Equilibrium HOMEWORK

Lesson 1
1. Write the equilibrium constant expressions for the following reactions. Use pressures for gases and concentrations for solutions.
a) H2O(l) ↔ H+(aq) + OH-(aq)

b) 4CH4OH(g) + 7O2(g) ↔ 4H2O(g) + 10CO2(g)

c) 2CO2(g) ↔ CO2(s)

d) H2O(l) ↔ H2O(g)

e) H2CO3(aq) + 2H2O(l) ↔ 2H3O+(aq) + CO32-(aq)

f) (NH4)2S(aq) ↔ 2NH4+(aq) + S2-(aq)

2. The reaction below takes place in a 1-Liter container. It produces a mixture that contains 0.45M (NH 4)2S, 0.20M NH4+, and 0.10M S2-.
This mixture is at equilibrium at 1209 K.
(NH4)2S(aq) ↔ 2NH4+(aq) + S2-(aq)

a. What is the equilibrium constant for this reaction at 1209 K?

b. Based on the equilibrium constant, is this reaction reactant-favored or product-favored at 1209 K?

3. The reaction below takes place in a 1-Liter container. It produces a gaseous mixture that contains 0.30atm CO, 0.80 atm H 2, 0.20mol
H2O, and 0.575 atm CH4. This mixture is at equilibrium at 1209 K.
CH4(g) + H2O(l) ↔ CO(g) + 3H2(g)

a. What is the equilibrium constant for this reaction at 1209 K?

b. Based on the equilibrium constant, is this reaction reactant-favored or product-favored at 1209 K?

4. The reaction below takes place in a 50.0-Liter container. It produces a gaseous mixture that contains 2.00mol N 2, 6.00mol H2, and
1.00mol NH3. This mixture is at equilibrium at 1209 K.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g)

a. What is the equilibrium constant for this reaction at 1209 K?

b. Based on the equilibrium constant, is this reaction reactant-favored or product-favored at 1209 K?

5. Three gases are placed in a previously evacuated container at 1000 K. The concentrations of each gas is as follows: [SO 2] = 0.05 mol/L,
[O2] = 0.03 mol/L, and [SO3] = 0.70 mol/L.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ↔ 2SO3(g) K = 279 at 1000K
a. Find the Reaction Quotient.

b. Is the reaction at equilibrium?

c. If the reaction is not at equilibrium, which way will the reaction proceed to reach equilibrium? (If the reaction is at
equilibrium, skip this part).

6. Three chemicals are placed in a previously evacuated 2.00-Liter container at 900 K. Specifically, 0.4mol of CaCO3, 0.2mol of CaO, and
0.2mol of CO2 were placed inside the container.
CaCO3(s) ↔ CaO(s) +CO2(g) K = 0.0120 at 900K
a. Find the Reaction Quotient.

b. Is the reaction at equilibrium?

c. If the reaction is not at equilibrium, which way will the reaction proceed to reach equilibrium? (If the reaction is at
equilibrium, skip this part).

7. Analyze the graphs above. They correspond to the equation given below. Use these graphs to answer the questions below.
2SO3(g) ↔ 2SO2(g) + O2(g)

a. For graph A, identify the time at which equilibrium was reached.

b. For graph A, determine whether the reaction is going forward or in reverse.

c. Based on your answer to the last question, determine whether the reaction quotient for graph A was greater than, less than,
or equal to K.

d. For graph B, identify the time at which equilibrium was reached.

e. For graph B, determine whether the equilibrium constant is less than one, greater than one, or equal to one.
Lesson 2
8. Hydrogen iodide, HI, breaks down to form hydrogen gas and a lovely purple iodine gas according to the reaction shown below.
2HI(g) ↔ H2(g) + I2(g)
If this reaction takes place in a closed container, the iodine remains dissolved in solution. The intense color of the solution can be used in a
spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance and calculate the concentration of the solution. If 3.00atm HI is placed in a 1.00L vessel at
458°C, the equilibrium mixture was found to contain 0.221atm I2.
a. What is the equilibrium constant for the decomposition of HI at 458°C?

b. What is the total pressure of the mixture at equilibrium at 458°C?

9. Methane and water react according to the following equation:

CH4(g) + H2O(g) ↔ CO(g) + 3H2(g)

When 1.000mol CH4 and 3.000mol H2O are placed in a 10.00L vessel at 1200.K and allowed to come to equilibrium, 0.387mol of CO will
form.
a. What is the [CH4] at equilibrium at 1200.K?

b. What is the equilibrium constant for this reaction at 1200.K?

c. Are there more products or more reactants at equilibrium?

10. The reaction below involves three gases.

2CO(g) + O2(g) ↔ 2CO2(g)
Suppose you start with 1.00atm each of carbon monoxide and oxygen in a previously evacuated vessel at 1000.°C. If the mixture is allowed
to reach equilibrium, the mixture’s pressure is found to be 1.79 atm.
a. What is the pressure of CO at equilibrium?

b. What is the equilibrium constant at 1000.°C?

c. Is this reaction reactant-favored or product-favored?

11. Imagine that 3.00mol H2 and 3.00mol I2 are placed in a 1.00L vessel at 58°C. These chemicals undergo a reaction and reach equilibrium.
H2(g) + I2(g) ↔ 2HI(g)
a. If the equilibrium constant is 4.97 x 10-23 at this temperature, what is the concentration of HI at equilibrium?

b. Imagine that this same experiment is repeated with an unknown amount of H2 and I2 in a previously evacuated 1.00L vessel at
700°C. When the mixture reaches equilibrium, the [HI] is found to be 0.6M and both [I2] and [H2] are found to be 0.1M.
Calculate the equilibrium constant at 700°C.

c. What was the original [H2] at 700°C?

12. Ozone decomposes according to the following equation:

O3(g) ↔ O(g) + O2(g) K = 2.7 x 105 1200.K

When O3 is heated to 1200.K in an empty vessel and allowed to reach equilibrium, the pressure of O2 is found to be 0.32atm.
a. What is the equilibrium pressure of O3 at 1200.K?

b. Find the total pressure of the vessel at equilibrium at 1200.K.

c. What was the original pressure of O3 at 1200.K?

Lesson 3
13. What is LeChatelier’s Principle?

CO(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ CH4(g) + H2O(g) K= 1.8 x 10-7 at 600K

14. Given the information above, calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction below.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) ↔ CO(g) + 3H2(g) K = ? at 600K

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g) K= 1.9 x 10-4 at 600K

15. Given the information above, calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction below.
½ N2(g) + 3/2 H2(g) ↔ NH3(g) K = ? at 600K

3/2 Cl2(g) + Fe(s)  FeCl3(aq) K= 61.33 at 600K

FeCl3(aq) + Al(s)  AlCl3(aq) + Fe(s) K = 0.827 at 600K
16. Given the information above, calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction below.
Al(s) + 3/2 Cl2(g)  AlCl3(aq) K = ? at 600K

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) K= 1.9 x 10-4 at 600K

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)  4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g) K= 2.59 at 600K
H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  H2O(g) K= 1.27 x 10-12 at 600K
17. Given the information above, calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction below.
½ N2(g) + ½ O2(g)  NO(g) K = ? at 600K

18. A 5.0-Liter vessel contains all three reactants and products, at equilibrium, from the reaction shown below. Use Le Chatelier’s Principle
to make predictions about each scenario shown below.
KClO3(s) ↔ KCl(s) + O2(g) ΔH = 26 kJ
a. Predict the direction of equilibrium shift if KClO3 is removed from the mixture.

b. Predict the direction of equilibrium shift if KClO3 is added to the mixture.

c. Predict the direction of equilibrium shift if KCl is removed from the mixture.

d. Predict the direction of equilibrium shift if KCl is added to the mixture.

e. Predict the direction of equilibrium shift if O2 is removed from the mixture.

f. Predict the direction of equilibrium shift if O2 is added to the mixture.

g. Predict the direction of equilibrium shift if hydrogen is added to the mixture. (Hydrogen reacts with O2).

h. Predict the direction of equilibrium shift if the temperature of the equilibrium vessel is raised.

i. Predict the direction of equilibrium shift if the equilibrium vessel is put on ice.

j. Predict the direction of equilibrium shift if the equilibrium vessel is decreased to 2.0 Liters.

k. Predict the direction of equilibrium shift if the equilibrium vessel is increased to 7.0 Liters.

l. Predict the direction of equilibrium shift if the equilibrium vessel is pressurized.

m. Predict the direction of equilibrium shift if the equilibrium vessel experiences a decrease in pressurize.
19. Which reaction(s) below will form additional products if the volume is decreased?
a. CO(g) + Cl2(g) ↔ COCl2(g)
b. 2H2S(g) ↔ 2H2(g) + S2(g)
c. C(s) + S2(g) ↔ CS2(g)
d. None of these

20. The reaction below is endothermic.

CO2(g) + C(s) ↔ 2CO(g) ΔH°= +172.5kJ
Will this reaction work better at high or low temperatures? Explain your answer.

21. The decomposition of NH4HS reaches equilibrium according to the reaction below. Using Le Chatelier’s principle, explain how the effect
of adding more NH4HS to the flask at equilibrium.
NH4HS(s) ↔ NH3(g) + H2S(g)

22. Your teacher demonstrates the production of barium oxide by decomposition, according to the reaction below.
BaCO3(s) ↔ BaO(s) + CO2(g) ΔH = -9.2kJ
However, this reaction presents some challenges. As the reaction proceeds, the production of CO2 causes an increase in pressure in the
reaction vessel. This increase in pressure shifts the equilibrium to the reactants, causing the reaction to slow down and eventually stop.
Your teacher has asked the class to propose a way to force the reaction to go forward. The students listed below provided some ideas.
a. Janice suggested adding additional BaCO3.
b. TJ suggested raising the temperature.
c. Nick suggested attaching a hose to the reaction vessel so that the CO2 can escape.
d. Elise suggested using a larger reaction vessel.
e. Maxine suggested doing the experiment at sea level, in Florida, where there’s more atmospheric pressure.
Which students provided ideas that would work? Explain your answer.

23. The reaction shown below if a famous method used to produce ammonia. It’s known as the Haber Process and it is used to create
ammonia for tons of commercial cleaning products.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g) ΔH = -98.1kJ
Under which conditions would this reaction work best?
a. High temperatures and low pressures
b. Low temperatures and high pressures
c. High temperatures and high pressures
d. Low temperatures and low pressures

24. If extreme conditions, such as low temperature or low pressure, are required to shift an equilibrium, the RATE of this reaction will be
too slow. (Remember that the rate of a reaction will INCREASE at higher temperatures and higher reactant concentrations/pressures). To
avoid this problem, scientists will use alternative methods to drive these reactions. Describe one alternative method that can be used to
drive the Haber Process yet allow it to continue to run efficiently.
25. Identify whether the equilibrium constant will increase, decrease, or remain the same in each situation below.
a. Add a product to a reaction at equilibrium.
b. Add a reactant to a reaction at equilibrium.
c. Remove a product from a reaction at equilibrium.
d. Remove a reactant from a reaction at equilibrium.
e. Increase the temperature of an exothermic reaction at equilibrium.
f. Increase the temperature of an endothermic reaction at equilibrium.
g. Decrease the temperature of an exothermic reaction at equilibrium.
h. Decrease the temperature of an endothermic reaction at equilibrium.
i. Add a catalyst to a reaction at equilibrium.

26. Three chemicals, N2, H2, and NH3 were added to a reaction vessel and allowed to reach equilibrium. This system is disturbed multiple
times and allowed to reestablish equilibrium each time. The moles of gases in this system were tracked graphed before and after each
disturbance. This graph is shown below. Based on the graph, answer the questions below.

a. At what time did the first disturbance take place?

b. What chemical was injected into the system at the 15-minute mark?
c. Based on the response of the chemicals at the 15-minute mark, identify which chemical is on the same side of the reaction
equation as N2.
d. At the 30-minute mark, pressure was increased. Based on the graph, which chemical(s) represents the side of the equation that
has more moles of gas?
e. At the 45-minute mark, there was an increase in temperature. Based on the graph, is the synthesis of ammonia endothermic or
exothermic?