Q.

1: Define the followings:

a) Basic Research​
Basic research is done to increase our understanding of fundamental principles. It is also called
pure research or theoretical research. It is not focused on solving specific real-world problems
but is more concerned with discovering new knowledge. For example, studying how students
learn best is basic research. It forms the foundation for applied research.

b) Applied Research​
Applied research uses the theories and principles discovered in basic research to solve
practical problems. It is directly useful for finding solutions in real-life situations. For example, if
we use findings about student learning to design a new teaching method, that’s applied
research.

c) Action Research​
Action research is done by people (like teachers or school heads) who want to solve problems
in their own settings. It is small-scale and focuses on improving practices. For example, a
teacher tries a new teaching strategy in class and measures student improvement. It's practical,
not theoretical.

d) Historical Research​
Historical research studies past events to understand current issues or future planning. It uses
documents, archives, newspapers, and other records to collect information. For example,
studying past education policies helps us understand today’s system better.

e) Descriptive Research​
Descriptive research describes situations as they are. It does not change or influence anything.
For example, a researcher might describe how many students in a school use smartphones.
This type of research helps in understanding trends, behaviors, and characteristics.

Each type of research plays a unique role in building knowledge and improving educational
practices.

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Yes Please, Extend it to 500 words

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Perfect! Here is the extended answer for Q.2 in simple English, around 500 words, to help
you memorize and understand well for your exam:

Q.2: Describe Characteristics of a Researcher

A good researcher plays a very important role in educational research. Just like a doctor needs
good habits and training to treat patients, a researcher also needs special qualities and skills to
find the truth and solve problems. Here are the key characteristics of a good researcher:

1. Curiosity and Interest

A good researcher is always curious. He wants to know more and more. He asks questions like:
“Why does this happen?” or “How can I improve this?” This interest helps him stay motivated
and focused.

2. Honesty and Integrity

Truthfulness is the foundation of good research. A researcher should never lie about the results.
If something goes wrong, he must report it honestly. Cheating or changing data is unethical and
destroys the purpose of research.

3. Patience and Hard Work

Research is not a one-day job. It takes time to collect data, analyze it, and write reports. A
researcher must be patient and hardworking. He may face difficulties, but he should not give up.

4. Open-Mindedness

A researcher should be open to new ideas. Sometimes, his hypothesis may be proven wrong,
and he must accept it. He should listen to others and be ready to change his opinion if there is
better evidence.

5. Good Observation Skills

Observation is very important in research. A researcher must be able to see small details and
changes in behavior, events, or data. These small points can lead to big discoveries.

6. Critical Thinking

A researcher must think deeply and not believe anything without checking. He must ask: Is this
result correct? Can it be tested again? Is there another reason for this result? He must think
logically.

7. Communication Skills

After completing research, the researcher must write a report or present his findings. If he
cannot explain his work clearly, people will not understand or use his research. So, he must be
good in writing and speaking.

8. Systematic and Organized

Research must follow a proper plan. A good researcher makes step-by-step plans. He keeps
notes, organizes data, and follows a clear method. This makes his work easier and more
reliable.

9. Ethical Behavior

The researcher should follow rules and respect others. For example, if he is doing a study on
students, he must take permission and protect their privacy. Ethics are very important in
research.

10. Passion for Learning

A good researcher never stops learning. He reads books, attends workshops, and tries new
techniques. Learning helps him improve and do better research.
In conclusion, a researcher is like a detective who looks for the truth with honesty, curiosity,
patience, and a strong sense of responsibility. These qualities help him make real contributions
to knowledge and solve important problems.

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Yes Q3 for 500 words

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Sure! Here's a 500-word answer to Q.3: Explain the scientific process of investigation,
written in simple English for easy understanding and memorization:

Q.3: Explain the Scientific Process of Investigation

The scientific process of investigation is a method used by researchers to find answers to

questions in a logical and step-by-step way. It is very important in educational research because
it helps ensure the results are reliable, valid, and free from personal bias. Let’s break down the
main steps of the scientific process of investigation:

1. Identifying the Problem

The first step is to recognize and define the problem clearly. A researcher thinks about what
needs to be studied. For example, a teacher may notice that many students are not interested in
science and wants to investigate why. This becomes the research problem.

2. Reviewing the Literature

Before starting the actual research, the researcher reads books, articles, reports, and past
studies on the same topic. This step helps the researcher understand what has already been
discovered, avoid repeating others' work, and improve their research idea. This is called a
“review of related literature.”
3. Formulating a Hypothesis

A hypothesis is an educated guess or a possible answer to the research problem. It gives

direction to the study. For example, the teacher might guess: “Students are not interested in
science because the teaching method is boring.” This is the hypothesis.

4. Designing the Research

In this step, the researcher makes a plan. He decides how to collect data, which tools to use
(like questionnaires, interviews, or tests), and who will be part of the study (sample selection).
The plan must be clear, systematic, and practical.

5. Collecting Data

Now the researcher starts gathering information. This data can be collected in different ways like
giving questionnaires to students, interviewing teachers, or observing classes. It is important
that the data collection is done honestly and without any bias.

6. Analyzing the Data

After collecting data, the researcher organizes it and tries to make sense of it. He uses
mathematical or statistical methods like tables, graphs, averages, or percentages. This helps to
find patterns or relationships between things.

7. Drawing Conclusions

Now the researcher interprets the data and checks if the hypothesis was correct or not. For
example, if the data shows that most students said science is boring because of lectures only,
the hypothesis is supported.

8. Reporting the Findings

Finally, the researcher writes a report. It includes the problem, methods, results, and conclusion.
This report is shared with teachers, students, or education departments so that they can learn
from it and take action.
9. Suggesting Recommendations

Sometimes, the researcher gives suggestions based on the study. For example, “Teachers
should use experiments and group activities in science classes to improve interest.”

Conclusion

The scientific process is very important because it makes research more organized, logical, and
trustworthy. It avoids guessing and instead depends on facts. By following this process,
educational researchers can solve real problems and improve learning in schools and colleges.

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yes Q4 for 500 words

ChatGPT said:

Here is the 500-word answer to Q.4: Discuss the function of educational research, in
simple and easy English for exam preparation:

Q.4: Discuss the Function of Educational Research

Educational research plays a very important role in improving education. It is the process of
collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information to understand educational problems and
improve teaching, learning, and administration. The main goal of educational research is to
make education better, more effective, and fair for everyone.

Let’s explore the major functions of educational research:

1. Improving Teaching Methods

One of the most important functions of educational research is to find out which teaching
methods work best. Researchers study different ways of teaching—like group work, lectures,
online learning, etc.—and compare their effects on student learning. This helps teachers choose
the best method for their students.

2. Solving Classroom Problems

Teachers often face challenges like lack of student interest, poor performance, discipline issues,
or communication gaps. Educational research helps solve these problems by identifying their
causes and suggesting practical solutions. For example, if students are weak in math, research
can find out why and offer better teaching strategies.

3. Understanding Student Behavior and Needs

Educational research helps teachers and schools understand how students think, feel, and
behave. It studies factors like motivation, learning styles, attention span, and emotional needs.
This understanding helps in designing lessons that match students' abilities and needs.

4. Developing Curriculum and Educational Policies

Educational research provides the data and facts needed to design better textbooks, curricula,
and exams. Governments and education boards use research findings to make policies about
subjects, language of instruction, exam formats, etc. Without research, such decisions would be
based on guesswork.

5. Evaluating Educational Programs

Many schools and governments run programs like free education, laptop schemes, or teacher
training. Educational research is used to evaluate if these programs are successful or not. It
answers questions like: Did the program achieve its goal? Was it cost-effective? Should it
continue or stop?

6. Professional Development for Teachers

Through action research or training-based research, teachers learn new techniques and reflect
on their own teaching. It helps teachers grow in their profession, stay updated with new trends,
and become better educators.
7. Promoting Equality and Inclusion

Educational research also focuses on social justice issues like gender discrimination, poverty,
and lack of access to schools. It helps identify problems faced by disadvantaged groups and
gives suggestions to include everyone in the education system.

8. Making Education Scientific

Before research, education was based mostly on tradition or opinion. Now, research has made it
more scientific. Educational decisions are made based on facts, evidence, and testing—not just
personal experience.

Conclusion

In short, educational research is like a guide that helps improve all parts of education. It makes
education more effective, equal, and based on real evidence. From improving teaching methods
to designing policies, from understanding students to solving school problems—educational
research plays a central role in shaping the future of learning.

Shall I continue with Q.5 in the same 500-word format?

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Yes Q5 for 500 words

ChatGPT said:

Here’s the 500-word answer to Q.5: What is a tool of research? Describe different tools of
educational research, in simple English to help you memorize easily:

Q.5: What is a Tool of Research? Describe Different Tools of Educational

Research

A research tool is anything that helps a researcher collect information or data for their study.
Just like a carpenter uses tools like a hammer and saw to build furniture, a researcher uses
different tools to gather facts, opinions, behaviors, or performances. Without the right tools, a
researcher cannot collect proper data and the research would be weak.

In educational research, tools are very important because they help find out how students
learn, how teachers teach, and how schools function. Let’s understand the main research tools
used in education:

1. Questionnaire

A questionnaire is a list of questions given to people (like students or teachers) to fill out. The
questions can be multiple choice, true/false, or open-ended where people write their own
answers.

✅ Advantages:
●​ Easy to send to many people at once.​

●​ Saves time and money.​

●​ Respondents can answer in private, which can give more honest answers.​

❌ Disadvantages:
●​ Some people may not take it seriously.​

●​ Misunderstanding of questions is possible.​

Example: A questionnaire asking teachers about their use of technology in classrooms.

2. Interview

An interview is a face-to-face meeting where the researcher asks questions directly and
records the answers. Interviews can be formal (structured) or informal (open discussion).

✅ Advantages:
●​ Researcher can ask extra questions if needed.​

●​ Body language and emotions can also be observed.​

❌ Disadvantages:
●​ Time-consuming.​

●​ Interviewer’s own bias may affect the responses.​

Example: Interviewing students about their feelings toward online learning.

3. Observation

Observation means watching and noting down what people do in real situations without asking
them questions. It can be done in classrooms, playgrounds, or any educational setting.

✅ Advantages:
●​ Real behavior is recorded.​

●​ Useful when participants are too young or unable to answer questions.​

❌ Disadvantages:
●​ Observer may miss small details.​

●​ People might change behavior if they know they are being watched.​

Example: Observing students’ participation during a group activity.

4. Tests

Tests are formal ways to measure knowledge, skills, attitudes, or intelligence. These can
include exams, quizzes, aptitude tests, or psychological tests.

✅ Advantages:
●​ Objective and easy to score.​

●​ Helpful for comparing large groups.​

❌ Disadvantages:
●​ Only measures what is asked.​

●​ Anxiety can affect performance.​

Example: A science test to measure students' understanding of experiments.

5. Rating Scales and Checklists

Rating scales are used to measure attitudes or behaviors by giving a score (like from 1 to 5).​
Checklists list specific behaviors or actions, and the observer ticks the boxes when they
happen.

✅ Advantages:
●​ Easy to use and understand.​

●​ Gives structured information.​

❌ Disadvantages:
●​ Might not capture complex feelings or behaviors fully.​

Example: A checklist used by a teacher to record how many students complete homework on
time.

Conclusion

In educational research, choosing the right tool is very important because good tools lead to
accurate and meaningful data. Sometimes researchers even use a combination of tools to make
their research stronger and more reliable.

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Yes Plz Q6 for 500 words

ChatGPT said:

Here’s the 500-word answer to Q.6: Differentiate between population and sample? Explain
different methods of sampling, written in simple English for easy memorization:

Q.6: Differentiate between Population and Sample. Explain Different

Methods of Sampling

In research, we often want to study a large group of people. However, studying every single
person is usually impossible because of time, cost, and effort. Therefore, researchers use two
important terms: population and sample.

Population

A population is the entire group that a researcher wants to study. It includes all the individuals
who have something in common related to the research topic.​
For example, if a study is about university students in Pakistan, then all university students in
Pakistan are the population.

A population can be:

●​ Big (all school children in a country)​

●​ Small (all teachers in a school)​

●​ Humans, animals, or even objects.​

Sample

A sample is a small group selected from the population. It represents the larger population.
Instead of studying every university student in Pakistan, we may select 500 students from
different universities as a sample.

The sample should be selected carefully so that it truly represents the entire population. Good
sampling helps researchers make generalizations about the whole group.
Main Differences between Population and Sample:
Population Sample

Entire group to be studied Part of the population selected for study

Bigger in size Smaller in size

Study is difficult, costly, and Study is easier, cheaper, and faster

time-taking

Examples: All students in Pakistan Example: 500 students selected from different
universities

Methods of Sampling

Sampling methods are ways researchers choose individuals from the population. Here are the
main methods:

1. Random Sampling

In random sampling, every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.​
Example: Putting all student names in a box and picking randomly.

✅ Advantages:
●​ Fair and unbiased.​

❌ Disadvantages:
●​ Difficult if the population is very large.​

2. Stratified Sampling

In stratified sampling, the population is divided into smaller groups (strata) based on
characteristics like gender, age, or education. Then samples are taken from each group.

Example: Divide students by field (science, arts, commerce) and then randomly select from
each group.
✅ Advantages:
●​ Ensures representation from all important subgroups.​

❌ Disadvantages:
●​ More complex than random sampling.​

3. Systematic Sampling

In this method, you select every nth person from a list after randomly starting at a point.

Example: In a list of 1000 students, select every 10th student.

✅ Advantages:
●​ Simple and quick.​

❌ Disadvantages:
●​ If there is a hidden pattern, it might affect results.​

4. Convenience Sampling

This method involves selecting people who are easiest to reach.

Example: Surveying students who are in the university cafeteria at the time.

✅ Advantages:
●​ Very easy and quick.​

❌ Disadvantages:
●​ May not represent the whole population accurately.​
Conclusion

In educational research, understanding the difference between population and sample is very
important. Choosing the right sampling method ensures that research results are valid, reliable,
and truly reflect the larger group. Without good sampling, research results may be misleading.

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Yes Plz Q7

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Here’s the 500-word answer to Q.7: Explain merits and demerits of interview and
questionnaire as tools of research, written in simple English for easy memorization:

Q.7: Explain Merits and Demerits of Interview and Questionnaire as Tools of

Research

In educational research, interviews and questionnaires are very common tools for collecting
data. Both have their own strengths (merits) and weaknesses (demerits). Choosing between
them depends on the research topic, the time available, and the type of information needed.

Let’s understand each tool in detail:

Interview

An interview is a face-to-face conversation where the researcher asks questions and the
respondent gives answers. Interviews can also be done over the phone or through video calls.

Merits of Interview

✅ 1. Detailed Information​
Interviews allow the researcher to ask deep and complex questions. The researcher can ask for
more explanation if an answer is not clear.
✅ 2. Flexibility​
The researcher can change the order of questions or ask new questions during the interview
depending on the situation.

✅ 3. Personal Touch​
Interviews build a relationship between the researcher and the respondent, which often leads to
honest and open answers.

✅ 4. Observation of Emotions and Behavior​

Besides the spoken answers, the researcher can also observe body language, facial
expressions, and emotions during the interview.

Demerits of Interview

❌ 1. Time-Consuming​
Interviews take a lot of time because each person must be questioned individually.

❌ 2. Expensive​
Travelling to meet respondents, recording answers, and transcribing interviews can be costly.

❌ 3. Interviewer Bias​
The researcher’s tone, expressions, or way of asking questions can influence the respondent’s
answers.

❌ 4. Difficult to Analyze​
Since interviews often produce long, descriptive answers, analyzing and organizing the data
can be difficult and tiring.

Questionnaire

A questionnaire is a written set of questions given to people to answer, either on paper or

online. The answers are usually collected without direct contact.

Merits of Questionnaire

✅ 1. Time-Saving​
A questionnaire can be given to many people at the same time. It collects large amounts of
data quickly.
✅ 2. Low Cost​
Compared to interviews, it is cheaper. Especially with online questionnaires, there are no travel
or printing costs.

✅ 3. No Interviewer Bias​
Since the respondent fills out the questionnaire privately, there is no pressure from a
researcher.

✅ 4. Anonymity Encourages Honesty​

People may answer more truthfully when their identity is not known.

✅ 5. Easy to Analyze​
Since most questionnaires have set options (like multiple choice), analyzing and summarizing
results is fast and easy.

Demerits of Questionnaire

❌ 1. Low Response Rate​

Many people may not return the questionnaire or may leave it half-filled.

❌ 2. Limited Information​
Questionnaires usually offer fixed answers, so detailed opinions or feelings might not be
captured.

❌ 3. Misunderstanding​
If a question is confusing, the respondent cannot ask for clarification, leading to wrong answers.

❌ 4. Not Suitable for Complex Topics​

For very complicated issues, questionnaires may not gather deep and meaningful information.

Conclusion

Both interviews and questionnaires are useful research tools, but each is suited to different
types of studies. Interviews are better for in-depth understanding, while questionnaires are
better for collecting simple information from a large number of people. A good researcher
chooses the tool that best fits their research goal.

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4o
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Yes plz Q8 for 500 words

ChatGPT said:

Here’s the 500-word answer to Q.8: Write short notes on any two (Direct and Indirect
Sources of Information, Status of Educational Research in Pakistan, Format of Research
Proposal), written in simple and easy English for your exam preparation:

Q.8: Write Short Notes on Any Two

(a) Direct and Indirect Sources of Information

In educational research, information is collected through different sources. These sources can
be divided into direct and indirect types.

Direct Sources of Information

Direct sources give first-hand information. It means the researcher collects data directly from
the original person or event.​
Examples include:

●​ Surveys​

●​ Interviews​

●​ Observations​

●​ Experiments​

When a researcher conducts a survey asking students about their study habits, it is a direct

✅
source. The information is fresh, real, and original.​
Advantages:

●​ Information is accurate and up-to-date.​

●​ Researcher can ask follow-up questions.​

❌ Disadvantages:
●​ It can be time-consuming and costly.​

Indirect Sources of Information

Indirect sources provide second-hand information. It means the researcher uses information
that someone else has already collected or written.​
Examples include:

●​ Books​

●​ Research articles​

●​ Newspapers​

●​ Reports​

●​ Internet sources​

When a researcher reads a book about education policies and uses that information, it is an

✅
indirect source.​
Advantages:

●​ Easy and quick to access.​

●​ Useful for background knowledge.​

❌ Disadvantages:
●​ Information might be outdated or biased.​

Conclusion:

Both direct and indirect sources are important. Researchers usually use a combination of both
to make their research strong and well-supported.
(b) Status of Educational Research in Pakistan

Educational research in Pakistan is growing but still faces many challenges. Here is a simple
overview:

Positive Aspects:

●​ Many universities offer M.Phil. and Ph.D. programs in education.​

●​ Research journals are now available to publish educational studies.​

●​ Government and private organizations are showing interest in improving education

through research.​

●​ Awareness about action research is increasing among teachers.​

Challenges:

●​ Lack of funds and financial support for research projects.​

●​ Shortage of skilled and trained researchers.​

●​ Many studies are theoretical and not practically useful.​

●​ Limited connection between research findings and real classroom practices.​

●​ Research often remains in universities and is not shared with schools and teachers.​

Needs for Improvement:

●​ More investment in research facilities and training programs.​

●​ Better link between universities and schools.​

●​ Encouragement for teachers to conduct small action research projects.​

 ●​ Focus on solving real-world education problems instead of only writing theoretical
papers.​

Conclusion:

Although educational research is developing in Pakistan, a lot more needs to be done. Strong
research can help Pakistan improve its education system, teaching quality, and student
outcomes.

(c) Format of a Research Proposal

A research proposal is a plan that explains what you want to study, why you want to study it,
and how you will study it. It is like a blueprint before building a house.

Main Parts of a Research Proposal:

1.​ Title: A clear and short heading for your research.​

2.​ Introduction: Background information about your topic.​

3.​ Statement of Problem: What problem will your research solve?​

4.​ Objectives of Study: What are you trying to achieve?​

5.​ Research Questions/Hypotheses: What questions will you answer or test?​

6.​ Review of Literature: Summary of past research.​

7.​ Methodology:​

○​ Sample selection​

○​ Tools for data collection (e.g., questionnaire, interview)​

○​ Techniques for data analysis​

8.​ Time Schedule: Plan of when each task will be done.​

 9.​ Budget (Optional): How much money is needed for the project.​

10.​References: List of books, articles, and sources used.​

Conclusion:

A good research proposal is clear, complete, and convincing. It shows that the researcher is
serious and capable of conducting the study.