENTS

S. No. Name Type Range Quantity

1. Voltmeter Digital 0-500V 3
2. Ammeter Digital 0-20A 3
3. RPM Meter Digital 20000 1
4. Multifunction meter Digital 500V, 20A 1
5. Variac 3 Phase 0-470 a 1

3. THEORY

No load Test:
To obtain no load current and its power factor angle No load test is performed at rated voltage and
frequency. Let say Vo Io are the Voltage and current and φo is the PF angle at no load condition
The power consumed at no load is equal to the iron losses or the open circuit losses of the motor
Block Rotor Test:
To obtain short circuit current and its power factor blocked rotor test is performed where the shaft
of rotor is blocked to move by tightening of drum brake belt and motor is excited at a very reduced
voltage until rated current is reached the power consumed is directly equal to short circuit loss
(copper loss) of the motor
The readings of meters show Isc, Vsc and φsc here the short circuit current Isc is the current
corresponding reduced voltage Vsc but for rated voltage the short circuit current would be I’sc

So

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5. PROCEDURE

No Load Test
1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram
2) Short the rotor of slip ring motor
3) Ensure that motor is unloaded and variac is at zero position.
4) Switch on 3 Phase Supply through MCB, Push the start switch on panel (Green Push button)
5) Now start the motor with gradually increasing the voltage until it reaches Rated Voltage.
6) This is motor running at no load condition. Take down the readings of all the meters
multifunction meter power and PF and speed
7) Record the readings of meters
8) Switch off from the push switch RED and MCB

Blocked Rotor Test

1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram
2) Ensure that variac is at zero position.
3) Tighten the belt around motor pulley such that it is jammed
4) Switch on 3 Phase Supply through MCB , Push the start switch on panel (Green Push button)
5) Now gradually increasing the voltage and keeping an eye on current and stop until it reaches
Rated Current.
6) Take down the readings of all the meters multifunction meter power and PF and speed
7) Take down the voltage down to zero release the tension in belt pulley
8) Switch off from the push switch RED and MCB

6. OBSERVATION

SNO NO LOAD TEST BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

VO IO WO PF ΦO VSC ISC WSC PF ΦSC

7. PERFORMANCE CURVES

DRAW THE CIRCLE DIAGRAM USING THESE DATAS

 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experiment no: 4 Date performed: ………….

Date submitted: …………..

Co-workers:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. Objective:

To Conduct Load Test on 3 Ph Slip Ring Induction Motor and plot performance curve

2. INSTRUMENTS

S. No. Name Type Range Quantity

1. Voltmeter Digital 0-500V 3
2. Ammeter Digital 0-20A 3
3. RPM Meter Digital 20000 1
4. Multifunction meter Digital 500V, 20A 1
5. Motorized Vairac 0-470V 15A 1

3. THEORY
The load test on induction motor is performed to compute its completer performance ie. Torque
slip efficiency power factor etc. During this test, the motor is operated at rated voltage and
frequency and normally loaded mechanically by brake and pulley arrangement from the observed
data the performance can be calculated following the steps given below
SLIP: The speed of motor drops slightly at application of load and can be calculated as

Where Ns is the synchronous speed and Nr is the running speed normally the slip is 2 to 5 %
TORQUE: The net force applied on the motor shaft by tightening the belt of brake drum , this net
force can be obtained by reading S1 and S2 of spring balances ie.

Net Force Exerted W= S1-S2 kg

Torque = W X r X 9.8 N-M
Where r is radius of pulley = 150mm = 0.15m
OUTPUT POWER: The output power in watts developed by the motor is given by
Output Power Watts

Where N is the speed of Motor

INPUT POWER: It is the Electrical Power fed to the motor and can be observed directly from the
multifunction meter in watts
INPUT POWER FACTOR: It is the Power factor of the motor and can be observed directly from
the multifunction meter in terms of Cos φ
EFFICIENCY:
Percentage efficiency of motor

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
5. PROCEDURE

1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram

2) Ensure that motor is unloaded
3) Short the rotor of slip ring motor
4) Switch on 3 Phase Supply through MCB, Push the start switch on panel (Green Push button)
5) Now start the motor with Motorized variac provided the motor will run increase input voltage
until it reaches rated voltage
6) This is motor running at no load condition. Take down the readings of all the meters
multifunction meter power and PF and speed
7) Increase the load on motor gradually by turning the hand wheel thus tightening the belt
8) Record the readings of meters and repeat it for next step of loading
9) This process is to be continued till the rated current of motor is achieved
10) Now remove the loads slowly and finally unload it completely
11) Switch off from the starter and then from push switch RED and MCB

Note: Radius of pulley 0.15 m

6. OBSERVATION

S.NO. VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER PF SPEED W1-W2 SLIP

7. PERFORMANCE CURVES
Plot the following performance curves
1) Efficiency Vs Output Power
2) Torque Vs Output Power
3) Line Current Vs Output Power
4) PF Vs Output Power
5) Slip Vs Output Power
6) Torque Vs speed
 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experimental Panel:

1). DOL Starter -1 No.

2). AC Voltmeters 500 V AC – 6 Nos.
3). AC Ammeters 30 AN AC – 6 Nos.
4). RPM Indicator – 1 Nos.
5). 4 Pole Isolator - 1 Nos.
 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experiment no: 5 Date performed: ………….

Date submitted: …………..

Co-workers:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1. Objective:

To Study the cascaded connection of Two 3 Phase Slip Ring induction motor

2. INSTRUMENTS

S. No. Name Type Range Quantity

1. Voltmeter Digital 0-500V 3
2. Ammeter Digital 0-20A 3
3. RPM Meter Digital 20000 1
4. Multifunction meter Digital 500V, 20A 1

3. THEORY

A 3 Phase motor is a constant speed motor however the speed of induction motor can be controlled
by cascading of two induction motors at least one of which is induction motor other may be slip
ring or induction motor, the two induction motors are mechanically coupled and electrically
connected in cascade. In cascading the stator of the main motor is connected to supply mains and
its rotor output (slip power) at a slip frequency f2 (f2=sf1) is fed to the stator of second motor.
Hence the slip power of main motor is effectively utilized and fed to the auxiliary motor which
converts it to mechanical power and then adds to main motor output
Let the number of poles in Main motor P1 and no. of poles in aux. motor P2 then the synchronous

speed of main motor is

Actual rotor speed of main motor Nr

Whereas S1 is the slip of main motor

Actual rotor speed of Aux motor Nr

Here taking an assumption S2 as very small

As the two motors are coupled Nr1= Nr2

Or =

Thus slip of Main Motor

Hence actual rotor speed of main motor under Cumulative cascaded

If the auxiliary motor develops torque in direction opposite to developed by main motor this
scheme is termed as differentially cascaded

Hence actual rotor speed of main motor under differentially cascaded

THIS OPERATION CAN ONLY BE ACHIEVED IF THE NUMBER OF POLES FOR

BOTH THE MOTORS ARE DIFFERENT
In cascaded mode where both motors having different number of poles it is possible to have four
different arrangements
1) Corresponding to main motor
2) Corresponding to auxiliary motor
3) Cumulative cascaded
4) Differentially cascaded
The major advantage was to create regenerative breaking and was used for traction purposes.

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5. PROCEDURE

1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure

2) Ensure that external resistance of the rotor resistance starter is fully included in the rotor of
auxiliary motor
3) Switch on the 3 phase AC Mains and start the motor using DOL starter by pushing Green Push
Button Switch on the panel
4) Observe the speed of the set and confirm whether the motor is cumulative cascaded or
differentially cascaded
5) Cut out the resistance of the rotor circuit and note down the speed of motor
6) Switch off the Ac Mains to stop the motor
7) Now interchange the connections at rotor terminals of the main motor to change the phase
sequence of applied voltage to the stator of auxiliary motor.
8) Repeat steps 3 to 6 to observe speed in alternative cascading connection.

6. OBSERVATION

S.NO. ARRANGEMENT APPLIED NO LOAD SPEED

OF CONNECTION VOLTAGE CURRENT

7. RESULTS
 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experimental Panel:

1) 3 point Dc Starter -1 Nos.

2) DC Voltmeter – 1 Nos.
3) DC Ammeter – 1 Nos.
4) RPM Indicator – 1 Nos.
5) 2 Pole MCB - 1 Nos.
6) Onboard static Exciter – 1 Nos.
7) Multifunction Meter – 1 Nos.
 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experiment no: 6 Date performed: ………….

Date submitted: …………..
Co-workers:

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
1. Objective

To Find out OCC and SCC of an Alternator and its regulation using synchronous impedance
method.

2. Apparatus Required

S.No Equipments Specification Quantity

1. Rheostat 270 ohm 1.2A 2
2. Ammeter DC 2A 1
3. Ammeter AC 5A 1
4. Voltmeter AC 500V 1

3. Theory

To find out the regulation of alternator by synchronous impedance method, following

characteristics and data has to be obtained experimentally,

(i) Open Circuit Characteristic at synchronous speed.

(ii) Short Circuit Characteristic at synchronous speed.
(iii) AC Resistance of the stator winding, per phase i.e. Ra.
This Figure shows the open circuit and short circuit characteristic of a 3 phase alternator, plotted
on the phase basis. To find out the synchronous impedance from these characteristics, open circuit
voltage, E1 and short circuit current, I1 (preferably full load current), corresponding to a particular
value of field current is obtained. Then, synchronous impedance per phase is given. by,

Synchronous impedance, ZS = E1/ I1

Then, Synchronous reactance, Xs = ( ZS2 – Ra2)½

Below figure shows the Phasor diagram of the alternator, supplying full load current of I. ampere,
lagging the terminal voltage V by-an angle φ. The open circuit voltage E of the alternator is given
by,

E = V + IaRa + IsXs (phasor sum)

The diagram has been drawn with the current as the reference Phasor and is self-explanatory. The
open circuit voltage as finally obtained from the Phasor diagram, corresponding to this loading
condition is E volts. Then the regulation of the alternator under the above loading condition- is
given by
 Regulation = (E-V)/V x 100 percent

An approximate expression for the open circuit voltage can be established referring to the Phasor
diagram.

Open circuit voltage, E = ( OD2 + DC2)½

= ( (OF + FD)2 + (DB + BC)2) ½

or E = {(V cos φ + Ia Ra)2 + (V sin φ + Ia XS)2 }½ (for lagging pf load)

The above expression is for lagging power factor load. In case alternator is operating at leading
power factor open circuit voltage E can be found out in a similar way and is given by

E = {(V cos φ + Ia Ra)2 - (V sin φ + Ia XS)2 }½ (for leading pf load)

The value of regulation obtained by this method is higher than obtained from as actual load test as
such it is called the pessimistic method.

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5. PROCEDURE

1. Make the connections as shown in circuit.

2. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor at minimum resistance and Static Exciter of generator at
minimum position of and its switch at OFF, Keep the Output MCB 3 Pole to OFF Position
3. Switch on the DC supply of motor by switch MCB ON move push start button (green) you will
find LED start glowing this shows that DC power 220 V is coming to the +/- terminals on the
panel and start the motor using the starter by slowly sliding it to right side until the handle gets
latched.
4. Measure the speed
5. Set the speed of the motor through resistance in its field winding and Switch ON the DC Static
Exciter
6. Move the Knob of static exciter in clockwise direction this will increase the open circuit
voltage of the Alternator and Field current of Alternator
7. Note-down the open circuit voltage of the alternator and the field current.
8. Repeat step 7 for various values of field current (can be obtained by varying the static exciter
in the field circuit of alternator). Observations should be continued, till the open circuit voltage
is 415V phase to phase
9. Set the position of static exciter again for minimum possible current in the field circuit of
alternator.
10. Short-circuit the stator winding of the alternator, by closing the switch (3 Pole Output MCB),
provided for this purpose in the circuit diagram.
11. Now increase the field current of alternator through DC Static exciter very slowly this will
increase the alternator output short circuit current. Note-down the short circuit current and the
field current.
12. Repeat step 11, for various values of field current, till the short circuit current becomes equal to
the full load current of alternator.
13. Remove the DC Excitation through DC Static Exciter and then switch-off the dc supply to stop
the dc motor.

6. Observation

For Open Circuit Characteristics, Ra = _______________

S.No If (Field Current) E (Open Circuit Voltage)

For Short Circuit Characteristics

S.No If (Field Current) Ia (Short Circuit Current)

7. Calculation
Regulation = (E-V)/V x 100 percent

E = {(V cos φ + Ia Ra)2 + (V sin φ + Ia XS)2 }½ (for lagging pf load)

E = {(V cos φ + Ia Ra)2 - (V sin φ + Ia XS)2 }½ (for leading pf load)

Where V is 415 Volts Ra Armature resistance of alternator Ia is full load current

Synchronous reactance Xs =

Find the regulation at cos φ =0.8

8. Result

The graphs obtained between Open circuit Voltage and Field Current are OCC of the alternator
and between Short circuit Current and Field Current are SCC of the alternator

Regulation achieved at load= …………………………

 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experiment no: 7 Date performed: ………….

Date submitted: …………..

Co-workers:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. Objective:

To find regulation of Alternator using ZPF Method

2. Apparatus Required

S.No Equipments Specification Quantity

1. Rheostat 270 ohm 1.2A 2
2. Ammeter DC 2A 1
3. Ammeter AC 5A 1
4. Voltmeter AC 500V 1

3. Theory

This Zero power factor (ZPF) method is used to determine the voltage regulation of
synchronous generator or alternator. This method is also called Potier method. In the operation
of any alternator, the armature resistance drop IRa and armature leakage reactance drop IXL are
actually emf quantities while the armature reaction is basically MMF quantity. In the synchronous
Impedance, all the quantities are treated as EMF quantities as against this in MMF method all are
treated as MMF quantities.

Key Point: This zpf method is based on the separation of armature leakage reactance and
armature reaction effects. The armature leakage reactance XL is called Potier reactance in this
method; hence ZPF method is also called Potier reactance method.
To determine armature leakage reactance and armature reaction MMF separately two tests are
performed on the alternator. The two tests are

1. Open circuit test

2. Zero power factor tests

Open circuit test is done step by step from following points,

1. The switch S is opened.

2. The alternator is made to rotate using prime mover at synchronous speed and same speed is
maintained constant throughout the test.
3. The excitation value is changed using a potential divider, from zero up to rated value in a
definite number of steps. The open circuit EMF is measured with the help of voltmeter. The
readings are tabulated.
4. A graph of If and (Voc) ph i.e. field current and open circuit voltage per phase is plotted to some
scale. This is open circuit characteristics.

2. Zero power factor tests:

To conduct zero power factor tests, the switch S is kept closed. Due to this, a purely inductive load
gets connected to an alternator through an ammeter. A purely inductive load has a power factor of
cos 90° i.e. zero lagging hence the test is called zero power factor tests.

The machine speed is maintained constant at its synchronous value. The load current delivered by
an alternator to purely inductive load is maintained constant at its rated full load value by varying
excitation and by adjusting variable inductance of the inductive bad. Note that, due to purely
inductive load, an alternator will always operate at zero power factor lagging.

Key Point: In this test, there is no need to obtain number of points to obtain the curve. Only two
points are enough to construct a curve called zero power factor saturation curves.

The below is the graph of terminal voltage against excitation when delivering full load zero power
factor current. One point for this curve is zero terminal voltage (short circuit condition) and the
field current required delivering full load short circuit armature current. While other point field
current required to obtain rated terminal voltage while delivering rated full load armature current.
With the help of these two points, the zero power factor saturation curve can be obtained as

1. Plot open circuit characteristics on a graph paper as shown in the below figure.

2. Plot the excitation corresponding to zero terminal voltage i.e. short circuit full zero power
factor armature current. This point is shown as A in the below figure which the x-axis. Another
point is the rated voltage when the alternator is delivering full current at zero p.f. lagging. This
point is P as shown in the below figure.
3. Draw the tangent to O.C.C. through origin which is line OB as shown dotted in below figure.
This is called airline.

4. Draw the horizontal line PQ parallel and equal to OA.

5. From point Q draw the line parallel to the airline which intersects O.C.C. at point R. Join RQ
and join PR. The triangle PQR is called Potier triangle.

6. From point R, drop a perpendicular on PQ to meet at point S.

7. The zero power factor full load saturation curve is now be constructed by moving triangle PQR
so that R remains always on OCC and line PQ always remains horizontal. The dotted triangle is
shown in the above figure. It must be noted that the Potier triangle once obtained is constant for a
given armature current and hence can be transferred as it is.

8. Though point A, draw a line parallel to PR meeting OCC at point B. From B, draw a
perpendicular on OA to meet it at point C. Triangles OAB and PQR are similar triangles.

9. The perpendicular RS gives the voltage drop due to the armature leakage reactance i.e. IXL

10. The length PS gives field current necessary to overcome the demagnetizing effect of armature
reaction at full load.

11. The length SQ represents field current required to induce an EMF for balancing leakage
reactance drop RS. These values can be obtained from any Potier triangle such as OAB, PQR and
so on.

So armature leakage reactance can be obtained as,

This is nothing but the Potier reactance.
Use of Potier reactance to determine regulation of alternator:
To determine regulation using Potier reactance, draw the Phasor diagram using following
procedure:

1. Draw the rated terminal voltage Vph as a reference phasor. Depending upon at which power
factor (cos Φ) the regulation is to be predicted, draw the Current phasor Iph lagging or leading
Vph by angle Φ.

2. Draw Iph Raph voltage drop to Vph which is in phase with Iph. While the voltage drop
Iph XLph is to be drawn perpendicular to Iph Raph, vector but leading Iph Raph at the extremity
of Vph.

3. The Rph is to be measured separately by passing a d.c current and measuring the voltage across
armature winding. While XLph is Potier reactance obtained by Potier method.

Phasor sum of Vph rated, Iph Raph and Iph XLph gives the e.m.f. which is saying E1ph.
E1ph = Vph +Iph Raph +Iph XLph

4. Obtain the excitation corresponding to E1ph from OCC which is drawn. Let this excitation be
Ff1.This is excitation required for inducing EMF which does not consider the effect of armature
reaction.

5. The field current required to balance armature reaction can be obtained from Potier triangle
method, which is say FAR.
FAR = I (PS) = I (AC) .....

6. The total excitation required is the vector sum of the Ff1 and FAR. This can be obtained exactly
similar to the procedure used in MMF method.

7. Draw vector Ff1 to some scale, leading E1ph by 90°. Add FAR to Ff1 by drawing vector
FAR in phase opposition to Iph. The total excitation to be supplied by field is given by FR.

Once the total excitation is known which is FR, the corresponding induced emf Eph can be
obtained from OCC. This Eph lags FR by 90°.The length CD drops due to the armature reaction.
Drawing perpendicular from A and B on current Phasor meeting at points G and H respectively,
we get triangle OHC as right angle triangle. Hence Eph can be determined, analytically also. Once
Eph is known, the regulation of an alternator can be predicted as,
ZPF method takes into consideration the armature resistance and leakage reactance voltage drops
as EMF quantities and the effect of armature reaction as MMF quantity. This is the reality hence
the results obtained by this method are nearer to the reality those obtained by synchronous
impedance method and method. The only drawback of ZPF method is that the separate curve for
every load condition is necessary to plot if Potier triangles for various load conditions are
required.

The complete Phasor diagram is shown in the below figure:

Assumptions Made in the Potier Method:

Some assumptions are made in the Potier method which are listed below

1. ln the entire calculation procedure of Potier method, the armature resistance is neglected. But
practically armature resistance is very small and hence this assumption does not cause significant
error in the accuracy.

2. In Potier method, a zero power factor test is required to be done. But practically when
inductors are used, a perfect zero power factor cannot be achieved.

3. Consider the graphical interpretation of Potier method shown in the below figure.

In this graph, the distances RS, R' S' and BC are assumed equal. This represents the voltage drop
across the leakage reactance which is (Iaph) FL * XLph. This indicates that the point P in the zero
power factor method and point A in the short circuit test represent same leakage reactance of the
machine. But this is not true as the excitation under short circuit condition is OA while that for
point P is OA as shown.

Now the excitation OA' is much higher than OC and hence point P corresponding to saturated
conditions represents larger leakage flux which in the method assumed unchanged. Hence
practically the leakage reactance corresponding to saturated conditions is higher than that assumed
in the method. This introduces the error in the calculations.

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 5. PROCEDURE

Taking OCC and SCC first

1. Make the connections as shown in circuit.

2. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor at minimum resistance and Static Exciter of generator
at minimum position of and its switch at OFF, Keep the Output MCB 3 Pole to OFF
Position
3. Switch on the DC supply of motor by switch MCB ON move push start button (green) you
will find LED start glowing this shows that DC power 220 V is coming to the +/- terminals
on the panel and start the motor using the starter by slowly sliding it to right side until the
handle gets latched.
4. Measure the speed
5. Set the speed of the motor through resistance in its field winding and Switch ON the DC
Static Exciter
6. Move the Knob of static exciter in clockwise direction this will increase the open circuit
voltage of the Alternator and Field current of Alternator
7. Note-down the open circuit voltage of the alternator and the field current.
8. Repeat step 7 for various values of field current (can be obtained by varying the static
exciter in the field circuit of alternator). Observations should be continued, till the open
circuit voltage is 415V phase to phase
9. Set the position of static exciter again for minimum possible current in the field circuit of
alternator.
10. Short-circuit the stator winding of the alternator, by closing the switch (3 Pole Output
MCB), provided for this purpose in the circuit diagram.
11. Now increase the field current of alternator through DC Static exciter very slowly this will
increase the alternator output short circuit current. Let it reach to full load current. Note-
down the short circuit current and the field current.
12. Reduce the DC Excitation to zero switch off the 3 pole MCB remove the shorting wires
from the output terminals and connect 3 phase inductive load opened its half way to the
panel at output terminals
 Zero Power Factor Test
13. Now switch ON the 3 pole output MCB and slowly increase the excitation also keep
increasing the speed to synchronous speed using field rheostat of motor increase such that a
point reaches where full load current is reached and terminal voltage comes to rated voltage
you can also vary inductive load to achieve this phenomenon.
14. Note the readings at this point only one reading is enough

6. Observation

FOR Open Circuit Characteristics Ra = _______________

S.No If (Field Current) E (Open Circuit Voltage)

FOR Short Circuit Characteristics

S.No If (Field Current) Ia (Short Circuit Current)

For zpf test

S.No If (Field Current) Stator current Terminal Voltage

7. Calculation

8. Result

The graphs obtained between Open circuit Voltage and Field Current are OCC of the alternator
and between Short circuit Current and Field Current are SCC of the alternator

Regulation achieved at load= …………………………

 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experimental Panel:

1) Three Phase Auto transformer 28 Amp -1 No.

2) AC Voltmeters 500 V AC – 3 Nos.
3) AC Ammeters 30 Amp AC – 3 Nos.
4) DC Voltmeter – 1 Nos.
5) DC Ammeter – 1 Nos.
6) RPM Indicator – 1 Nos.
7) 4 Pole Isolator -1 Nos.
8) Onboard static Exciter – 1 Nos.
9) Multifunction Meter – 1 Nos.
 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experiment no: 8 Date performed: ………….

Date submitted: …………..
Co-workers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. OBJECTIVE:
To draw V Curves of Synchronous motor

2. INSTRUMENTS:

S. No. Name Type Range Quantity

1. Voltmeter Digital 0-500V AC 3
2. Ammeter Digital 0-20A AC 3
3. Voltmeter Digital 0-500V DC 1
4. Ammeter Digital 0-20A DC 1
5. RPM Meter Digital 20000 1
6. Multifunction meter Digital 500V, 20A 1

7. Three Phase Auto transformer 28 Amp 1

3. THEORY:
With constant mechanical load on the synchronous motor the variation of field current changes the
armature current drawn by the motor changes and so the power factor. As such behavior of
synchronous motor is described in three different operating modes of field excitation
Normal Excitation
The armature current is Minimum at particular value of field current which is called the normal
field excitation. The operating power factor is unity at this excitation and thus the motor is
equivalent to resistive type of load
Under Excitation
When the field current is decreased gradually below the normal excitation the armature current
increases and the operating power factor is decreased. The power factor under this condition is
lagging. Thus the current drawn by the motor is lagging current and behave as inductive load
Over Excitation
When the field current is increased gradually above the normal excitation the armature current
again increases and the operating power factor decreases. However, the power factor now is
leading in nature and synchronous motor draws a leading current, and behaves as capacitive load
If the above variation in armature and field currents are plotted a curve of shape of V is obtained
such a characteristics of Synchronous motor is called V curves of synchronous motor
For an increased constant load on the motor the V curves shifts upwards

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5. PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure

2. Make Sure variac 3 Phase in input to the motor is at zero position
3. The rotary switch panel for sync. is in OFF position toggle switch of static exciter onboard is at
off position and static exciter is on zero position
4. For starting the motor, switch on the 4 pole MCB push the green push button and slowly move
the knob of auto transformer in clockwise direction up to 415 Volts, the motor will start
rotating at synchronous speed
5. You will observe that at no load motor is drawing high current
6. Now move the switch of sync. Panel to short side for a while switch on static exciter through
toggle switch and move rotary switch of sync panel to sync. Side, you will observe the
armature AC current has made a dip in its value if DC Current from exciter is increased you
will see appreciable lowering of AC stator current of motor which will further continue to
decrease if DC excitation is increased
7. With increase of DC Excitation, the input AC Current falls up to a specific level and if
excitation is further increased the input current tends to increase again, the point of minimum
AC current for DC Excitation is called “normal” the motor will be purely resistive here with
unity power factor whereas decreasing current is called “under excitation” and with lagging
PF, increase of current beyond Normal point is called “Over Excitation” where we can observe
leading PF
8. Hence a V Type shape is formed on the graph paper if graph is plotted taking DC Excitation
Current If at x axis and input AC Current Ia on y axis
9. If we draw a curve taking DC Excitation Current If at x axis and input Power W on y axis it
shows an inverted V that’s how inverted V Curve is plotted

6. OBSERVATION

S.NO. If Ia PF W

7. RESULTS
 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experimental Panel

1) 3 set of bulbs -1 No.

2) Voltmeter – 2 Nos.
3) Ammeter – 2 Nos.
4) PSI Meter – 2 Nos.
5) 3 Pole MCB - 4 Nos.
6) Frequency Meter – 2 Nos.
7) Check Synchronizing Relay – 1 Nos.
8) Reverse Power Relay - 1 Nos.
9) Synchroscope – 1 Nos.
 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experiment no: 9 Date performed: ………….

Date submitted: …………..
Co-workers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1) OBJECTIVE:

Synchronization of Alternators

2) THEORY:

A large generating station normally consists of several AC generators to supply the total load on
the station. During the light hours only few generators can supply the demand . When the load on
stations increases generators are connected in parallel to the existing running generator in order to
cope up with supply and demand.

Synchronizing of AC generators is the process of switching on an incoming alternator to the bus

bar so that it can operate in parallel with the other alternators to share the load on the generating
stations.

Before an incoming Alternator to be synchronized with other alternators on the same bus
bar the following conditions should be fulfilled

1. the voltage generated by the incoming alternator is equal to the bus bar voltage. It is
advisable to check the condition using same voltmeter for measuring both voltages
2. the phase sequence of the generated voltage of incoming alternator is the same as that
of bus bar
3. the frequency of the generated voltage of the incoming alternator is the same as that
of bus bar frequency

Condition one can be satisfied by equalizing the two voltages which are indicated by the voltmeter.
Other conditions of synchronization are indicated by a synchroscope and by lamp method. Before
using any one of the above methods to ascertain conditions (ii) and (iii) the speed of the incoming
alternator is adjusted to its rated value by varying the field current of the DC motor, which is the
prime mover for this alternator.

Synchroscope is the device by means of which we can correctly detect the frequency or the speed
of the incoming alternator with respect to the bus bar. The device is fed by the generated phase
voltage of one alternator on one side and other input by incoming alternator. It is clearly indicated
by the pointer that whether the incoming alternator is running fast or slow. As per the indication
obtained by this device the speed of incoming generator can be increased or decreased as the case
to equalize the frequency of the outputs from both the alternators.

To indicate the correct equalization of the phase sequence and frequency of both alternators, dark
lamp or bright lamp synchronization is used

In Bright lamp method, one set of lamps are connected directly across the similar phases of the
incoming alternator and the bus bar where as other two sets of lamps are cross connected between
the phases of incoming alternators and the bus bar, so that at the instant of synchronizing one set of
lamps which directly connected would be dark, while the other two sets lamps should be equally
bright. In thus method of the synchronizing if the frequencies of the alternators and bus bar are not
equalized the lamps will flicker, the alterations in lamps being rapid when there is large difference
in frequency and for slow when the difference in frequencies is smaller nearly equal.

The speed of both the alternators is so adjusted that set of lamps go in out very slowly. This
method clearly indicates the phase sequence also that of voltages of both the alternators

3) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 4) PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as shown in circuit for Alternator 1 and Alternator 2.

2. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor at minimum resistance and Static Exciter of generator at
minimum position of and its switch at OFF, Keep the Output MCB 3 Pole to OFF Position for
Alternator 1
3. Switch on the DC supply of motor by switch MCB ON move push start button (green) you will
find LED start glowing this shows that DC power 220 V is coming to the +/- terminals on the
panel and start the motor using the starter by slowly sliding it to right side until the handle gets
latched.
4. Measure the speed
5. Set the speed of the motor through resistance in its field winding and Switch ON the DC Static
Exciter
6. Move the Knob of static exciter in clockwise direction this will increase the open circuit
voltage of the Alternator and Field current of Alternator you will observe that voltage has been
generated to output of Alternator 1
7. Now try to adjust the frequency of alternator through rheostat in field of DC Motor meanwhile
adjusting output terminal voltage by static exciter. We have to adjust this up to 415 V and 50
Hz
8. Repeat 2 to 8 for alternator 2
9. Ensure that the synchronizing switch is open.
10. Now at this point switch ON the Output MCB’s from experimental panels for Alternator 1 and
Alternator 2
11. This will pull the 3 phase generated voltage to the synchronizing board where main action will
take place
12. Now as we know both the alternators should have same phase frequency and voltage first
check the phase sequence of both alternators by pushing green push button near Phase
sequence indicator if both the directional vanes move in same direction R->Y-> B OR R->B -
>Y then it is confirmed that both the incoming alternators are in same phase else change the
phase of any one alternator by changing the sequence of any two patch chords at input end of
synchronizing board
13. No we can see on either sides of the panel board it is showing voltage current and frequency
 through digital panel meters
14. Check for both voltages and frequencies we are getting form alternator 1 and 2 are same if not
try to get it same by using field rheostats of motors and excitation using exciters (they must be
controlled slowly in turns as increasing/decreasing frequency will increase decrease the voltage
too and also with excitation frequency also get disturbed this requires practice but you can do
it)
15. When this condition where voltage and frequency of both alternators are matched put
switches S1 and S2 i.e. MCB’s to on but before that must ensure that toggle switches
placed near check synchronizing relay and reverse power relay is in ON position i.e.
Upwards
16. Now as soon as you switch on S1 and S2 you will observe that frequency and voltage of
both the alternators are mismatched this is due to flow of current through bulbs
17. Here you will observe that the bulbs are glowing ON and OFF in sequence like rotation
and also same in synchroscope, it will show that the incoming alternator is moving fast or
slow with respect to the other alternator. Now the three sets of lamp will flicker. In case
flickering is fast adjust slowly the speed of the incoming alternator 2, so that its frequency
becomes equal to the frequency of alternator
18. Now here onward we can increase the output voltage of both the alternators make them to
provide the rated voltage Check the equality of two voltages that of alternator and bus bar
again. Under this condition the set of lamps will go in and out slowly
19. Observe that the phase sequence of the alternator is the same as that of bus bar which can be
checked by the order of the sets becoming dark and bright As per the connections of the sets of
lamps, one set which is directly connected between the same phases should be dark and at the
same instant the other two sets of the lamps which are cross connected should be bright
20. Watch for Correct instant of synchronization with the synchronizing switch (push button for
synchronization) in hand and close the switch when the directly connected lamps (top two
which are connected in R Phase) are equally dark and other 2 sets are equally bright, thus the
alternators are synchronized to share the load on them Switch off the synchronizing switch bus
bar switch and then DC mains to stop the DC motor and the alternator
 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experimental Panel

5) System itself is equipped with 6KW DC Power supply

6) A 3 Point DC Starter -1 No.
7) DC Voltmeters 300 V DC – 1 Nos.
8) DC Ammeters 30 A DC – 1 Nos.
9) RPM Indicator – 1 Nos.
Background:
The concept of Subtransient, Transient and Steady State arises in case of fault in an Alternator. Let
us assume a sudden short circuit in three phase of alternator. The fault current will flow in all the
three phases of alternator and its waveform will be as shown in figure below.

When the alternator is short-circuited, the currents in all the three-phases rise rapidly to a high
value of about 10 to 18 times of full load current, during the first quarter cycle. The flux crossing
the air gap is large during a first couple of cycles. The reactance during these first two or three
cycle is least and the short circuit current is high. This reactance is called subtransient reactance
and is denoted by X”. The first few cycles come under sub-transient state.

After a first few cycles, the decrement in the r.m.s. value of short circuit current is less rapid than
the decrements during the first few cycles. This state is called the Transient State and the reactance
in this state is called transient reactance X’. The circuit breaker contacts separate in the transient
state.
Finally, the transient dies out and the current reaches a steady sinusoidal state called the Steady
State. The reactance in this state is called steady state reactance Xd. Since the short circuit current
of the alternator lags behind the voltage by 90 degrees, the reactance involved are direct axis
reactance.

As clear from the figure above, the d.c. components in the three phases are different; hence the
waveforms of the three phases are not identical. If voltage of phase, say, Y, is maximum at the
instant of short circuit, the DC component of short circuit current is zero. Hence the waveform is
symmetrical as shown in figure below.

The currents and reactance are given by the following expressions,

Where
I = Steady state current, r.m.s. value
I’ = Transient current, r.m.s. value
I” = Sub-transient current, r.m.s. value
Ea = Induced e.m.f. per phase
Xd = Direct axis synchronous reactance
Xd’ = Direct axis transient reactance
Xd” = Direct axis sub-transient reactance
As the short circuit occurs, the short-circuit current attains high value. The circuit breaker contact
starts separating after the operation of the protective relay. The contacts of the circuit
breaker separate during ‘transient state.’ The r.m.s. value of the current at the instant of the contact
separation is called the breaking current of the circuit-breaker and is expressed in kA.

If a circuit-breaker closes on existing fault, the current would increase to a high value during the
first, half cycle. The highest peak value of the current is reached
 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experiment no: 10 (a) Date performed: ………….
Date submitted: …………..
Co-workers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1) OBJECTIVE: Determination of Xd & Xq of an alternator using Slip Test.

2) INSTRUMENTS

S. No. Name Type Range Quantity

1. Voltmeter MI 0-300V 1
2. Ammeter MI 0-20A 1
3. Rheostat Single tube 272 Ω, 1.7 A 1
4. Variac 3 Ph 5 KVA 1

3) THEORY
The armature reactance varies from Xq to Xd periodically.
Xd - is the synchronous reactance of armature coil offered to the flow of direct axis current.
Xq - is the synchronous reactance of armature coil offered to the flow of quadrature axis current
When voltage induced in the field winding is zero, armature current is minimum and the terminal
voltage is maximum. At this instant direct axis coincides with armature mmf and corresponding
reactance is Xd is given by
Similarly, when the voltage induced in the field winding is maximum (positive or negative)
armature current is maximum and terminal voltage is minimum. At this instant quadrature axis
coincides with armature mmf and corresponding reactance is Xq is given by

If the readings of maximum and minimum armature current and voltage are taken Xd and Xq can
be determined. The readings cannot be taken at higher armature current to avoid synchronization.
The ratio of Xq / Xd for the cylindrical rotor machine is around 0.95 this generally taken as one
and for salient pole m/c this ratio is 0.66 to 0.7.

4) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5) PROCEDURE

(1) Connect the circuit as shown. Set the variac output zero.
(2) Put on the DC supply and run the DC motor of a speed close to the synchronous speed of
alternator but less than synchronous speed.
(3) Put on the ac supply and increase the variac output to suitable value, observe the variations in
the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
(4) Adjust the speed of complete dc motor further to get maximum swings in ammeter and
voltmeter pointers.
(5) Note maximum and minimum readings of voltage and current.
 6) OBSERVATION

SPEED: ……………….

S.NO. ARM. VOLTAGE ARM. CURRENT Xd Xq

MAX MIN MAX MIN

7) CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS

 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior-474005
(A Govt. Aided UGC and NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to R.G.P.V Bhopal, M.P)

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Experiment no: 10 (b) Date performed: ………….
Date submitted: …………..
Co-workers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1) OBJECTIVE: Determination of Xd” & Xq” of an alternator (Positive sequence
Reactance)

2) INSTRUMENTS

S. No. Name Type Range Quantity

1. Voltmeter MI 0-300V 1
2. Ammeter MI 0-20A 1
3. Rheostat Single tube 272 Ω, 1.7 A 1
4. Variac 3 Ph 5 KVA 1

3) THEORY

Positive Sequence Impedance: It is the ratio of the fundamental component of armature voltage,
due to the fundamental positive sequence component of armature current, to this component of
armature current at rated frequency. This is the usually sub transient reactance Xd” and Xq”) of
alternator.

Direct Axis sub transient reactance can be determined by applied voltage method in which a single
phase voltage is applied across 2 terminals of star connected wiring and one is kept open.
The test is repeated for all the three combinations first voltage is applied to A and B C is kept
open. Then B& C are applied voltage and A is kept open . then C & A are used and B is kept open.
Here we get three sets of readings A’, B’, C’.

Let the applied voltage be E and Current I so A’ =

Let the applied voltage be E’ and Current I’ so B’ = E’/(2I’).

Let the applied voltage be E” and Current I” so C’ = E”/(2I”).

From this calculate values of K and M

And

Then Direct Axis Sub transient reactance Xd” = K – M

Then Quadrature Axis Sub transient reactance Xq” = K + M
 4) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5) PROCEDURE

(1) Connect the circuit as shown. Set the variac output zero.
(2) This experiment is to be taken at stand still position so do not start the DC Motor
(3) Now take any two pair of alternator coils as shown in theory and let the third coil hung
freely and field coil of alternator shorted give AC Voltage slowly through variac until rated
current flows through the coils
(4) Measure the voltage and current for this set
(5) Repeat above procedure with next set of coils and then next set
(6) So we will be having current and voltage for three sets R-Y, Y-B and B-R

6) OBSERVATION

COIL PAIR VOLTAGE CURRENT

R-Y
Y-B
B-R
 7) CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS

And

Then Direct Axis Sub transient reactance Xd” = K – M

Then Quadrature Axis Sub transient reactance Xq” = K + M
 MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
SCIENCE, GWALIOR
(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous Institute Affiliated to
RGPV, Bhopal)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Holistic Assessment Rubric for Practical
Poor Fair Good Excellent Outstanding
Criteria 0 pts 1 pts 2 pts 3 pts 4 pts

Follow  Disinterest  Shows  appears  makes  followed

directions/instruc ed little interested sure that each
tions interest every instruction
instruction with
is utmost
followed care

Following  Lacks the  Demonstra  Demonstra  Demonstra  Demonstra

Procedure / appropriat tes general tes good tes sound tes superb
Procedural e knowledge knowledge knowledge knowledge
knowledge knowledge of lab of the lab of lab of the lab
of the lab procedure procedure procedure procedure
procedure s. s. s. s.
s.  Has some  Will ask  Will  Willingly
 Has no idea of peers for discuss helps other
idea what what to do. help with with peers students to
to do.  Asks problems to solve follow and
 Often questions in lab problems understan
requires to teacher procedure in d
help from that is s, before procedure procedure
the teacher answered asking the s. s.
to in the teacher.  Carefully  Thoroughl
complete procedure,  Works to follows y and
basic more than follow each step carefully
procedure once. each step and checks follows
s. before them off as and checks
moving on they are off each
to the next completed. step before
step. moving on
to next
step and
 encourage
s other
group
members
to do the
same.

Lab Techniques /  Measurem  Measurem  Measurem  Measurem  Measurem

use of equipment/ ents, skills ents, skills ents, skills ents, skills ents, skills
instruments/ or or or or or
software/analytic techniques techniques techniques techniques techniques
al skill are are are mostly are are both
incomplete somewhat accurate. accurate accurate
, inaccurate with and
inaccurate and very reasonable precise
and/or imprecise. precision. and may
imprecise. show
innovation.

Safety/ethical  Proper  Proper  Proper  Proper  Proper

aspects safety safety safety safety safety
precaution precaution precaution precaution precaution
s are s are often s are s are s are
consistentl missed, as generally consistentl consistentl
y missed; listed at used, y used. y used.
using left; Thinks
equipment ahead to
not for ensure
intended safety and
purpose. reminds
other
group
members
to do the
same.

Clean-up  Proper  Needs to  Proper  Consistentl  Consistentl

clean-up be clean-up y uses y uses
procedure reminded procedure proper proper
s are more than s generally clean-up clean-up
seldom once used. procedure procedure
used. during the  Station s. s.
 All items lab to use generally  Reminds  Station left
left at proper left clean. others of neat and
station or clean-up their clean,
station not procedure responsibil pitches in
cleaned. s. ity; and helps
  Few items Station others
left at generally clean up
station or neat and and directs
not clean. others to
cleaned. do the
same.

Troubleshooting  Not able to  Identifies  Identifies  Identifies  Identifies

identify problem, problem problem problem
problem but does but not and able to and rectify
not know sure of rectify completely
solution solution with minor
errors

Documentation of  Poor  Document  Document  Document  Document

lab work documenta ed but not ed ed ed
tion presented  Observatio  Observatio  Observatio
 Observatio up to mark ns are ns are ns are very
ns are  Observatio generally thorough. thorough
incomplete ns are complete.  Work is and may
or not incomplete  Work is generally recognize
included. or organized. neat and possible
 Symbols, recorded  Only 2 or 3 organized. errors in
labels, in a minor  Includes data
units and confusing errors symbols, collection.
significant way. using units and  Work is
figures are  There are symbols, significant neat and
not 3 or more labels,unit digits, organized.
included minor s and where Includes
where errors significant appropriat appropriat
appropriat using digits e e symbols,
e. symbols, where labels,
labels, appropriat units and
units and e. significant
significant digits,
digits where
where appropriat
appropriat e.
e.