Educational Research Exam - Full Detailed Notes

Q1: Define the followings

Basic Research:

Basic research is done to increase our understanding of fundamental principles. It is theoretical and aims to

discover new knowledge, not to solve immediate problems. For example, studying how memory works in the

brain is basic research. It forms the foundation for other kinds of research.

Applied Research:

Applied research uses the theories and discoveries from basic research to solve real-world problems. For

example, using memory research to improve classroom teaching techniques is applied research. It is

practical and directly useful.

Action Research:

Action research is a small-scale, practical research usually done by teachers or school staff to solve specific

problems in their own environment. It is flexible and aims to improve practices immediately. For example, a

teacher tries a new method to manage classroom behavior and studies its effects.

Historical Research:

Historical research studies past events to understand causes, effects, and trends. It relies on historical

documents, artifacts, and archives. For example, studying the development of Pakistan's education system

after 1947 is historical research.

Descriptive Research:

Descriptive research collects data to describe conditions, situations, or phenomena as they exist. It does not

change or interfere with the situation. For example, a study describing students' internet usage habits is

descriptive research.

Q2: Describe Characteristics of a Researcher

A good researcher must have several key qualities to ensure their work is trustworthy and useful. Curiosity

drives them to ask questions and explore new areas. Honesty and integrity are essential, as a researcher

must present truthful data and not alter results.

allows a researcher to accept unexpected findings. Critical thinking skills help evaluate information logically,

and observation skills enable the researcher to notice small but important details.

Good communication skills are needed to share research findings clearly through writing and speaking. Being

systematic and organized helps plan and conduct research effectively. Ethical behavior, such as respecting

participants' privacy and obtaining informed consent, is a must. Finally, a passion for continuous learning

ensures the researcher keeps improving and adapting to new challenges.

Q3: Explain the Scientific Process of Investigation

Scientific investigation is a step-by-step method used to study and solve problems systematically. It begins by

identifying a problem that needs exploration. The researcher then reviews past research to gather

background knowledge.

Next, a hypothesis (an educated guess) is formed. The researcher designs a research plan, deciding on tools

and methods for data collection. Data is collected carefully, ensuring accuracy and honesty.

After collection, the data is analyzed using statistical tools, charts, or graphs. The researcher interprets the

findings to confirm or reject the hypothesis. Finally, results are written in a report and shared with others.

Sometimes recommendations are also made for future action or further research. Following this scientific

process ensures research is logical, reliable, and beneficial.

Q4: Discuss the Function of Educational Research

Educational research plays many important roles. It helps improve teaching methods by identifying which

approaches are most effective. It solves classroom problems like low motivation or behavior issues. It helps

teachers understand student needs, such as learning difficulties or emotional problems.

Educational research assists policymakers by providing evidence-based data for curriculum changes and

educational reforms. It evaluates programs and interventions, helping decide whether they should continue or

be modified. It supports professional development by training teachers in the latest methods.

Research promotes inclusion by studying challenges faced by marginalized groups and suggesting solutions.
Overall, educational research brings scientific thinking into education, making it more effective, fair, and

relevant to the needs of society.

Q5: What is a Tool of Research? Describe Different Tools of Educational

Research

A research tool is an instrument used to collect data in a study. Without tools, researchers cannot gather

reliable information. Common research tools include:

Questionnaire: A written list of questions answered by participants. Useful for collecting opinions from many

people.

Interview: Face-to-face questioning. Good for collecting detailed and emotional responses.

Observation: Watching people or events and recording behaviors without interference.

Tests: Standardized assessments to measure knowledge, skills, or attitudes.

Rating Scales and Checklists: Used to record levels of behavior, attitudes, or performance.

Choosing the right tool is essential for obtaining valid and accurate results. Sometimes researchers use more

than one tool to strengthen their study.

Q6: Differentiate between Population and Sample; Explain Methods of Sampling

Population refers to the entire group a researcher wants to study, like all teachers in a city. A sample is a

small group selected from the population, like 200 teachers chosen for the study.

Sampling methods include:

Random Sampling: Every person has an equal chance of being chosen. It avoids bias.

Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into groups (like male/female) and samples are taken from each

group.
Systematic Sampling: Choosing every nth person from a list.

Convenience Sampling: Selecting people who are easy to reach.

Sampling makes research manageable, saving time and money, while still giving useful information about the

whole population if done carefully.

Q7: Explain Merits and Demerits of Interview and Questionnaire

Interviews involve direct conversation between researcher and participant. They allow for detailed answers,

flexibility, and observation of emotions. However, interviews are time-consuming, costly, and may be affected

by researcher bias.

Questionnaires are written surveys that people complete independently. They are fast, inexpensive, and

anonymous, making people more honest. However, they often have low response rates, may be

misunderstood, and are not ideal for complex issues.

Choosing between interview and questionnaire depends on the research goal, available time, and resources.

Q8: Write Short Notes on Any Two

Direct Sources: First-hand information like surveys, interviews, and experiments.

Indirect Sources: Second-hand information like books, articles, and internet resources.

Status of Educational Research in Pakistan: It is growing with more Ph.D. programs and journals, but

challenges like limited funding, lack of practical application, and weak linkage with schools remain.

Format of Research Proposal: Includes Title, Introduction, Problem Statement, Objectives, Research

Questions, Literature Review, Methodology, Time Frame, Budget (optional), and References. A good

proposal clearly explains what the researcher plans to do and how.