MATH130P1 2025: INTRODUCTION TO CALCULUS

Tutorial 8 Exercises - Due 16 April

Exercises taken from Calculus by James Stewart, 9th Ed (metric version).

Continuity
Ex. 1.8 (pg 92) Continuity: 1, 3, 5, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 33, 37, 41, 43, 47, 48, 49,
51(b), 53**, 55, 57, 59(a)**, 61(a), 63**, 70, 73
Inverse Functions
Ex. 6.1 (pg 418) Inverse Functions: 3, 18, 23, 27, 28, 33, 35
Ex 6.2 (pg 429) Exponential Functions: 3, 13, 15, 25, 29
Ex 6.3 (pg 438) Logarithmic Functions: 22, 25, 27, 37(a) 39, 43, 51
Ex 6.6 (pg 493) Inverse Trigonometric Functions: 1(a), (b), 3(a), (b), 5(a), (b), 7, 9, 13
92 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Limits

1.8 Exercises
1. Write an equation that expresses the fact that a function f is 9. Discontinuities at 0 and 3, but continuous from the right at 0
continuous at the number 4. and from the left at 3
2. If f is continuous on s2`, `d, what can you say about its 10. Continuous only from the left at 21, not continuous from the
graph? left or right at 3
3. (a) From the given graph of f , state the numbers at which f
is discontinuous and explain why. 11. The toll T charged for driving on a certain stretch of a toll
(b) For each of the numbers stated in part (a), determine road is $5 except during rush hours (between 7 am and 10 am
whether f is continuous from the right, or from the left, and between 4 pm and 7 pm) when the toll is $7.
or neither. (a) Sketch a graph of T as a function of the time t, measured
y in hours past midnight.
(b) Discuss the discontinuities of this function and their
significance to someone who uses the road.
12. Explain why each function is continuous or discontinuous.
(a) The temperature at a specific location as a function of
time
_4 _2 0 2 4 6 x (b) The temperature at a specific time as a function of the
distance due west from New York City
(c) The altitude above sea level as a function of the distance
due west from New York City
(d) The cost of a taxi ride as a function of the distance
4. From the given graph of t, state the numbers at which t is traveled
discontinuous and explain why. (e) The current in the circuit for the lights in a room as a
function of time
y
13–16 Use the definition of continuity and the properties of limits
to show that the function is continuous at the given number a.
13. f sxd − 3x 2 1 sx 1 2d5, a − 21
_3 _2 0 1 2 3 x t 2 1 5t
14. tstd − , a−2
2t 1 1

15. psvd − 2s3v 2 1 1 , a−1

5– 6 The graph of a function f is given. 16. f srd − s

3
4r 2 2 2r 1 7 , a − 22
(a) At what numbers a does lim x l a f sxd not exist?
(b) At what numbers a is f not continuous?
17 –18 Use the definition of continuity and the properties of limits
(c) At what numbers a does lim x l a f sxd exist but f is not
to show that the function is continuous on the given interval.
continuous at a ?
17. f sxd − x 1 sx 2 4 , f4, `d
5. y 6. y
x21
18. tsxd − , s2`, 22d
3x 1 6

19– 24 Explain why the function is discontinuous at the given

0 1 x 0 1 x number a. Sketch the graph of the function.
1
19. f sxd − a − 22
7 – 10 Sketch the graph of a function f that is defined on R and x12

H
continuous except for the stated discontinuities.
1
7. Removable discontinuity at 22, infinite discontinuity at 2 if x ± 22
20. f sxd − x12 a − 22
8. Jump discontinuity at 23, removable discontinuity at 4 1 if x − 22

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 SECTION 1.8 Continuity 93

21. f sxd − H 1 2 x 2 if x , 1
1yx if x > 1
a−1
41 – 42 Show that f is continuous on s2`, `d.

41. f sxd − H 1 2 x 2 if x < 1

sx 2 1 if x . 1
x2 2 x
22. f sxd − x 2 2 1
1
H if x ± 1

if x − 1
a−1
42. f sxd − H sin x if x , y4
cos x if x > y4

cos x
23. f sxd − 0
H
if x , 0
if x − 0
1 2 x 2 if x . 0
a−0
43– 45 Find the numbers at which f is discontinuous. At which
of these numbers is f continuous from the right, from the left,
or neither? Sketch the graph of f .

24. f sxd −
6
x23
H
2x 2 2 5x 2 3
if x ± 3

if x − 3
a−3 43. f sxd − x H
x 2 if x , 21
if 21 < x , 1
1yx if x > 1

25 –26
(a) Show that f has a removable discontinuity at x − 3.
(b) Redefine f s3d so that f is continuous at x − 3 (and thus the
sx
H
x 2 1 1 if x < 1
44. f sxd − 3 2 x if 1 , x < 4
if x . 4

discontinuity is “removed”).

25. f sxd −
x23
x2 2 9
26. f sxd −
2
x 2 7x 1 12
x23
45. f sxd − 2x 2
H
x 1 2 if x , 0
if 0 < x < 1
2 2 x if x . 1

27 – 34 Explain, using Theorems 4, 5, 7, and 9, why the 46. The gravitational force exerted by the planet Earth on a unit
function is continuous at every number in its domain. State mass at a distance r from the center of the planet is
the domain.
x2 3v 2 1 GMr
27. f sxd − 28. tsvd − if r , R
R3
sx 4 1 2
2
v 1 2v 2 15 Fsrd −
GM
if r > R
cosst 2d 1 u2 r2
29. hstd − 30. tsud − 2
1 2 t2 u u22
where M is the mass of Earth, R is its radius, and G is the
31. Lsvd − v s9 2 v 2 gravitational constant. Is F a continuous function of r ?
47. For what value of the constant c is the function f continu-
32. Bsud − s3u 2 2 1 s
3
2u 2 3 ous on s2`, `d?

33. Msxd − Î 11
1
x
34. Fsxd − sinscosssin xdd f sxd − H cx 2 1 2x if x , 2
x 3 2 cx if x > 2

48. Find the values of a and b that make f continuous

35 – 38 Use continuity to evaluate the limit. everywhere.
35. lim x s20 2 x 2 36. lim sinstanscos dd
x l2 l y2 x2 2 4
if x , 2
x22
37. lim x 2 tan x 38. lim x 3ysx 2 1 x 2 2 f sxd −
x l y4 x l2 ax 2 2 bx 1 3 if 2 < x , 3
2x 2 a 1 b if x > 3

; 39 –40 Locate the discontinuities of the function and illustrate 49. Suppose f and t are continuous functions such that ts2d − 6
by graphing. and lim x l 2 f3 f sxd 1 f sxd tsxdg − 36. Find f s2d.
1 50. Let f sxd − 1yx and tsxd − 1yx 2.
39. f sxd − 40. y − tan sx
s1 2 sin x (a) Find s f + tds xd.
(b) Is f + t continuous everywhere? Explain.

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94 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Limits

51. Which of the following functions f has a removable discon- 66. To prove that sine is continuous, we need to show that
tinuity at a? If the discontinuity is removable, find a func- lim x l a sin x − sin a for every real number a. By Exer-
tion t that agrees with f for x ± a and is continuous at a. cise 65 an equivalent statement is that
x4 2 1
(a) f sxd − , a−1 lim sinsa 1 hd − sin a
x21 hl0

x 3 2 x 2 2 2x Use (6) to show that this is true.

(b) f sxd − , a−2
x22
67. Prove that cosine is a continuous function.
(c) f sxd − v sin x b , a − 
68. (a) Prove Theorem 4, part 3.
52. Suppose that a function f is continuous on [0, 1] except at (b) Prove Theorem 4, part 5.
0.25 and that f s0d − 1 and f s1d − 3. Let N − 2. Sketch
two possible graphs of f , one showing that f might not sat- 69. Use Theorem 8 to prove Limit Laws 6 and 7 from
isfy the conclusion of the Intermediate Value Theorem and Section 1.6.
one showing that f might still satisfy the conclusion of the 70. Is there a number that is exactly 1 more than its cube?
Intermediate Value Theorem (even though it doesn’t satisfy
71. For what values of x is f continuous?
the hypothesis).

53. If f sxd − x 2 1 10 sin x, show that there is a number c such

that f scd − 1000.
f sxd − H 0 if x is rational
1 if x is irrational

54. Suppose f is continuous on f1, 5g and the only solutions of 72. For what values of x is t continuous?
the equation f sxd − 6 are x − 1 and x − 4. If f s2d − 8,
explain why f s3d . 6.

55– 58 Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that there

tsxd − H 0 if x is rational
x if x is irrational

is a solution of the given equation in the specified interval. 73. Show that the function
3

H
55. 2x 1 4x 1 1 − 0, s21, 0d
x 4 sins1yxd if x ± 0
56. 2yx − x 2 sx , s2, 3d f sxd −
0 if x − 0
57. cos x − x, s0, 1d 58. sin x − x 2 2 x, s1, 2d
is continuous on s2`, `d.
74. If a and b are positive numbers, prove that the equation
59 – 60
(a) Prove that the equation has at least one real solution.
a b
(b) Use a calculator to find an interval of length 0.01 that 1 3 −0
contains a solution. x 3 1 2x 2 2 1 x 1x22

59. cos x − x 3 60. x 5 2 x 2 1 2x 1 3 − 0 has at least one solution in the interval s21, 1d.
75. A Tibetan monk leaves the monastery at 7:00 am and
; 61– 62 takes his usual path to the top of the mountain, arriving at
(a) Prove that the equation has at least one real solution. 7:00 pm. The following morning, he starts at 7:00 am at the
(b) Find the solution correct to three decimal places, by top and takes the same path back, arriving at the monastery
graphing. at 7:00 pm. Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show
1 that there is a point on the path that the monk will cross at
61. x 5 2 x 2 2 4 − 0 62. sx 2 5 −
x13 exactly the same time of day on both days.
76. Absolute Value and Continuity
63– 64 Prove, without graphing, that the graph of the function (a) Show that the absolute value function Fsxd − x is | |
has at least two x-intercepts in the specified interval. continuous everywhere.
63. y − sin x 3, s1, 2d 64. y − x 2 2 3 1 1yx, s0, 2d (b) Prove that if f is a continuous function on an interval,
then so is f . | |
(c) Is the converse of the statement in part (b) also true?
65. Prove that f is continuous at a if and only if | |
In other words, if f is continuous, does it follow
that f is continuous? If so, prove it. If not, find a
lim f sa 1 hd − f sad
hl0 counterexample.

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418 CHAPTER 6 Inverse Functions

EXAMPLE 7 If f sxd − 2x 1 cos x, find s f 21 d9s1d.

SOLUTION Notice that f is one-to-one because
f 9sxd − 2 2 sin x . 0

and so f is increasing. To use Theorem 7 we need to know f 21s1d and we can find it by
inspection:
f s0d − 1 ? f 21s1d − 0

Q
1 1 1 1
Therefore s f 21 d9s1d − − − −
f 9s f 21s1dd f 9s0d 2 2 sin 0 2

6.1 Exercises
1. (a) What is a one-to-one function? 11. r std − t 3 1 4 12. tsxd − s
3
x
(b) How can you tell from the graph of a function whether it
is one-to-one? 13. tsxd − 1 2 sin x
2. (a) Suppose f is a one-to-one function with domain A and 14. f sxd − x 4 2 1, 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 10
range B. How is the inverse function f 21 defined? What
is the domain of f 21 ? What is the range of f 21 ? 15. f std is the height of a football t seconds after kickoff.
(b) If you are given a formula for f, how do you find a
formula for f 21 ? 16. f std is your height at age t.
(c) If you are given the graph of f, how do you find the graph
of f 21 ?
17. Assume that f is a one-to-one function.
3–16 A function is given by a table of values, a graph, a formula, (a) If f s6d − 17, what is f 21s17d?
or a verbal description. Determine whether it is one-to-one. (b) If f 21s3d − 2, what is f s2d?

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 18. If f sxd − x 5 1 x 3 1 x, find f 21s3d and f s f 21s2dd.

3.
f sxd 1.5 2.0 3.6 5.3 2.8 2.0 19. If hsxd − x 1 sx , find h21s6d.

20. The graph of f is given.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 (a) Why is f one-to-one?
4. (b) What are the domain and range of f 21 ?
f sxd 1.0 1.9 2.8 3.5 3.1 2.9 (c) What is the value of f 21s2d?
(d) Estimate the value of f 21s0d.
5. y 6. y
y

x
x 1

0 1 x
7. y 8. y

x x
21. The formula C − 59 sF 2 32d, where F > 2459.67, expresses
the Celsius temperature C as a function of the Fahrenheit
temperature F. Find a formula for the inverse function and
9. f sxd − 2x 2 3 10. f sxd − x 4 2 16 interpret it. What is the domain of the inverse function?

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 SECTION 6.1 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives 419

37. f sxd − x 3, a−8

22. In the theory of relativity, the mass of a particle with speed v is 38. f sxd − sx 2 2 , a − 2
m0 39. f sxd − 9 2 x 2, 0 < x < 3, a − 8
m − f sv d −
s1 2 v 2yc 2
40. f sxd − 1ysx 2 1d, x . 1, a − 2
where m 0 is the rest mass of the particle and c is the speed of
light in a vacuum. Find the inverse function of f and explain
its meaning. 41–44 Find s f 21 d9sad.
23–30 Find a formula for the inverse of the function.
41. f sxd − 3x 3 1 4x 2 1 6x 1 5, a−5
6 2 3x
23. f sxd − 5 2 4x 24. hsxd −
5x 1 7 42. f sxd − x 3 1 3 sin x 1 2 cos x, a−2

25. f sxd − 1 2 x 2, x>0 26. tsxd − x 2 2 2 x, x>1 43. f sxd − 3 1 x 2 1 tansxy2d, 21 , x , 1, a−3

27. tsxd − 2 1 sx 1 1 28. f sxd − 1 1 s2 1 3x 44. f sxd − sx 3 1 4x 1 4 , a−3

1 2 sx
29. y − (2 1 s
3
x )5 30. y −
45. Suppose f 21 is the inverse function of a differentiable func-
1 1 sx
tion f and f s4d − 5, f 9s4d − 23. Find s f 21d9s5d.

; 31–32 Find an explicit formula for f and use it to graph 46. If t is an increasing function such that ts2d − 8 and
21

f 21, f, and the line y − x on the same screen. To check your t9s2d − 5, calculate st21d9s8d.
work, see whether the graphs of f and f 21 are reflections about
47. If f sxd − y s1 1 t 3 dt, find s f 21d9s0d.
x
the line.
3
31. f sxd − s4 x 1 3 32. f sxd − 2 2 x 4, x > 0
48. Suppose f 21 is the inverse function of a differentiable func-
tion f and let Gsxd − 1yf 21sxd. If f s3d − 2 and f 9s3d − 19,
33–34 Use the given graph of f to sketch the graph of f 21. find G9s2d.
33. y 34. y 49. Graph the function f sxd − sx 3 1 x 2 1 x 1 1 and explain
1 why it is one-to-one. Then use a computer algebra system to
find an explicit expression for f 21sxd. (Your CAS will pro-
1 0 2 x duce three possible expressions. Explain why two of them
0 are irrelevant in this context.)
1 x
50. Show that hsxd − sin x, x [ R, is not one-to-one, but its
restriction f sxd − sin x, 2y2 < x < y2, is one-to-one.
Compute the derivative of f 21 − sin 21 by the method of
35. Let f sxd − s1 2 x 2 , 0 < x < 1.
Note 2.
(a) Find f 21. How is it related to f ?
(b) Identify the graph of f and explain your answer to 51. (a) If we shift a curve to the left, what happens to its
part (a). reflection about the line y − x? In view of this geo-
36. Let tsxd − s3
1 2 x3 . metric principle, find an expression for the inverse of
(a) Find t 21. How is it related to t ? tsxd − f sx 1 cd, where f is a one-to-one function.
(b) Graph t. How do you explain your answer to part (a)? (b) Find an expression for the inverse of hsxd − f scxd,
;
where c ± 0.
37–40
(a) Show that f is one-to-one. 52. (a) If f is a one-to-one, twice differentiable function with
(b) Use Theorem 7 to find s f 21d9sad. inverse function t, show that
(c) Calculate f 21sxd and state the domain and range of f 21.
f 0s tsxdd
(d) Calculate s f 21d9sad from the formula in part (c) and check t0sxd − 2
f f 9s tsxddg 3
that it agrees with the result of part (b).
(e) Sketch the graphs of f and f 21 on the same axes. (b) Deduce that if f is increasing and concave upward, then
its inverse function is concave downward.

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 SECTION 6.2 Exponential Functions and Their Derivatives 429

As x l 6`, we have 1yx l 0 and so

lim e 1yx − e 0 − 1
x l 6`

This shows that y − 1 is a horizontal asymptote (to both the left and right).
Now let’s compute the derivative. The Chain Rule gives
e 1yx
f 9sxd − 2
x2
Since e 1yx . 0 and x 2 . 0 for all x ± 0, we have f 9sxd , 0 for all x ± 0. Thus f is
decreasing on s2`, 0d and on s0, `d. There is no critical number, so the function has no
local maximum or minimum. The second derivative is
x 2e 1yxs21yx 2 d 2 e 1yxs2xd e 1yxs2x 1 1d
f 0sxd − 2 −
x4 x4

Since e 1yx . 0 and x 4 . 0, we have f 0sxd . 0 when x . 212 sx ± 0d and f 0sxd , 0

when x , 212. So the curve is concave downward on (2`, 212 ) and concave upward on
(212 , 0) and on s0, `d. There is one inflection point: (212 , e22).
To sketch the graph of f we first draw the horizontal asymptote y − 1 (as a dashed
line), together with the parts of the curve near the asymptotes in a preliminary sketch
[Figure 15(a)]. These parts reflect the information concerning limits and the fact
that f is decreasing on both s2`, 0d and s0, `d. Notice that we have indicated that
f sxd l 0 as x l 02 even though f s0d does not exist. In Figure 15(b) we finish the
sketch by incorporating the information concerning concavity and the inflection point.
In Figure 15(c) we check our work with a computer.
y y

y=‰ 4

inflection
point
y=1 y=1
_3 3

0 x 0 x
_1
(a) Preliminary sketch (b) Finished sketch (c) Computer confirmation

FIGURE 15 Q

6.2 Exercises
1. (a) Write an equation that defines the exponential function 2. (a) How is the number e defined?
with base b . 0. (b) What is an approximate value for e ?
(b) What is the domain of this function? (c) What is the natural exponential function?
(c) If b ± 1, what is the range of this function?
(d) Sketch the general shape of the graph of the exponential ; 3–6 Graph the given functions on a common screen. How are
function for each of the following cases. these graphs related?
(i) b . 1 3. y − 2 x, y − e x, y − 5 x, y − 20 x
(ii) b − 1
(iii) 0 , b , 1 4. y − e x, y − e 2x, y − 8 x, y − 8 2x

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
430 CHAPTER 6 Inverse Functions

; 21. Compare the functions f sxd − x and tsxd − e by graph-

x x
y − ( 13 ) , y − ( 101 )
10 x
5. y − 3 x, y − 10 x,
ing both functions in several viewing rectangles. When does
6. y − 0.9 x, y − 0.6 x, y − 0.3 x, y − 0.1x
the graph of t finally surpass the graph of f ?

7–12 Make a rough sketch by hand of the graph of the function. ; 22. Use a graph to estimate the values of x such that
e x . 1,000,000,000.
Use the graphs given in Figures 3 and 14 and, if necessary, the
transformations of Section 1.3. 23–30 Find the limit.
1 x
7. tsxd − 3 1 1 x
8. hsxd − 2 ( 2 ) 23 23. lim s1.001d x 24. lim s1.001d x
xl` x l 2`
2x x12
9. y − 2e 10. y − 4
e 3x 2 e23x 2

11. y − 1 2 1 2x
12. y − e | x | 25. lim 26. lim e2x
2e xl` e 3x 1 e23x xl`

27. lim1 e 3ys22xd 28. lim2 e 3ys22xd

13. Starting with the graph of y − e x, write the equation of the x l2 x l2

graph that results from 29. lim se 22x

cos xd 30. lim e sec x
xl` x lsy2d1
(a) shifting 2 units downward.
(b) shifting 2 units to the right.
(c) reflecting about the x-axis. 31–50 Differentiate the function.
(d) reflecting about the y-axis.
31. f std − 22e t 32. ksrd − e r 1 r e
(e) reflecting about the x-axis and then about the y-axis.
ex
14. Starting with the graph of y − e x, find the equation of the 33. f sxd − s3x 2 2 5xde x 34. y −
1 2 ex
graph that results from
36. tsxd − e x
3 2 2x
(a) reflecting about the line y − 4. 35. y − e ax
(b) reflecting about the line x − 2.
37. y − e tan 38. y − s
3
ex 1 1
15–16 Find the domain of each function.
x 2e x
40. Asrd − sr ? e r
2 11

12e x2
11x 39. f sxd −
15. (a) f sxd − (b) f sxd − cos x x 1 ex
2
2
1 2 e12x e 41. y − x 2e 23x 42. f std − tans1 1 e 2t d
16. (a) tstd − s10 2 100 t
(b) tstd − sinse 2 1d t
43. f std − e at sin bt 44. f szd − e zysz21d

17–18 Find the exponential function f sxd − Cb x whose graph 45. Fstd − e t sin 2t 46. y − e sin 2x 1 sinse 2x d
is given. 47. tsud − e ssec u 2 48. f std − e1ytst 2 2 1
17. 18.
y
(3, 24)
y
49. tsxd − sin S D ex
1 1 ex
50. f sxd − esin
2 sx 2d

51–52 Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve at the

(1, 6) 2 given point.
”2, 9’
51. y − e x cos x 1 sin x, s0, 1d
0 x 0 x
11x
52. y − , (0, 12 )
1 1 ex
19. Suppose the graphs of f sxd − x 2 and tsxd − 2 x are drawn
on a coordinate grid where the unit of measurement is 53. Find y9 if e xyy − x 2 y.
3 centimeters. Show that at a distance 1 m to the right of the 54. Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve
origin, the height of the graph of f is 15 m but the height of xe y 1 ye x − 1 at the point s0, 1d.
the graph of t is about 419 km.
55. Show that the function y − e x 1 e2 x / 2 satisfies the differen-
; 20. Compare the functions f sxd − x and tsxd − 5 by graph-
5 x
tial equation 2y0 2 y9 2 y − 0.
ing both functions in several viewing rectangles. Find all
points of intersection of the graphs correct to one decimal 56. Show that the function y − Ae2x 1 Bxe2x satisfies the dif-
place. Which function grows more rapidly when x is large? ferential equation y0 1 2y9 1 y − 0.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 SECTION 6.2 Exponential Functions and Their Derivatives 431

57. For what values of r does the function y − e rx satisfy the 65. Under certain circumstances a rumor spreads according to
differential equation y99 1 6y9 1 8y − 0? the equation
58. Find the values of ! for which y − e !x satisfies the differen- 1
pstd −
tial equation y 1 y9 − y0. 1 1 ae 2k t
59. If f sxd − e 2x, find a formula for f sndsxd. where pstd is the proportion of the population that has heard
2x the rumor at time t and a and k are positive constants. [In
60. Find the thousandth derivative of f sxd − xe .
Section 9.4 we will see that this is a reasonable equation
61. (a) Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that there for pstd.]
is a solution of the equation e x 1 x − 0. (a) Find lim t l ` pstd and interpret your answer.
(b) Use Newton’s method to find the solution of the (b) Find the rate of spread of the rumor.
equation in part (a) correct to six decimal places. ; (c) Graph p for the case a − 10, k − 0.5 with t measured
in hours. Use the graph to estimate how long it will take
; 62. Verify the linear approximation
for 80% of the population to have heard the rumor.
2
< 1 2 12 x ; 66. An object is attached to the end of a vibrating spring
1 1 ex
and its displacement from its equilibrium position is
at a − 0. Then determine the values of x for which the
y − 8e2ty2 sin 4t, where t is measured in seconds and y is
linear approximation is accurate to within 0.1.
measured in centimeters.
63. In Example 4, the patient’s viral load V was 76.0 RNA (a) Graph the displacement function together with the
copies per mL after one day of treatment. Use the graph functions y − 8e2ty2 and y − 28e2ty2. How are these
of V in Figure 11 to estimate the additional time required graphs related? Can you explain why?
for the viral load to decrease to half that amount. (b) Use the graph to estimate the maximum value of the
displacement. Does it occur when the graph touches the
64. A researcher is trying to determine the doubling time for a graph of y − 8e2ty2 ?
population of the bacterium Giardia lamblia. He starts a (c) What is the velocity of the object when it first returns to
culture in a nutrient solution and estimates the bacteria its equilibrium position?
count every four hours. His data are shown in the table. (d) Use the graph to estimate the time after which the
displacement is no more than 2 cm from equilibrium.
Time (hours) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 67–68 Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum
values of f on the given interval.
Bacteria count
37 47 63 78 105 130 173 ex
sCFUymLd 67. f sxd − , [0, 3]
1 1 x2
68. f sxd − xe xy2, f23, 1g
(a) Make a scatter plot of the data.
(b) Use a calculator or computer to find an exponential
curve f std − a ? b t that models the bacteria population 69. Find the absolute maximum value of the function
t hours later. f sxd − x 2 e x.
(c) Graph the model from part (b) together with the scatter
plot in part (a). Use the graph to estimate how long it 70. Find the absolute minimum value of the function
takes for the bacteria count to double. tsxd − e xyx, x . 0.
71–72 Find (a) the intervals of increase or decrease, (b) the
intervals of concavity, and (c) the points of inflection.
ex
71. f sxd − xe 2x 72. f sxd −
Sebastian Kaulitzki / Shutterstock.com

x2

73–75 Discuss the curve using the guidelines of Section 3.5.

73. y − e21ysx11d
74. y − e2x sin x, 0 < x < 2
75. y − 1ys1 1 e 2x d
G. lamblia

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432 CHAPTER 6 Inverse Functions

; 76–77 Draw a graph of f that shows all the important aspects of s1 1 e x d 2

the curve. Estimate the local maximum and minimum values and 85. ye x
s1 1 e x dx 86. y ex
dx
then use calculus to find these values exactly. Use a graph of f 0
to estimate the inflection points. 87. y se x
1 e 2x d 2 dx 88. y e s4 1 e d
x x 5
dx
cos x x 32x
76. f sxd − e 77. f sxd − e eu
89. y s1 2 e u d2
du 90. ye sin
cos d
; 78. A drug response curve describes the level of medication in
s1 1 e 2x
y
e 1yx 1
the bloodstream after a drug is administered. A surge func-
y
2
91. dx 92. dx
tion Sstd − At pe2kt is often used to model the response 1 x2 0 ex
curve, reflecting an initial surge in the drug level and then a
more gradual decline. If, for a particular drug, A − 0.01, 2

p − 4, k − 0.07, and t is measured in minutes, estimate the 93. Find the average value of f sxd − 2xe2x on the
times corresponding to the inflection points and explain interval f0, 2g.
their significance. Then graph the drug response curve. 94. Find the area of the shaded region.
79. After an alcoholic beverage is consumed, the concentration of y
alcohol in the bloodstream (blood alcohol concentration, or
BAC) surges as the alcohol is absorbed, followed by a gradu- x=¥-2 y=1
al decline as the alcohol is metabolized. The function

Cstd − 0.135te22.802t x=e y x

models the average BAC, measured in gydL, of a group of y=_1

eight male subjects t hours after rapid consumption of
15 mL of ethanol (corresponding to one alcoholic drink).
What is the maximum average BAC during the first 95. Find, correct to three decimal places, the area of the region
3 hours? When does it occur? bounded by the curves y − e x, y − e 3x, and x − 1.
Source: Adapted from P. Wilkinson et al., “Pharmacokinetics of Ethanol after 96. Find f sxd if f 0sxd − 3e x 1 5 sin x, f s0d − 1, and
Oral Administration in the Fasting State,” Journal of Pharmacokinetics and f 9s0d − 2.
Biopharmaceutics 5 (1977): 207–24.
97. Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the
80. Normal Density Functions The family of bell-shaped curves x-axis the region bounded by the curves y − e x, y − 0,
1 2 2
x − 0, and x − 1.
y− e2sx2#d ys2" d
" s2 98. Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the
2
y-axis the region bounded by the curves y − e2x , y − 0,
occurs in probability and statistics, where it is called the nor-
x − 0, and x − 1.
mal density function. The constant # is called the mean and
the positive constant " is called the standard deviation. For 99. Which of the following areas are equal? Why?
simplicity, let’s scale the function so as to remove the factor
y y
1y(" s2 ) and let’s analyze the special case where # − 0. y=2x´
So we study the function y=eœ„x
2
f sxd − e2x ys2" 2 d

0 1x 0 1x
(a) Find the asymptote, maximum value, and inflection
points of f . y
(b) What role does " play in the shape of the curve? y=e sin x sin 2x
; (c) Illustrate by graphing four members of this family on
the same screen.
0 1 πx
81–92 Evaluate the integral. 2

y y
1 5
81. sx e 1 e x d dx 82. e dx 100. A bacteria population starts with 400 bacteria and grows at
0 25

dx a rate of rstd − s450.268de1.12567t bacteria per hour. How

y yt
2 3 2t 4
83. 84. e dt many bacteria will there be after three hours?
0 e x

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 SECTION 6.3 Logarithmic Functions 433

101. An oil storage tank ruptures at time t − 0 and oil leaks from (in mg) at time t − 0. Evaluate the integral y030 ustd dt
the tank at a rate of rstd − 100e20.01t liters per minute. How and interpret it.
much oil leaks out during the first hour?
104. The Error Function The error function
2
102. The rate of growth of a fish population was modeled by the
y
x 2
erfsxd − e2t dt
equation s 0

60,000e20.6 t is used in probability, statistics, and engineering.

Gstd −
(a) Show that yab e2t dt − 12 s ferfsbd 2 erfsadg.
2
s1 1 5e20.6 t d2
2
(b) Show that the function y − e x erfsxd satisfies the
where t is the number of years since 2000 and G is mea-
differential equation y9 − 2xy 1 2ys .
sured in kilograms per year. If the biomass was 25,000 kg
in the year 2000, what is the predicted biomass for the 105. If f sxd − 3 1 x 1 e x, find s f 21d9s4d.
year 2020?
e sin x 2 1
106. Evaluate lim .
103. Dialysis treatment removes urea and other waste products x l x2
from a patient’s blood by diverting some of the bloodflow ; 107. If you graph the function
externally through a machine called a dialyzer. The rate at 1 2 e 1yx
which urea is removed from the blood (in mgymin) is f sxd −
1 1 e 1yx
often well described by the equation
you’ll see that f appears to be an odd function. Prove it.
r ; 108. Graph several members of the family of functions
ustd − C0 e2rtyV
V 1
f sxd −
where r is the rate of flow of blood through the dialyzer 1 1 ae bx
(in mLymin), V is the volume of the patient’s blood where a . 0. How does the graph change when b
(in mL), and C 0 is the amount of urea in the blood changes? How does it change when a changes?

6.3 Logarithmic Functions

■ Logarithmic Functions and Their Properties
If b . 0 and b ± 1, the exponential function f sxd − b x is either increasing or decreasing
and so it is one-to-one by the Horizontal Line Test. It therefore has an inverse function
f 21, which is called the logarithmic function with base b and is denoted by log b . If we
use the formulation of an inverse function given by (6.1.3),

f 21sxd − y &? f syd − x

then we have

1 log b x − y &? b y − x

Thus, if x . 0, then log b x is the exponent to which the base b must be raised to give x.

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate (a) log 3 81, (b) log 25 5, and (c) log 10 0.001.
SOLUTION
(a) log 3 81 − 4 because 3 4 − 81
(b) log 25 5 − 21 because 25 1y2 − 5
(c) log 10 0.001 − 23 because 10 23 − 0.001 Q

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438 CHAPTER 6 Inverse Functions

and y − x 1y2 − sx in Figures 5 and 6. You can see that the graphs initially grow at com-
parable rates, but eventually the root function far surpasses the logarithm. In fact, we will
be able to show in Section 6.8 that
ln x
lim −0
xl` xp
for any positive power p. So for large x, the values of ln x are very small compared
with x p.
y y
x
y=œ„

x
y=œ„ 20

1 y=ln x
y=ln x

0 1 x 0 1000 x

FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6

6.3 Exercises
1. (a) How is the logarithmic function y − log b x defined? 9–11 Express as a single logarithm.
(b) What is the domain of this function?
(c) What is the range of this function? 9. (a) log 10 20 2 13 log 10 1000 (b) ln a 2 2 ln b 1 3 ln c
(d) Sketch the general shape of the graph of the function 10. (a) ln 10 1 2 ln 5
y − log b x if b . 1.
(b) log10 4 1 log10 a 2 13 log10 sa 1 1d
2. (a) What is the natural logarithm?
(b) What is the common logarithm? 11. (a) 3 lnsx 2 2d 2 lnsx 2 2 5x 1 6d 1 2 lnsx 2 3d
(c) Sketch the graphs of the natural logarithm function (b) c log a x 2 d log a y 1 log a z
and the natural exponential function with a common
set of axes.
12–13 Use Formula 8 to evaluate each logarithm correct to six
3–6 Find the exact value of each expression. decimal places.
3. (a) log3 81 (b) log3 ( 81
1
) (c) log 9 3
12. (a) log 5 10 (b) log15 12
1
4. (a) ln 2 (b) ln se (c) ln(ln e e 50
) 13. (a) log3 12 (b) log12 6
e
5. (a) log 2 30 2 log 2 15
(b) log 3 10 2 log 3 5 2 log 3 18 ; 14–16 Use Formula 8 to graph the given functions on a common
(c) 2 log 5 100 2 4 log 5 50 screen. How are these graphs related?

6. (a) e 3 ln 2 (b) e22 ln 5 (c) e ln sln e

3d
14. y − log 2 x, y − log 4 x, y − log 6 x, y − log 8 x
15. y − log 1.5 x, y − ln x, y − log 10 x, y − log 50 x
7–8 Use the laws of logarithms to expand each expression.
16. y − ln x, y − log 8 x, y − e x, y − 8x
7. (a) log10 sx 2 y 3zd (b) ln S x4
sx 2 2 4
D 17. Suppose that the graph of y − log 2 x is drawn on a coordinate
8. (a) ln Î 3x
x23
(b) log 2 fsx 1 1d ssx 2 3d
3 3 2
g grid where the unit of measurement is a centimeter. How
many kilometers to the right of the origin do we have to move
before the height of the curve reaches 25 cm?

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 SECTION 6.3 Logarithmic Functions 439

; 18. Compare the functions f sxd − x and tsxd − ln x by graph-

0.1
34. A sound so faint that it can just be heard has intensity
ing both functions in several viewing rectangles. When does I0 − 10 212 wattym2 at a frequency of 1000 hertz (Hz). The
the graph of f finally surpass the graph of t ? loudness, in decibels (dB), of a sound with intensity I is then
defined to be L − 10 log10sIyI0 d. Amplified rock music is
19–20 Make a rough sketch by hand of the graph of each func- measured at 120 dB, whereas the noise from a motor-driven
tion. Use the graphs given in Figures 2 and 3 and, if necessary, the lawn mower is measured at 106 dB. Find the ratio of the
transformations of Section 1.3. intensity of the rock music to that of the mower.
19. (a) y − log 10sx 1 5d (b) y − 2ln x 35. If a bacteria population starts with 100 bacteria and doubles
every three hours, then the number of bacteria after t hours
20. (a) y − lns2xd (b) y − ln x | | is n − f std − 100 ∙ 2 ty3.
(a) Find the inverse of this function and explain its meaning.
21–22 (b) When will the population reach 50,000 ?
(a) What are the domain and range of f ?
(b) What is the x-intercept of the graph of f ? 36. The National Ignition Facility at the Lawrence Livermore
(c) Sketch the graph of f. National Laboratory maintains the world’s largest laser
facility. The lasers, which are used to start a nuclear fusion
21. f sxd − ln x 1 2 22. f sxd − lnsx 2 1d 2 1 reaction, are powered by a capacitor bank that stores a total
of about 400 megajoules of energy. When the lasers are fired
23–26 Solve each equation for x. Give both an exact value and a the capacitors discharge completely and then immediately
decimal approximation, correct to three decimal places. begin recharging. The charge Q of the capacitors t seconds
after the discharge is given by
23. (a) lns4x 1 2d − 3 (b) e 2x23 − 12
Qstd − Q 0 s1 2 e2tya d
24. (a) log 2sx 2 2 x 2 1d − 2 (b) 1 1 e 4x11 − 20
(b) 5 122x − 9 (The maximum charge capacity is Q 0 and t is measured in
25. (a) ln x 1 lnsx 2 1d − 0
seconds.)
60 (a) Find a formula for the inverse of this function and explain
26. (a) lnsln xd − 0 (b) −4
1 1 e2x its meaning.
(b) How long does it take to recharge the capacitors to 90%
27–28 Solve each equation for x. of capacity if a − 50 ?

27. (a) e 2x 2 3e x 1 2 − 0 (b) e e − 10

x
37–42 Find the limit.

28. (a) e 3x11

−k (b) log 2smxd − c 37. lim1 ln (sx 2 1) 38. lim2 log 5 s8x 2 x 4 d
x l1 x l2

39. lim lnscos xd 40. lim1 lnssin xd

xl0 xl0
29–30 Find the solution of the equation correct to four decimal
2
places. 41. lim flns1 1 x d 2 lns1 1 xdg
xl`
3 1yx
29. (a) lns1 1 x d 2 4 − 0 (b) 2e − 42
42. lim flns2 1 xd 2 lns1 1 xdg
30. (a) 2 123x
− 99 (b) ln
x11
x
S D −2
xl`

43–44 Find the domain of the function.

31–32 Solve each inequality for x. 43. f sxd − lns4 2 x 2 d 44. tsxd − log 2 sx 2 1 3xd

31. (a) ln x , 0 (b) e x . 5

45–47 Find (a) the domain of f and (b) f 21 and its domain.
32. (a) 1 , e 3x21 , 2 (b) 1 2 2 ln x , 3
45. f s xd − s3 2 e 2x 46. f s xd − lns2 1 ln xd

33. The geologist C. F. Richter defined the magnitude of an 47. f sxd − lnse x 2 3d
earthquake to be log10sIyS d, where I is the intensity of the
quake (measured by the amplitude of a seismograph 100 km 48. (a) What are the values of e ln 300 and lnse 300 d?
from the epicenter) and S is the intensity of a “standard” (b) Use your calculator to evaluate e ln 300 and lnse 300 d. What
earthquake (where the amplitude is only 1 micron − 10 24 cm). do you notice? Can you explain why the calculator has
The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake that shook San Francisco trouble?
had a magnitude of 7.1 on the Richter scale. The 1906 San
49–54 Find a formula for the inverse of the function.
Francisco earthquake was 16 times as intense. What was its
magnitude on the Richter scale? 49. y − 3 lnsx 2 2d 50. tsxd − log 4 sx 3 1 2d

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440 CHAPTER 6 Inverse Functions

51. y − e 12x 52. y − sln xd2, x>1 63. Solve the inequality lnsx 2 2 2x 2 2d < 0.
1 2 e2x 64. A prime number is a positive integer that has no factors
53. y − 3 2x24 54. y −
1 1 e2x other than 1 and itself. The first few primes are 2, 3, 5, 7,
11, 13, 17, . . . . We denote by snd the number of primes that
55. On what interval is the function f sxd − e 3x 2 e x increasing? are less than or equal to n. For instance, s15d − 6 because
56. On what interval is the curve y − 2e x 2 e23x concave there are six primes smaller than 15.
downward? (a) Calculate the numbers s25d and s100d.
57. (a) Show that the function f sxd − lns x 1 sx 2 1 1 d is an [Hint: To find  s100d, first compile a list of the primes
odd function. up to 100 using the sieve of Eratosthenes: Write the
(b) Find the inverse function of f . numbers from 2 to 100 and cross out all multiples of 2.
Then cross out all multiples of 3. The next remaining
58. Find an equation of the tangent to the curve y − e2x that is number is 5, so cross out all remaining multiples of it,
perpendicular to the line 2x 2 y − 8. and so on.]
59. Show that the equation x 1y ln x − 2 has no solution. What can (b) By inspecting tables of prime numbers and tables
you say about the function f sxd − x 1yln x ? of logarithms, the great mathematician K. F. Gauss made
60. Any function of the form f sxd − f tsxdg hsxd, where tsxd . 0, the guess in 1792 (when he was 15) that the number of
can be analyzed as a power of e by using Equation 7 to write primes up to n is approximately nyln n when n is large.
f sxd − e hsxd ln tsxd. Express f in this form to help find the limit. More precisely, he conjectured that
(a) lim x ln x (b) lim1 x2ln x snd
xl` xl0
lim −1
(c) lim1 x 1yx (d) lim sln 2xd2ln x nl` nyln n
xl0 xl`

61. Let b . 1. Prove, using Definitions 3.4.6 and 3.4.7, that This was finally proved, a hundred years later, by
x x Jacques Hadamard and Charles de la Vallée Poussin
(a) lim b − 0 (b) lim b − `
x l 2` xl` and is called the Prime Number Theorem. Provide
62. The velocity of a particle that moves in a straight line under evidence for the truth of this theorem by computing the
the influence of viscous forces is vstd − ce2kt, where c and k ratio of snd to nyln n for n − 100, 1000, 10 4, 10 5,
are positive constants. 10 6, and 10 7. Use the following data: s1000d − 168,
(a) Show that the acceleration is proportional to the velocity. s10 4 d − 1229, s10 5 d − 9592, s10 6 d − 78,498,
(b) Explain the significance of the number c. s10 7 d − 664,579.
(c) At what time is the velocity equal to half the initial (c) Use the Prime Number Theorem to estimate the number
velocity? of primes up to a billion.

6.4 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

In this section we find the derivatives of the logarithmic functions y − log b x and the
exponential functions y − b x.

■ Derivative of the Natural Logarithm Function

We start with the natural logarithmic function y − ln x. We know that it is differentiable
because it is the inverse of the differentiable function y − e x.

1 Derivative of the Natural Logarithm Function

d 1
sln xd −
dx x

PROOF Let y − ln x. Then

ey − x

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 SECTION 6.6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 493

x
EXAMPLE 9 Find y dx.
x4 1 9

SOLUTION We substitute u − x 2 because then du − 2x dx and we can use Equation 14

with a − 3:

y
x
4
x 19
dx −
1
2
y
du
2
u 19
1 1
− ? tan21
2 3
u
3
SD 1C

−
1
6
tan21
x2
3
SD 1C Q

6.6 Exercises
1–10 Find the exact value of each expression. 22–37 Find the derivative of the function. Simplify where
21 21 possible.
1. (a) sin s0.5d (b) cos s21d
2. (a) tan s3 21
(b) sec21 2 22. y − tan21 sx 2 d 23. f sxd − sin21s5xd

3. (a) csc21 s2 (b) cos21 (s3 y2 ) 24. tsxd − arccos sx 25. y − stan21 xd 2

4. (a) cot21(2s3 ) (b) arcsin 1 26. tsxd − sec21se x d 27. y − tan21sx 2 1

5. (a) tansarctan 10d (b) arcsinssins5y4dd 28. tstd − lnsarctanst 4dd 29. y − arctanscos d

(b) cossarcsin 12 d 30. y − tan21 s x 2 s1 1 x 2 d

2d
6. (a) tan21 s tan 3y4d 31. f szd − e arcsinsz

7. tan(sin21( 23)) 8. csc sarccos 35 d 32. Rstd − arcsins1ytd

9. cos (2 sin21 (13

5
)) 10. coss tan21 2 1 tan21 3d 33. hstd − cot21std 1 cot21s1ytd
34. y − cos21ssin21 td
11. Prove that cosssin21xd − s1 2 x 2 . 35. y − x sin21 x 1 s1 2 x 2
12–14 Simplify the expression.
12. tanssin21 xd 13. sinstan21 xd 14. sins2 arccos xd 36. y − arctan Î 12x
11x

; 15-16 Graph the given functions on the same screen. How are
these graphs related?
37. y − tan21 SD Îx
a
1 ln
x2a
x1a

15. y − sin x, 2y2 < x < y2; y − sin21x; y−x

38–39 Find the derivative of the function. Find the domains of
16. y − tan x, 2y2 , x , y2; y − tan21x; y−x
the function and its derivative.
38. f sxd − arcsinse x d 39. tsxd − cos21s3 2 2xd
17. Prove Formula 6 for the derivative of cos21 by the same
method as for Formula 3.
40. Find y 9 if tan21sx 2 yd − x 1 xy 2.
18. (a) Prove that sin21x 1 cos21x − y2.
(b) Use part (a) to prove Formula 6. 41. If tsxd − x sin 21sxy4d 1 s16 2 x 2 , find t9s2d.
d 1 42. Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve
19. Prove that scot21xd − 2 .
dx 1 1 x2 y − 3 arccossxy2d at the point s1, d.
d 1 ; 43–44 Find f 9sxd. Check that your answer is reasonable by
20. Prove that ssec21xd − .
dx x sx 2 2 1 comparing the graphs of f and f 9.

21. Prove that

d
scsc21xd − 2
1
. 43. f sxd − s1 2 x 2 arcsin x 44. f sxd − arctansx 2 2 xd
dx x sx 2 2 1

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
494 CHAPTER 6 Inverse Functions

45–48 Find the limit. maxima and minima as c changes? Graph several members

45. lim1sin21x
xl21
46. lim arccos
xl`
S 11x
1 1 2x 2
2

D of the family to illustrate what you discover.

59. Find the most general antiderivative of the function
x
47. lim arctanse d 48. lim1 tan sln xd 21
2x 2 1 5
xl` xl0 f sxd −
x2 1 1
49. Where should the point P be chosen on the line segment AB 60. Find tstd if t9std − 2ys1 2 t 2 and ts1d − 5.
so as to maximize the angle ?
61–74 Evaluate the integral.
B 2

y
8 1ys2 6
y
s3
61. dx 62. dp
1ys3 1 1 x2 s1 2 p 2
P ¨
21ys2

3
y
1y2 sin21 x dx
y
s3y4
63. dx 64.
0 s1 2 x 2 0 1 1 16x 2
11x sin x
y y
y2
A 5 65. dx 66. dx
1 1 x2 0 1 1 cos2x
50. A painting in an art gallery has height h and is hung so that sarctan xd2 1
its lower edge is a distance d above the eye of an observer 67. y x2 1 1
dx 68. y sx 2 1 1darctan x
dx
(as in the figure). How far from the wall should the observer

y s1 2 x y x sx
stand to get the best view? (In other words, where should e arcsin x 1
the observer stand so as to maximize the angle subtended 69. dx 70. dx
2 2 24
at his eye by the painting?)

y s1 2 t
t2 ex
y
1
71. dt 72. dx
h 6 0 1 1 e 2x

y sx s1 1 xd
dx x
¨ d 73. 74. y 1 1 x4
dx

51. A ladder 5 m long leans against a vertical wall. If the bot- 75. Use the method of Example 8 to show that, if a . 0,
tom of the ladder slides away from the wall at a rate of 1
m/s, how fast is the angle between the ladder and the wall
changing when the bottom of the ladder is 3 m from the
y sa 2 x
2
1
2
dx − sin21 SD x
a
1C

base of the wall?

76. The region under the curve y − 1ysx 2 1 4 from x − 0 to
52. A lighthouse is located on a small island 3 km away from x − 2 is rotated about the x-axis. Find the volume of the
the nearest point P on a straight shoreline and its light resulting solid.
makes four revolutions per minute. How fast is the beam of
77. Evaluate y01 sin21x dx by interpreting it as an area and inte-
light moving along the shoreline when it is 1 km from P ?
grating with respect to y instead of x.
53–56 Sketch the curve using the guidelines of Section 3.5.
78. Prove that, for xy ± 1,

53. y − sin21 S D x
x11
54. y − tan21 S D x21
x11
arctan x 1 arctan y − arctan
x1y
1 2 xy

55. y − x 2 tan21x 56. y − e arctan x if the left side lies between 2y2 and y2.
79. Use the result of Exercise 78 to prove the following:
57. If f sxd − arctanscoss3 arcsin xdd, use a computer algebra (a) arctan 12 1 arctan 13 − y4
system to compute f 9 and f 0. Then use the graphs of f , f 9, (b) 2 arctan 13 1 arctan 17 − y4
and f 0 to estimate the x-coordinates of the maximum and
minimum points and inflection points of f. 80. (a) Sketch the graph of the function f sxd − sinssin21xd.
(b) Sketch the graph of the function
; 58. Investigate the family of curves given by
f sxd − x 2 c sin21x. What happens to the number of tsxd − sin21ssin xd x[R

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 SECTION 6.7 Hyperbolic Functions 495

cos x 83. Some authors define y − sec21x &? sec y − x and

(c) Show that t9sxd − .
| cos x | y [ f0, y2d ø sy2, g. Show that with this definition
(d) Sketch the graph of hsxd − cos21ssin xd, x [ R, and find we have (instead of the formula given in Exercise 20)
its derivative.
d 1
81. Use the method of Example 6 to prove the identity
ssec21xd − |x| . 1
dx x sx 2 2 1 | |
2 sin21x − cos21s1 2 2x 2 d x>0
82. Prove the identity 84. Let f sxd − x arctans1yxd if x ± 0 and f s0d − 0.
x21  (a) Is f continuous at 0?
arcsin − 2 arctan sx 2 (b) Is f differentiable at 0?
x11 2

APPLIED PROJECT WHERE TO SIT AT THE MOVIES

A movie theater has a screen that is positioned 3 m off the floor and is 7.5 m high. The
first row of seats is placed 2.7 m from the screen and the rows are set 0.9 m apart. The floor of
the seating area is inclined at an angle of ! − 20 ° above the horizontal and the distance up
the incline that you sit is x. The theater has 21 rows of seats, so 0 < x < 18. Suppose you
decide that the best place to sit is in the row where the angle subtended by the screen at
your eyes is a maximum. Let’s also suppose that your eyes are 1.2 m above the floor, as shown
in the figure. (In Exercise 4.7.84 we looked at a simpler version of this problem, where the
floor is horizontal, but this project involves a more complicated situation and requires
technology.)
7.5 m
1. Show that

x
¨
1.2 m − arccos S a 2 1 b 2 2 56.25
2ab
D
3m
å where a 2 − s2.7 1 x cos !d2 1 s9.3 2 x sin !d2
2.7 m
and b 2 − s2.7 1 x cos !d2 1 sx sin ! 2 1.8d2
2. Use a graph of as a function of x to estimate the value of x that maximizes . In which
row should you sit? What is the viewing angle in this row?
3. Use a computer algebra system to differentiate and find a numerical value for the root of
the equation d ydx − 0. Does this value confirm your result in Problem 2?
4. Use the graph of to estimate the average value of on the interval 0 < x < 18. Then use
a computer algebra system to compute the average value. Compare with the maximum and
minimum values of .

6.7 Hyperbolic Functions

■ Hyperbolic Functions and Their Derivatives
Certain combinations of the exponential functions e x and e2x arise so frequently in mathe-
matics and its applications that they deserve to be given special names. In many ways they
are analogous to the trigonometric functions, and they have the same relationship to the
hyperbola that the trigonometric functions have to the circle. For this reason they are col-
lectively called hyperbolic functions and individually called hyperbolic sine, hyper-
bolic cosine, and so on.

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
A82 APPENDIX G Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

CHAPTER 6 where D − 3 s3 s27x 4 2 40x 2 1 16 ; two of the expressions are

complex.
EXERCISES 6.1 ■ PAGE 418 51. (a) t21 sxd − f 21sxd 2 c
1. (a) See Definition 1. (b) It must pass the Horizontal Line (b) h21sxd − s1ycd f 21sxd
Test.
3. No 5. No 7. Yes 9. Yes 11. Yes EXERCISES 6.2 ■ PAGE 429
13. No 15. No 17. (a) 6 (b) 3 19. 4 1. (a) f sxd − b x, b . 0 (b) R (c) s0, `d
21. F − 95 C 1 32; the Fahrenheit temperature as a function of (d) See Figures 4(c), 4(b), and 4(a), respectively.
the Celsius temperature; f2273.15, `d 3. 5 y=20® y=5® y=´ All approach 0 as x l 2`,
23. f 21sxd − 54 2 14 x 25. f 21sxd − s1 2 x all pass through s0, 1d, and
y=2®
27. t21sxd − sx 2 2d2 2 1, x > 2 29. y − (s
5
x 2 2)
3 all are increasing. The larger
the base, the faster the rate
31. f 21sxd − 14 sx 2 2 3d, x > 0 10 of increase.
f –!
_1 2
0
f

y=” 13 ’® y=” 10
1 ®
5. ’ 5 y=10® y=3®

_1 10
_1

33. y

f –! _2 2
0
f
The functions with base greater than 1 are increasing and those
0 x
with base less than 1 are decreasing. The latter are reflections of
the former about the y-axis.

35. (a) f 21 sxd − s1 2 x 2 , 0 < x < 1; f 21 and f are the same 7. y 9. y

y=3 x+1
function. (b) Quarter-circle in the first quadrant 0 x
37. (b) 121
39. (b) 212 (0, 2)
(0, _1)
y=1
(c) f 21sxd − s 3
x, (c) f 21sxd − s9 2 x ,
y=_e_x
domain − R − range domain − f0, 9g, range − f0, 3g
0 x
(e) y (e)
ƒ 9
f
1 f –! 11. y
y=1
0 1 x
3 f –! ”0, 2 ’
1

0 x
0 3 9
y=1- 2 e–®
1

41. 16 43. 2y 45. 32 47. 1ys28

49. The graph passes the Horizontal Line Test.
13. (a) y − e x 2 2 (b) y − e x22 (c) y − 2e x
5
(d) y − e2x (e) y − 2e2x
15. (a) s2`, 21d ø s21, 1d ø s1, `d (b) s2`, `d
17. f sxd − 3 ? 2 x 21. At x < 35.8 23. `
25. 1 27. 0 29. 0 31. f 9std − 22e t
3
33. f 9sxd − e x s3x 2 1 x 2 5d 35. y9 − 3ax 2 e ax
_2 4 xe x sx 3 1 2e xd
37. y9 − ssec2 d e tan 39. f 9sxd −
sx 2 1 e x d 2
_1
41. y9 − xe23x s2 2 3xd 43. f 9std − e atsb cos bt 1 a sin btd
f 21sxd − 261 s
3
4 (s
3
D 2 27x 2 1 20 2 s
3
D 1 27x 2 2 20 1 s
3
2 ), 45. F9std − e t sin 2 t s2t cos 2t 1 sin 2td

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 APPENDIX G Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A83

47. t9sud − uessec u 2 ssec u 2 tan u 2 103. C0 s1 2 e230ryV d; the total amount of urea removed from the

S D
blood in the first 30 minutes of dialysis treatment
ex ex 105. 12
49. t9sxd − x 2 cos 51. y − 2x 1 1
s1 1 e d 1 1 ex
ys y 2 e xyy d EXERCISES 6.3 ■ PAGE 438
53. y9 − 57. 24, 22
y 2 2 xe xyy 1. (a) It’s defined as the inverse of the exponential function with
59. f sndsxd − 2 ne 2x 61. (b) 20.567143 63. 3.5 days base b, that is, log b x − y &? b y − x.
65. (a) 1 (b) kae2ktys1 1 ae2kt d2 (b) s0, `d (c) R (d) See Figure 1.
(c) 1 t < 7.4 h 3. (a) 4 (b) 24 (c) 12
p=0.8 5. (a) 1 (b) 22 (c) 24
7. (a) 2 log10 x 1 3 log10 y 1 log10 z
(b) 4 ln x 2 12 lnsx 1 2d 2 12 lnsx 2 2d
ac 3
9. (a) log10 2 (b) ln 2
0 10 b

71. (a) Inc on (

3
67. f s3d − e y10, f s0d − 1
212, `); dec on (2`, 212 )
69. 21 11. (a) lnf(x 2 2) (x 2 3)g
2
(b) loga
xc z
yd
S D
13. (a) 2.261860 (b) 0.721057
(b) CU on s21, `d; CD on s2`, 21d (c) S 21, 2
1
e2
D 15.
3
y=log 1.5 x
y=ln x
73. A. hx x ± 21j | y y=log 10 x
B. y-int 1ye C. None 0 4
D. HA y − 1; VA x − 21 y=log 50 x
E. Inc on s2`, 21d, s21, `d y=1
F. None
G. CU on s2`, 21d, (21, 212 ); 0
25
x=_1
x

CD on (212 , `); IP (212 , 1ye 2) All graphs approach 2` as x l 01, all pass through s1, 0d, and all
H. See graph at right. are increasing. The larger the base, the slower the rate of increase.
17. About 335,544 km
75. A. R B. y-int 12 C. None y
y51 19. (a) y (b) y
D. HA y − 0, y − 1
y=log 10 (x+5) y=-ln x
E. Inc on R F. None
G. CU on s2`, 0d;
_5 _4 0 x
CD on s0, `d; IP s0, 12 d 0 1 x
H. See graph at right. 0 x

77. Loc max f s21ys3 d − e 2 s3y9 < 1.5;

loc min f s1ys3 d − e22 s3y9 < 0.7; 21. (a) s0, `d; s2`, `d (b) e 22
IP s20.15, 1.15d, s21.09, 0.82d (c) y
x=0
1.8

ƒ=ln x+2

0 x
e–@

_2 1.2
0 23. (a) 14 se 3 2 2d < 4.521 (b) 12 s3 1 ln 12d < 2.742
1 ln 9
79. 0.0177 gydL; 21.4 min 25. (a) 12 s1 1 s5 d < 1.618 (b) 2 < 20.183
2 2 ln 5
1 1
81. 1e21 83. s1 2 e 22 d 27. (a) 0 or ln 2 (b) ln ln 10
e11 
29. (a) 3.7704 (b) 0.3285
85. 23 s1 1 e x d3y2 1 C 87. 12 e 2x 1 2x 2 12 e 22x 1 C 31. (a) 0 , x , 1 (b) x . ln 5 33. 8.3
1 35. (a) f 21snd − s3yln 2d lnsny100d; the time elapsed when there
89. 1C 91. e 2 se 93. 12(1 2 e24)
1 2 eu are n bacteria (b) After about 26.9 hours
95. 4.644 97. se 2 2 1dy2 37. 2` 39. 0 41. ` 43. s22, 2d
99. All three areas are equal. 101. < 4512 L 45. (a) s2`, 12 ln 3 g
(b) f 21sxd − 12 lns3 2 x 2 d, 0, s3 d f

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
A84 APPENDIX G Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

47. (a) sln 3, `d (b) f 21sxd − lnse x 1 3d; R 65. A. All x in s2n, s2n 1 1dd (n an integer)
49. y − e xy3 1 2 51. y − 1 2 ln x B. x-int y2 1 2n C. Period 2 D. VA x − n
E. Inc on s2n, y2 1 2nd; dec on sy2 1 2n, s2n 1 1dd
53. y − 2 1 12 log 3 x 55. (221 ln 3, `)
F. Loc max f sy2 1 2nd − 0 G. CD on s2n, s2n 1 1dd
57. (b) f 21sxd − 12 se x 2 e2x d H. y
59. f is a constant function.
63. 21 < x , 1 2 s3 or 1 1 s3 , x < 3
_4π _3π _2π _π π 2π 3π 4π
0 x
EXERCISES 6.4 ■ PAGE 448
1. The differentiation formula is simplest.
2x 1 3 cossln xd
3. f 9sxd − 2 5. f 9sxd − 67. A. R B. y-int 0; x-int 0 y
x 1 3x 1 5 x
C. About y-axis D. None
1 1
7. f 9sxd − 2 9. t9sxd − 2 2 E. Inc on s0, `d; dec on s2`, 0d
x x F. Loc min f s0d − 0

S
11. F9std − ln t ln t cos t 1
2 sin t
t
D G. CU on s21, 1d;
CD on s2`, 21d, s1, `d;
_1 0 1 x

2x 1 3 1 1 ln 2 IP s61, ln 2d H. See graph at right.

13. y9 − 15. f 9sud − 69. Inc on s0, 2.7d, s4.5, 8.2d, s10.9, 14.3d;
sx 2 1 3xd ln 8 uf1 1 lns2udg 2
IP s3.8, 1.7d, s5.7, 2.1d, s10.0, 2.7d, s12.0, 2.9d
17. f 9sxd − 5x 4 1 5 x ln 5
71. 2.958516, 5.290718
19. T9szd − 2 z S
1
z ln 2
1 ln z D 73. (a) ln x < x 2 1
(b) 1
1 8t 2 210x 4 L
21. t9std − 1 2 2 23. y9 −
t t 11 3(2t 2 1) 3 2 2x 5 f
0 2
a
25. y9 − sec2 f lnsax 1 bdg
ax 1 b
4 C/x
27. G9sxd − 2C sln 4d 2 _1.25
x
31. y9 − s2 1 ln xdy(2sx ); y0 − 2ln xy(4xsx ) (c) Approximately 0.62 < x < 1.51
33. y9 − tan x; y0 − sec x 2 75. 3 ln 2 77. 13 ln 52 79. 20 1 ln 3
1 3
2x 2 1 2 sx 2 1d lnsx 2 1d 81. 3 sln xd 1 C 83. 2lns1 1 cos 2 xd 1 C
35. f 9sxd − ; 15
sx 2 1df1 2 lnsx 2 1dg 2 85. 89.  ln 2 91. 45,974 J 93. 1
3
s1, 1 1 ed ø s1 1 e, `d ln 2
2sx 2 1d 95. 0 , m , 1; m 2 1 2 ln m
37. f 9sxd − ; s2`, 0d ø s2, `d 39. 2
x s x 2 2d
EXERCISES 6.2* ■ PAGE 458
41. y − 3x 2 9 43. cos x 1 1yx 45. 7 1 1
1. (a) ln a 1 ln b (b) 4 ln x 2 12 lnsx 1 2d 2 12 lnsx 2 2d
S D
2 2
3
4x 16x ac 3 4a
47. y9 − sx 2 1 2d 2 sx 4 1 4d 4 1 4 3. (a) ln (b) ln
x2 1 2 x 14 b2 s
3
a11

49. y9 − Î x21
x4 1 1
S 1
2x 2 2
2x 3
2 4
x 11
D 5. (a) ln 6 (b) ln
sx
x11
51. y9 − x x s1 1 ln xd 7. 9. y=ln(x+3)
y y

53. y9 − x sin x
S sin x
x
1 ln x cos x D y=-ln x

_3
_2
0 x
x
55. y9 − scos xd s2x tan x 1 ln cos xd 0 1 x

s2x ln x dln x 2x
57. y9 − 59. y9 − 2
x x 1 y 2 2 2y
s21d n21sn 2 1d! 11. 0 13. ` 15. f 9sxd − x 2 1 3x 2 ln x
61. f sndsxd −
sx 2 1d n 2x 1 3 cossln xd
17. f 9sxd − 19. f 9sxd −
63. CU on se , `d, CD on s0, e 8y3 d, IP se 8y3, 83 e24y3 d
8y3
x 2 1 3x 1 5 x

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 APPENDIX G Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A85

1 sin x 79.  ln 2 81. 45,974 J 83. 1

85. (b) 0.405
21. f 9sxd − 2 23. f 9sxd − 1 cos x lns5xd 3
x x 89. 0 , m , 1; m 2 1 2 ln m

25. F9std − ln t ln t cos t 1 S 2 sin t

t
D EXERCISES 6.3* ■ PAGE 465
2 ln tan x 1 1 ln 2 1. y If f sxd − e x, then f 9s0d − 1.
27. y9 − 29. f 9sud −
sin x cos x uf1 1 lns2udg 2 4
1 8t 2
31. t9std − 1 2 2 3
t t 11 3(2t 2 1)
2
210x 4
33. y9 − 1
3 2 2x 5
37. y9 − s2 1 ln xdy(2sx ); y0 − 2ln xy(4xsx ) _2 _1 0 1 2 x

2
39. y9 − tan x; y0 − sec x 3. (a) 22 (b) 1
(c) sin x
2
2x 2 1 2 sx 2 1d lnsx 2 1d 1 3
(b) 12 s3 1 ln 12d < 2.742
41. f 9sxd − ; 5. (a) 4 se 2 2d < 4.521
sx 2 1df1 2 lnsx 2 1dg 2
s1, 1 1 ed ø s1 1 e, `d
7. (a) 1
2 (1 1 s5 ) < 1.618 (b) 212 lnse 2 1d < 20.271
2sx 2 1d 9. (a) 0 or ln 2 (b) ln ln 10
43. f 9sxd − ; s2`, 0d ø s2, `d 45. 2 11. (a) 3.7704 (b) 0.3285
x s x 2 2d
13. (a) 0 , x , 1 (b) x . ln 5
47. cos x 1 1yx
15. y 17. y
2x y=1
49. y − 2x 2 2 51. y9 − 2 0
x 1 y 2 2 2y x
”0, 2 ’
1

n21
s21d sn 2 1d! (0, _1) 0 x
53. f sndsxd −
sx 2 1d n y=_e_x
y=1- 2 e–®
1

55. A. All x in s2n, s2n 1 1dd (n an integer)

B. x-int y2 1 2n C. Period 2 D. VA x − n
E. Inc on s2n, y2 1 2nd; dec on sy2 1 2n, s2n 1 1dd
F. Loc max f sy2 1 2nd − 0 G. CD on s2n, s2n 1 1dd 19. (a) s2`, 12 ln 3g (b) f 21sxd − 12 lns3 2 x 2 d, 0, s3 d f
H. y
21. y − e xy3 1 2 23. y − 1 2 ln x
25. 1 27. 0 29. 0
_4π _3π _2π _π π 2π 3π 4π 31. f 9std − 22e t
0 x
33. f 9sxd − e x s3x 2 1 x 2 5d
3
35. y9 − 3ax 2 e ax
xe x sx 3 1 2e xd
37. y9 − ssec2 d e tan 39. f 9sxd −
57. A. R B. y-int 0; x-int 0 y sx 2 1 e x d 2
C. About y-axis D. None 41. y9 − xe23x s2 2 3xd 43. f 9std − e atsb cos bt 1 a sin btd
E. Inc on s0, `d; dec on s2`, 0d 45. F9std − e t sin 2t s2t cos 2t 1 sin 2td
F. Loc min f s0d − 0
47. t9sud − uessec u 2 ssec u 2 tan u 2
G. CU on s21, 1d; _1 0 1 x
CD on s2`, 21d, s1, `d;
IP s61, ln 2d H. See graph at right.
49. t9sxd −
ex
s1 1 e x d2
cos
ex
1 1 ex
S D 51. y − 2x 1 1

59. Inc on s0, 2.7d, s4.5, 8.2d, s10.9, 14.3d; ys y 2 e xyy d

IP s3.8, 1.7d, s5.7, 2.1d, s10.0, 2.7d, s12.0, 2.9d 53. y9 − 57. 24, 22
y 2 2 xe xyy
61. 2.958516, 5.290718 59. f sndsxd − 2 ne 2x 61. (b) 20.567143
63. y9 − sx 2 1 2d 2 sx 4 1 4d 4 S 4x
x2 1 2
16x
1 4
x 14
3

D 63. (a) 1 (b) kae2ktys1 1 ae2kt d2

(c) 1 t < 7.4 h
p=0.8
65. y9 − Î x21
x4 1 1
S 1
2x 2 2
2x 3
2 4
x 11
D
1 5
67. 3 ln 2 69. 3 ln 2 71. 20 1 ln 3
1 3
73. 3 sln xd 1 C 75. 2lns1 1 cos 2 xd 1 C 0 10

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
A86 APPENDIX G Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

65. f s3d − e3y10, f s0d − 1 67. 21 13. (a) 1.430677 (b) 2.261860 (c) 0.721057
69. (a) Inc on (212, `); dec on (2`, 212 ) 15. y=log 1.5 x

S D
3
1 y=ln x
(b) CU on s21, `d; CD on s2`, 21d (c) 21, 2 2 y=log 10 x
e
0 4
|
71. A. hx x ± 21j y y=log 50 x
B. y-int 1ye C. None
D. HA y − 1; VA x − 21
E. Inc on s2`, 21d, s21, `d y=1 25
F. None
All graphs approach 2` as x l 01, all pass through s1, 0d, and all
G. CU on s2`, 21d, (21, 212 ); 0
x=_1
x
are increasing. The larger the base, the slower the rate of increase.
CD on (212 , `); IP (212 , 1ye 2) 17. f sxd − 3 ? 2 x 19. (b) About 335,544 km
H. See graph at right.
21. ` 23. 0 25. f 9sxd − 5x 4 1 5 x ln 5
73. A. R B. y-int 12 C. None y
4 C/x
y51 27. G9sxd − 2C sln 4d
D. HA y − 0, y − 1
x2
E. Inc on R F. None
2 2 2x 1 3
G. CU on s2`, 0d; 29. L9svd − 2v ln 4 sec2s4 v d ? 4 v 31. y9 −
sx 2 1 3xd ln 8
CD on s0, `d; IP s0, 12 d
0 x cot x
H. See graph at right. x
33. y9 − 1 log 4 sin x 35. y9 − x x s1 1 ln xd
ln 4
75. Loc max f s21ys3 d − e 2 s3y9
< 1.5;
loc min f s1ys3 d − e 22 s3y9
< 0.7;
IP s20.15, 1.15d, s21.09, 0.82d
37. y9 − x sin x S sin x
x
1 ln x cos x D s2x ln x dln x
1.8 39. y9 − scos xd x s2x tan x 1 ln cos xd 41. y9 −
x
15
43. y − s10 ln 10dx 1 10s1 2 ln 10d 45.
ln 2
f
47. sln xd2ys2 ln 10d 1 C or 12 sln 10dslog10 xd2 1 C g
sin
49. 3 y ln 3 1 C 51. 16ys5 ln 5d 2 1ys2 ln 2d
_2 1.2
0
53. 0.600967 55. t21sxd − s
3
4x 2 2 57. 8.3
77. 0.0177 gydL; 21.4 min 8
59. 10 yln 10 dByswattym d 2

1 1 1
79. 1e21 81. s1 2 e 22 d 61. (a) ; decreases
e11  D ln 2
83. 23 s1 1 e x d3y2 1 C 85. 12 e 2x 1 2x 2 12 e 22x 1 C 1
(b) 2 ; difficulty decreases with increasing width; increases
1 W ln 2
87. 1C 89. e 2 se 91. 12(1 2 e24)
1 2 eu 63. 3.5 days
93. 4.644 95. se 2 2 1dy2
65. (a) 32,000 (P in thousands) The fit appears
97. All three areas are equal. 99. < 4512 L
to be very good.
101. C0 s1 2 e230ryV d; the total amount of urea removed from the
blood in the first 30 minutes of dialysis treatment

EXERCISES 6.4* ■ PAGE 476

1. (a) b x − e x ln b (b) s2`, `d (c) s0, `d 1785 1865
(d) See Figures 1, 3, and 2. 0
2
3. e 2 ln 4 5. e x ln 10 7. (a) 4 (b) 24 (c) 12 (b) 165,550 people/year; 719,000 people/year
9. (a) 22 (b) 24 (c) 156,850 people/year; 686,070 people/year; these estimates are
11. 5 y=20® y=5® y=´ All approach 0 as x l 2`, somewhat less
all pass through s0, 1d, and (d) 41,946,560; likely due to the Civil War
y=2®
all are increasing. The
larger the base, the faster EXERCISES 6.5 ■ PAGE 484
the rate of increase. 1. About 8.7 million
3. (a) 50e1.9803t (b) <19,014
_1 2
0 (c) <37,653 cellsyh (d) <4.30 h

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 APPENDIX G Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A87

5. (a) 1508 million, 1871 million (b) 2161 million 55. A. R y

(c) 3972 million; wars in the first half of century, increased life B. y-int 0; x-int 0
π
expectancy in second half C. About (0, 0) y5x12
7. (a) Ce20.0005t (b) 22000 ln 0.9 < 211 s D. SA y − x 6 y2
0 x
9. (a) 100 3 22ty30 mg (b) < 9.92 mg (c) <199.3 years E. Inc on R F. None π
y5x2
11. <2500 years 13. Yes; 12.5 billion years G. CU on s0, `d; CD on s2`, 0d; 2

15. (a) <588C (b) < 89 min IP (0, 0)

17. (a) 13.3°C (b) <67.74 min H. See graph at right.
19. (a) <64.5 kPa (b) <39.9 kPa 57. Max at x − 0, min at x < 60.87, IP at x < 60.52
21. (a) (i) $4362.47 (ii) $4364.11 (iii) $4365.49 59. Fsxd − 2x 1 3 tan21 x 1 C 61. 4y3 63.  2y72
1 2 1 3
(iv) $4365.70 (v) $4365.76 (vi) $4365.77 21
65. tan x 1 2 lns1 1 x d 1 C 67. 3 sarctan xd 1 C
(b) dAydt − 0.0175A, As0d − 4000 69. e arcsin x 1 C 71. 13 sin21st 3 d 1 C
73. 2 tan21sx 1 C 77. y2 2 1
EXERCISES 6.6 ■ PAGE 493
1. (a) y6 (b)  3. (a) y4 (b) y6 EXERCISES 6.7 ■ PAGE 501
13
5. (a) 10 (b) 2y4 7. 2ys5 1. (a) 0 (b) 1 3. (a) 5 (b) 12 se 5 1 e25 d < 74.20995
119
9. 13. xys1 1 x 2 13 x x2 2 1
169
5. (a) 1 (b) 0 7. 2 e 2 32 e2x 9.
15. π 2x
2 y=sin–! x The second graph is
the reflection of the 25. sech x − 35 , sinh x − 43 , csch x − 34 , tanh x − 45 , coth x − 54
y=sin x first graph about the 27. (a) 1 (b) 21 (c) ` (d) 2` (e) 0 (f) 1
line y − x. (g) ` (h) 2` (i) 0 (j) 12
π π 35. f 9sxd − 3 sinh 3x 37. h9sxd − 2x coshsx 2 d
_2
2 2
t 11 sech 2sx
39. G9std − 2 41. f 9sxd −
2t 2 sx
43. y9 − sech3x 2 sech x tanh2x
π
_2 t2
45. t9std − coth st 2 1 1 2 csch2st 2 1 1
5 st 2 1 1

23. f 9sxd − 22
s1 2 25x 2 47. f 9sxd − 49. y9 − sec
s1 1 4x 2
2 tan21 x 1 1
25. y9 − 27. y9 − 51. G9sud − 53. y9 − sinh21sxy3d
1 1 x2 2x sx 2 1
2
s1 1 u 2
sin 2ze arcsinsz d 59. (a) 0.3572 (b) 70.34°
29. y9 − 2 31. f 9szd −
1 1 cos 2 s1 2 z 4 61. (a) 1176 N; 164.50 m (b) 120 m; 164.13 m
21 63. (b) y − 2 sinh 3x 2 4 cosh 3x 65. ( ln ( 1 1 s2 ), s2 )
33. h9std − 0 35. y9 − sin x
1
a a 67. 3 cosh3x 1 C 69. 2 coshsx 1 C 71. 2csch x 1 C
37. y9 − 2
S D
1 2
x 1 a2 x 2 a2 6 1 3s3
73. ln 75. tanh21e x 1 C
2 4 1 s7
39. t9sxd − ; [1, 2], (1, 2) 41. y6
s1 2 s3 2 2xd2 77. (a) 0, 0.48 (b) 0.04
x arcsin x
43. 12 45. 2y2 47. y2 EXERCISES 6.8 ■ PAGE 511
s1 2 x 2
1. (a) Indeterminate (b) 0 (c) 0
49. At a distance 5 2 2 s5 from A 51. 212 radys
(d) `, 2`, or does not exist (e) Indeterminate
53. A. 212 , `) f y
π
3. (a) 2` (b) Indeterminate (c) `
B. y-int 0; x-int 0 y= 2 5. 94 7. 1 9. 6 11. 73 13. s2 y2 15. 2
1
C. None 17. 4 19. 0 21. 2` 23. 213 25. 3 27. 2
D. HA y − y2 _
1 29. 1 31. 1 33. 1y ln 3 35. 0 37. 0
2
E. Inc on (212 , `) 39. ayb 1
41. 24 43.  45. 53 47. 0
0 x 1 1
F. None 49. 22y 51. 2 53. 2 55. 0 57. 1 59. e22
G. CD on (212 , `) _2
π 61. 1ye 63. 1 65. e 4 67. e 3 69. 0
H. See graph at right. 71. e 2 73. 14 77. 1

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
A88 APPENDIX G Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

79. A. R B. y-int 0; x-int 0

y
”1, e1 ’
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW ■ PAGE 516
C. None D. HA y − 0 True-False Quiz
E. Inc on s2`, 1d, dec on s1, `d 0 1 2 x 1. True 3. False 5. True 7. True 9. False
F. Loc max f s1d − 1ye 11. False 13. False 15. True 17. True
G. CU on s2, `d; CD on s2`, 2d 19. False
IP s2, 2ye 2 d
H. See graph at right. Exercises
1
81. A. R B. y-int 0; x-int 0 C. About (0, 0) D. HA y − 0 1. No 3. (a) 7 (b) 8

E. Inc on s21ys2, 1ys2 d; dec on s2`, 21ys2 d, s1ys2, `d 5. y 7. y

F. Loc min f s21ys2 d − 21ys2e; loc max f s1ys2 d − 1ys2e y=-ln x

G. CU on s2s3y2, 0d, ss3y2, `d;

CD on s2`, 2s3y2 d, s0, s3y2 d; IP s6s3y2, 6s3y2e23y2 d, s0, 0d 0 0 1 x
x
H. y 1
” œ„2 ,
1
’ y=_1
2e
œ„„

9. y
y=π
0 x

0
83. A. s0, `d B. None y
x
C. None D. VA x − 0 4 y=_π
E. Inc on s1, `d; dec on s0, 1d
F. Loc min f s1d − 1 3
4 1
G. CU on s0, 2d; CD on s2, `d; 2 11. (a) 25 (b) 3 (c) 3 13. 2 ln 3 < 0.549
IP (2, 12 1 ln 2) 15. lnsln 10d < 0.834 17. 61ys3 < 60.577
1
H. See graph at right. (1, 1) ”2, 12 +ln 2’
5
0 1 2 3 4 x 19. 3 < 0.262 21. f 9std − t 1 2t ln t
e 21
23. h9s d − 2 sec 2s2 de tan 2 25. y9 − 5 sec 5x
85. (a) 1.6 (b) lim x l0 x2x − 1 1

e1yxs1 1 2xd
27. y9 − 2 tan x 29. y9 − 2
x4
25
31. y9 − 33. y9 − 3 x ln xsln 3ds1 1 ln xd
x2 1 1
35. y9 − tan21x 37. y9 − 2x 2 coshsx 2 d 1 sinhsx 2 d
0 3
2x
(c) Max value f s1yed − e 1ye < 1.44 (d) 1.0 39. y9 −
(arcsin x 2) s1 2 x 4
87. (a) 2
41. y9 − 2s1yxdf1 1 1ysln xd 2g
cosh x
43. y9 − 3 tanh 3x 45. y9 −
ssinh 2 x 2 1
0 8
23 sin (e stan 3x ) e stan 3x sec2s3xd
47. y9 − 49. e tsxd t9sxd
_1 2 stan 3x
51. t9sxdytsxd 53. 2 xsln 2dn 57. y − 2x 1 2
(b) limx l 01 x 1yx − 0, lim x l ` x 1yx − 1
59. s23, 0d 61. (a) y − 14 x 1 14 sln 4 1 1d (b) y − ex
(c) Loc max f sed − e 1ye (d) IPs at x < 0.58, 4.37
89. f has an absolute minimum for c . 0. As c increases, the 63. 0 65. 0 67. 0 69. 21
minimum points get farther away from the origin. 71. 1 73. 4 75. 0 77. 12
93. (a) M; the population should approach its maximum size as
time increases (b) P0 e kt; exponential 79. A. f2, g B. y-int 0; x-int 2, 0, 
95. 1 97. y6 99. 169 a 101. 12 C. None D. None
103. (a) One possibility: f sxd − 7yx 2, tsxd − 1yx 2 E. Inc on s2y4, 3y4d; dec on s2, 2y4d, s3y4, d
(b) One possibility: f sxd − 7 1 s1yx 2d, tsxd − 1yx 2 F. Loc max f s3y4d − 12 s2 e 3y4,
105. (a) 0 loc min f s2y4d − 212 s2 e2y4

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.