A Project Based Learning

Report on
“REFRIGERATION,VENTILATION,

COOLING POWER”

Submitted Towards The

Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of
B.Tech Chemical Engineering SEM VII
For the Subject
Plant Utility and Process Safety
Academic Year : 2024-2025

Bharati Vidyapeeth
(Deemed to be University)
College of Engineering , Pune 411043

Submitted by –
Name of the Student – Aditya Shrivastava (10)

Yuvraj Magar (29)

Faculty Supervisor – Dr. Y.J. Chendake

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled ”Refrigeration,Ventilation,Cooling power” is a
bonafide work carried out by the following student and it is submitted to the Bharati
Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering , Pune 411043 for the partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the Semester VII Chemical Engineering B.Tech Degree for
the subject Plant Utility and Process Safety.

Name of the Student – Aditya Shrivastava (10)

Yuvraj Magar (29)

Dr. Y.J. Chendake Prof . Prakash Chavan

Name of Faculty Superviso Head of Department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is an immense pleasure to acknowledge those who extended their support and contributed
time and psychic energy for the completion of this project.

At the outset, I would like to thank my Project Supervisor Dr. Y.J. Chendake, for his
valuable and skilful guidance, assessment, and suggestions from time to time improved the
quality of work in all respects. I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep sense
of gratitude towards him, for his invaluable contribution in completion of this project.

I am also thankful to Dr Prakash Chavan, Head of Chemical Engineering Department for

his timely guidance, inspiration, and administrative support without which my work would
not have been completed.

I am also thankful to the all-staff members of Chemical Engineering Department, Bharati

Vidyapeeth's (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering. Pune.

Also, I would like to thank my colleagues and friends who helped me directly and indirectly
to complete this Report.
 ABSTRACT

In this study, three important concepts in HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning) or refrigeration systems. HVAC stands for heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning. It refers to the systems that regulate and move heated and cooled air throughout
residential and commercial buildings, from homes to offices to indoor stadiums. Although
there are many options when it comes to HVAC systems, they all work similarly: taking in
fresh air and using a mechanical ventilation system to heat or cool it to a desired temperature.
HVAC units also can control humidity levels and improve air quality through air cleaners
that capture bacteria, spores, and virus-sized particles.
 CONTENT

● Certificate 2
● Acknowledgement 3
● Abstract 4
● Introduction 6
● Key components &Types 7
● Applications 9
● Conclusion 10
● References 11
 Introduction
In the context of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems, Refrigeration,
Ventilation, and Cooling Power are three core components that work together to control the
indoor environment. Let’s explore each in more detail:

1. Refrigeration in HVAC

Refrigeration in HVAC systems involves the process of cooling air or removing heat from a
specific space. This is essential for air conditioning systems in homes, offices, and industrial
environments. The refrigeration process typically involves the refrigeration cycle, which is
used to transfer heat from inside a building to the outside, thereby cooling the indoor air.

Key Components of a Refrigeration Cycle:

● Compressor: Compresses the refrigerant, increasing its pressure and temperature.

● Condenser: The hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas flows into the condenser where it
releases heat to the surroundings and condenses into a liquid.
● Expansion Valve: Reduces the pressure of the liquid refrigerant, causing it to cool
further and partially evaporate.
● Evaporator: The cool, low-pressure refrigerant evaporates by absorbing heat from the
indoor air, which cools the air before it’s circulated back into the room.
Types of Refrigeration:

● Vapor-Compression Refrigeration: The most common type, used in air conditioners

and refrigerators.
● Absorption Refrigeration: Used in situations where waste heat or solar energy can
drive the cooling process, common in large-scale industrial system.

Applications:

● Air Conditioning: Residential, commercial, and automotive air conditioning rely on

the refrigeration process to cool air.
● Refrigeration Systems: Used in cold storage, food preservation, and industrial
cooling.

1. Ventilation in HVAC

Ventilation refers to the process of replacing or exchanging indoor air with outdoor air. Its
primary purposes are to maintain indoor air quality by removing pollutants, controlling
humidity levels, and ensuring a steady supply of fresh air.

Applications:

● Air Conditioning: Residential, commercial, and automotive air conditioning rely on

the refrigeration process to cool air.
● Refrigeration Systems: Used in cold storage, food preservation, and industrial
cooling.

● Natural Ventilation: This relies on passive air movement through openings like
windows, doors, or vents. It is less controlled but more energy-efficient when
conditions allow.
● Mechanical Ventilation: Involves the use of fans, blowers, and duct systems to
control the flow of air. This can be further divided into:
○ Exhaust Ventilation: Removes indoor air (containing heat, moisture, or
pollutants) and expels it outside.
○ Supply Ventilation: Brings in fresh air from the outside and circulates it
indoors.
 ○ Balanced Ventilation: Combines both exhaust and supply ventilation to ensure
a balance of indoor and outdoor air exchange.

Applications:

● Residential HVAC Systems: Ensure proper air quality by exchanging stale indoor
air with fresh air.
● Industrial Ventilation Systems: Provide critical functions in factories, labs, and
kitchens where controlling contaminants, smoke, and heat is essential.

Air Handling in Ventilation:

● Air Handling Unit (AHU): This is the main component that regulates and
circulates air as part of an HVAC system. It contains blowers, heating/cooling elements, filters,
and dampers.
● Ductwork: Network of ducts that distribute conditioned air from the HVAC system to
different areas in a building.

2. Cooling Power in HVAC

Cooling power, also known as cooling capacity, is a measure of how much heat an air
conditioning or refrigeration system can remove from a space over time. It’s an important
performance metric for HVAC systems, especially when determining the appropriate size and
type of system for a given space.

Units of Cooling Power:

● BTU (British Thermal Unit): A common unit used in North America, defined as the
amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree
Fahrenheit.
  BTU/hr (BTUs per hour): Standard measurement used to express the cooling
capacity of HVAC units.

● kW (Kilowatts): A unit of power often used internationally. 1 kW is equivalent to

approximately 3,412 BTU/hr.

Factors Influencing Cooling Power:

● Space Size: The larger the space, the higher the cooling power required.

● Heat Load: The amount of heat that needs to be removed depends on factors such as
the number of occupants, lighting, electronic devices, and windows.
● Insulation and Air Leakage: Poorly insulated spaces require more cooling
power since heat will enter the space more easily.
● Climate and Ambient Temperature: Hotter environments demand more cooling
capacity from an HVAC system.
 CONCLUSION

HVAC stands for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. It refers to the systems that
regulate and move heated and cooled air throughout residential and commercial buildings,
from homes to offices to indoor stadiums. Although there are many options when it comes
to HVAC systems, they all work similarly: taking in fresh air and using a mechanical
ventilation system to heat or cool it to a desired temperature.

HVAC units also can control humidity levels and improve air quality through air cleaners
that capture bacteria, spores, and virus-sized particles. The HVAC technician who comes to
your home for a pre-installation evaluation will help you determine which system and
options are best for you and your home.

That space could be a specific room or an entire building or structure, such as a house,
office, or school. An individual component of an HVAC system may serve dual purposes.
For example, your home could have a separate air conditioner and furnace or a heat pump
for both cooling and heating.

In addition to moving air and making it comfortable inside, HVAC systems can improve
the air by drawing it through filters that remove dust, particles, spores, bacteria, and
viruses, says Rick Bohdel, of Ductz. Whole-home humidifiers and dehumidifiers can add
or remove humidity to keep the dew point of your home at an ideal level. This can make
your home feel cooler without having to run a cooling system.
All of these components link to a conventional or internet-connected (smart) thermostat.
Depending on the sophistication of your control system, you may be able to program your
HVAC equipment through an app to make small changes that help each component run at
its peak. Programmable thermostats and smart thermostats can also reduce the overall costs
of heating and cooling your home because they help maintain the temperature within a
designated range.
 REFERENCES
1. Stoecker, W. F., & Jones, J. W. (1982). Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. 2nd ed.
McGraw-Hill.

2. Dincer, I., & Kanoglu, M. (2010). Refrigeration Systems and Applications. 2nd ed.
Wiley.

3. Howell, R. H., & Sauer, H. J. (2012). Principles of Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning.
4. Goswami, D. Y., & Kreith, F. (2015). Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy.

5. Riffat, S. B., & Qiu, G. (2004). A review of passive cooling technology for buildings.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 9(4), 395-408.