Topic 01: Professional Practices

1.1 Profession: A paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a
formal qualification.
1.2 Professional: A professional is a member of a profession or any person who earns
their living from a specified professional activity. The term also describes the standards of
education and training that prepare members of the profession with the particular
knowledge and skills necessary to perform their specific role within that profession.
1.3 Professional Responsibilities
Professionals, especially in Information Technology (IT), Computer Science, and
Software Engineering, have multiple responsibilities. These include:
1.3.1 TechnicalResponsibilities: Network administration, software development, system
maintenance, and cybersecurity.
1.3.2 Ethical Responsibilities: Upholding integrity, ensuring user data privacy, and
preventing misuse of technology.
1.3.3 Social Responsibilities: Contributing to technological advancement for societal
benefit and reducing the digital divide.
1.3.4 Economic Responsibilities: Managing costs, optimizing resources, and ensuring
sustainable technological solutions.
Engineering Council states that other than professional Knowledge, an Engineer must
know
Understanding government regulations, including safety and environmental policies.
Effective technical decision-making with commercial and economic awareness.
Managing professional relationships and workplace ethics.
1.4 The Professionalism
Professionalism is not just about what you do but how you do it. It encompasses:
Attitude and behavior.
Commitment to ethical standards.
Responsibility towards clients, employers, and society.
Continuous improvement and self-discipline.
Professionalism is a way of thinking and living rather than an accumulation of learning.
A professional behaves ethically
Ethics means something more than 'law' and 'morals'.
It carries an additional connotation of 'rightness’ .
 Breakingthelaw: can earn a fine or jail time
 Breakingamoral: can ruin your reputation
 Breakinganethic: can ruin your conscience
It's possible to break all three, simultaneously!
1.5 Traits of a Professional
Being a professional means that they are certain traits which are expected from you.
We will go through each of them.
Trait # 1: Seriousness Serious about a job.
The job is only a job. A means to an end.
Committed to delivering high-quality work.
Maintains focus and dedication to job responsibilities.
Understands that a job is a responsibility and must be taken seriously.
Avoids carelessness and ensures accountability in all tasks.
Trait # 2: Wanting to do better
Exhibit a never-ending quest to improve their performance in every variable, every project,
every relationship, and every detail.
Always seeks ways to enhance skills and knowledge.
Learns from mistakes and takes feedback positively. Strives
for excellence in every project.
Trait # 3: Dealing with the Unexpected
Stuff happens, things change, and the true professional rises to the occasion Ready
to deal with unexpected situations effectively.
Handles challenges with a calm and composed attitude.
Trait # 4: Communication Skills
Clear
Concise
Confident
Expresses ideas clearly and confidently.
Listens actively and responds effectively.
Uses appropriate communication channels.
Trait # 5: Enthusiasm
Attitude is everything. Those who exhibit enthusiasm for what they do and greet each day
with a positive attitude inevitably become a leader.
Approaches work with a positive attitude.
Motivates others with passion and energy.
Takes pride in professional responsibilities.
Trait # 6: Helpfulness
Understand that real success in the workplace requires teamwork
Always ready to lend a hand
Make a suggestion
Collaborates effectively with colleagues.
Shares knowledge and supports team members.
Understands the importance of collective success.
Offer a compliment when it's deserved
Trait # 7: Taking the Initiative
Takes the initiative to get things done.
Takes responsibility without waiting for instructions.
Finds innovative solutions to problems.
Trait # 8: Cool under Pressure
Level headed and calm
Remains calm and focused during high-pressure situations.
Effectively manages stress and workload.
Maintains professionalism in all circumstances.
Trait # 9: Remains Focused
Stay focused on the task at hand and the goal ahead
Navigate through obstacles or setbacks but never lose sight of where they headed Keeps
attention on key objectives and goals.
Avoids distractions and unnecessary diversions. Manages
time efficiently to meet deadlines.
Trait # 10: Don’t Follow, Lead
Inspires and guides others towards success.
Makes well-informed and strategic decisions.
Encourages innovation and problem-solving.
Analyze the situation and willing to take new paths and try new solutions That's
why they call it Leadership
Scenario #1: Employee Training Investment
You are the owner of a software engineering company. Your employees (engineers) want
you to pay for them to attend training.
How would you respond in a way that is legal, moral, and ethical?
A professional approach would involve:
Evaluating the cost-benefit of the training.
Assessing how the training enhances productivity.
Creating policies for employee upskilling opportunities.
Scenario #2: Pro Bono Work During Office Hours
You are the owner of a software engineering company. Your employees (engineers) want
you to let them do pro bono work for a local non-profit organization on company time.
How would you respond in a way that is legal, moral, and ethical?
A professional response could be:
Encouraging employees to complete their company work first before engaging in pro bono
activities.
Supporting community service but defining work-hour policies.
Allowing pro bono work as a corporate social responsibility initiative.
Scenario #3: Pirated Software Usage
You are a software engineer at a company where management routinely encourages you
and your colleagues to use pirated software.
How would you respond in a way that is legal, moral, and ethical?
Ethical professionals should:
Politely refuse to engage in illegal practices.
Advise management on the importance of using licensed software.
Highlight the risks associated with pirated software, such as security vulnerabilities and
legal consequences.
Encourage the company to invest in legal software solutions.
Scenario # 4: Handling Confidential Information
You have access to sensitive client data, and a colleague asks you to share certain details
for personal reasons.
How would you respond in a way that is legal, moral, and ethical?
A professional response should include:
Politely refusing to share confidential information.
Emphasizing the importance of data privacy and security policies.
Reporting any unethical behavior if necessary.
Topic 02: Computing Profession
2.1 Introduction
The field of computing is vast, encompassing various disciplines such as software
development, cybersecurity, data science, artificial intelligence, and IT support.
It plays a crucial role in modern society, influencing industries such as healthcare, finance,
education, and entertainment.
Professionals in computing develop solutions to complex problems, automate processes,
and improve efficiency across different sectors.
2.2 What is Computing Profession?
Computing is the process of using computer technology to solve problems, process data,
and create digital solutions. It includes areas such as programming, networking,
cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and database management. •
A profession is a specialized field of work that requires training, expertise, and ethical
responsibility. Professionals in a field contribute to society through their knowledge and
skills. • The computing profession involves the study, development, and application of
computer systems and technology. It includes roles such as software developers,
cybersecurity experts, IT consultants, and database administrators. Computer Professional
A computer professional is an individual with specialized skills in computing, responsible
for developing, managing, and securing digital systems. They may work in software
development, hardware engineering, IT support, or cybersecurity.
2.3 Categories of Computer Professionals
Computer Hardware Professionals works with the physical components that make up a
computer system, such as motherboard, central processing unit and hard drive.
These professionals specialize in the design, development, maintenance, andrepair of
computer hardware components.
ComputerRepairTechnician
NetworkAdministrator
Firewall Administrator
Computer Software Professionals works with the programs that enable computer to
perform specific tasks, such as a word processor or operating system.
These professionals focus on programming, application development, and software system
management.
Software Developer
Database Administrator
2.4 Key Job Roles in Computing Profession
2.4.1 Network Administrators
A network administrator is an IT professional who manages and maintains an
organization's computer networks. They ensure that networks are secure, efficient, and
meet the organization's needs.
Set up and configure network hardware and software, including routers, switches, and
firewalls.
Monitor and maintain network performance, and perform regular upgrades.
Identify and fix problems with hardware, software, and network configurations
Protect the network from unauthorized access, and establish and oversee security measures
2.4.2 Software Developers
A software developer is a professional who designs and builds computer programs. They
may work on operating systems, mobile apps, or desktop applications. Set up and configure
network hardware andsoftware, including routers, switches, and firewalls.
Works with programming languages like Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript.
Can specialize in web development, mobile apps, game development, or enterprise
applications.
2.4.3 Database Administrator
A database administrator (DBA) manages and maintains databases to ensure they run
efficiently and securely. They also makesurethatdataisaccessible to authorized users. •
Database administrators use specialized software to securely store and organize data,
ensuring that data is both available to users andsecure fromunauthorized access.
2.4.4 Cyber Security Specialist
A cyber security specialist is a professional who focuses on protecting computer systems,
networks, and data from unauthorized access, theft, or damage by implementing security
measures, detecting potential cyber threats, and responding to security incidents when they
occur; essentially, they work to prevent cyber attacks and safeguard sensitive information
. • Works with firewalls, encryption techniques, penetration testing, andsecurity protocols.
2.4.5 AI and ML Engineer
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning engineer, is a professional who designs,
develops, and implements systems that enable machines to learn from data and make
decisions by utilizing various AI techniques
Developsintelligent systems and predictive models.
Works with neural networks, deep learning frameworks, and automation tools.
Contributes to advancements in self-driving recommendationsystems,
andvoicerecognition. cars,
2.4.6 Computer Scientist
A computer scientist is an IT professional who studies and analyzes how
computersstoreand useinformation. They use their technical knowledge to create solutions
for organizations.
A computer scientist is a highly skilled individual who creates solutions related to
computer programs by combining technology, technical skills, and analytical thinking.
Conduct research in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and algorithms.
Workinacademia,researchlabs, andtechnology companies.
2.4.7 Data Scientist
A data scientist is an expert who analyzes data to help businesses make decisions. They
use math, statistics, and programming to findpatterns and trends indata.
They use a combination of statistics, machine learning, programming (Python, R, SQL),
and data visualization to identify patterns, trends, and correlations in large datasets.
2.4.8 Digital Forensics Experts
A digital forensic expert is a professional who specializes in identifying, collecting,
preserving, analyzing, and presenting digital evidence from computers and other electronic
devices.
It is often used in criminal investigations to uncover data related to cybercrimes or other
illegal activities; essentially, they are skilled in extracting and interpreting digital
information from various sources to support legal proceedings.
Investigate cybercrimes and analyze digital evidence.
Work with law enforcement agencies to track cybercriminal activities.
2.4.9 Computer Repair Technicians
A computer repair technician, also called a computer technician, is a professional who
diagnoses, repairs, and maintains computer hardware and software, including installing
new systems, updating software, troubleshooting issues, and providing technical support
to users.
They ensure computers and networks function properly within an organization or for
individual clients.
2.5 Freelancing and Online Jobs in Computing
Freelancing in computing allows professionals to work independently on digital projects,
offering their services to clients worldwide. With the rise of remote work and online
platforms, computing professionals can earn money without being tied to a traditional
office job. Popular Freelancing Jobs in Computing
i. WebDeveloper vii. CloudEngineer
ii. Software Engineer viii. DatabaseAdministrator
iii. MobileAppDeveloper ix. UI/UXDesigner
iv. Cybersecurity Consultant x. Digital Forensics Expert
v. DataScientist xi. TechWriter/Blogger
vi. AI&MachineLearningEngineer
2.6.1 Where to Find Freelance Computing Jobs?
Several online platforms connect freelancers with clients looking for computing
professionals:
i. Fiverr iv. LinkedIn
ii. Upwork v. PeoplePerHour
iii. Freelancer vi. WeWorkRemotely
2.6.2 Benefits of Freelancing in Computing
Flexibility– Work from anywhereandchooseyourownprojects.
High Demand– Growing need for software developers, cybersecurity experts, and data
scientists.
Global Clients– Opportunities to work with businesses worldwide.
Diverse Work– Exposure to different industries (finance, healthcare, gaming, etc.).
Skill Development– Continuous learning with new technologies and challenges
Topic 03:Computing Ethics
3.1 Introduction
Computing ethics in professional practice refers to the responsible and ethical use of
technology and computing resources by individuals and organizations within the field of
computer science, information technology, and related disciplines.
As technology continues to advance, ethical considerations become increasingly important
in ensuring that the use of computing resources is aligned with social values, legal
standards, and moralprinciples.
3.2 Key Principles of Computing Ethics
Here are some key aspects of computing ethics in professional practice;
3.2.1 Privacy and Data Protection
Professionals must respect individuals’ privacy and follow data protection laws and
regulations.
Collecting, storing and processing personal data should be done transparently, and
individual should be informed about how their datais used.
Security
Professionals must develop secure systems to prevent unauthorized access, cyber-attacks,
and data breaches.
Responsible disclosure of security vulnerabilities is essential for system integrity.
3.2.2 Transparency and Accountability
Professionals should be clear about the purpose and functionality of their systems,
algorithms, and models.
Accountability involves taking responsibility for the consequences of one's actions in the
development and deployment of technology.
3.2.3 Intellectual Property Rights
Professionals should respect intellectual property rights, including copyrights and patents.
Proper attribution of intellectual work is essential to maintain fairness in software
development.
3.2.4 Social Responsibility
Professionals have a responsibility to consider the broader societal impact of their work
and to contribute positively to the well-being of communities.
3.2.5 Ethical Reporting
Professionals should report unethical practices in organizations.
Promote a culture of honesty, integrity, and responsible computing.
3.2.6 Environmental Impact
Reduce energy consumption and electronic waste (e-waste) in computing systems.
Promote eco-friendly technology solutions and sustainable computing practices.
3.3 Commandments of Computer Ethics
These are fundamental ethical guidelines for responsible computing;
Do not use a computer to harm others’data.
Do not interfere with others’computing work.
Do not spy on another person’s personal data.
Do not use technology to steal personal information.
Do not spread misinformation using computer technology.
Do not use software unless you are authorized or have paid for it.
Do not use someone else’s computer resources without permission.
Do not claim ownership of work that is not yours.
Consider the social impact before developing software.
Always communicaterespectfully whenusingcomputers.
Topic 04 Organization
An organization is a structured group of people working together to achieve common
goals.
It can be a business, institution, government agency, or nonprofit entity.
Organizations have defined roles, responsibilities, and a hierarchy that helps coordinate
tasks and decision-making.
4.1 Organizational Structure
Organizational structure is a system used to define a hierarchy within an organization.
It identifies each job, its function and where it reports to within an organization.
4.1.1 Functional Organizational Structure
A functional organizational structure is a type of business structure in which an
organization is divided into different departments based on specific functions or expertise,
such as marketing, finance, human resources, and operations.
Each department is managed by a functional manager or head who reports to the top
management.
Functional manager have experience in the roles they supervise.
Lack of teamwork among different departments.
Poor interdepartmental communication.
4.2.2 Divisional Organizational Structure
A divisional organizational structure is where a company is divided into semi-autonomous
units or divisions. Each division operates independently and focuses on a specific product,
service, market, or geographical region.
Each division has its own resources, including departments like marketing, finance, HR,
and operations.
Product Based Divisional Structure: When a company develops multiple products, each
division focuses on a specific product.
Geographical-Based Divisional Structure: When a company operates in different regions,
each division handles business in a specific area.
Customer-Based Divisional Structure: When a company serves different types of
customers, divisions focus on specific client groups.
4.2.3 Matrix Organizational Structure
A Matrix Organizational Structure is a hybrid structure that combines functional and
divisional structures.
In this setup, employees report to two or more managers
Functional Manager (e.g., Head of Development, Head of Marketing).
Project or Product Manager (e.g., AI Project Manager, Web App Project Manager).
This structure is used in complex organizations where multiple projects run simultaneously
across different departments.
4.2.4 Hierarchical Organizational Structure
A Hierarchical Structure (also called pyramid structure) is the most common
organizational model, where authority is arranged in multiple levels, with top management
at the top and employees at the bottom
It follows a clear chain of command, with each employee reporting to a direct superior.
Multiple Levels of Authority – Clear reporting structure from top to bottom.
Defined Roles & Responsibilities – Each level has specific duties.
Clear Chain of Command – Employees report to a direct manager.
Decision-Making is Centralized – Higher levels make strategic decisions.
4.2.5 Flat Organizational Structure
A Flat Organizational Structure has few or no levels of middle management between
employees and executives
It promotes open communication, faster decision-making, and employee autonomy.
Best for Startups & Small Teams – Works well in agile environments.
Fast Communication – No unnecessary management layers.
More Employee Autonomy – Employees make decisions and solve problems.
Cost-Effective – Fewer managers reduce costs.
Encourages Innovation– Employees feel empowered to take initiative.
Topic 05:Anatomy of an organization
Anatomy refers to the structure and internal organization of something.
It is commonly used in biology to describe the human body's structure, but it can also apply
to organizations, businesses, and systems.
The anatomy of a software house refers to its organizational structure, key departments,
and their functions in developing, testing, and deploying software products.
A software house is typically divided into multiple core teams, each handling specific
tasks, such as software development, testing, design, project management, sales, and
support.
5.1 Introduction to Software House A software house is a company that specializes
in developing, designing, testing, and deploying software solutions for businesses or
consumers.It has different departments working together to built, test and maintain
software.Think of it like a factory where different teams handle different tasks to make the
final product successful.
5.2 Types of Software Houses
Software houses vary in size, specialization, and target audience. The main types include:
Product Based Software House Develops its own software products and sells them to
customers.
Service Based Software House Provide custom software solutions to clients based on their
needs.
Enterprise Software House Creates large-scale solutions for corporate businesses,
governments, or financial institutions
Mobile App Development Company Specialize in iOS and Android app development.
Web Development Company Focuses on website design, development, and web
applications.
5.3 Structure of A Software House
A software house is generally structured as follows:
5.3.1 Maintenance Management And Administration
This department is like the brain of the company. It makes important decisions, manage
employees, and ensure smooth business operations.
Key Roles
CEO (Chief Executive Officer): The leader of the company. For example Mark Zuckerberg
(Facebook’s CEO) make big decisions about Facebook’s future.
COO(Chief Operating Officer): Manage daily operations.
CFO(Chief Financial Officer): Manage Company Finance.
HR(HumanResource) hire new employees and manage salaries. For example if a software
developer apply for a job at Microsoft the HR Department handles the interview process.
5.3.2 Business Development And Sales
This department brings in money by finding new clients or selling software products.
Key Roles
Business Development Manager: Find new customers. For example a business manager at
Adobe Contacts companies to sell Adobe software like Photoshop.
Sale Executives: Cell software to customers. For example sales team at Salesforce
convince businesses to buy their software.
5.3.3 Project Management
This Department plans and organize software development. It ensures projects are
completed on time.
Key Roles
Project Manager (PM):
Plans and tracks project progress. For example a PM at Spotify ensure a new feature like
“AI playlist” is developed on time
Business Analyst:
Understands what clients need and explain it to developers. For example If a bank wants a
mobile app, a business analyst write the requirements clearly.
5.3.4 UI/UX Design
This Department focuses on making software easy and enjoyable to use.
Key Roles
UI Designers: Design app visuals. For example a UI designer decides where button should
be placed in an app.
UX Designers: Ensure a smooth user experience. For example a UX designer at Apple
make sure iphones are easy to use.
5.3.5 Software Development
This is the heart of a software house.
Developers write code to build software applications.
Key Roles
Front-end Developers: Make the visual part of a website or app. For example a front and
developer at Netflix designs how movie thumbnail appear.
Back-end Developers: Handle the logic and database. For example a developer at Uber
ensures the ride-matching system works correctly.
Full-Stack Developers: Works on both front and back end
Mobile App Developers: Build Android/IOS apps. For example the instagram app was
built by mobile developers.
5.3.6 Quality Assurance (QA) and Testing
This department ensures that the software is bug-free before launching
Key Roles
QAEngineers: Manually check software for errors. For example a QA tester at Whatsapp
ensures new features like “edit messages” work perfectly.
Test Automation Engineers:
Write scripts to automatically task software. For example automated test at Tesla ensure
that their self-driving software is reliable.
Performance Testers:
Test if the software can handle many users. For example A performance tester at youTube
checks if the video player works smoothly for millions of users.
5.3.7 IT Support & Infrastructure
Manages the company’s internal IT Systems, Software, and network security.
Key Roles
IT Support:
Helps fix employee tech issues. For example if a developer at Microsoft has a slow laptop
IT support helps to fix it
5.3.8 Customer Support & Maintenance
Handles user issues after the software is launched.
Key Roles
Technical Support Engineers:
Solve customer problems. For example if a customer has login issue in zoom technical
support helps to fix them.
Maintenance Engineers:
Update and fix software bugs. For example engineers at Instagram regularly fix app
crashes and release updates.