HOUSING UNIT 1

Housing need & Demand - Review of different

forms of housing globally, Housing Density,
Calculation of future need. Housing resources
and options available in housing.
HOUSE
A house is a building that functions as a home, ranging from
simple dwellings such as rudimentary huts of nomadic tribes and the
improvised shacks in shanty towns to complex, fixed structures of
wood, brick, concrete or other materials containing plumbing,
ventilation and electrical systems.

A house is a composite and complex good that fulfills many

important individual and social needs. As shelter it fulfills a basic
need and it also provides social security, an aspects of people’s
sense of identity and self-esteem. Along with this provision of proper
infrastructure facilities like drinking water supply, sewerage &
sanitation system, roads is also very important.

A house is defined by the National Building Organisation as a

pucca or semi-pucca unit of dwelling that can accommodate an
average household.
The house is the first unit of society and it is the primary unit of
human habitation.
HABITABLE ROOM

A room occupied or designed for occupancy by one or more persons for study, living, sleeping,
eating, kitchen if it is used as a living room, but not including bathrooms, water-closet
compartments, laundries, serving and store pantries, corridors, cellars, attics, and spaces that are
not used frequently or during extended periods.

OR

A habitable room is a space in a building for living, sleeping, eating or cooking. A space in a
building for living, sleeping, eating or cooking is considered a habitable space. Bathrooms, toilet
rooms, closets, halls, storage or utility spaces and similar areas are not considered habitable
rooms.
HOUSEHOLD
A household consists of one or more people who
live in the same dwelling and also share meals or
living accommodation and may consist of a single
family or some other grouping of people.

All persons living under one roof or occupying a

separate housing unit, having either direct access
to the outside (or to a public area) or a separate
cooking facility.

Where the members of a household are related by

blood or law, they constitute a family.

Average household size:

4.8 people per household
HOUSING
Housing refers to houses or buildings collectively; accommodation of people; planning or provision of
accommodation by an authority; and related meanings.

It is not enough to provide structurally stable structures as houses. But they must be so
located and designed that they afford convenience, amenity, health and social life to
the community.

Economic importance of Housing –

it contributes to national income, national wealth and national
employment. It also serves as a good source of revenue for
Central, State and Local governments.

Group Housing — Housing for more than one dwelling unit,

where land is owned jointly (as in the case of co-operative
societies or the public agencies, such as local authorities or
housing boards, etc) and the construction is undertaken by one
Agency.
 DIFFERENT FORMS OF HOUSING

BUNGLOWS DETACHED HOUSING SEMI-DETACHED HOUSING

Bungalows are one-story house or Detached (house, home, or They consist of pairs of houses,
cottage that are usually small in terms built side by side as units.
of square feet, one can easily find dwelling) means that the
large bungalows prevailing these building does not share They share a partition wall.
days.
walls with other houses. Usually, each house’s layouts is
Large homes used as a solitary family This excludes duplexes, a mirror image of its twin.
unit.
triplexes, fourplexes, or This type of housing is a half-
These type of houses are family owned linked houses, as well as all way state between
and can be widely found in non- terraced and detached
urban areas of India. terraced houses and most houses.
especially tower blocks
Bungalows have slowly started taking
over the urban areas and people have which can hold hundreds
started blending the architecture with of families in a single
modern amenities that meet the
urban lifestyle. building.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF HOUSING

BUNGLOWS DETACHED HOUSING SEMI-DETACHED HOUSING

 DIFFERENT FORMS OF HOUSING

TERRACED HOUSING INCREMENTAL HOUSING INFILL HOUSING

A row of identical or mirror- Also known as Site-and-services, it is a In urban planning, infill, or in-fill, is the
image houses. step-by-step urban development rededication of land in an urban
process for building housing environment, usually open-space, to
OR communities. Its fundamental new construction. Infill also applies,
approach is that owners control the within an urban polity, to
a house built as part of a expansion of their housing based on construction on any undeveloped
continuous row in a uniform their needs and resources. land that is not on the urban margin.
style.
It is an affordable way to resettle It describes buildings that are
They share side-walls. households with minimum housing constructed on vacant or underused
and services and provides flexibility in property or between existing
The first and last of these houses housing decisions. buildings.
is called an end terrace.
Housing by the self-help incremental In simple words,
method is an important component in Infill development describes any
covering low-income households. development on unused or blighted
land. When successful, infill
development creates stable, mixed
income communities
DIFFERENT FORMS OF HOUSING

TERRACED HOUSING INCREMENTAL HOUSING INFILL HOUSING

HOUSING IN TERMS OF DESIGN
HOUSING IN TERMS OF DESIGN
HOUSING IN TERMS OF DESIGN
HOUSING IN TERMS OF DESIGN
TYPES OF
APARTMENT
CLASSIFICATIONS OF HOUSING
FORMAL HOUSING

• Private developers housing

• Public developers housing

• Joint ventures housing

• Cooperative housing

• Employees/Institutional Housing

• Rental Housing (private/public)

Private developers housing
• Private Development means land or property development undertaken on private property; plot of
land, etc. and not located within the city right- of-way.

• Private developer means any person or entity that is financially and legally responsible for the
planning, development and construction, or maintenance and operation of any project
 Public developers housing
• Public housing is a form of housing tenure in which the property is usually owned by a government
authority, either central or local.

• In the United States, public housing developments are classified either as housing projects that are
owned by a city's Housing authority or federally subsidized public housing operated through HUD.

• Social housing is any rental housing that may be owned and managed by the state, by non-profit
organizations, or by a combination of the two, usually with the aim of providing affordable housing.
Social housing is generally rationed by a government through some form of means-testing or through
administrative measures of housing needs.[2] One can regard social housing as a potential remedy for
housing inequality.
Joint ventures housing

• A Win-Win for Landowners and Builders.

• The landowner provides the land, while the builder provides the expertise and resources to develop
the property. The profits from the project are then shared between the two parties.

• One of the key advantages of investing in real estate through joint ventures is the ability to share
risks and rewards. By combining their resources and expertise, investors can spread the financial
risk of real estate investments.

• Some of the most renowned examples of joint ventures done in India include Blackstone and
Embassy, ESR-Allianz Real Estate JV and Sumitomo-Krishna Group JV among others.
 Cooperative housing
• A housing cooperative or "co-op" is a type of residential
housing option that is actually a corporation whereby
the owners do not own their units outright. Instead,
each resident is a shareholder in the corporation based
in part on the relative size of the unit that they live in.

• The Bangalore Building Cooperative Society was the

999 N. Lake Shore Drive, a co-op–owned
first cooperative housing society established in residential building in Chicago, Illinois

Karnataka in 1909, followed by the Bombay

Cooperative Housing Association in 1913 in
Maharashtra. The association also created the first
ever model bye-laws and steered the growth of
cooperative housing.
 BENFITS OF COOPERATIVE HOUSING
For members, the benefits include: For the local community, benefits include:

• access to affordable and socially, • a positive contribution to the social balance and cultural
economically sustainable housing that they diversity of the community
can manage and govern themselves • the addition of a number of socially, economically and
• a sense of long-term security of their housing environmentally responsible members to the local
situation community
• a sense of belonging to a community based • enrichment of the social and co-operative atmosphere of
on mutual co-operation the community
• the safety and security of living somewhere • overall strengthening of the local sense of community
where there are always other familiar people
around
• opportunities to gain training and experience
in roles such as chairperson, secretary, In addition, because housing co-ops are managed by
treasurer or tenancy and maintenance officer their members, they tend to be better maintained than
• ongoing opportunities to develop and share other types of rented dwellings. Research has found that
skills, practical help, support and they also tend to have better security, lower crime rates
encouragement and a higher overall quality of housing than either
• access to education and skills development privately or publicly managed rented dwellings.
• access to other support
Employees/Institutional Housing

Employee housing means an attached or

detached dwelling unit that is intended to
serve as affordable, permanent housing
for working households

Saudi Ministry offers houses to Sultan bin Abdulaziz City employees

INFORMAL
HOUSING
• Slums (Bastee, Juggi-jhopri, chawls)

• Squatters

• Other illegal houses

• Pavement dwellers
SLUMS SQUATTERS

UNAUTHORIZED DWELLERS PAVEMENT DWELLERS

Need and Demand for HOUSING
• Although there is no set definition of ‘housing need and demand’ they can broadly be described as
follows:

• Housing demand is a market driven concept and relates to the type and number of houses that
households will choose to occupy based on preference and ability to pay.

• Housing need is an indicator of existing deficit: the number of households that do not have access to
accommodation that meets certain normative standards.

• This measure mainly refers to the level of need for more or improved social housing.

• The term ‘housing requirement’ is sometimes used to combine these two measures to generate an
overall picture of the housing market.
Need and Demand for HOUSING

• Although there is no set definition of ‘housing need and demand’ they can broadly be described as
follows:

• Housing demand is a market driven concept and relates to the type and number of houses that
households will choose to occupy based on preference and ability to pay.

• Housing need is an indicator of existing deficit: the number of households that do not have access
to accommodation that meets certain normative standards.

• This measure mainly refers to the level of need for more or improved social housing.

• The term ‘housing requirement’ is sometimes used to combine these two measures to generate an
overall picture of the housing market.
 HOUSING
SHORTAGE
At the beginning of the 12th Five Year Plan (2012-17), the housing shortage was estimated to be 18.78 million units.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India#Future )

The current shortage of housing in urban areas is estimated to be ~10 million units. An additional 25 million units of
affordable housing are required by 2030 to meet the growth in the country’s urban population.

Source: NBO & NUHHP

https://www.nhb.org.in/Urban_Housing/HousingPolicy2007.pdf
HOUSING In terms of Income groups
SHORTAGE

Classification in terms of income

groups-
• HIG
• MIG (LOWER AND HIGHER)
• LIG
• EWS
HOUSING
SHORTAGE
CURRENT SCENARIO in terms of Households
HOUSING
SHORTAGE

SUPPLY AND SHORTAGE

 HOUSING
SHORTAGE
Components of Housing Shortage

• Households residing in unacceptable conditions

Obsolescence Factor
• Non-Serviceable Katcha (temporary) Houses
• All bad houses excluding those less than 40 years old
• 80 years old houses(Old structurally weak)
Congestion Factor (Unacceptable as per social norms)
• Households with one or more married couples sharing room with a person aged 12 years or more
Houselessness
• Households living without any house (open, pavements)

https://censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/Housing-Shortage.pdf
HOUSING In terms of Housing conditions
SHORTAGE
HOUSING SCENARIO BASED ON HOUSING DENSITY
HOUSING DENSITY

HOUSING DENSITY OR RESIDENTIAL DENSITY IS NORMALLY EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF:

• Houses per unit land (dwelling units/hectare),

• Habitable rooms per unit land (rooms/hectare) (Accommodation density) and

• Persons per unit land (persons/hectare) (Population Density).

 HOUSING DENSITY
Dwellings per ha/acre –

• the numbers of houses or flats per unit area.

Early definitions of density used this measure,
and it is still in use to denote basic standards.

• However, it can be a misleading measure due

to the considerable variation in the sizes of
dwellings.
HOUSING DENSITY

Persons per ha/acre –

the number of people per unit area
(hectare or Acre). This has been
generally used to define density
standards for planning purposes.
HOUSING DENSITY

• Net residential density measures the area of a housing site up to the surrounding roads include
facilities for the immediate benefit of the housing, such as small areas of open space,
community centers, a few shops and so on.

• Gross residential density measures a residential area and includes - in addition to housing -
parks, schools, the road and transport network and other mixed uses. It does not normally
include large commercial or industrial areas
HOUSING DENSITY

TYPICAL DENSITY INDEX

Zoning Category Density (persons/acre)

Residential - single 5-35

Residential - multiple 30-100

Apartments 100-1000

Commercial 15-30

Industrial 5-15

Open 0
HOUSING DENSITY
HOUSING DENSITY
• Low Density - Low Rise
DENSITY - RISE MATRIX • Low Density - Medium Rise
• Low Density - High Rise

• Medium Density - Low Rise

• Medium Density - Medium Rise
• Medium Density - High Rise

• High Density - Low Rise

• High Density - Medium Rise
• High Density - High Rise
HOUSING DENSITY
HOUSING DENSITY
HOUSING DENSITY

Badly designed high-density housing can make a development feel –

• Cramped,
• Oppressive
• Overcrowded
HOUSING DENSITY

Too low density can lead to –

• Sprawl
• Feeling of isolation
• unviable public transport system
• Dependency on private transport system
ASSIGNMENTS-
• BELAPUR HOUSING – Charles Correa

• ARANYA HOUSING – B.V. Doshi

• Advantage and disadvantages of Infill housing

• Case study of housing density types

• Difference between housing need and housing demand