Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés

Vol. 56, No. 6, December, 2023, pp. 963-972

Journal homepage: http://iieta.org/journals/jesa

Modeling and Control Strategies for DFIG in Wind Turbines: A Comparative Analysis of
SPWM, THIPWM, and SVPWM Techniques
Saad M. Alwash* , Osama Qasim Jumah Al-Thahab , Shamam F. Alwash

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq

Corresponding Author Email: saad.mahdi@uobabylon.edu.iq

Copyright: ©2023 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

https://doi.org/10.18280/jesa.560607 ABSTRACT

Received: 12 August 2023 The paper presents a comprehensive study on modeling a doubly fed induction generator
Revised: 17 November 2023 (DFIG) and explores various control strategies for pulse-width modulation (PWM) in
Accepted: 4 December 2023 back-to-back (B2B) converter techniques. A DFIG is characterized by a wound rotor and
Available online: 28 December 2023 three slip-ring induction machines, with the stator winding directly connected to the power
grid and the wound rotor interfaced with the grid through a 3-phase AC/DC/AC converter.
Typically, the converter connected to the grid is referred to as the grid side converter
Keywords: (GSC), while the converter attached to the rotor's slip-ring circuit is termed the rotor side
SVPWM, SPWM, THIPWM, THD, wind converter (RSC). This research delineates various PWM-based B2B converter
turbine, B2B converter methodologies applied to the DFIG within wind energy turbines, aiming to regulate the
RSC for optimal power capture. The study employs MATLAB/SIMULINK for
constructing a multi-phase voltage source converter two-level (VSC-2L) model,
leveraging different PWM techniques including Sine-PWM, Sinusoidal-PWM with third
harmonic injection (THIPWM), and space vector PWM (SVPWM). These techniques are
assessed based on total harmonic distortion (THD) using fast Fourier transform (FFT)
analysis. The findings indicate that SVPWM offers several advantages, such as ease of
digital implementation, lower THD, reduced switching frequency losses, and more
efficient utilization of the DC link voltage, thereby enhancing control strategy
effectiveness.

1. INTRODUCTION grid [3].

Indeed, all wind turbines utilize synchronous or
In recent years, the use of semiconductor-based device asynchronous generators, so the most common ones are DFIG
drivers has increased. The electronic circuit converter is used and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSG)
as the interface between the wind energy generator and the (WTs). The PMSG machines do not require any added
network for controlling the real and reactive output power. excitation compared with the DFIG [4, 5].
Two primary categories of wind systems are based on the rotor
speed control criterion. The first turbine runs at a fixed angular
speed known as a Fixed-Speed Wind Turbine (FSWT); the
generator's speed varies commonly within 1% of the
synchronous speed [1]. In this type, the wind speed is
independent without using a power voltage source converter
(VSC) interface based on an asynchronous machine. It is
simple in structure, but it is not capable of maximum power
point according to the variation of the wind speeds and more
stress on the mechanical turbine blade. The other type of
turbine is capable of adjusting the speed of the rotor, called
Variable-Speed Wind energy Turbine (VSWT), and is widely
used nowadays [2]. The wind turbine will be able to run at
variable speeds to maintain maximum power extraction under
different wind speeds with a suitable control electronic Figure 1. Wind turbine with (DFIG-2L-B2B) converter
converter (full-power converter or partial-power converter).
Power electronics in full-rated power converter wind turbines The DFIG wind turbine has a partial-power converter
are linked between the stator of the generator and the electrical (20%–30%) of the generator-rated. The control GSC has two
network. But, in the partial-rated converter, the power voltage main aims: control of the DC bus to keep a constant voltage
converter is linked between the slip-ring rotor and the electric and to maintain the ripple in the DC link as small as possible,
whereas the RSC regulates generator power (reactive and

963
active) [6, 7]. On the other hand, 2BTB converters, also known
as bidirectional, are connected between a slip-ring rotor circuit
and the power network shown in Figure 1.
The DFIG can be a hybrid synchronous-asynchronous
generator with four quadrant modes [8]. If the generator speed
runs faster than synchronous (hyper-synchronous), power will
be supplied from the rotor to the network via the VSC
converters. In addition, if the generator runs less than
synchronous (hypo-synchronous), the rotor will absorb power
from the network via VSC converters [9].
This work focuses on a DFIG model and investigates
different PWM switching strategies for the gate of the IGBTs
in the 2L-B2B converter, such as sinusoidal, third harmonic
injection, and space vector PWM techniques. The approach
uses vector-oriented control to achieve a simplified dynamical
equation analysis of the DFIG. The SVPWM technique is
more efficient and easier for digital control VSC since it can
Figure 2. A characteristic that is typical of Cp vs λ (β≡0)
be implemented using microcontrollers or field programmable
gate arrays (FPGAs) with low hardware complexity, less THD,
2.2 Modeling of the DFIG in park reference frame
and lower switching frequency losses than other control
techniques. Simulink MATLAB software was used to simulate
The DFIG space vector model can also be expressed in a
all the above PWM techniques to control the RSC of a 7.5
synchronously rotating frame, multiplying the voltage
KW-DFIG utilizing the Direct Power Control (DPC) strategy,
and THD was compared. expressions by (𝑒 −𝑗𝜃𝑠 ) and (𝑒 −𝑗𝜃𝑟 ). In the Park Transform
reference frame, the electric equations of the stator and rotor
of the DFIG are expressed as follows [12, 13]:
2. VARIABLE SPEED WIND ENERGY TURBINE 𝑑𝛹𝑑𝑠
MODELING 𝑣𝑑𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑠 + − 𝜔𝑠 Ψ𝑞𝑠
𝑑𝑡
{ 𝑑𝛹𝑞𝑠 (5)
Figure 1 depicts the WECS utilized in this study. 𝑣𝑞𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠 𝑖𝑞𝑠 + + 𝜔𝑠 Ψ𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑡

2.1 Modeling of the wind turbine 𝑑𝛹𝑑𝑟

𝑣𝑑𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑟 + − 𝜔𝑟 𝛹𝑞𝑟
𝑑𝑡
{ 𝑑𝛹𝑞𝑟 (6)
Eq. (1) can calculate the power of the mechanical energy 𝑣𝑞𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 + + 𝜔𝑟 𝛹𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑡
extracted from a wind turbine [10]:
Eq. (7) through (10) express the stator and rotor flux
1
𝑃𝑚 = 𝐶𝑝 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝜋𝑅2 𝑣𝑤3 𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽) (1) formula as a function of the stator and rotor currents.
2

The power co-efficient is a function of the tip speed ratio (λ) Ψ𝑑𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑑𝑟 (7)
and the blade pitch angle (β); the tip speed ratio is defined as
the ratio of the speed at the tip of the blade to wind velocity, Ψ𝑞𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠 𝑖𝑞𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑞𝑟 (8)
which is given by:
Ψ𝑞𝑟 = 𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑞𝑠 (9)
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑅Ω𝑚
𝜆= = (2)
𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑤 Ψ𝑑𝑟 = 𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑟 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑑𝑠 (10)

A German wind power pioneer, Albert Betz, established a 𝜔𝑟 = 𝜔𝑠 − 𝜔𝑚.

theoretical Betz law that states that a turbine can never extract where, { 𝜔 = 𝑃 Ω .
𝑚 𝑝 𝑚
more than (16/27) or 59.3% kinetic energy from an air stream The stator and rotor equations of the active power and
into mechanical energy. The maximum power coefficient reactive power of the DFIG are defined as follows [14]:
Cp=0.48 is obtained for an optimal tip speed ratio λopt.=8.1,
and a fixed-pitch turbine β≡0 is shown in Figure 2. 3
𝑃𝑠 = (𝑣𝑑𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑠 + 𝑣𝑞𝑠 𝑖𝑞𝑠 ) (11)
The following expression is commonly utilized and simple 2

to modify for power coefficient estimations in modern turbines 3

[11]: 𝑄𝑠 = (𝑣𝑞𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑠 − 𝑣𝑑𝑠 𝑖𝑞𝑠 ) (12)
2

𝑎 3
( 5)
𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽) = 𝑎1 (
𝑎2
− 𝑎3 𝛽 − 𝑎4 )(𝑒 𝜆𝑖
)+𝑎6 𝜆 (3) 𝑃𝑟 = (𝑣𝑑𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑟 + 𝑣𝑞𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 ) (13)
𝜆𝑖 2

3
1 1 0.0035 𝑄𝑟 = (𝑣𝑞𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑟 − 𝑣𝑑𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 ) (14)
= − (4) 2
𝜆𝑖 (𝜆+0.08𝛽) (𝛽 3 +1)

Mechanical and electromagnetic torque relationships are

The coefficient a1 to a6 are [10]: a1=0.5, a2=116, a3=0.4, provided by the study [15]:
a4=5, a5=-21, a6=0.0068.

964
 𝑑Ω𝑚 ma is adjusted by changing the amplitude of the modulating
𝑇𝑒𝑚 − 𝑇𝑚 = 𝑓Ω𝑚 + 𝐽 (15)
𝑑𝑡
signals while keeping the triangle comparison signals constant
[18]. Frequency modulation indices mf are changed by varying
the triangle signal frequency while keeping the frequency-
3. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION PWM CONTROL
modulating signal constant. The frequency modulation index
STRATEGY
is always greater than one [19].
For normal steady-state operation, 0<ma≤1 is referred to as
The methods mostly used conventional PWM voltage-
linear modulation. In transient, when the peak of the sinusoidal
source inverters with two-levels. The output voltage
reference signal is greater than the peak of the carrier wave
converters Vao, Vbo, and Vco take only two-level values
(i.e., ma>1), the inverter cannot provide a fundamental voltage
between Vdc and zero. The different techniques of PWM
proportional to the voltage reference. When the frequency of
waveforms for voltage source converters in wind turbines are
the sinusoidal reference wave is higher than the frequency of
mainly classified into PWM based on triangle comparison or
the triangle waves, the system is overmodulated. The
by utilizing Space Vector (SVPWM), a commonly used
conventional bipolar PWM (two-level topologies) is done
modulation technique for power converters [16]. The primary
between zero and Vdc voltage levels. In a three-phase H-bridge
goal of any modulation technique is to obtain a variable output
converter, two switches on the same leg will operate in
with a high-level component and minimal harmonics.
complementary mode, meaning that when one is turned ON,
In this exposition, Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
the other is turned OFF, and vice versa. Referred to Figure 3,
(IGBTs) are used as the controlling semiconductors in the
the output voltages are controlled as follows: S1 is “1” when
converter circuit [17], as seen in Figure 3. The most commonly
𝑉𝑎∗ > 𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑖. , S4 is “1” when 𝑉𝑎∗ < 𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑖. , S3 is “1” when 𝑉𝑏∗ > 𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑖. ,
used PWM control strategies are SPWM control strategy,
S6 is “1” when 𝑉𝑏∗ < 𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑖. , S5 is “1” when 𝑉𝑐∗ > 𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑖. , and S2 is
THIPWM control strategy, and SVPWM control strategy.
“1” when 𝑉𝑐∗ < 𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑖. .

Figure 4. Simulink model of (2L- VSI) based on PWM

Figure 3. Three-phase H-Bridge converter

3.1 Sinusoidal PWM control strategy

The Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM or Triangle Comparison

TCPWM) employs three-phase sinusoids as the reference
signals (𝑉𝑎∗ , 𝑉𝑏∗ , 𝑉𝑐∗ ) that are 120 degrees out of phase with each
other and compares them with the triangle carrier waves to
produce the signals for the switch gates. In comparison to the
modulating signal, the carrier signal has a high frequency. In
addition, to obtain a high-quality output voltage and to prevent
high switching losses in semiconductors, this frequency
shouldn't be set too high. These two parameters are known as
frequency and amplitude modulation indices, denoted by (mf
and ma) respectively. The modulation indices (ma and mf)
signal amplitude and frequency are used to control the
fundamental output voltage of the converter. The ratio of the
peak value of the reference signal 𝑉𝑚∗ to the peak value of the
carrier signal Vtri. is known as the amplitude modulation index
ma. On the other hand, the ratio of the carrier frequency ftri to
the reference signal frequency f* is known as the frequency
modulation index mf.

𝑉∗ f𝑡𝑟𝑖.
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑉 𝑚 , 𝑚f = f∗
(16)
𝑡𝑟𝑖.
The fundamental component's magnitude and frequency Figure 5. Operating principle of output voltage simulations
can be adjusted using the ratio modulation indices (ma and mf), SPWM
which are key design factors. The amplitude modulation ratio

965
 The Simulink implementation of the RSC (2L-VSI) model
is shown in Figure 4, while Figure 5 shows the output voltage
of the simulation for Va, Vb and Vc.

3.2 Sinusoidal PWM technique with third harmonic

injection (THIPWM)

It might be able to achieve an output voltage that is higher

in amplitude than when utilizing sine PWM [20]. Typically, a
sinusoidal reference signal is enhanced by the addition of a
third harmonic signal [21]. This is known as Third Harmonic
Injection Modulation (THIPWM).
As shown in Figure 6, the reference signal, on the other hand,
𝜋 2𝜋
has two maxima equal to one at (𝜃1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃2 = ), at Figure 7. Simulink model of two-level VSI based on
3 3
𝜋
𝜔𝑡 = . THIPWM
3
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠
Voltage taken ( ), the equations can now be written as
2
follows:
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝜋
= 𝑉1(𝑚𝑎𝑥.) sin( ) , ⇒ 𝑉1(𝑚𝑎𝑥.) = 0.577 𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 (17)
2 3

The equations for the fundamental component V1 and triple-

frequency V3 are as follows:

𝑉 = 1.1547 sin 𝜃
[ 1 ] (18)
𝑉3 = 0.193 sin 3𝜃

For each phase, the output voltage waveform with third

harmonic components is represented as the study [22].

∗ 1
1.1547 𝑣𝑚 [sin (𝜃) + sin(3𝜃)]
6
∗ 2𝜋 1 2𝜋
1.1547𝑣𝑚 [sin (𝜃 − ) + sin (3𝜃 − )] (19)
3 6 3
∗ 2𝜋 1 2𝜋
[ 1.1547𝑣𝑚 [sin (𝜃 + 3
) + sin(3𝜃 +
6 3
)] ]

Figure 8. Operating principle of output voltage simulations

THIPWM

3.3 Space vector modulation (SVPWM) control strategy

The SVPWM differs from other SPWM methods in that it

uses a reference vector. It has the benefit of giving a better
process for the system. The concept of space vectors is to
describe the three-coordinate plane, including the three phases’
vectors in a two-coordinate plane by utilizing the (abc/αβ)
Clarke transformation. Thus, one of the most used PWM
techniques is called (SVPWM). The position of the reference
𝑉 ∗ on αβ- coordinate plane controls whether the switches that
are ON or OFF. To achieve the minimum switching frequency
of each inverter leg, the switching state sequence must be
Figure 6. The third harmonic is injected to enhance the configured in such a way that the change from one state to the
amplitude fundamental component next is achieved by switching just one bit. The switching state
of the top switch (S1, S3, S5) and bottom switch (S2, S4, S6)
The Simulink model of a two-level VSI based on THIPWM, complimentary in each leg [25]. Table 1 demonstrates that
with its operating principle and corresponding inverter regions there are two possible states ON, which means “1”, and OFF,
[23], is shown in Figure 7. The aim of the THIPWM technique, which means “0” for the switches [26]. Accordingly, there are
as shown in Figure 8, are to increase the maximum utilization (23=8) possible combinations of switching states that could
of the DC link with a reduction in the THD of the output occur so that, two (000, 111) are zero switching states placed
voltage, and this approach improves the RSC's performance. in the axis of origin and six (001, 010, 011, 100, 110, and 110)
In addition, it is possible to modify the amplitude modulation are active switching states, as shown in Figure 9.
index in linear range modulations as follows: (1<ma≤1.15) A block diagram in Figure 10 provides a step-by-step
[24]. description of how to design SVPWM for a (2L-VSC).

966
 Table 1. The sequence switching state for each sextant The Clark transformer, also known as the (αβ) transformer,
converts a three-dimensional (a b c) coordinate (e.g., current,
Angle θ Switches State Sector voltage, flux) into a stationary two-phase system (αβ). If zero-
000 sequence is eliminated from the transformation matrices, the
100 Clarke transformation matrix representation is given by Eq.
110 (24).
1st
0° ≤ θ ˂ 60° 111
(Start right)
110 1 1
1 − − 𝑣𝑎
100 𝑣𝛼 2 2 2
000 [𝑣 ] = [ ] [𝑣𝑏 ] (24)
𝛽 3 √3 √3
000 0 − 𝑣𝑐
2 2
010
110 In the αβ-frame, the reference voltage vector V* is as follows:
2nd
60° ≤ θ ˂ 120° 111
(Start left)
110
010 𝑉 ∗ = 𝑣𝛼 + 𝑗𝑣𝛽 (25)
000
000 This vector's magnitude and angle can be calculated as
010 follows:
011
3rd
120° ≤ θ ˂ 180° 111
(Start right) |𝑉 ∗ | = √(𝑣𝛼 )2 + (𝑣𝛽 )2 (26)
011
010
000
𝑣𝛽
000 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) (27)
001 𝑣𝛼
011
4th
180° ≤ θ ˂ 240° 111 The length of the reference vector denotes as |V*| and the
(Start left)
011 angle denotes as θ*. The reference vector is used to precise the
001 control of the magnitude and frequency of the output voltage
000 waveform [29]. A length of the reference voltage and the value
000
of the DC-bus voltage are used to determine the modulation
001
101 index ma:
5th
240° ≤ θ ˂ 300° 111
(Start right) √3 |𝑉 ∗ |
101 𝑚𝑎 = (28)
001 𝑉𝑑𝑐
000
000
100
101
6th
300° ≤ θ ˂ 360° 111
(Start left)
101
100
000

Generally, for each sector number (n), the dwell times

equations can be generalized as follows [27]:

√3 |𝑉 ∗ |𝑇𝑠 𝜋
𝑇𝑎 = sin ( 𝑛 − 𝜃) (20) Figure 9. Configuration of space vector converters (2L-VSC)
𝑉𝑑𝑐 3

√3 |𝑉 ∗ |𝑇𝑠 𝜋
𝑇𝑏 = sin (𝜃 − (𝑛 − 1) ) (21)
𝑉𝑑𝑐 3

𝑇0 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 − 𝑇𝑏 (22)

where, n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; Ts=Sampling time (switching

time).
The reference voltage in three-phase balanced systems is as
follows [28]:
Figure 10. The block diagram of three-phase two-level
𝑣𝑎∗ = 𝑣𝑚 sin(ωt) SVPWM
∗ 2𝜋
{𝑣𝑏 = 𝑣𝑚 sin (𝜔𝑡 − 3
) (23) The Simulink model of (2L-VSI) that is based on SVPWM
2𝜋
𝑣𝑐∗ = 𝑣𝑚 sin (𝜔𝑡 + ) is shown in Figure 11, while the operating principle is seen in
3
Figure 12 [30].

967
 (TSR) control, Perturb and Observe (P&O) or Hill-Climb
Searching (HCS) control, Power Signal Feedback (PSF), and
Optimum Torque Control (OTC). The control strategy has
been implemented to control the active and reactive power
flows. The modeling and simulation are built using
MATLAB/Simulink software for the DFIG wind turbine using
the different PWM techniques depicted in Figure 13.
The control strategy has been implemented using the DPC
method to control the active and reactive power flows. the
rotor voltage equations in the (d/q) frame [9]. The assumption
Figure 11. Simulink model of (RSC) two-level VSI based on is that power losses in stator and rotor resistances are neglected,
SVPWM 𝑑Ψ𝑠
and the stator flux vector may be taken as roughly
𝑑𝑡
equaling zero because the stator winding links to the AC
electrical network (infinite bus). The d-axis is aligned
(reference frame) with the stator flux vector in this analysis
(Note that: Ψds=Ψs and Ψqs=0), substituting in Eq. (5), obtains:

𝑣𝑑𝑠 = 0
{𝑣 = Ψ 𝜔 = 𝑣 (29)
𝑞𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

The power (active/reactive) equation can be found through

Eqs (11) and (12), and Eq. (29):
3
𝑃𝑠 = (Ψ𝑠 𝜔𝑠 𝑖𝑞𝑠 )
2
{ 3 (30)
𝑄𝑠 = (Ψ𝑠 𝜔𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑠 )
2

From Eqs. (7) and (8), the stator current, can be written as
follows [31]:

Ψ𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑑𝑟 (31)

0 = 𝐿𝑠 𝑖𝑞𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑞𝑟 (32)

The stator current can be written as follows:

Figure 12. Operating principle of output voltage simulations
SVPWM 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑑𝑟 − Ψ𝑠
𝑖𝑑𝑠 =
𝐿𝑠
(33)
𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑞𝑟
𝑖𝑞𝑠 =
4. SIMULATION ROTOR SIDE CONVERTER RSC { 𝐿𝑠

Substituting Eq. (33) into Eq. (30), which yields:

3 𝐿𝑚Ψ𝑠 𝜔𝑠
𝑃𝑠 = − ( 𝑖𝑞𝑟 )
2 𝐿𝑠
{ 3 𝐿𝑚 Ψ𝑠 𝜔𝑠 Ψ2
(34)
𝑠 𝜔𝑠
𝑄𝑠 = − ( 𝑖𝑑𝑟 − )
2 𝐿𝑠 𝐿𝑠

The above equations show that the quadrature rotor and the
direct rotor current components are proportional to the stator's
active and reactive stator's power, as shown in Figure 14.
Therefore, the rotor voltages are derived by multiplying Eqs.
(8) and (9) by the Lm and Ls, respectively, to obtain:
Figure 13. Simulation control circuit of DFIG-RSC
𝐿𝑚 Ψ𝑞𝑠 = 𝐿𝑚 𝐿𝑠 𝑖𝑞𝑠 + 𝐿2𝑚 𝑖𝑞𝑟 (35)
In recent years, many research papers have reviewed
different algorithms and techniques that contribute to tracking 𝐿𝑠 Ψ𝑞𝑟 = 𝐿𝑠 𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 + 𝐿𝑚 𝐿𝑠 𝑖𝑞𝑠 (36)
the maximum PowerPoint to the WECs for different variable
speeds. The algorithms are categorized according to direct Then, Eq. (36) is subtracted from Eq. (35), and the result
electrical power Pele control (DPC) measurement, indirect equation is divided by Ls, yielding:
mechanical power Pwind control (IPC), and hybrid to capture
the extracted maximum power MPPT from WECS. It can be 𝐿𝑚
Ψ𝑞𝑟 = Ψ + 𝜎 𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 = 𝜎 𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 (37)
classified into four main control strategies: Tip Speed Ratio 𝐿𝑠 𝑞𝑠

968
 𝐿2𝑚
where, 𝜎 = (1 − ).
𝐿𝑟 𝐿𝑠
Similarly

𝐿𝑚
Ψ𝑑𝑟 = Ψ + 𝜎 𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑟 (38)
𝐿𝑠 𝑠

The rotor voltage is obtained by substituting Eqs. (37) and

(38) into rotor voltage Eq. (6), it will be shown that the rotor
voltage is proportional to stator flux and rotor current.

𝑑 𝐿𝑚 𝑑Ψ𝑠
𝑣𝑑𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑟 + 𝜎𝐿𝑟 𝑖 − 𝜔𝑟 𝜎𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 + (39)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟 𝐿𝑠 𝑑𝑡 (b) Rotor current

𝑑 𝐿𝑚 Figure 15. Rotor side control of DFIG

𝑣𝑞𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 + 𝜎𝐿𝑟 𝑖 + 𝜔𝑟 𝜎𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑟 + 𝜔𝑟 Ψ (40)
𝑑𝑡 𝑞𝑟 𝐿𝑠 𝑠

The tracking errors active (𝑒𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑠∗ − 𝑃𝑠 ) and reactive 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(𝑒𝑄𝑠 = 𝑄𝑠∗ − 𝑄𝑠 ) stator powers' between the set-point and
actual values [32]. The modelling and simulation of (7.5 KW-DFIG) coupled
with a wind turbine used in Simulink of MATLAB are the
output frequency of the grid (f=50Hz), DC voltage
(Vdc=400V), ma=0.8, and mf=15. All the results of Simulink
models and FFT can be seen. It can be shown that the harmonic
component THD values of the output voltage of SPWM,
THIPWM, and SVPWM techniques are 85.79%, 50.35%, and
42.50% respectively, as investigated in Figures 16 (a), 16 (b)
and 16 (c). The THD factor was found in the SVPWM to be
lower than the other techniques. Because THD values indicate
the quality and reliability of the control system and power
quality. On the other hand, the SVPWM modulation technique
is challenging to implement particularly in the over-
modulation region. The harmonic current, overmodulation
strategy complexity, and smooth transfer between the linear
and overmodulation regions are important problems with the
overmodulation strategy. These problems can affect power
converters' performance, stability, and efficiency.
Figure 14. Block schematic of the DFIG-RSC power control
system

Indeed, DFIG can work in the hyper or hypo-synchronous

mode. Figure 15 (a) depicts the mechanical speed, and Figure
15 (b) illustrates the rotor current during a transition from the
sub-synchronous to the super-synchronous mode [33]. A back-
to-back power electronic is utilized on the RSC-PWM
converter to control the direction of the power flow between
the rotor-DFIG and the network.

(a) SPWM

(a) Mechanical speed

(b) THIPWM

969
 [4] Xu, D., Blaabjerg, F., Chen, W., Zhu, N. (2018).
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[6] Bektache, A., Boukhezzar, B. (2018). Nonlinear
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The essential purpose of any PWM strategy is to generate Engineering Problems, 7(2): 223-236.
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Tem Electromagnetic torque, N⋅m APPENDIX
Tm Mechanical torque, N⋅m
J Moment of inertia, Kg.m2 The characteristics of DFIG used in simulation parameters
Total friction factor constant (DFIG and are noted in Table A1.
f
turbine), Nm.s
Pp No. of pole pairs Table A1. The parameters of DFIG
R Blade radius, m2
vw Wind speed, m/s Parameter Value Unit
Cp Power co-efficient DFIG-rated power 𝑃𝑔 7.5 KW
ωs Synchronous angular speed, rad/sec Stator rated voltage 400 V
ωr Angular speed of rotor, rad/sec Moment of inertia J 0.15 Kg.m2
Friction factor constant 0.05 N.m.s
No. of pair of poles 2 -
Greek symbols
Frequency 50 Hz
Rs 0.5968 Ω
1.225 kg/m3 air density in kg/m3, (e.g., and a Ω
ρair Rr 0.6258
temperature of 15℃ at sea level) Lis 0.00547 H
 Blade pitch angle Lir 0.00547 H
λ Tip speed ratio Lm 0.0354 H
σ Leakage coeffiecient

972