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Bipolar Junction Transistors

The document provides an overview of Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), highlighting their significance as foundational components in modern technology. It covers their structure, types (pnp and npn), operation modes, and advantages over vacuum tubes, as well as various configurations and classifications of amplifiers. Additionally, it discusses the Darlington pair configuration for increased current gain.

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kesleyracoma
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16 views23 pages

Bipolar Junction Transistors

The document provides an overview of Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), highlighting their significance as foundational components in modern technology. It covers their structure, types (pnp and npn), operation modes, and advantages over vacuum tubes, as well as various configurations and classifications of amplifiers. Additionally, it discusses the Darlington pair configuration for increased current gain.

Uploaded by

kesleyracoma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bipolar Junction

Transistors
BY:
PROF. MARIA NIEVES D. ELARCO
TRANSISTOR INTRODUCTION
• Beside diodes, the most popular semiconductor devices is transistors.
• Transistors are often said to be the most significant invention of the
20th Century.
• If cells are the building blocks of life, transistors are the building
blocks of the digital revolution. Without transistors, the technological
wonders you use every day -- cell phones, computers, cars -- would be
vastly different, if they existed at all.
• Transistors are more complex and can be used in many ways.
• Most important feature: can amplify signals and as switch.
• Amplification can make weak signal strong (make sounds louder and
signal levels greater), in general, provide function called Gain.
TRANSISTOR HISTORY
FIRST TRANSISTOR
TRANSISTOR STRUCTURE
TRANSISTOR CONSTRUCTION
Transistor Construction

There are two types of transistors:


• pnp
• npn pnp

The terminals are labeled:


• E - Emitter
• B - Base
• C - Collector
npn
NPN TRANSISTOR STRUCTURE

• The collector is lightly doped.

• The base is thin and is very lightly doped.

• The emitter is heavily doped.


TRANSISTOR BIASING

• The base-emitter (BE) junction is forward


biased
• The base-collector (BC) junction is reverse
biased.
Currents in a Transistor

Emitter current is the sum of the collector and


base currents:

IE = IC + IB

The collector current is comprised of two


currents:
IC = IC + I CO
majority minority
Transistor Operating Regions

• Active – Operating range of the • Active Mode Base- Emitter junction is


amplifier. forward and Base-Collector junction is
reverse biased.
• Cutoff – The amplifier is
basically off. There is voltage, • Cut-off Mode Both junctions are reverse
but little current. biased
• Saturation – The amplifier is
full on. There is current, but • Saturation Mode Base- Emitter junction is
little voltage. forward and Base-Collector junction is
forward biased.
Advantages of Transistor over Vacuum Tubes

• Smaller and light weight


• Has no heater requirement or heater loss
• Has rugged construction
• It is more efficient since less power is absorbed by the device
• It is instantly available for use; requiring no warm-up period
• Low operating voltages are possible
Reason for Biasing Types of Bias Circuits
• To turn-on the device • Fixed bias
• To place it in operation of its • Self bias
characteristic where the • Signal Bias
device operates mast
linearly.
Transistor Configuration
• Transistor can be connected in a circuit in following three ways:
1) Common Base
2) Common Emitter
3) Common Collector
Comparison of Amplifier Configurations

Characteristics Common Base Common Emitter Common Collector


Power Gain Moderate Highest Moderate
Voltage Gain Highest Moderate Lowest
Current Gain Lowest Moderate Highest
Input Impedance Lowest Moderate Highest
Output Impedance Highest Moderate Lowest
Phase Inversion None 1800 out of phase None
Application Use as RF Amplifier Best in most application Used as isolation Amplifier
Transistor as an Amplifier
• Amplification is the process of linearly increasing the amplitude of an
electrical signal and is one of the properties of a transistor.

A transistor amplifies current because the collector current is equal to the


base current multiplied by the current gain. The base current in s transistor
is very small compared to the collector and emitter currents. Because of
this the collector current is approximately equal to the emitter current.

Audio Signal is the electrical signal which is from human voice to an


electrical signal. Since the component used in amplifying signal is
electronics and electronics is a device operated in electrical source, audio
signal must be converted to electrical signal.
Simple Amplifier Circuit using Bipolar Transistor
Transistor as a Switch
Classification of Amplifiers:
According to Function According to Power Output
• Voltage Amplifier • Class A Amplifier
• Current Amplifier • Class B Amplifier
• Power Amplifier • Class C Amplifier
• Class AB Amplifier
According to Configuration
• Common Base Amplifier According to the signal Being
Amplified
• Common Emitter Amplifier
• Small Signal Amplifiers
• Common Collector Amplifier
• Large Signal Amplifiers
Classification of Amplifiers:
According to Frequency According to Method of Coupling
• DC Amplifier • Direct Coupling
• AF amplifier • Capacitive Coupling
• RF Amplifier • Inductive Coupling
• IF Amplifier • Transformer Coupling
• Video Amplifier
Darlington Pair Transistor
A Darlington pair is two transistors that act as a single transistor but with a
much higher current gain. This mean that a tiny amount of current from a
sensor, micro-controller or similar can be used to drive a larger load. An
example circuit is shown below:

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