Optimal Power Coefficient For Load Balancing and

Reactive Power Compensation In DFIG-WTS

L. Riachy, Student Member, IEEE, Y. Azzouz B. Dakyo
IRSEEM/ESIGELEC GREAH, University of Le Havre
76801, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France 76600, Le Havre, France
Lea.Riachy.FR@ieee.org , Yacine.Azzouz@esigelec.fr brayima.dakyo@univ-lehavre.fr

Abstract—Doubly-Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) are the grid was done only through the control of the rotor side
widely used nowadays in grid-connected Wind Turbine Systems converter (RSC) while the grid side converter (GSC)
(WTS). The typical control strategy for WTS is the maximum contribution was not taken into account. On the other hand
power coefficient tracking method. However, this method limits the work in [5]- [6] proposed the control of the GSC for
desirable ancillary services from WTS, such as power quality
quality improvement and load balancing with the RSC only
improvement in the network. Therefore this paper derives the
optimal reference power coefficient of the WTS that can used for active power control.
enhance the participation of the DFIG in the load balancing and Over the past decades, coordination methods have
reactive power support to the grid. The unbalanced power attracted the attention of many researchers [7]. The reactive
compensation is performed only by the Grid Side Converter power value required for voltage regulation is split [8] and is
(GSC), while a proper reactive power share between the GSC controlled using both the RSC and the GSC [9]. However, for
and the rotor side converter is used to achieve optimal active a given wind power, the reactive power capability of the
power injection. The performance of the proposed optimization DFIG-GSC depends on the active power control strategy
approach, based on the capability curve of the DFIG-GSC in implemented in the wind turbine. The Maximum Power Point
steady state, is compared with the typical maximum power point
Tracking (MPPT) control strategy has received great
tracking method. The results were obtained by simulating a 2-
MW DFIG-WTS in MATLAB/Simulink. attention in the literature [10]. Due to maximum active power
injection, reactive power injection is limited according to the
Keywords— Wind Energy Conversion System, Doubly-Fed power capability of the DFIG-GSC, which limits ancillary
Induction Generator, Capability Curve, Load Balancing. services such as power quality improvement.
Since equipment has become increasingly sensitive to
I. INTRODUCTION changes/unbalance in the voltage, and although there are

Inhave
recent years, most modern wind turbines systems (WTS)
been equipped with variable speed generators (VSG).
applicable regulatory codes such as the Electricity
Distribution Code (EDC), some service providers are facing
These VSG employ a power converter to free the machines difficulties in maintaining the stipulated levels of voltage in
from constant or limited speed constraints. The Doubly Fed the network. Therefore it has become very important to add
Induction Generator (DFIG) has become by far the preferred new voltage regulation devices to the network, or enhance the
choice thanks to the great advantages it offers. It provides contribution of existing equipment.
variable speed operation with a smaller back-to-back power This paper aims to enhance the participation of DFIG-
converter compared to other VSG [1], thus reducing losses WTS for voltage regulation, by enabling load balancing and
and increasing efficiency. In addition, it has the ability to reactive power support to the grid. For this purpose, the
control independently active and reactive power exchange proposed approach derives the optimal power coefficient of
with the network. the WTS that allows reactive/unbalanced power
With higher levels of wind power penetration into the compensation and optimal power injection simultaneously.
grid, in addition to active production, ancillary services of Furthermore, as the interaction between the different
DFIG such as voltage control and network reactive power sequence components of the current in both the stator and the
support are becoming increasingly important [2]. Several rotor causes oscillating torque leading to mechanical strain
control strategies for DFIG-WTS, addressing voltage issues on the drive-train, the unbalanced power is compensated by
related to unbalanced and reactive power flow in three-phase the GSC. The RSC is controlled to adjust the active and
networks, have been presented in the literature. All these reactive power of the stator. The optimal power coefficient to
strategies compensate for the reactive current in the grid in be tracked is derived based on the steady-state power
order to maintain the voltage levels [3], and compensate for capability of the DFIG-GSC.
the negative component of the currents for load balancing,
II. SYSTEM TOPOLOGY AND OPERATING PRINCIPLE
and thus for voltage unbalance mitigation.
In [4] the author studied the control of the DFIG for In this section, first the power flow in DFIG-WTS is
simultaneous active power control and power quality reviewed, then the calculation of compensation power to be
improvement. However, the injection of reactive power into injected into the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) for load

978-1-5090-3474-1/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE 4199

balancing and reactive power compensation is briefly 𝜔𝑠 − 𝜔𝑚
presented. 𝑠= (6)
𝜔𝑠
A. Power flow in DFIG-WTS
Fig. 1 illustrates the power flow across the stator and rotor Most of the total power passes from the generator through the
circuits in a classic DFIG configuration that uses stator into the grid, whereas only a fraction of the power is
bidirectional power converters in the rotor circuit. The three- passed from the rotor windings through the power converters.
phase stator windings of the machine are connected directly When the slip is positive, power flows from the grid to the
to the grid, while the three phase rotor windings are rotor, and when the slip is negative, the power flows in the
connected with the use of two back-to-back power opposite direction, from the generator rotor to the grid.
converters. The complete modeling of both the mechanical The active and reactive power of the stator are regulated
and the electrical parts of the system can be found in [11]. through the control of the RSC, while the GSC is controlled
to adjust the voltage of the dc bus to its reference value, and
may also be controlled to compensate the reactive current and
the current unbalance of the loads connected to the grid.
GRID DFIG G
B. Calculation of compensation power
AC DC In 1983, Akagi et al. [12] proposed the "The Generalized
DC AC Theory of the Instantaneous Reactive Power in Three-Phase
Unbalanced GSC RSC Circuits", also known as p-q theory. The p-q theory
reactive load instantaneous power components are calculated by applying
an algebraic transformation (Clarke transformation) of the
Fig. 1: Schematic representation of DFIG for the wind turbine system measured three-phase voltages and load currents in the a-b-c
coordinates to the α-β-0 coordinates. The relationship
The power contained in the form of kinetic energy in the between the 𝑝 and 𝑞 powers and the active, reactive and
wind crossing a surface 𝑆 at a speed 𝑉𝑣 is expressed by unbalanced load power, 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝐷 is as follows [13]
𝜌 𝑆 𝑉𝑣3 𝑝 = 𝑃 + 𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜔1 𝑡 + 𝜑) (7)
𝑃𝑣 = (1)
2
𝑞 = −𝑄 − 𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜔1 𝑡 + 𝜑) (8)
where 𝜌 is the air density. The wind turbine can recover only
a part of that power where 𝜔1 is the fundamental angular frequency of the
system.
𝑃𝑚 = 𝐶𝑝 𝑃𝑣 (2) These two quantities 𝑝 and 𝑞 can be expressed in terms of dc
and ac components
where 𝐶𝑝 is the power coefficient that characterizes the
aerodynamic efficiency of the turbine. It depends on the 𝑝 = 𝑝̅ + 𝑝̃ (9)
turbine characteristics (the dimensions of the blade, the tip
speed ratio 𝜆 and the pitch angle 𝛽). The tip speed ratio is
𝑞 = 𝑞̅ + 𝑞̃ (10)
defined by
By separating the ac components from the dc ones, the value
Ω𝑡 𝑅
𝜆= (3) of reactive and unbalanced load power, 𝑄 and 𝐷 can be
𝑉𝑣 deduced from the above equations.
where 𝑅 is the rotor radius and Ω𝑡 is the speed of the turbine. From Fig. 1, load current can be written as
By analyzing the power relationship of the DFIG in steady 𝑖𝐿 = 𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 + 𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 + 𝑖𝐺𝑆𝐶 (11)
state, and by neglecting the copper losses in the stator and
rotor resistances, the total active power of the DFIG can be 𝑖𝐿 = 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖𝑟 + 𝑖𝑢 (12)
expressed as
Since the active current component 𝑖𝑎 of the load current is
𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝑠 + 𝑃𝑟 (4) the only current component that should remain in the supply
lines after compensation, the DFIG-WTS used for power
where 𝑃𝑟 and 𝑃𝑠 represent, respectively, the active rotor
quality improvement has to inject the reactive 𝑖𝑟 and
power, the active stator power. The relationship between the
unbalanced 𝑖𝑢 current components of the load current in
stator and rotor power is
addition to active current [13]. The corresponding reactive 𝑄
𝑃𝑟 = −𝑠𝑃𝑠 (5) and unbalanced 𝐷 power of 𝑖𝑟 and 𝑖𝑢 , represent the
compensation power.
where 𝑠 represents the slip, the term commonly used to
define the relationship between the speed of the stator 𝜔𝑠 and
the rotor angular frequency 𝜔𝑚

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 III. POWER CAPABILITY OF THE DFIG-GSC IV. THE PROPOSED APPROACH FOR REFERENCE POWER
The power capability of the DFIG-WTS represents the CALCULATION
maximum active, reactive and unbalanced power that the This section presents the approach proposed to choose the
system can exchange with the grid. These operating limits reference value of the slip, which determines the optimal
depend on the power capability of the DFIG and its power power coefficient to be tracked, so that reference active power
converter capability [14]. The three main limiting design will not limit the capability to inject or absorb the
parameters for the power capability of the DFIG are stator compensation reactive and unbalanced power.
current, rotor current and rotor voltage. The operating limits 1) Step 1: Unbalanced power injection ability
of the GSC depend on the maximum apparent power that the
power converter can deliver to the grid. The above mentioned According to the nominal rotor speed range, the reference
limitations can be expressed by appropriate inequalities, value of the slip will be within the following interval
based on the steady-state model of the DFIG.
𝐼1 = [−0.2,0.4] (18)
A. Stator current limitation
The relationship between the stator active and reactive Since the active rotor power 𝑃𝑟 should pass through the
power, 𝑃𝑠 and 𝑄𝑠 with the rated stator current 𝐼𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑚 is GSC to keep the dc voltage constant, the limit of the reactive
and unbalanced power in the GSC becomes as follows
𝑃𝑠2 + 𝑄𝑠2 ≤ (3𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑚 )2 (13)
2 2 2
𝑄𝐺𝑆𝐶 + 𝐷𝐺𝑆𝐶 ≤ 𝑆𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 − 𝑃𝑟2 (19)
where 𝑉𝑠 is the stator voltage given by the grid, and is not
influenced by the wind turbine.
The active stator power and the active rotor power can be
B. Rotor current limitation expressed as follows
This limitation takes into account the “Joule” or energy 1
losses in the rotor windings 𝑃𝑠 = 𝐶 𝑃 (20)
1−𝑠 𝑝 𝑣
2 2
3𝑉𝑠2 𝑋𝑚 −𝑠
𝑃𝑠2 + (𝑄𝑠 + ) ≤ (3𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑚 ) (14) 𝑃𝑟 = 𝐶 𝑃 (21)
𝑋𝑠 𝑋𝑠 1−𝑠 𝑝 𝑣

where 𝑋𝑠 and 𝑋𝑚 are respectively the stator leakage Substituting 𝑃𝑟 in expression (19) by (21) gives
reactance and the magnetizing reactance. −𝑠 2
2 2 2 (22)
𝑄𝐺𝑆𝐶 + 𝐷𝐺𝑆𝐶 ≤ 𝑆𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 −( 𝐶𝑝 𝑃𝑣 )
C. Rotor voltage limitation 1−𝑠
By neglecting the stator resistance and the rotor For a given WTS, the power coefficient 𝐶𝑝 depends on the
resistance, the relationship between the stator active and pitch angle, the wind speed and the rotor speed. Thus for a
reactive power with the rated rotor voltage is given wind speed and pitch angle, when considering the
2 2 fundamental angular frequency of the system 𝜔𝑠 constant,
3𝑉𝑠2 𝑋𝑚
𝑃𝑠2 + (𝑄𝑠 + ) ≤ (3𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑚 ) (15) the limit of the reactive and unbalanced power in the GSC
𝜎𝑋𝑠 𝜎𝑋𝑠 𝑋𝑟 𝑠 depends on the slip.
Giving priority to unbalanced power over reactive power
where 𝑋𝑟 , 𝑉𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑚 and 𝜎 are respectively, the rotor leakage injection, the whole capacity expressed in (22) will first be
reactance, the rated rotor voltage and the dispersion dedicated to injecting unbalanced power 𝐷𝐺𝑆𝐶
coefficient defined as follows
2 2 2
−𝑠 2
𝑋𝑚 𝐷𝐺𝑆𝐶 ≤ 𝑆𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 −( 𝐶𝑝 𝑃𝑣 ) (23)
𝜎 =1− (16) 1−𝑠
𝑋𝑠 𝑋𝑟
Two cases can be distinguished. Firstly, the unbalanced
D. GSC limitation power 𝐷𝐺𝑆𝐶 could be greater than or equal to the rated
apparent power 𝑆𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 . In this case the choice of zero slip is
The main task of GSC is to generate or absorb the grid necessary to enable injection of maximum unbalanced power.
electrical power 𝑃𝑔 in order to keep the dc voltage constant. In this case, the reference unbalanced power 𝐷𝐺𝑆𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑓 is
In steady state for a lossless AC/DC/AC converter, 𝑃𝑔 is
equal to 𝑃𝑟 . The injection of active, reactive and unbalanced 𝐷𝐺𝑆𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑆𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 (24)
power by the GSC, is limited by its rated apparent power
𝑆𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 The slip reference value and reactive power reference for the
GSC are :
𝑃𝑟2 + 𝑄𝐺𝑆𝐶
2 2
+ 𝐷𝐺𝑆𝐶 2
≤ 𝑆𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 (17)
𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 0 (25)

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 𝑄𝐺𝑆𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 0 (26) The flowchart explaining the proposed approach for
reference power calculation of the DFIG-GSC is shown in
Fig. 2. The DFIG-GSC control is performed in synchronously
Secondly, the 𝐷𝐺𝑆𝐶 can verify (23) for some slip values in the
rotating reference flux axis using vector-oriented approach
given interval 𝐼1 . In this case the values of 𝑠 for which (23) is
[15]. The control generates the converter switch pulses
verified will be noted 𝐼2 , the interval from which the slip according to the desired reference values [11].
value will be determined in step 2. In addition the reference
unbalanced power 𝐷𝐺𝑆𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑓 will be equal to the unbalanced Start
compensation power 𝐷
no Compensation Power
D
𝐷𝐺𝑆𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝐷 (27) MPPT Strategy
Q 0
yes
no
2) Step 2: Reactive power-sharing between RSC and
GSC yes

The reactive power capability of the DFIG-GSC depends

on the active power control strategy implemented in the wind Choose
according to the
turbine. The amount of mechanical power 𝑃𝑚 that can be capacity limit no yes
extracted from the wind is governed by the ratio of the
rotational speed to the wind speed. Therefore, for a given Choose is maximum Choose is maximum

wind speed, the amount of total active power 𝑃𝑚 depends on

Choose and according to the capacity limit
the slip. There is a specific optimal slip value at which the
extracted active power is the maximum power that does not End
limit the capability to inject or absorb the compensation
reactive power 𝑄. The sum of the reactive power capability Fig. 2: Flowchart of the proposed approach for reference power calculation
of the GSC and the stator should be greater than or equal to
the compensation reactive power V. SIMULATION RESULTS
Simulations were carried out on a 2-MW DFIG-WTS,
𝑄𝐺𝑆𝐶 + 𝑄𝑠 ≥ 𝑄 (28) with parameters given in Tables I, II and III, to validate the
proposed method for enhancing the participation of the DFIG
Two cases can be distinguished. Firstly, if there are slip in load balancing and reactive power support to the grid. The
values within 𝐼2 that satisfy the above equation, the value of DFIG is connected to a three-phase system consisting of a
the slip for which the power coefficient 𝐶𝑝 is the maximum three-phase voltage source supplying an unbalanced reactive
will be the reference value. Secondly, if none of the values in load. The steady state model of the DFIG is simulated using
𝐼2 satisfy (28), then the value of the slip for which the sum of MATLAB/Simulink. The performance of the MPPT strategy
reactive power is maximum will be the reference value. and the proposed one are compared for two load cases: one
Once the reference value of the slip 𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑓 is determined, the case is more heavily unbalanced than the other. The vector
references of the stator active power and the rotor active control strategy (with stator flux orientation) based on
power, 𝑃𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑓 and 𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑓 , are determined. Furthermore, to split proportional-integral (PI) controllers was used to control
the reactive power compensation between the stator and the independently the active and reactive power exchanged
between the stator and the grid.
GSC, the references of the stator reactive power and the GSC
are chosen to satisfy the following conditions The capacity function is defined as follows

2
−𝑠 2
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑆𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 −( 𝐶𝑝 𝑃𝑣 ) (33)
𝑄𝐺𝑆𝐶 ≤ √𝑆𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚
2
2
− (𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) − 𝐷𝐺𝑆𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑓 2 (29) 1−𝑠
Fig. 3 (a-b) shows the power coefficient 𝐶𝑝 and the capacity
2
(30) function defined above, as a function of the slip, for a wind
𝑄𝑠 ≤ √𝑆𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑚
2 − (𝑃𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑓 )
power 𝑃𝑣 = 1.1595 MW. It shows the reference power
coefficient for two types of unbalanced load.
2
𝑋𝑚 2 3𝑣𝑠2
𝑄𝑠 ≤ √(3𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑚 ) − (𝑃𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) − (31) TABLE I. WIND TUBINE PARAMETERS
𝑋𝑠 𝑋𝑠
Parameter value
Rated Mechanical Power 2.4 MW
2
𝑋𝑚 2 3𝑣𝑠2 Rotor Diameter 42 m
𝑄𝑠 ≤ √(3𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑚 ) − (𝑃𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) − (32) Wind Speed Range 3.5m/s-12.1m/s
𝜎𝑋𝑠 𝑋𝑟 𝜎𝑋𝑠 Gearbox ratio 80
CpMax, Lambda_CpMax 0.5, 9.15

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 TABLE II. DFIG PARAMETERS injection of reactive and unbalanced power according to the
Parameter value capability limit of the DFIG-GSC. However, in the case of a
Rated Stator Power 2 MW heavily unbalanced load, the unbalanced power that must be
Rated Stator Phase Voltage 398.4 V (rms) injected by the GSC will take a significant part of the capacity
Rated Stator Current 1760 A (rms) of the power converter, thus reducing the capability of
Rated Rotor Current 1823 A (rms)
Rated Rotor Phase Voltage 488 V (rms) injecting active and reactive power. Cases (b) and (c) in Table
Rated Stator Frequency 50 Hz IV, represent the same current load flow. However, tracking
Nominal Rotor Speed Range 900-1800 rpm the maximum power coefficient in case (c), limited the
Number of Pole Pairs 2 capability of the GSC to inject both the necessary unbalanced
Stator Winding Resistance 2.6 mΩ power and reactive power. Unbalanced currents still flow in
Rotor Winding Resistance 2.9 mΩ
Stator Leakage Inductance 87 µH
the supply lines. Besides, when using the proposed approach
Rotor Leakage Inductance 87 µH to determine the slip reference value, the value of the power
Magnetizing Induction 2.5 mH coefficient could decrease in order to increase the capability
of injecting unbalanced and reactive power from the DFIG-
TABLE III. GRID-SIDE CONVERTER PARAMETERS GSC. From Fig. 3 (b)-case (2), if all the slip values within 𝐼2
Parameter value satisfy (28), the value of the slip for which the power
DC-link capacitor 38000 µF coefficient 𝐶𝑝 is the maximum will be the reference value
DClink voltage reference value 1200 V such as (𝐶𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓2 = 0.49995) for case (b) in Table IV. When
Rated Apparent Power 40 % of DFIG Apparent Power
Inductance 0.6 mH none of the values in 𝐼2 satisfy (28), then the value of the slip
Resistance 6 mΩ for which the sum of reactive power in (28) is maximum, will
be the reference value, for example it coulde be such as
0.55
Cp-ref2 Cp-ref1 𝐶𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓3 . Furthermore, Fig. 3 (a-b) shows that a significant
Cp-ref3
Power Coefficient Cp

0.5
unbalanced and reactive power contribution can be obtained
0.45
for a small variation of the power coefficient. For example,
0.4 (a)
for case (b) in Table IV, the reference power coefficient
0.35
(𝐶𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓2 = 0.49995) (shown in case (2)-Fig. 3 (b)) decreased
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
Slip Sref3 Sref2
0.2
Sref1
0.3 0.4 compared to the maximum power coefficient (𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5).
5
x 10
11
Thus the total active power injection decreased (0.01%) ,
(D2)2 while unbalanced and reactive powers injection increased. In
Capacity Function

(D1)2
4.5
case (2) : Interval I2
(b)
this case the DFIG-WTS supplies active power to a grid in
4
case (1) : Interval I2
better condition, which is more efficient then supplying
maximum active power to a grid with poor power quality. By
3.5
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
using the proposed approach, the WTS can, in addition to its
Slip Sref3 Sref2 Sref1
main objective of supplying active power, perform the
Fig. 3: Applying the approach using the (a) power coefficient curve and (b) function of compensation power devices and regulation
capacity function curve equipment. However the proposed approach can be limited
by the maximum active power that can be sacrificed for the
To evaluate the performance of the proposed approach,
reactive and unbalance power support. Thus, the proposed
results such as grid currents, load currents, stator currents and
method will find some limitations when the injection of
GSC currents are observed and presented in Table IV.
unbalanced and reactive power implies a decrease in the
The load power demand is satisfied by the grid and the DFIG-
active power production below a predetermined limit value.
GSC. The DFIG-GSC should inject, in addition to active
power, the unbalanced and reactive power compensations, to VI. CONCLUSION
ensure that only the active power component is delivered by
The main goal of this paper was to derive the optimal
the supply. In the case of a slight load unbalance, the
reference power coefficient of the WTS that can enhance the
unbalanced power that must be injected by the GSC will not
participation of the DFIG in load balancing and reactive
take all the capacity of the power converter. Therefore,
power support to the grid. The proposed optimal power
additional active and reactive power can also be injected.
coefficient enables the flow of the maximum active power
Thus (23) could be satisfied for a large slip range 𝐼2 as in case
that does not limit the capability to inject or absorb the
(1) in Fig. 3 (b). If the reactive power flow 𝑄 of the load
compensation reactive and unbalanced power. The study
satisfies (28) for the slip value that gives the maximum power
proved that a significant unbalanced and reactive power
coefficient (𝐶𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓1 = 0.5), then both the proposed strategy contribution can be obtained for a small variation of the
and the MPPT one will give the same results as in case (a) in power coefficient, allowing the DFIG-WTS to cater for the
Table IV. This case occurs when the maximum active power need of future power demand.
extracted from a given wind power does not limit the

4203
 TABLE IV. SIMULATION RESULTS OF THE GRID CURRENTS, LOAD CURRENTS, STATOR CURRENTS, GSC CURRENTS: (a) WITH CP OF THE PROPOSED
STRATEGY EQUAL TO CP OF THE MPPT STRATEGY, (b) WITH CP OF THE PROPOSED STRATEGY, (c) WITH CP OF MPPT STRATEGY

Grid Currents Load Currents Stator Currents GSC Currents

2000 900 500
1000
600

Stator Currents (A)

Load Currents (A)
Grid Currents (A)

GSC Currents (A)

1000 250
500 300

(a) 0 0 0 0
-300
-1000 -500
-250
-600
-1000
-2000 -900 -500
0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0 0,02 0,04 0,06
Time (s) Time (s) Time (s) Time (s)
900 1000
1000 1000 600

Stator Currents (A)

GSC Currents (A)

Load Currents (A)
Grid Currents (A)

500
500 500 300

0 0 0 0
(b) -500 -500 -300
-500
-1000 -600
-1000
-900 -1000
0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0 0,02 0,04 0,06
Time (s) Time (s) Time (s) Time (s)

1000 150
1500
1000 100

Stator Currents (A)

GSC Currents (A)

Load Currents (A)

1000
Grid Currents (A)

500
500 500 50

0 0 0 0
(c) -500 -500 -50
-500
-1000 -100
-1000
-1500
-1000 -150
0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0 0,02 0,04 0,06
Time (s) Time (s) Time (s) Time (s)

enhancement," International Transactions on Electrical Energy

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