MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: Biomedical instrumentation Subject Code:- 17666
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.

Q. No. Sub Answer Marking

Q.N. Scheme
Q.1 A) Attempt any THREE : 12 Marks
a) Draw neat and labelled block diagram of spirometer. State its use. 4 Marks
Ans: Block diagram of spirometer : 2Marks

Use of spirometer: 2 Marks for

 To measure all lung volumes and capacities. any two
relevant uses
 To diagnose asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ,
Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema, Pulmonary fibrosis other conditions that
affect breathing

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 To monitor lung condition and check whether a treatment for a chronic lung
condition is helping to breathe better.

b) List any four effects of leakage current on human body. 4 Marks

Ans: List of effects of current on human body with increasing current intensity 4 Marks

 Threshold of perception: It is approximately about a current 500 micro Amp (1 Mark

or 0.5 mA. each –any
 Accepted safe level: It is up to 5 mA. It is not considered harmful although four)
sensation may be unpleasant and painful.
 Maximum let go current: It is in excess of 10mA or 20mA. It can tetantize
the arm muscle.
 Danger of ventricular fibrillation: It is for currents above 75 mA. It is a
cardiac emergency and if not treated immediately can result in death.
 Contraction of heart (Sustained myocardial contraction): it is for current at
excess of 1A or 2A.
 Severe burns and physical injury: It is for current at excess of 10A.
 Danger of respiratory paralysis: It is for current at excess of 100mA onwards.
 Sustained Myocardial contraction: Entire heart muscles contract at current in
the range of 1- 6 Amp.
c) Draw a neat labelled diagram of heart and list its parts. 4 Marks

Ans: labelled diagram of heart : 3 Marks

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OR

List parts of Heart:

1. Right Atrium
2. Right ventricle
1 Mark
3. Left Atrium
4. Left ventricle
5. Arteries(Pulmonary, Aorta)
6. Veins(Superior venacava, Inferior Venacava, Pulmonary veins)
7. Valves(Tricuspid ,Bicuspid ,Mitral(Pulmonary) ,Aortic)
8. Septum

d) Define micro-shock and macro-shock. 4 Marks

Ans: Micro-shock: When an interaction of electric current takes place with human body 2 Marks for
or human body tissues in such a way that one contact is applied directly to the heart definition
& other to body surface, the effect of current applied to the heart is often referred to
as micro- shock.
OR
The effect of electric current on human body when both conductors or at least one
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conductor is directly applied to the heart is called micro-shock.

2 Marks for
Macro shock: When an interaction of electric current takes place with human body definition
or human body tissues in such a way that current is applied through the surface
contacts, the effect of current is called macro shock.
Or
The effect of electric current on human body when both contacts are applied through
the surface of the body is called macro-shock.

B) Attempt any ONE : 6 Marks

a) Compare Internal Pacemaker and External Pacemaker on any two points. 6 Marks
Classify various types of pacing modes in Pacemaker.

Ans: 2 Marks
(Any 2
points-
1 Marks
each)

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4 Marks

Classification of pacing modes in Pacemaker:

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b) Describe the operation of kidney with neat sketch. 6 Marks

Ans: Kidney Structure: 3 Marks

Any other
relevant
diagram
may also be
given marks

Operation of kidney: The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs found on the left and
right sides of the body . They are located at the back of the abdominal cavity in
the retroperitoneal space. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blood
exits into the paired renal veins. Each kidney is attached to a ureter, a tube that
carries excreted urine to the bladder. 3 Marks
The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Each adult kidney
contains around one million nephrons. The nephron utilizes four processes to alter the
blood plasma which flows to it:
 Filtration: It takes place at the renal corpuscle or renal cortex of the kidney
where glomeruli of nephrons are situated. It is the process by which cells and
large proteins are retained while materials of smaller molecular weights
are filtered from the blood to make an ultra filtrate that eventually becomes
urine.
 Reabsorption : Reabsorption takes place in renal pyramid of the kidney where
tubules are situated. It is the transport of molecules from this ultrafiltrate and
into the peritubular capillary. It is accomplished via selective receptors on the
luminal cell membrane. Water is 65% reabsorbed in the proximal
tubule. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, etc also are
reabsorbed.
 Secretion: It takes place in renal pelvis which is funnel shaped cavity that
receives the urine. Secretion is the reverse of reabsorption, molecules are
transported from the peritubular capillary through the interstitial fluid, then
through the renal tubular cell and into the ultrafiltrate.
 Excretion: From pelvis, urine is conveyed from kidney to the urinary bladder.
The last step in the processing of the ultrafiltrate is excretion: the ultrafiltrate
passes out of the nephron and travels through a tube called the collecting duct,
which is part of the collecting duct system, and then to the ureters where it is
renamed urine.

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Q2 A) Attempt any TWO : 16 Marks

a) Describe action potential and resting potential with neat diagram & waveform. 8 Marks

Ans: Resting potential: Surrounding the cell of the body are body fluids. These fluids are 3 Marks
conductive solutions containing charged atoms known as ions. The principle ions are
sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl -). (1mark for
The membrane of excitable cells readily permit entry of( K+) and (Cl-) ions and diagram and
restrict the entry of (Na+) ions. The inability of sodium to penetrate the membrane 2 marks for
results in two conditions. First, the concentration of sodium ions inside the cell is explanation)
much lower than in the intercellular fluid outside. Since the sodium ions are positive,
this would tend to make the outside of the cell more positive than the inside. Second,
in an attempt to balance the electric charge, additional potassium ions, which are also
positive, enter the cell, causing a higher concentration of K+ ions on the inside than
on the outside. This charge balance cannot be achieved, however because of the
concentration imbalance of K+ ions. Equilibrium is reached with the potential
difference across the membrane, negative on the inside and positive on the outside.
This membrane potential is called the resting potential of the cell and is maintained
until some kind of disturbance upset the equilibrium.

Action potential: When cell is excited by any external excitation or stimulus then
property of cell membrane changes and it allows entry of Na+ ions. The large number
of Na+ ions tries to enter inside the cell .At the same time K+ ions try to leave the cell 3 Marks
but are unable to move as fast as Na+ ions. So after some time, potential inside the
cell body is more +ve than outside. This developed potential in the cell is called as 1mark for
“action potential “and is approximately around +20mV. diagram and
The process of changing from resting state to the action potential is called 2 marks for
depolarization.
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explanation)

waveform

2 Marks

b) Describe with neat and labelled diagram of measurement of blood pressure 8 Marks
using sphygmomanometer. State the normal range of blood pressure.
Ans: Measurement of blood pressure using sphygmomanometer :
Step 1: 2 Marks

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Step 2: 2 Marks

Step 3:
2 Marks

OR

2 marks for
any relevant
Diagram

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Working: 4 marks for

The sphygmomanometer consists of an inflatable pressure cuff and a mercury or explanation
aneroid manometer to measure the pressure in the cuff.
To obtain a BP measurement, the pressure cuff on the upper arm is inflated to a
pressure above systolic pressure. At this point, no sounds can be heard through the
stethoscope placed over the artery. The pressure in the cuff is slowly released using
the needle valve provided. When the cuff pressure falls below systolic pressure,
Korotk off sounds can be heard through the stethoscope. The pressure of the cuff,
indicated on the manometer when the first Korotk off sound is heard will be systolic
blood pressure.
As the pressure in the cuff continues to drop, at a particular value, the Korotk off
sounds completely disappear. This value is recorded as diastolic pressure.

Systolic blood pressure: Range of systolic blood pressure in normal adult is in the 1 mark
range of 95-140 mm of Hg with 120 mm of Hg being, average.
Diastolic blood pressure: Range of Diastolic blood pressure in normal adult is in
the range of 60-90 mm of Hg with 80 mm of Hg being average. 1 mark
c) Explain operation of X-ray machine with its block diagram. List its two 8 Marks
application.
Ans:

3 Marks

For diagram

OR

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Explanation :
 The block diagram of X ray machine consists of two parts .
 One of them is to produce high voltage which is applied to tubes anode and
cathode. It comprises of a high voltage step up transformer followed by
rectification. The current through the tube follows the high tension path way
and is measured by mA meter. A kV selector switch facilitates change in 3 Marks for
voltage between the exposures. The voltage is measured with the help of kV explanation
meter. The exposure switch controls the timer and thus the duration of
application of kV. To compensate mains supply voltage variation, a voltage
compensator is included in the circuit.
 The second part is concerned with the control of heating X-Ray tube filament.
The filament is heated with 6-12 volts of AC Supply at current of 3-5 A. The
filament temperature determines the tube current and therefore the filament
temp control is attached to a mA selector. The filament current is controlled
by using in the primary side of the filament transformer, a variable choke or
rheostat. The rheostat provides a step wise control of mA and is most
commonly used in modern machine.
Application of of X-ray machine:
 X-ray machines are used in health care for visualising bone structures, during
surgeries (especially orthopaedic) to assist surgeons in reattaching broken 2 Marks for
bones. any two
 Assisting cardiologists in locating blocked arteries and guiding stent applications-
placements or performing angioplasties and for other dense tissues such 1M each
as tumours.
 Non-medicinal applications include security and material analysis.
 To detect conditions like osteoporosis, tooth decay, broken teeth, etc.
 To detect conditions affecting lungs and respiration.

Q. 3 A) Attempt any FOUR : 16 Marks

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a) Describe with neat labelled diagram the structure of Neuron and its 4 Marks
Functioning.
Ans: Any one
diagram for
2 Marks.

OR

OR

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Explanation:
The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system. A neuron is a single cell with a
cell body. 2 Marks for
Axon Hillock is the point at which action potentials are usually generated. relevant
Nodes of Ranvier help speed the transmission of information along the nerves. explanation
Afferent nerve carry sensory information from the various parts of the body to the
brain and efferent nerves carry signals from the brain to various muscles.

b) Draw the block diagram of EEG machine and state its two specifications. 4 Marks
Ans: Block Diagram Of EEG Machine: Diagram
2 Marks

Any four
relevant
Specification
Specification OF EEG Machine: 2 Marks
Specifications based on following points wrt typical EEG Machine can be
considered-
1) Operational Requirement
2) Technical Specifications
3) System Configuration Accessories, spares and consumables
4) Environmental Factors affecting the measurement
5) Power Supply
6) Standard Safety and electrical safety parameters
7) Documentation.

c) Explain working of d.c. defibrillation with waveform. 4 Marks

Ans: Diagram:

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Diagram
2 Marks

OR

Explanation:
In defibrillator a capacitor is charged to a high DC voltage and then rapidly
discharged through the paddle electrodes across the chest of the patient. An inductor
in the defibrillator is used to shape the wave in order to avoid sharp current spikes.
Depending on the energy setting the amount of electrical energy discharged by the
capacitor may of the range 100w and 400w per second.
Waveforms:

Explanation
1 Mark

Waveform
1 Mark

d) Explain electrode-electrolyte interface with the help of diagram. 4 Marks

Ans:

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Diagram: Diagram 2
Marks

Explanation:
Since the bioelectric potentials are ionic current, we need transducers which convert Explanation
ionic current into electric current. These transducers are called Electrodes. 2 marks

When electrode in their simplest form made of piece of metal is placed in or on the
body they come in contact with body fluids which may be considered as electrolyte.
Due to this contact between metal and electrolyte solution an electro chemical reaction
produces a difference of potential between the metal and solution.

The interface of metallic solution with their associated metal results in an electrical
potential called Electrode Potential.

e) Explain the working of plethysmograph for measurement of blood flow. 4 Marks

Ans: Diagram: Diagram 2
marks

Explanation:
The instrument used to measure blood volume changes and in turn blood flow is called
as Plethysmograph. It consists of a rigid cup or chamber placed over the limb or digit
in which volume changes are to be measured.
The cup is tightly sealed the member so that any changes of volume in the limb or digit
reflect as pressure changes inside the chamber. Either fluid or air can be used to fill the
chamber.
A pressure transducer is included to respond to pressure changes within the chamber
and to provide a signal that can be calibrated to represent the volume of blood of the

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limb or digit. The base line pressure is calibrated using syringe.

If the cuff placed upstream from the seal is not inflated, the output signal is a sequence Explanation
of pulsations proportional to the individual volume changes with each heartbeat. 2 Marks
If the cuff is inflated to a pressure just above venous pressure arterial blood can flow
past the cuff but venous blood cannot leave. In this way total amount of blood flowing
into the limb can be measured.

Q. 4 A) Attempt any THREE : 12 Marks

a) Explain in brief skin surface electrodes. 4 Marks
Ans: Suction cup Electrode Any four
1. Metals used are German silver [Ni – Ag] or nickel plated steel. one mark
2. These electrodes are used for ECG measurements as chest electrodes. In this each
type only the rim makes contact with the skin.
3. These can be placed at a particular locations and then quickly move to next
location.
4. It consists of hollow, metallic, cylindrical electronic rim that makes contact
with the skin at its base and a rubber suction bulb which fits over its top.
5. When bulb is released the suction applied against the skin holds the electronic
assembly in place.

Metal Disc Electrode

1. This electrode can be made of different metals(Silver, Platinum, Stainless
steel)
2. Lead wire is soldered or welded to the back surface and protected by a layer
of insulating material.
3. This electrode is mainly used as a chest electrode for recording ECG.
4. This is also used to measure of EMG and EEG.

Disposable electrode
1. It consists of a disc of plastic foam material with a silver plated disc on one
side attached to a silver plated snap.

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2. A layer of electrolyte paste covers the disk and the electrode side of the foam
material is covered with an adhesive material that is compatible with the skin.

OR

Limb electrodes: They are rectangular or circular surface electrodes used for ECG
recording. Materials used are German silver, nickel silver or nickel plated steel.
They are held in position by elastic straps. They are reusable and last for several
years.

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b) Describe with help of block diagram working of dialysis machine. 4 Marks

Ans:
Diagram: Diagram 2
marks

Explanation
2 Marks

Explanation:
In a dialysis machine the blood from the patient through the roller pumps enters the
dialyzer unit.
The blood flows in the dialyzer unit from the bottom to top on one side of the semi
permeable membrane, while the dialysate which has negligible amount of urea flows
from top to bottom. A blood leak detector monitors the dialysate for traces of blood in
it.
Heparin pump is usually in form of syringe.
The dialysate is a mixture of concentrate and water in suitable proportion and is passed
through proportionating pump. The dialysate temperature is controlled at body
temperature.
Conductivity of the dialysate is monitored to verify the accuracy of proportioning.
A flow meter measures the flow of dialysate. Effluents pump help to pass the dialysate
to the drain.
Once through the dialyzer the blood free from urea is returned to the body through the
bubble trap which removes the chances of bubble in the blood.

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c) Draw neat labelled block diagram of ECG machine. State the difference 4 Marks
between unipolar and bipolar lead.
Ans: Diagram: Diagram
2 marks

OR

Difference between Unipolar and Bipolar leads: 2 Marks.

Unipolar Leads: For unipolar lead Electrocardiogram is recorded between single
exploratory electrode and central terminal. Central terminal is obtained by
connecting the remaining active electrodes together through resistors.
Bipolar leads:
These leads are called bipolar leads because for each lead the electrocardiogram is
recorded from two electrodes and third electrode is not connected. The electrode on
the right leg is only for ground reference.

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d) Describe working of measurement of heart sound using 4 Marks

Phonocardiograph.
Ans: Diagram: Diagram 1
Mark

Explanation:
The instrument used for graphically recording heart sound is called phonocardiograph. Explanation
A graphic record of heart sound is called phonocardiogram. 3 marks
The basic transducer for phonocardiograph is a microphone having necessary
frequency response ranging from 5Hz to above 1000Hz. An amplifier with similar
response characteristics is required which may offer a selective low pass filter to allow
the high frequency cut off to be adjusted for noise. The readout of a phonocardiograph
is either a high frequency chart recorder or an oscilloscope. Although the normal heart
sounds fall within the frequency range of PEN recorders, the high frequency murmurs
that are often important in diagnosis require the greater response of phonographic
device. Microphone for phonocardiograph are designed to be placed on the chest over
the heart.

B) Attempt any ONE : 6 Marks

a) State the significance of image intensifier in X-ray machine. 6 Marks
Ans: Diagram: Diagram 03
marks

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OR

Explanation:
Xrays cannot be detected or visualized directly by human senses. Indirect methods
are needed to visualize the xray images. Explanation
The faint image of a fluoroscopic screen can be made brighter with the help of an 3 marks
electronic image intensifier.
The intensifier tube contains a fluoroscopic screen, the surface of which is coated with
a suitable material to act as a photo cathode.
The electronic image thus obtained is projected onto a phosphor screen at the other end
of the tube by means of an electrostatic lens system.
The resulting brightness gain is due to acceleration of the electrons in the lens system
and the fact that the output image is smaller than the primary florescent image.
TV camera is now used frequently to pick up the intensified image, and then observed
on the TV monitor.

b) Describe the precaution to minimize electric shock hazards. 6 Marks

Ans: 1. In the vicinity of the patient, appliances with three wire power cords should be used. Any six 1
2. Provide isolated input circuits on monitoring equipment. mark each.
3. Have periodic checks of ground wire continuity of all equipment.
4. Connectors for probes and leads should be standardized so that current intended for
powering transducers are not given to the leads applied to pick up physiological
electrical impulses.
5. Ground fault circuit interrupters should be used to disconnect the source.
6. The solid state electronic diagnostic equipment to be so selected that they work on
low voltage.
7. A separate (double) secondary layer of insulation between the chassis and the outer
case should be provided to protect personnel from ground fault.
8. Double insulation reduces leakage current and also protects against both macro

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shock and micro shock.

9. A potential difference of not more than 5mV should exist between the ground point
at the outlet and the ground points at any of the other outlets and any conductive surface
in the same area.
10. The patient equipment grounding point should be connected individually to all
receptacle grounds, metal beds and other conductive services. The resistance of these
connections individually should not exceed 0.15 ohms.
11. No other apparatus should be put where the patient monitoring equipment is
connected.
12. The functional controls of the equipment should be clearly marked and operating
instructions must be permanently displayed so that they can be familiarized.
13. Staff should be trained to recognize potentially hazardous conditions.

Q.5 A) Attempt any TWO : 16 Marks

a) Explain with the help of block diagram working of Man-Instrument System. 8 Marks
Ans:
2 Marks for
diagram

The basic components of the man instrument system are:

1. Subject: The subject is the human being on whom the measurements are made.
2. Stimulus: Stimulus generates response. The instrumentation used to generate and
6 Marks
present this stimulus to the subject is the vital part of man instrument system
For
whenever responses are measured. E.g. visual (flash of light), auditory (a tone), etc.
explanation
3. Transducer: A transducer is device used to produce an electrical signal that is an
analog of the phenomenon being measured.
( 1 Mark to
4. Signal conditioning equipment: This part of the system amplifies, modifies, or in
explain each
any other ways changes the electric output of the transducer to satisfy the functions
block)
of the system and to prepare signals suitable for operating the display or recording
equipment that follows.
Marks may
5. Display equipment: The input to the display device is the modified electric signal
be given to
from the signal conditioning equipment which is converted into a form that can be
any other
perceived by one o the human’s senses in a meaningful way. E.g. graphic pen
relevant
recorder for recoding ECG signal.
block
Recording, Data processing, and Transmission: Recording instruments are
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required to record the desirable information that can be used to transmit or for diagram and
possible later use. E.g. on line digital computer, recording equipment etc. explanation
Control devices: Where it is necessary or desirable to have automatic control of the
stimulus, transducers, or any other part of the man instrument system, a control
system is incorporated which uses control devices.

b) Explain the principle of ultrasonography. List Various modes of operation. 8 Marks

Describe any one mode in brief.
Ans: Principle of Ultrasonography :
1. Ultrasound is an imaging modality with noninvasive character and ability to 3 Marks for
distinguish interfaces between soft tissues. principle
3. Ultrasound is not only noninvasive, externally applied but also apparently safe at
acoustical intensities in diagnostic equipment.
4. It gives images of almost entire range of internal organ in abdominal.
5. Ultrasonic waves or sound waves are associated with frequencies above the audible
range and generally extend upward from 20 KHz.
6. Transmission of ultrasonic wave motion can takes place in different mode like
longitudinal and transverse.
7. Ultrasonic waves are transmitted mechanical vibration and passes only through a
medium as a wave motion.
8. The velocity of propagation of wave motion is determined by density of medium
travelling through and stiffness of medium.
9. Reflection and refraction of ultrasound occurs at an interface between two media
having different acoustic impedance.
10. The principle of imaging or making pictures of internal organs is that of ultrasonic
wave reflection.
11. Ultrasonic waves reflect from the boundary of two medium, just as waves reflect
from an object in water. Because the amount of reflection differs in different tissues,
it is possible to distinguish between materials and make images of them using
ultrasonic waves.
OR
Whenever a beam of ultrasound passes from one medium to another, a portion of the
sonic energy is reflected and the remainder is refracted as shown in figure below. The
amount of energy reflected depends on the difference in density between the two media
and the angle at which the transmitted beam strikes the medium. Greater the difference
in media , greater will be the amount reflected.

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Modes of Ultrasonography:
There are different scanning modes of ultrasonography:
 A scan (Amplitude Scan)
 B scan (Brightness scan)
 M scan (Motion scan)

A scan: This mode is the simplest among other methods. The transmitted signals and
echo signals are applied to the Y plates of CRT so that they are displayed as vertical
deflections on the CRT screen. The vertical sweep is calibrated in units of distance and
provides vertical deflections in various ranges depending upon the distance of the
interface. Echoencephalogram is typical example of A scan display.

OR
1 Mark to
B scan: If A scan echoes are rotated electronically 90⁰ towards the viewer, the echoes list all modes
can be viewed along the horizontal axis as bright and dim dots. The distance between
the bright and dim dots represents the depth of tissues and the brightness of the dots
represents the strength of the echoes. These dots can be used to obtain a pictorial
display of internal organs if position of the probe is continuously moved and the
corresponding echoes are obtained.

OR

M scan: M scan is very useful in monitoring moving structure inside the body. M scan
is basically a combination of A scan and B scan. In this system intensity or brightness
of the beam is modulated using received echoes and displayed on horizontal axis with 2 Marks for
the help of horizontal timing information, that is horizontal sweep. Here the transducer explanation
is held stationary so that the movement of the dots along the sweep represent of any mode
movement of received targets. A stationary target will trace a straight line where as a
moving target will trace the pattern of its movement with respect to time.

2 marks for
diagram

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c) Describe with neat labelled diagram the working of CAT scanner. 8 Marks

Ans:

4 Marks for
diagram

OR

CAT Scanner

1. The CT scanner consists of gantry, patient table, X-ray tube, detector assembly,
computer and monitor.
2. X ray tube and detector assembly mounted opposite each other in a rigid gantry
rotates once around the patient. The x ray tube emits the x rays at short intervals so 4 Marks for
that during a full rotation a number of sets of absorption values are collected by explanation
detectors.
3. Computer processes this data and produces images of the measured values.
4. The image system controls the function of CT scan such as reconstruction, display
and evaluation of the CT image. The image control system is connected to monitor,
keyboard, mouse and various storage devices such as disks, tape etc.
5. The image reconstruction system receives measure data and performs the image
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reconstruction on it. These images are processed and displayed.

6. The data documentation system is connected to the image reconstruction system and
is used to photograph the reconstructed CT image.
7. Acquisition system acquires the data. The data measurement system belongs to the
rotating part of the gantry and contains all the elements to measure the attenuated
radiation and to transfer this to image system for reconstruction and display of CT
image.
8. X ray system also belongs to the rotating part of gantry. The scanning system
contains the function of gantry rotation, gantry tilt, to exchange data with X ray system
and data measurement.
9. The patient handling system consists of patient table, motor for vertical and
horizontal drive and system controller.
10.The power distribution system provides power supply to all the various systems
shown in figure.

Q.6 A) Attempt any FOUR : 16 Marks

a) Explain how the different heart sounds are generated. 4 Marks
Ans: 4 marks for
Heart produces four sounds. These sounds are produced due to functioning of different explaining
valves present in the heart such as tricuspid, bicuspid valve. four sounds
 1 st Heart sound (lub sound – S1): It is generated due to closure of the
Atrioventricular valves i.e tricuspid and bicuspid valve. It occurs approximately at (Murmur
the time of QRS complex of the ecg just before ventricular systole. and diagram
 2 nd Heart sound (dub sound – S2) :): It is generated due to the closing of the is optional)
semilunar valves at the end of the systole.
 3 rd Heart sound (S3): It occurs due to rush of blood from the atria into the
ventricles, which causes turbulence & some vibrations of ventricular walls.
 Atrial Heart sound (S4): It occurs when the atria actually do contract, squeezing
the remainder of the blood into the ventricles (Atrial Contraction).

 Murmur: Abnormal heart sound due to improper opening of heart valves. The heart
sounds are originating due to flow of blood through heart valves in heart chamber

b) Draw a neat labelled diagram of micro-electrode and explain it. 4 Marks

Ans:

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(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

2 Marks for
diagram

2 Marks for
1.Micro electrode is used to measure bioelectric potentials near or within a single cell. explanation
2. In this a metal needle is prepared in such a way as to produce a very fine tip so as
to penetrate a cell to read the bioelectric potential inside the cell. (Marks
3. Metal microelectrodes are formed by the electrolytic etching of a thin fine tungsten should be
or stainless steel wire. In addition to etching, the wire is coated with an insulating given for
material except at the thin tip. relevant
4. The impedance of the electrode can be lowered by doing some electrolytic process diagram and
on the tip, where the metal ion interface is taking place. explanation
5. Micropipette type is made up of glass. The tip is drawn to a desirable diameter about of
1 micrometer. Micropipett
6. The metallic thin film coating is provided outside the thin tip. Resin insulation is e or Metal
provided above this thin film except at the tip. microelectro
de)
c) Explain Neuronal communication with neat diagram. 4 Marks
Ans: 2 Marks for
diagram

1. The Neuron is the basic structural and functional unit of the Nervous system.
2. A Neuron is a single cell with a cell body.
3. Neuron has small projections known as Dendrites.
4. Neuron has one large projection known as Axon. Axon terminals are present at the 2 Marks for
end of axon. explanation
5. Axon hillock is the point at which action potentials are usually generated.
6. Nodes of ranvier are present on the axon.
7. These nodes help to speed up the transmission of information along the nerves.
8. The impulse or action potential generated at the axon hillock passes throughout the
axon and then to axon terminals. Here it releases a chemical substance called neuro

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(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

transmitter which excites the dendrites of the nearby neuron and the impulse is
passed from the axon terminals of 1st neuron to the dendrites of 2nd neuron and the
process continues.
10. This act of interconnecting between two neurons is called synapse.

d) Define fibrillation. Draw the block diagram of defibrillator and explain its 4 Marks
working.
Ans: Fibrillation is the rapid, irregular, and unsynchronized contraction of heart muscle 1 Mark for
fibers. definition

1 Marks for
diagram

OR

1. It has auto transformer and step -up transformer.

2. In defibrillator, high voltage changeover switch is used. When it is at A position, a
capacitor is charged to a high DC voltage
3. At B position, capacitor is discharged rapidly through the paddle electrodes across 2 Marks for
the chest of the patient. explanation
4. An inductor in the defibrillator is used to shape the waveform in order to avoid
sharp current spike.
5. Depending on the energy setting the amount of electrical energy discharged by the
capacitor may of the range 100W and 400 W per second.

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(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

e) Explain the physiology of respiration. 4 Marks

Ans:
2 Marks for
diagram

1. The gas exchange process is performed by the lungs and respiratory system. Air, a
mix of oxygen and other gases, is inhaled.
2. In the throat, the trachea, or windpipe, filters the air. The trachea branches into two 2 Marks for
bronchi (left and right bronchus), tubes that lead to the lungs. explanation
3. Once in the lungs, oxygen is moved into the bloodstream. Blood carries the oxygen
through the body to where it is needed.
4. Red blood cells collect carbon dioxide from the body’s cells and transports it back
to the lungs.
5. An exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the alveoli, small
structures within the lungs.
6. The carbon dioxide, a waste gas, is exhaled and the cycle begins again with the next
breath.
7. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle below the lungs that controls breathing.
The diaphragm flattens out and pulls forward, drawing air into the lungs for inhalation.
During exhalation the diaphragm expands to force air out of the lungs.
8. Adults normally take 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Strenuous exercise drives the
breath rate up to an average of 45 breaths per minute.

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