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Full Chemistry Papers 19-23

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

14 views342 pages

Full Chemistry Papers 19-23

Uploaded by

abdulrahman amer

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 342

Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information

Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level

Wednesday 9 January 2019

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WCH11/01

Chemistry
International Advanced Subsidiary
Unit 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
Candidates must have: Scientific calculator Total Marks
Ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• – there may
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
be more space than you need.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• – use this asfora guide
The marks each question are shown in brackets
as to how much time to spend on each question.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Checkallyouryouranswers
Show working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• if you have time at the end.

Turn over

P60789A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.

2/2/2/1/
*P60789A0124*
SECTION A

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

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You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.

For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with
a cross .

1 The hydroxide ion, OH−, has a total of 9 protons.

How many neutrons and electrons are there in this ion?

Number of neutrons Number of electrons

A 8 8
B 8 10
C 9 8

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D 9 9

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 A sample of silicon contains the following isotopes.

Isotope Percentage abundance

28
Si 81.21
29
Si 14.10
30
Si 4.69

What is the relative atomic mass of silicon, to one decimal place, in this sample?
A 28.0
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B 28.2
C 29.0
D 29.8

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

2
*P60789A0224*
3 Which is the electronic configuration of a carbon atom in its ground state?
1s 2s 2p
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(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 What is the maximum number of electrons in the 3p subshell, and in the

third quantum shell of an atom?

Maximum number of Maximum number

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electrons in the of electrons in the

3p subshell third quantum shell
A 2 8
B 2 18
C 6 8
D 6 18

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
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3
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5 The first six ionisation energies of an element, in kJ mol−1, are shown.

578 1817 2745 11 578 14 831 18 378

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Which group of the Periodic Table includes this element?

A Group 2
B Group 3
C Group 4
D Group 5

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 The diagram shows the first ionisation energy for the elements from sodium to silicon.

1100
1000

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900
First 800
ionisation
700
energy
/ kJ mol−1 600
500
400
300
11 12 13 14 15

Atomic number

What is the approximate first ionisation energy, in kJ mol−1, of phosphorus

(atomic number 15)?

A 400
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B 500 DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

C 700
D 1000

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

4
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7 Which is the dot-and-cross diagram for magnesium chloride?
Only outer shell electrons are shown.
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A Mg Cl

B Cl Mg Cl

+ −

C Mg Cl

− 2+ −

D Cl Mg Cl
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(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 Metallic bonding is the strong electrostatic attraction between

A anions and cations

B atoms and delocalised electrons
C ions and delocalised electrons
D two nuclei and a shared pair of electrons

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
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9 The ionic radius of Al3+ is smaller than that of N3−.
This is because Al3+ has

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A fewer protons but more electrons than N3−
B more protons but fewer electrons than N3−
C more protons than N3− but the same number of electrons as N3−
D the same number of protons as N3− but fewer electrons

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 Which ion has the greatest polarising power?

A Cl−
B Mg2+
C Na+
D S2−

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(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

11 Which species is not tetrahedral?

A CCl4
B CH4
C ICl4−
D NH4+

(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

12 Members of the homologous series of alkanes have the same

A boiling temperature
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B density DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

C empirical formula
D general formula

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

6
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13 An electrophile
A accepts a pair of electrons
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B always has a negative charge

C always has a positive charge
D donates a pair of electrons

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

14 What is the total number of structural isomers with the molecular formula C6H14?
A 4
B 5
C 6
D 7
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(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

15 What is the systematic name of compound X?

Compound X

A E-2-chlorobut-2-ene
B Z-2-chlorobut-2-ene
C E-3-chlorobut-2-ene
D Z-3-chlorobut-2-ene
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(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

7
*P60789A0724* Turn over
16 Ethene reacts with hydrogen in the presence of a heated nickel catalyst to form ethane.

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H H H H

C C + H2 H C C H
H H H H

Which types of bond are broken and formed in this reaction?

Bonds broken Bonds formed

A ı only ʌ only
B ʌ only ı only
C ı and ʌ ı only
D ı and ʌ ʌ only

(Total for Question 16 = 1 mark)

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17 Calcium reacts with dilute nitric acid to form calcium nitrate and hydrogen.
Which is the balanced equation for this reaction?

A Ca + 2HNO3 o Ca(NO3)2 + H2

B Ca + H2NO3 o CaNO3 + H2

C Ca + 2H2NO3 o Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2

D 2Ca + 2HNO3 o 2CaNO3 + H2

(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

18 What mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate is needed to make 50.0 cm3 of a

0.0800 mol dm−3 solution of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3?
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[Ar values: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0] DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

A 0.332 g
B 0.424 g
C 5.30 g
D 8.48 g

(Total for Question 18 = 1 mark)

8
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19 A sample of air, with a mass of 5.0 kg, contained carbon monoxide with a
concentration of 12 parts per million by mass.
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What is the mass of carbon monoxide in this sample of air?

A 6.0 × 10−2 g
B 6.0 × 10−5 g
C 2.4 × 10−6 g
D 2.4 × 10−9 g

(Total for Question 19 = 1 mark)

20 What is the maximum volume of hydrogen formed, at room temperature and

pressure (r.t.p.), when 0.207 g of lithium is added to excess water?

2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) o 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

[Ar Li = 6.9 Molar volume of gas at r.t.p. = 24.0 dm3 mol−1]

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A 0.36 dm3
B 0.72 dm3
C 1.44 dm3
D 2.48 dm3

(Total for Question 20 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

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9
*P60789A0924* Turn over
SECTION B

Answer ALL the questions.

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Write your answers in the spaces provided.

21 Heptane, C7H16 , is one of the compounds present in crude oil.

(a) When heptane is reformed, the products include 2,2,3-trimethylbutane and cycloheptane.
(i) Give a reason why petrol should not contain a high proportion of heptane.
(1)

(ii) Draw the skeletal formula of 2,2,3-trimethylbutane.

(1)

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(iii) Write the equation for reforming heptane into cycloheptane.
Use molecular formulae.
State symbols are not required.
(1)

(iv) When petrol is burned in a car engine, oxides of nitrogen are formed.
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Explain how these compounds result in damage to trees. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
(2)

10
*P60789A01024*
(b) Heptane reacts with chlorine in sunlight.
(i) Chlorine radicals are formed in the first step in the mechanism.
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Cl2 o 2Cl•

Name this step in the mechanism.

(1)

(ii) Give the two propagation steps for the formation of chloroheptane.
Use molecular formulae. Curly arrows are not required.
(2)
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(iii) Give the termination step which forms a hydrocarbon.

(1)

(iv) Explain how some dichloroheptane, C7H14Cl2 , also forms during this reaction.
You may include equation(s) in your answer.
(2)
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(Total for Question 21 = 11 marks)

11
*P60789A01124* Turn over
22 This question is about nitrogen.
(a) The table shows the successive ionisation energies of nitrogen.

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Ionisation energy
Ionisation number log (ionisation energy)
/ kJ mol−1
1 1 402 3.15

2 2 856 3.46

3 4 578 3.66

4 7 475 3.87

5 9 445 3.98

6 53 268

7 64 362

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(i) Complete the table.
(1)
(ii) Plot a graph of log (ionisation energy) against ionisation number.
(3)

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12
*P60789A01224*
(iii) Give a reason why the logarithm of the ionisation energy, rather than just the
ionisation energy, is used to plot this graph.
(1)
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(iv) Explain what can be deduced from the graph about the electronic structure
of nitrogen.
(3)

(v) Explain why the first ionisation energy of oxygen is lower than that of nitrogen.
(3)

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13
*P60789A01324* Turn over
(b) Nitrogen gas consists of nitrogen molecules.
(i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of nitrogen.

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(1)

(ii) Calculate the number of nitrogen atoms in 5.60 g of nitrogen gas.

[Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1]
(2)

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14
*P60789A01424*
(iii) A sample of nitrogen gas occupied 108 cm3 at a temperature of 25 °C and a
pressure of 1.36 × 105 Pa.
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Using the ideal gas equation, calculate the number of moles of nitrogen gas in
this sample.
[pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1]
(4)
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(Total for Question 22 = 18 marks)

15
*P60789A01524* Turn over
23 This question is about the alkene 2-methylpropene.
The formulae show two different ways of representing a molecule of 2-methylpropene.

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H CH3
C C
H CH3

formula 1 formula 2

(a) Give the empirical formula of 2-methylpropene.

(1)

(b) Give a reason why 2-methylpropene does not show geometric isomerism.
(1)

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.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Draw the mechanism for the reaction between 2-methylpropene and bromine, Br2.
Include curly arrows, and relevant lone pairs and dipoles.
Use formula 1 to represent 2-methylpropene.
(4)

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16
*P60789A01624*
(d) Two reactions of 2-methylpropene are shown.
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Reaction 1 Reaction 2
reagent A reagent B

organic product Q

Br
major product

(i) In Reaction 1 the reagent A is acidified potassium manganate(VII).

Give the skeletal formula of organic product Q.
(1)
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(ii) Give the colour change seen during Reaction 1.

(1)

From ..................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Identify, by name or formula, reagent B in Reaction 2.

(1)

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17
*P60789A01724* Turn over
(iv) Explain why 2-bromo-2-methylpropane is the major organic product in Reaction 2.
(2)

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(e) Draw two repeat units of poly(2-methylpropene).

H CH3

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C C
H CH3

2-methylpropene
(2)

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18
*P60789A01824*
(f ) A sample of 2-methylpropene was prepared from 2-methylpropan-2-ol.
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+ H2O
OH
2-methylpropan-2-ol 2-methylpropene
Mr = 74.0 Mr = 56.0

The yield of this reaction was 58.2%.

Calculate the mass of 2-methylpropene formed from 6.85 g of 2-methylpropan-2-ol.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
(4)
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(Total for Question 23 = 17 marks)

19
*P60789A01924* Turn over
24 This question is about compounds containing chlorine.
(a) A precipitate of silver chloride is formed when silver nitrate solution reacts with

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sodium chloride solution.
A student wrote an ionic equation for the reaction.

Ag2+(l) + 2Cl−(l) o AgCl2(s)

Explain why this equation is incorrect, even though it is balanced.

(2)

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(b) A sample of a compound is analysed and found to contain only 3.09 g carbon,
0.26 g hydrogen and 9.15 g chlorine.
The molar mass of the compound is 97.0 g mol−1.
Calculate the molecular formula of this compound.
You must show your working.
(3)

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20
*P60789A02024*
(c) Nitrogen trichloride has the formula NCl3.
(i) A sample of nitrogen trichloride contained only nitrogen atoms with mass
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number 14, and chlorine atoms with mass numbers 35 and 37.
Give the formula and mass/charge ratio for each of the four ions responsible
for the molecular ion peaks in the mass spectrum of nitrogen trichloride.
(2)
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(ii) Complete the table to predict the shape and Cl N Cl bond angle in
nitrogen trichloride.
(3)

Number of bonding pairs of electrons on nitrogen

Number of lone pairs of electrons on nitrogen

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Shape of molecule

Cl N Cl bond angle

21
*P60789A02124* Turn over
(d) Aluminium chloride exists as an ionic lattice in the solid state and as a covalent
dimer, Al2Cl6, in the gas phase, just above its boiling temperature.

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(i) Explain why aluminium chloride in the solid state has significant covalent character.
(2)

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(ii) Describe how two AlCl3 molecules are joined together in the dimer.
Include a diagram in your answer.
(2)

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(Total for Question 24 = 14 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

22
*P60789A02224*
PMT

Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level

Monday 20 May 2019

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WCH11/01

Chemistry
International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level
Unit 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
Candidates must have: Scientific calculator Total Marks
Ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas,
descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
• There is a Periodic Table on the back page of this paper.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Checkallyouryouranswers
Show working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• if you have time at the end.

Turn over

P61476A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.

2/1/1/1/1/
*P61476A0128*
PMT

SECTION A

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

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You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.

For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with
a cross .

1 Which statement is not true for sodium chloride?

A sodium chloride conducts electricity in aqueous solution
B sodium chloride conducts electricity when molten
C sodium chloride has a molecular structure
D sodium chloride has a giant structure

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

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2 Which of these molecules is the most polar?
A H H
B H F
C H Cl
D H Br

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 Covalent bonding is best described as the electrostatic attraction between

A oppositely charged ions

B positive ions and delocalised electrons DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

C a shared pair of electrons

D two nuclei and a shared pair of electrons

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

2
*P61476A0228*
PMT

4 Which is correct for tetrafluoromethane (CF4)?

F
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C
F F
F

Bonds Molecule
A polar polar
B non-polar polar
C polar non-polar
D non-polar non-polar

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

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5 Which pair of ions gives the strongest ionic bonding?

A Na+ and F−
B K+ and Br−
C Mg2+ and O2−
D Ca2+ and S2−

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
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3
*P61476A0328* Turn over
PMT

6 In 1.31 g of a chloride of titanium, there is 0.528 g of titanium.

What is the empirical formula of this titanium chloride?

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[ Ar values: Ti = 47.9 Cl = 35.5 ]
A TiCl
B TiCl2
C TiCl3
D Ti2Cl4

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 Which isotope is used as the standard in the definition of relative atomic mass?
1
A H
12
B C
13

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C C
16
D O

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 Which statement about subatomic particles is correct?

A neutral atoms always contain the same number of protons and electrons
B neutral atoms always contain the same number of protons and neutrons
C electrons have a relative mass of 1 and a charge of −1
D protons have a relative mass of 1 and no charge

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

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4
*P61476A0428*
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9 Which sketch graph shows the trend in first ionisation energy values going down
Group 1 in the Periodic Table?
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First
ionisation
A
energy

Atomic number

First
ionisation
B
energy

Atomic number
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First
ionisation
C
energy

Atomic number

First
ionisation
D
energy

Atomic number

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
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5
*P61476A0528* Turn over
PMT

10 Isotopes are atoms of an element that have different

A electronic structures

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B numbers of electrons
C numbers of protons
D numbers of neutrons

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

11 The two stable isotopes of bromine have relative masses of 79 and 81.
Which is the correct pattern of peaks in the mass spectrum of molecular bromine?

Relative
abundance
A

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80 160
m/z

Relative
abundance
B

80 160
m/z

Relative
abundance
C DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

80 160
m/z

Relative
abundance
D

80 160
m/z

(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

6
*P61476A0628*
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12 The mass spectrum of a sample of silicon is shown.

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Relative
abundance

28 29 30

m/z

What is the best estimate for the relative atomic mass of silicon in this sample?
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A 28.0
B 28.2
C 28.8
D 29.0

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

13 Which is the equation for the second ionisation energy of an element, A?

A A(g) o A2+(g) + 2e−
B A+(g) o A2+(g) + e−
C A2+(g) o A3+(g) + e−
D A2+(g) o A4+(g) + 2e−
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(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

7
*P61476A0728* Turn over
PMT

14 The bar chart shows the melting temperatures of the first twenty elements.

4000

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3500

3000

2500
Melting
temperature 2000
/K
1500

1000

500

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Atomic number

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The bar chart shows that melting temperatures
A of giant covalent structures are the highest in Period 2 and in Period 3
B of metals are always higher than non-metals
C increase going down each group
D increase across Period 2 and Period 3

(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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8
*P61476A0828*
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15 Which is the electronic configuration of the Sc3+ ion?

A 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
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B 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 3d1

C 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2
D 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2

(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

16 What is the name of the product when this molecule reacts with chlorine gas?

A 5,5-dichloro-2-methylpentane
B 4,5-dichloro-2-methylpentane
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C 2,3-dichloro-4-methylpentane
D 1,2-dichloro-4-methylpentane

(Total for Question 16 = 1 mark)

17 What type of bond breaking occurs in this process?

H2O o H+ + OH−

A electrophilic
B heterolytic
C homolytic
D ionic
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(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

9
*P61476A0928* Turn over
PMT

18 What reagent and conditions are used for this conversion?

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H H H H

C C HO C C H
H H H H

A potassium manganate(VII) in aqueous acid

B sodium hydroxide in dilute aqueous solution
C steam and acid catalyst
D steam and nickel catalyst

(Total for Question 18 = 1 mark)

19 But-2-ene shows geometric isomerism.

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H H
C C
H3C CH3

What are the prefixes that could be used in naming this isomer?

cis / trans E/Z

A cis E
B cis Z
C trans E
D trans Z

(Total for Question 19 = 1 mark)

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20 Which is the major product of this reaction?

H CH2CH3
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H Br + C C o
H H

H H

A H 3C C C CH3

H Br

H H

B H C C CH2CH3

Br H
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H H

C H3C C C CH2CH3

Br H

H H

D H 3C C C CH2CH3

H Br

(Total for Question 20 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

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SECTION B

Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

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21 Magnesium carbonate powder reacts with hydrochloric acid.
(a) Complete the equation for this reaction by adding state symbols.
(1)

MgCO3(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + 2HCl(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) o MgCl2(................ ) + H2O(................ ) + CO2(................ )

(b) A student carried out an investigation to determine the molar volume of

carbon dioxide using this apparatus.

100 cm3
measuring
cylinder

30 cm3

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hydrochloric acid
water

The student carried out five experiments, adding a different mass of

magnesium carbonate each time.
The results are shown in the table.

Mass of Volume of gas

magnesium carbonate / g collected / cm3
0.05 11
0.10 27 DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

0.15 38
0.20 54
0.25 63

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(i) Plot a graph of these results.

(3)
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(ii) A student carried out a further experiment using a different mass of

magnesium carbonate.
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Give the volume of gas collected using the inverted measuring cylinder.
(1)

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(iii) Determine the mass of magnesium carbonate added in the experiment in

(b)(ii), using your graph.
(1)

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(iv) Calculate the molar volume of carbon dioxide using your answers to parts (b)(ii) and (b)(iii).
Give your value to an appropriate number of significant figures and include units.
[ Ar values: Mg = 24.3 C = 12.0 O = 16.0 ]
(4)

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(v) The acid must be in excess for each experiment.

Calculate the minimum concentration of hydrochloric acid needed for 30 cm3
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of acid to completely react with 0.25 g of magnesium carbonate.

MgCO3 + 2HCl + MgCl2 + H2O + CO2

(2)
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(c) The value of molar volume calculated in (b)(iv) was lower than the student expected.
Give two reasons for the value being lower than expected.
Assume that the correct amounts of hydrochloric acid and magnesium carbonate
were used.
(2)
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(Total for Question 21 = 14 marks)

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22 This question is about fuels and polymers.

Used coffee grounds have been suggested as a carbon-neutral fuel to replace some

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fossil fuels.
(a) (i) Explain why coffee grounds might be considered a carbon-neutral fuel.
(2)

(ii) Explain how the use of fossil fuels causes climate change.

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(2)

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(b) Long chain alkanes are not normally used as fuels as they produce soot.
(i) Name another pollutant formed by incomplete combustion of alkanes.
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(1)

(ii) Write the equation for the complete combustion of octane.

State symbols are not required.
(2)

(c) Long chain alkanes are converted into smaller, more useful molecules including alkenes.
(i) Name this process.
(1)
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(ii) Give a test for alkenes, including the positive result.

(2)

(d) Alkenes, such as ethene, can be used to make polymers.

(i) Write a balanced equation for the polymerisation of ethene using displayed
formulae.
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(1)

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(ii) Bananas produce ethene as they ripen.

Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using ripening bananas as a

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source of ethene for polymer production.
(2)

(e) Burning poly(chloroethene) in an incinerator results in the formation of

hydrogen chloride.

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(i) State a hazard associated with hydrogen chloride.
(1)

(ii) Suggest how the hydrogen chloride could be removed from the waste gases
produced in an incinerator.
(1)

(Total for Question 22 = 15 marks)

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23 This question is about bonding.

(a) Draw an electron density map for a molecule of oxygen.
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(1)
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(b) Draw a diagram to show the shape of a water molecule.

Give the bond angle.
(2)
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Bond angle ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) The compound POCl3 has a simple molecular structure.

(i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram for the POCl3 molecule.

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Use crosses ( ) for the phosphorus electrons, dots ( ) for the chlorine electrons
and circles ( ) for the oxygen electrons.
(2)

Cl P Cl

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(ii) Explain the shape of this molecule using the electron-pair repulsion theory.
(3)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(d) The properties of metals depend on their structure and bonding.

(i) Draw a labelled diagram to show the metallic bonding in calcium.
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(2)

(ii) Explain how the electrical conductivity, high melting temperature and
malleability of metals depend on their structure and bonding.
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(3)

Electrical conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................... ................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High melting temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................... ......................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malleability ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(e) Diamond, graphite and graphene are all forms of carbon.

(i) Explain two ways in which the physical properties of diamond and graphite differ.

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Refer to their structure and bonding in your answer.
(4)

diamond graphite

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(ii) State how the structure of graphene is related to the structure of graphite.
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(1)

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(iii) State a use for graphene, identifying the property that makes it suitable for that use.
(2)
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(Total for Question 23 = 20 marks)

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24 Airbags protect occupants by inflating when a car crashes.

Airbags rely on chemical reactions to produce large volumes of gases quickly.

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In some airbags, solid sodium azide (NaN3) decomposes forming nitrogen gas and
sodium as the only products.
(a) Write an equation for the decomposition of sodium azide.
State symbols are not required.
(1)

(b) A passenger airbag requires 120 dm3 of gas to fill it.

Calculate, using the ideal gas equation, the mass of sodium azide required to fill
a passenger airbag in this reaction under standard conditions (101 000 Pa, 25°C).
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

[ pV = nRT R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1 ]

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(6)

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(c) Two further reactions take place in the airbag.

Reaction A 10Na + 2KNO3 o K2O + 5Na2O + N2
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Reaction B K2O + Na2O + SiO2 o Na2K2SiO4

(i) Reaction A produces more nitrogen to inflate the airbag.
Calculate the atom economy, by mass, for the production of nitrogen in reaction A.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
(3)
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(ii) State the type of reaction taking place in reaction B.

(1)

(Total for Question 24 = 11 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

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Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level

Tuesday 8 October 2019

Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WCH11/01

Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Unit 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
Candidates must have: Scientific calculator Total Marks
Ruler

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas,
descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Checkallyouryouranswers
Show working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• if you have time at the end.

Turn over

P61656A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/
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SECTION A

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

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You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.

For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with
a cross .

1 Which element is in the d-block of the Periodic Table?

A argon
B chlorine
C iron
D sodium

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

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2 What is the equation for the third ionisation energy of aluminium?

A Al(g) o Al3+(g) + 3e−

B Al(s) o Al3+(s) + 3e−

C Al2+(g) o Al3+(g) + e−

D Al2+(s) o Al3+(s) + e−

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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3 The first three ionisation energies of carbon are shown.

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1st 2nd 3rd

Ionisation energy / kJ mol−1 1086 2353 4621

Which is the approximate fourth ionisation energy, in kJ mol−1, of carbon?

A 3500
B 6200
C 11 000
D 38 000

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 The chart shows the first ionisation energy of each of the elements from
fluorine to magnesium.
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3000
2500
First 2000
ionisation 1500
energy
/ kJ mol−1 1000
500
0
9 10 11 12 13
Atomic number

Which is the approximate first ionisation energy, in kJ mol−1,

of aluminium (atomic number 13)?
A 300
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B 600
C 900
D 1200

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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5 The decrease in first ionisation energy down Group 1 in the Periodic Table is caused
by the increase in

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A force of attraction between the nucleus and outer electron
B number of neutrons in the nucleus
C number of protons in the nucleus
D shielding of the outer electron from the nuclear charge

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 What is the relative formula mass of hydrated ammonium iron(II) sulfate, (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O?
[Relative atomic masses (Ar ): H = 1.0 N = 14.0 O = 16.0 S = 32.1 Fe = 55.8]
A 284
B 302
C 312

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D 392

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 How many atoms are there in 36.0 g of water?

[Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1]
A 3.010 × 1023
B 1.204 × 1024
C 2.408 × 1024
D 3.612 × 1024

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
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8 Some ionic radii are shown.

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Ion Ionic radius / nm

Na+ 0.102
K+ 0.138
F− 0.133
Cl− 0.180

Which compound has the strongest ionic bonding?

A sodium fluoride
B sodium chloride
C potassium fluoride
D potassium chloride
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(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 In which pair are the ions isoelectronic?

A Ca2+ and S2−
B K+ and Br−
C Li+ and F−
D Mg2+ and Cl−

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 The bonding within an ammonium ion, NH4+, is formed by

A covalent bonding only
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B covalent and dative covalent bonding only

C covalent and ionic bonding only
D covalent, dative covalent and ionic bonding

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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11 Which diagram best represents the electron density map of a hydrogen chloride molecule?

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(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

12 What is the polarity of the Al Cl bond and the polarity of a

trigonal planar AlCl3 molecule?

Polarity of Al Cl bond Polarity of AlCl3 molecule

A non-polar non-polar
B non-polar polar
C polar non-polar
D polar polar
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(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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13 What is the atom economy, by mass, for the formation of iron in this reaction?

Fe2O3 + 3CO o 2Fe + 3CO2

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[Ar values: C = 12.0 O = 16.0 Fe = 55.8]

A 29.7 %
B 45.8 %
C 55.9 %
D 71.7 %

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

14 A 2 kg sample of water contains 40 parts per million (ppm) by mass of nitrate ions.
What is the mass, in g , of nitrate ions in this sample?

A 8 × 10−2
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B 5 × 10−5
C 8 × 10−5
D 5 × 10−8

(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

15 A sample of hydrated calcium sulfate, CaSO4.xH2O , was heated to constant mass.

3.405 g of anhydrous calcium sulfate and 0.900 g of water were formed.
What is the value of x?
[Relative formula mass: CaSO4 = 136.2]
A 0.5
B 2
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C 3
D 4

(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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16 During a cracking reaction, each molecule of an alkane with formula C10H22 formed
only two molecules of ethene and one molecule of hydrocarbon A.

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What is the molecular formula of A?
A C6H10
B C6H14
C C8H16
D C8H18

(Total for Question 16 = 1 mark)

17 Curly arrows are used in reaction mechanisms.

H C Cl

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The curly arrow shown represents the movement of
A an electron from a bond to an atom, forming free radicals
B an electron from a bond to an atom, forming ions
C a pair of electrons from a bond to an atom, forming free radicals
D a pair of electrons from a bond to an atom, forming ions

(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

18 The structure of a diene is shown.

H H
C C H
H C C
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H H

How many ı bonds and ʌ bonds are there in one molecule of this diene?

ı bonds ʌ bonds
A 7 2
B 7 4
C 9 2
D 9 4

(Total for Question 18 = 1 mark)

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19 When hydrogen bromide, HBr, reacts with propene, a higher percentage of

2-bromopropane forms than 1-bromopropane.
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Which is the best explanation for this?

A 1-bromopropane is more stable than 2-bromopropane
B 2-bromopropane is more stable than 1-bromopropane
C a primary carbocation is more stable than a secondary carbocation
D a secondary carbocation is more stable than a primary carbocation

(Total for Question 19 = 1 mark)

20 Propene, C3H6 , is produced in the dehydration of propanol.

C3H7OH o C3H6 + H2O

What is the mass, in g , of propene formed from 3.42 g of propanol when the yield is 85.2 % ?

[Relative molecular masses (Mr): C3H7OH = 60 C3H6 = 42]

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A 2.04
B 2.39
C 2.91
D 4.16

(Total for Question 20 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

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SECTION B

Answer ALL the questions.

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Write your answers in the spaces provided.

21 This question is about cycloalkanes.

(a) When alkanes from crude oil are reformed, the products include cycloalkanes.
Write the equation for reforming hexane into cyclohexane using
skeletal formulae for the organic compounds.
(2)

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(b) The skeletal formula of cycloalkane D is shown.

(i) Give the name of D.

(1)

(ii) Give the molecular formula of D.

(1)

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(c) There are four structural isomers of C6H12 with a ring of four carbon atoms.
One of these isomers is shown, in the first box.
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Complete the skeletal formulae of the other three isomers.

(2)

(d) A cycloalkane, E, has a molar mass of 126 g mol−1.

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Deduce the molecular formula of E.

(1)

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(e) A sample of gaseous cyclopentane with a volume of 25 cm3 was mixed with
250 cm3 of oxygen (an excess) and the mixture was ignited.
Only gaseous products were formed.

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2C5H10(g) + 15O2(g) o 10CO2(g) + 10H2O(g)

Calculate the volume of each gas remaining after the reaction.

All the gas volumes were measured at the same temperature and pressure.
(3)

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(f ) Cyclobutane, C4H8, reacts with chlorine in sunlight.

(i) Name the mechanism and type of reaction that is occurring.
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(2)

(ii) Complete the equation for the initiation step of this reaction mechanism.
Include appropriate curly arrows.
(2)

Cl Cl o

(iii) Write the equations for the two propagation steps to form chlorocyclobutane.
Use C4H8 as the formula for cyclobutane.
Curly arrows and state symbols are not required.
(2)
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(iv) A small amount of a hydrocarbon forms in this reaction.

Deduce the skeletal formula of this hydrocarbon. Justify your answer.
(2)
Skeletal formula of product
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Justification

(Total for Question 21 = 18 marks)

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22 This question is about atomic structure and gases.

(a) Chlorine exists as two isotopes with mass numbers 35 and 37.

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(i) State the number and type of each of the particles in the nucleus of a
chlorine-35 atom.
(2)

(ii) Complete the electronic configuration of a chloride ion, Cl−, using the
s, p, d notation.
(1)

1s2. . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) A sample of chlorine contains 75.53 % of chlorine-35 atoms.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of chlorine.
Give your answer to two decimal places.

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(2)

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(b) Fluorine has one naturally occurring isotope with mass number 19.
Chlorine and fluorine react to form chlorine trifluoride, ClF3 .
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(i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of

chlorine trifluoride.
Show the outer shell electrons only.
(2)

(ii) State, in terms of electrons, what is unusual about the dot-and-cross diagram
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you have drawn.

(1)

(iii) Complete the mass spectrum to show the peaks you would expect for the
molecular ion ClF3+ .
(3)

100
90
80
70
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60
Relative 50
abundance
40
30
20
10
0
91 92 93 94 95

m/z

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(iv) Calculate, using the ideal gas equation, the volume in cm3 occupied
by 0.0200 mol of ClF3 gas at a temperature of 60 °C and a pressure of 1.28 × 105 Pa.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

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[ pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1]
(4)

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(Total for Question 22 = 15 marks)

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23 This question is mainly about alkenes.

(a) A few drops of bromine water are added to separate test tubes of propane and
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propene and the mixtures are shaken.

Describe what is seen at the end of each experiment.
(2)

Propane ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Propene ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Give the reagents and conditions for each of these conversions.

(i) CH2 CH2 o CH3CH2OH

(1)

(ii) CH2 CH2 o CH2OHCH2OH

(1)

(c) Draw the structure of Z-3-methylpent-2-ene.

(1)
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(d) Exactly 720 cm3 of hydrogen gas, measured at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.),
reacted with 0.010 mol of an alkene to form an alkane.

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Deduce the number of double bonds in one molecule of the alkene.
You must show your working.
[Molar volume of gas at r.t.p. = 24 000 cm3 mol−1]
(2)

(e) A student drew a mechanism for the addition of bromine to ethene.

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Describe the three changes needed to correct this student’s mechanism.
(3)

Change 1..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Change 2..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Change 3..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(f ) Part of the structure of a polymer is shown.

CH3 H CH3 H
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C C C C
H H H H

Draw the structure of the monomer used to make this polymer.

(1)
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(Total for Question 23 = 11 marks)

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19
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PMT

24 This question is about phosphorus and some of its compounds.

(a) The atomic number of phosphorus is 15.

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(i) Complete the electronic configuration of a phosphorus atom using the
electrons-in-boxes notation.
(1)

[Ne]

3s 3p
(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of phosphorus is greater than that of sulfur.
(2)

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(b) Phosphorus has a melting temperature of 44 °C.

Silicon has a melting temperature of 1410 °C.
Explain why the melting temperature of phosphorus is much lower than that of silicon.
(3)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20
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PMT

(c) Phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl5 , exists as covalent molecules in the gaseous state.
(i) Complete the table for a PCl5 molecule.
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(3)

Number of bonding pairs

of electrons on phosphorus

Number of lone pairs of

electrons on phosphorus

Shape of molecule

Cl P Cl bond angles

(ii) In the solid state, phosphorus(V) chloride is ionic.

The cation and anion each have one phosphorus atom but a different number
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of chlorine atoms.
The cation is tetrahedral and the anion is octahedral.
Predict the formula of each ion. Include the charge on each ion.
(2)

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PMT

(d) In an experiment, 8.00 cm3 of 0.250 mol dm−3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH, reacted
completely with 10.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 phosphoric acid, H3PO4 .

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Use these data to deduce the balanced equation for this reaction.
You must show your working.
(3)

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22
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PMT

(e) Hydrated magnesium phosphate has the formula Mg3(PO4)2.yH2O .

A sample of this compound contains 78.5% by mass of anhydrous magnesium phosphate.
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Deduce the value of y.

You must show your working.
[Molar mass of anhydrous magnesium phosphate, Mg3(PO4)2 = 262.9 g mol−1]
(2)
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(Total for Question 24 = 16 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

23
*P61656A02324*
PMT

Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level

Thursday 9 January 2020

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WCH11/01

Chemistry
International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level
Unit 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
Candidates must have: Scientific calculator Total Marks
Ruler

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas,
descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar,
punctation and spelling.
• There is a Periodic Table printed on the back cover of this paper.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Checkallyouryouranswers
Show working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• if you have time at the end.

Turn over

P60271A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/
*P60271A0124*
PMT

SECTION A

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.

For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with
a cross .

1 How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in a 37Cl– ion?

Protons Neutrons Electrons

A 17 20 16

B 17 20 17

C 17 20 18

D 20 17 21

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 A sample of an element X contains only the isotopes shown.

Isotope Percentage abundance

58
X 68.077
60
X 26.223
61
X 1.140
62
X 3.634
64
X 0.926

What is the relative atomic mass of element X to three decimal places in this sample?
A 58.760
B 58.8
C 59.4
D 59.440

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

2
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3 How many orbitals are there, in total, in the first three quantum shells of an atom?
A 3
B 6
C 9
D 14

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 Which element is in the p-block and has atoms containing two unpaired electrons in
the ground state?
A lithium
B carbon
C fluorine
D titanium

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 The first five ionisation energies of an element, in kJ mol–1, are

578 1 817 2 745 11 578 14 831

This element could be

A sodium
B magnesium
C aluminium
D silicon

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 What is the relative formula mass of hydrated barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2.8H2O?

[Ar values: Ba = 137.3, O = 16.0, H = 1.0]
A 171.3
B 203.3
C 299.3
D 315.3

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

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PMT

7 An 11.0 g sample of anhydrous sodium sulfate, Na2SO4 , is dissolved in deionised water

to form 70 cm3 of solution.
What is the concentration, in mol dm–3, of Na2SO4 in the aqueous solution formed?
[Mr value: Na2SO4 = 142.1]
A 0.0011
B 0.90
C 1.1
D 900

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 Which of these ionic compounds would be expected to have the highest melting temperature?
A NaF
B MgO
C KCl
D CaS

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 Which of these compounds has the greatest covalent character?

A MgF2
B MgI2
C BaF2
D BaI2

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

4
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PMT

10 Barium chloride reacts with sodium sulfate:

BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) o BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

[Mr values: BaCl2 = 208.3, Na2SO4 = 142.1, BaSO4 = 233.4, NaCl = 58.5]
(a) What would you see when this reaction is carried out?
(1)
A blue solution turns colourless
B effervescence
C no visible change
D white precipitate

(b) What is the ionic equation for this reaction?

(1)
A Ba+(aq) + SO4–(aq) o BaSO4(s)

B Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq) o NaCl(aq)

C Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) o BaSO4(s)

D Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq) o BaSO4(s) + NaCl(aq)

(c) What is the maximum mass of BaSO4 that could be produced from 0.500 g of BaCl2
in this reaction?
(1)
A 0.446 g
B 0.500 g
C 0.560 g
D 0.821 g

(d) What is the atom economy (by mass) for the formation of BaSO4 in this reaction?
(1)
A 33.3%
B 62.2%
C 66.6%
D 80.0%

(Total for Question 10 = 4 marks)

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PMT

11 Which of these forms of carbon does not contain delocalised electrons?

A diamond
B C60 fullerene
C graphene
D graphite

(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

12 Which of these molecules is polar?

A OF2
B BF3
C CF4
D PF5

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

13 Which species has its correct shape and bond angle shown?

Species Shape Bond angle

A CH3+ trigonal planar 120q

B NH3 pyramidal 109.5q

C NH4+ square planar 90q

D H2O linear 180q

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

6
*P60271A0624*
PMT

14 Some equations for reactions used in reforming crude oil fractions are shown.
Which equation is not balanced?

A o

B
o + H2

C
o + 3H2

D
o + 3H2

(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

15 A pure alkane fuel is burned in air.

Which substance is not a possible combustion product?
A H2
B H 2O
C CO
D CO2

(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

7
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PMT

16 What is the number of ı bonds and ʌ bonds in one molecule of this compound?

ı bonds ʌ bonds

A 15 3

B 39 3

C 15 6

D 39 6

(Total for Question 16 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

8
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PMT

17 The polymers shown are all made from single monomers.

Which polymer is made from a monomer that has geometric isomers?

H CH3 H CH3

A C C C C

H H H H

H CH3 CH3 H

B C C C C

H H H H

H CH3 H CH3

C C C C C

H CH3 H CH3

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

D C C C C

H H H H

(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

9
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PMT

SECTION B

Answer ALL the questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

18 This question is about the element chlorine.

(a) Give the electronic configuration, using the s, p, d notation, for a chlorine atom in
the ground state.
(1)

(b) Write an equation for the first ionisation energy of chlorine.

Include state symbols.
(2)

10
*P60271A01024*
PMT

(d) Chlorine occurs naturally as a diatomic molecule.

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of chlorine.
Show outer shell electrons only.
(1)

(e) Chlorine is a gas at room temperature and pressure.

Explain why chlorine has a low boiling temperature.
(2)

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PMT

(f ) Chlorine has two stable isotopes. The isotopes have mass numbers 35 and 37,
with relative abundance in the ratio 3 : 1.
(i) Complete the mass spectrum for a sample of chlorine gas to show the
expected molecular ion peaks due to Cl2+ .
(2)

100

60
Relative
50
abundance
40

0
68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
m/z

(ii) Suggest why there could be a small peak at m / z = 36 in the mass spectrum of
chlorine gas.
(2)

(Total for Question 18 = 13 marks)

12
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PMT

19 This question is about the bonding, structure and properties of the elements in Period 3 of
the Periodic Table and their compounds.
(a) A student plotted a graph to show the melting temperatures of the elements in Period 3.

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

Melting 800
temperature / K
600

400

200

0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Elements in Period 3

(i) The student incorrectly plotted two values: one for a metal and one for a non-metal.
Identify these elements, by name or formula.
(2)

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PMT

(ii) Explain, with reference to structure and bonding, why silicon has a very high
melting temperature.
(3)

(b) Aluminium has the greatest electrical conductivity of the Period 3 elements.
(i) Describe how metals conduct electricity.
(2)

(ii) Give a possible reason why aluminium has a higher electrical conductivity
than sodium.
(1)

14
*P60271A01424*
PMT

(c) Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide in the liquid state.
(i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in aluminium oxide.
Show outer shell electrons only.
(3)

(ii) Give a reason why aluminium oxide must be in the liquid state before electrolysis
can occur.
(1)

(Total for Question 19 = 12 marks)

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PMT

20 This question is about hexane, C6H14 .

(a) The skeletal formula of hexane is

Draw the four structural isomers of hexane in the boxes.

(4)

Isomer 1 Isomer 2

Isomer 3 Isomer 4

16
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PMT

(b) Hexane reacts with bromine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation to form a
mixture of bromoalkanes.
(i) Draw the initiation step of this reaction, using curly half-arrows.
(2)

(ii) Write equations for two propagation steps to show how C6H13Br is formed.
Curly arrows are not required.
(2)

(iii) Give the molecular formula of an alkane formed in a termination step in this
reaction.
(1)

(iv) Calculate the percentage by mass of bromine in the heaviest molecule

containing six carbon atoms that could form when hexane reacts with a
large excess of bromine.
[Ar values: C = 12.0, Br = 79.9]
(3)

(Total for Question 20 = 12 marks)

17
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PMT

21 This question is about ethene, C2H4 .

(a) The global production of ethene is about 150 million tonnes per year.
Calculate the number of molecules in 150 million tonnes of ethene.
[1 tonne = 1000 kg Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1]
(2)

(b) Ethene is used commercially to speed up the ripening of bananas.

Ethene levels of 100 parts per million (ppm) are used in ripening rooms.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of ethene in a ripening room of volume 220 m3 at
a temperature of 21qC and pressure of 1.01 × 105 Pa.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
[ pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1]
(5)

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PMT

(c) Ethene and chlorine react to form 1,2-dichloroethane.

(i) Draw the mechanism for the reaction between ethene and chlorine to form
1,2-dichloroethane.
Include curly arrows, and relevant lone pairs and dipoles.
(4)

(ii) One hazard symbol for 1,2-dichloroethane is shown.

By identifying this hazard, give one way of minimising the risk when working
with 1,2-dichloroethane in a laboratory.
Assume the use of safety goggles and a laboratory coat.
(2)

20
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PMT

(d) Ethene reacts with oxygen, O2 , in the presence of a silver catalyst, to form
compound Y as the only product.
(i) When 10.0 g of ethene reacts completely with oxygen, the mass of compound Y
formed is 15.7 g.
Calculate the empirical formula of Y.
You must show your working.
[Ar values: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0]
(2)

(ii) Compound Y reacts with water to form compound Z.

Compound Z is also produced in the reaction between ethene and
acidified potassium manganate(VII).
Give the displayed formula of compound Z.
(1)

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PMT

(e) Ethene reacts with buta-1,3-diene to form cyclohexene as the only product.
Complete the equation for the formation of cyclohexene from ethene and
buta-1,3-diene using skeletal formulae.
(1)

(f ) Two reactions of cyclohexene are shown.

OH
Reaction 1 Reaction 2

(i) Classify the type of reaction occurring in Reaction 1.

(1)

(ii) Give the reagents and conditions needed for Reaction 2.

(2)

22
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PMT

(iii) Cyclohexanol is the product of Reaction 2.

O
a b H

Bond angle a = 109.5q

Explain why bond angle b is smaller than bond angle a.
Include the expected value for bond angle b in your answer.
(3)

(Total for Question 21 = 23 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

23
*P60271A02324*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Monday 18 May 2020

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WCH11/01

Chemistry
International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level
Unit 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
Candidates must have: Scientific calculator Total Marks
Ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Checkallyouryouranswers
Show working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• if you have time at the end.

Turn over

*P62590A0124*
P62590A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/
SECTION A

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.

For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with
a cross .

1 What is the empirical formula of butane?

A C4H10
B C2H5
C CH2.5
D CnH2n + 2
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 When zinc is added to copper(II) sulfate solution, copper is formed.

(a) Which of these is the best name for this type of reaction?
(1)
A addition
B displacement
C neutralisation
D substitution

(b) Which is the ionic half‑equation for a process that takes place during this reaction?
(1)
A Cu2+ + e– → Cu+
B Cu+ + e– → Cu
C Zn → Zn+ + e–
D Zn → Zn2+ + 2e–

(Total for Question 2 = 2 marks)

2
*P62590A0224*
3 How many molecules are there in 44.0 g of carbon monoxide?

 Avogadro
 constant L = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
 
   
 A
 r values: C = 12.0 O = 16.0  
A 3.83 × 1023

B 6.02 × 1023

C 9.46 × 1023

D 1.89 × 1024

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 A compound has Mr = 84 and its composition by mass is 71.4 % carbon, 9.6 % hydrogen
and 19.0 % oxygen.
What is the molecular formula of this compound?

[ Ar values: H = 1.0 C = 12.0 O = 16.0 ]

A C4H3O2
B C4H4O2
C C5H8O
D C6H10O

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 The formula of barium chloride is BaCl 2.

Which is correct for barium chloride?

[ Ar values: Ba = 137.3 Cl = 35.5 ]

A barium chloride exists as a molecule

B barium chloride is a compound
C the empirical formula of barium chloride is BaCl
D the Mr of barium chloride is 172.8

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

3
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6 The mass spectrum of a sample of an element is shown.

30
Relative
abundance
20

0
20 30 40 50 60 70
m /z

(a) What is the Ar of the element?

(1)
A 42.0
B 48.0
C 63.6
D 64.0

(b) Which species could be responsible for the peak at m / z = 32.5?

(1)
32 +
A S
63
B Cu2+
65
C Cu2+
98
D Tc3+

(Total for Question 6 = 2 marks)

4
*P62590A0424*
7 What is the molecular formula of the compound shown?

O OH

A C2HO2
B C4H2O4
C C4H4O4
D C4H6O4

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 A sequence of four molecules is shown.

HO HO HO HO

1 2 3 4

(a) What is the molecular formula for the fifth molecule in this sequence?
(1)
A CH4O
B C6H11O
C C6H14O
D C7H16O

(b) What is the name of this type of sequence?

(1)
A functional group
B homologous series
C homolytic series
D skeletal formulae

(Total for Question 8 = 2 marks)

5
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9 Which ion does not have the electronic configuration shown?

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

A K+
B Ca2+
C Ti2+
D Sc3+

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 What is the electronic configuration of the nitride ion, N3– ?

A 1s2 2s2
B 1s2 2s2 2p3
C 1s2 2s2 2p4
D 1s2 2s2 2p6

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

11 Which of these ions has the smallest ionic radius?

A Al3+
B Ga3+
C Mg2+
D F–

(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

6
*P62590A0624*
12 What is the percentage atom economy, by mass, for the production of hydrogen in
the reaction shown?

CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2

[Ar values: H = 1.00 C = 12.0 O = 16.0]

A 8.8 %

B 17.6 %

C 21.4 %

D 82.4 %

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

13 How many lone pairs of electrons are there in the outer shell of the sulfur atom in a
molecule of H2S?
A zero

B one

C two

D four

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

14 Which equation represents the third ionisation energy for element J?

A J2+(g) → J3+(g) + e–
B J3+(g) → J4+(g) + e–

C J(g) → J3+(g) + e–

D J(g) → J3+(g) + 3e–

(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

15 In which sequence are the molecules in order of decreasing bond angle?

A BeCl 2 > BCl 3 > CH4

B BeCl 2 > NH3 > CH4

C CH4 > BCl 3 > BeCl 2

D CH4 > NH3 > BeCl 2

(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

7
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16 Which pair of ions will form the compound with the most covalent character?
A Li+ and I–
B Na+ and Br –
C K+ and Cl –
D Rb+ and F–

(Total for Question 16 = 1 mark)

17 Which diagram best represents the electron density in a molecule of hydrogen chloride?

A H Cl

B H Cl

C H Cl

D H Cl

(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

8
*P62590A0824*
SECTION B

Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

18 This question is about the structure of atoms.

(a) State what is meant by the term orbital.
(2)

(b) State the shape of an s orbital and the shape of a p orbital.

(1)

9
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(d) (i) The log of the fourth ionisation energy for six elements is shown in the table.

Element log10 (fourth ionisation energy / kJ mol–1)

O 3.87

F 3.92

Ne 3.97

Mg 4.02

Al 4.06

Plot a graph of these data.

(3)

10
*P62590A01024*
(ii) Use your graph to estimate the fourth ionisation energy for sodium, in kJ mol–1.
(1)

(iii) Suggest why the fourth ionisation energies of neon and sodium are similar
in magnitude even though the elements are in different periods of the
Periodic Table.
(1)

(Total for Question 18 = 11 marks)

11
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19 This question is about the compound ammonium dichromate(VI), (NH4)2Cr2O7 .
(a) (NH4)2Cr2O7 breaks down at around 180 °C, producing an oxide of chromium,
nitrogen and water as the only products.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction.
State symbols are not required.
(2)

(ii) Give a name for this type of reaction.

(1)

(b) When 0.00100 mol of ammonium dichromate(VI) was heated, 25.2 cm3 of
nitrogen gas, measured at laboratory temperature, was formed.
Calculate the temperature in the laboratory, in degrees Celsius, using the ideal gas
equation. Use atmospheric pressure = 101 kPa.

[ pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol –1 K –1]

(4)

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*P62590A01224*
(c) (i) Draw a dot‑and‑cross diagram of the ammonium ion.
Use dots (●) for the nitrogen electrons and crosses (×) for the hydrogen electrons.
(2)

(ii) Explain the shape of the ammonium ion using electron‑pair repulsion theory.
(2)

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(d) Ammonium dichromate(VI) comes with several warnings on its packaging.

● This compound is toxic when inhaled and by passing through the skin.
● Handle with extreme caution.
● Contact can irritate and burn the skin and eyes, with possible eye damage.
● Inhaling can irritate the nose and throat.
● Ammonium dichromate(VI) is a strong oxidiser that enhances the combustion
of other substances.

(i) Some of the symbols shown are used for ammonium dichromate(VI).
Identify the symbols for ammonium dichromate(VI) by placing a tick () in
the box under each relevant symbol.
(2)

(ii) Suggest why ammonium dichromate(VI) is not stored in the same cupboard
as alkanes.
(1)

(Total for Question 19 = 14 marks)

14
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20 This question is about polymers.
(a) Plastic bags can be made from poly(lactic acid) (PLA), which is biodegradable.
Lactic acid is obtained from corn.
An equation for the polymerisation of lactic acid is shown.

CH3

 O

OH →
  + nH2O
n HO
 O n
O

(i) Write a balanced equation for the polymerisation of propene using

displayed formulae.
(2)

(ii) Give one difference between the polymerisation of propene and that of lactic acid.
(1)

(iii) State the meaning of the term biodegradable.

(1)

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(iv) Give three advantages of biodegradable polymers.
(3)

(b) Isoprene is used to make synthetic rubber. The skeletal formula for isoprene is shown.

(i) State why isoprene does not have geometric isomers.

(1)

(ii) A related molecule does show geometric isomerism.

Draw the geometric isomer of this molecule.

(1)

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(iii) Give a reason why a double bond may result in geometric isomerism.
(1)

(Total for Question 20 = 10 marks)

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21 This question is about the liquids cyclohexene, C6H10 , and bromine, Br2 .

cyclohexene

(a) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of 0.0300 mol of cyclohexene.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
You must show your working.
Data Ar values: H = 1.0 C = 12.0
Density of cyclohexene = 0.811 g cm−3
(2)

(b) Bromine reacts with cyclohexene.

(i) State the colour change when an excess of cyclohexene is added to liquid bromine.
(2)

18
*P62590A01824*
(ii) This reaction is very similar to the reaction of ethene with bromine.
Draw the mechanism for this reaction of cyclohexene with bromine.
Include curly arrows, and any relevant dipoles and lone pairs.
(4)

19
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(c) Bromine vapour in the atmosphere can cause irritation to the eyes at a
concentration of 1.1 ppm and to the lungs at a concentration of 10 ppm.
(i) State the meaning of ppm.
(1)

(ii) A sample of 3.25 cm3 of bromine vapour leaks into a laboratory.

Calculate the minimum volume, in dm3, of the laboratory for the resulting
concentration of bromine to be at a safe level.
(3)

(d) Because bromine is so hazardous it is usually used in the laboratory in

aqueous solution.
A sample of bromine reacts with exactly 0.0300 mol of cyclohexene.
Calculate the minimum volume of water needed to completely dissolve this
sample of bromine at room temperature.
Data Ar value: Br = 79.9
Concentration of bromine in water at room temperature = 35 g dm–3
(3)

(Total for Question 21 = 15 marks)

20
*P62590A02024*
22 In the upper atmosphere, ozone can react with halogens and with
halogen‑containing compounds, such as molecule X.

H Cl

Cl C C H

H Cl
molecule X

(a) Name molecule X.

(1)

(b) The C–Cl bond undergoes homolytic fission in the upper atmosphere.
(i) State the essential condition necessary for this process.
(1)

(ii) Write an equation for this fission in molecule X.

Include curly half-arrows.
(2)

(iii) Write an equation for the reaction of a chlorine free radical with a molecule of X.
Curly half-arrows are not required.
(2)

22
*P62590A02224*
(iv) Write an equation, using displayed formulae, for a free radical formed in this
sequence to give a molecule with the formula C4H4Cl6 .
(2)

(v) State the type of reaction occurring in (b)(iv) and the name of the product
with the formula C4H4Cl6 .
(2)

(Total for Question 22 = 10 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

23
*P62590A02324*
PMT

Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Monday 18 May 2020

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WCH11/01

Chemistry
International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level
Unit 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
Candidates must have: Scientific calculator Total Marks
Ruler

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Checkallyouryouranswers
Show working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• if you have time at the end.

Turn over

*P62590A0124*
P62590A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/
PMT

SECTION A

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.

For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with
a cross .

1 What is the empirical formula of butane?

A C4H10
B C2H5
C CH2.5
D CnH2n + 2
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 When zinc is added to copper(II) sulfate solution, copper is formed.

(a) Which of these is the best name for this type of reaction?
(1)
A addition
B displacement
C neutralisation
D substitution

(b) Which is the ionic half‑equation for a process that takes place during this reaction?
(1)
A Cu2+ + e– → Cu+
B Cu+ + e– → Cu
C Zn → Zn+ + e–
D Zn → Zn2+ + 2e–

(Total for Question 2 = 2 marks)

2
*P62590A0224*
PMT

3 How many molecules are there in 44.0 g of carbon monoxide?

 Avogadro
 constant L = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
 
   
 A
 r values: C = 12.0 O = 16.0  
A 3.83 × 1023

B 6.02 × 1023

C 9.46 × 1023

D 1.89 × 1024

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 A compound has Mr = 84 and its composition by mass is 71.4 % carbon, 9.6 % hydrogen
and 19.0 % oxygen.
What is the molecular formula of this compound?

[ Ar values: H = 1.0 C = 12.0 O = 16.0 ]

A C4H3O2
B C4H4O2
C C5H8O
D C6H10O

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 The formula of barium chloride is BaCl 2.

Which is correct for barium chloride?

[ Ar values: Ba = 137.3 Cl = 35.5 ]

A barium chloride exists as a molecule

B barium chloride is a compound
C the empirical formula of barium chloride is BaCl
D the Mr of barium chloride is 172.8

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

3
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PMT

6 The mass spectrum of a sample of an element is shown.

30
Relative
abundance
20

0
20 30 40 50 60 70
m /z

(a) What is the Ar of the element?

(1)
A 42.0
B 48.0
C 63.6
D 64.0

(b) Which species could be responsible for the peak at m / z = 32.5?

(1)
32 +
A S
63
B Cu2+
65
C Cu2+
98
D Tc3+

(Total for Question 6 = 2 marks)

4
*P62590A0424*
PMT

7 What is the molecular formula of the compound shown?

O OH

A C2HO2
B C4H2O4
C C4H4O4
D C4H6O4

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 A sequence of four molecules is shown.

HO HO HO HO

1 2 3 4

(a) What is the molecular formula for the fifth molecule in this sequence?
(1)
A CH4O
B C6H11O
C C6H14O
D C7H16O

(b) What is the name of this type of sequence?

(1)
A functional group
B homologous series
C homolytic series
D skeletal formulae

(Total for Question 8 = 2 marks)

5
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PMT

9 Which ion does not have the electronic configuration shown?

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

A K+
B Ca2+
C Ti2+
D Sc3+

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 What is the electronic configuration of the nitride ion, N3– ?

A 1s2 2s2
B 1s2 2s2 2p3
C 1s2 2s2 2p4
D 1s2 2s2 2p6

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

11 Which of these ions has the smallest ionic radius?

A Al3+
B Ga3+
C Mg2+
D F–

(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

6
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PMT

12 What is the percentage atom economy, by mass, for the production of hydrogen in
the reaction shown?

CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2

[Ar values: H = 1.00 C = 12.0 O = 16.0]

A 8.8 %

B 17.6 %

C 21.4 %

D 82.4 %

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

13 How many lone pairs of electrons are there in the outer shell of the sulfur atom in a
molecule of H2S?
A zero

B one

C two

D four

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

14 Which equation represents the third ionisation energy for element J?

A J2+(g) → J3+(g) + e–
B J3+(g) → J4+(g) + e–

C J(g) → J3+(g) + e–

D J(g) → J3+(g) + 3e–

(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

15 In which sequence are the molecules in order of decreasing bond angle?

A BeCl 2 > BCl 3 > CH4

B BeCl 2 > NH3 > CH4

C CH4 > BCl 3 > BeCl 2

D CH4 > NH3 > BeCl 2

(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

7
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PMT

16 Which pair of ions will form the compound with the most covalent character?
A Li+ and I–
B Na+ and Br –
C K+ and Cl –
D Rb+ and F–

(Total for Question 16 = 1 mark)

17 Which diagram best represents the electron density in a molecule of hydrogen chloride?

A H Cl

B H Cl

C H Cl

D H Cl

(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

8
*P62590A0824*
PMT

SECTION B

Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

18 This question is about the structure of atoms.

(a) State what is meant by the term orbital.
(2)

(b) State the shape of an s orbital and the shape of a p orbital.

(1)

9
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PMT

(d) (i) The log of the fourth ionisation energy for six elements is shown in the table.

Element log10 (fourth ionisation energy / kJ mol–1)

O 3.87

F 3.92

Ne 3.97

Mg 4.02

Al 4.06

Plot a graph of these data.

(3)

10
*P62590A01024*
PMT

(ii) Use your graph to estimate the fourth ionisation energy for sodium, in kJ mol–1.
(1)

(iii) Suggest why the fourth ionisation energies of neon and sodium are similar
in magnitude even though the elements are in different periods of the
Periodic Table.
(1)

(Total for Question 18 = 11 marks)

11
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PMT

19 This question is about the compound ammonium dichromate(VI), (NH4)2Cr2O7 .

(a) (NH4)2Cr2O7 breaks down at around 180 °C, producing an oxide of chromium,
nitrogen and water as the only products.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction.
State symbols are not required.
(2)

(ii) Give a name for this type of reaction.

(1)

[ pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol –1 K –1]

(4)

12
*P62590A01224*
PMT

(c) (i) Draw a dot‑and‑cross diagram of the ammonium ion.

Use dots (●) for the nitrogen electrons and crosses (×) for the hydrogen electrons.
(2)

(ii) Explain the shape of the ammonium ion using electron‑pair repulsion theory.
(2)

13
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PMT

(d) Ammonium dichromate(VI) comes with several warnings on its packaging.

(i) Some of the symbols shown are used for ammonium dichromate(VI).
Identify the symbols for ammonium dichromate(VI) by placing a tick () in
the box under each relevant symbol.
(2)

(ii) Suggest why ammonium dichromate(VI) is not stored in the same cupboard
as alkanes.
(1)

(Total for Question 19 = 14 marks)

14
*P62590A01424*
PMT

20 This question is about polymers.

(a) Plastic bags can be made from poly(lactic acid) (PLA), which is biodegradable.
Lactic acid is obtained from corn.
An equation for the polymerisation of lactic acid is shown.

CH3

 O

OH →
  + nH2O
n HO
 O n
O

(i) Write a balanced equation for the polymerisation of propene using

displayed formulae.
(2)

(ii) Give one difference between the polymerisation of propene and that of lactic acid.
(1)

(iii) State the meaning of the term biodegradable.

(1)

15
*P62590A01524* Turn over
PMT

(iv) Give three advantages of biodegradable polymers.

(3)

(b) Isoprene is used to make synthetic rubber. The skeletal formula for isoprene is shown.

(i) State why isoprene does not have geometric isomers.

(1)

(ii) A related molecule does show geometric isomerism.

Draw the geometric isomer of this molecule.

(1)

16
*P62590A01624*
PMT

(iii) Give a reason why a double bond may result in geometric isomerism.
(1)

(Total for Question 20 = 10 marks)

17
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PMT

21 This question is about the liquids cyclohexene, C6H10 , and bromine, Br2 .

cyclohexene

(a) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of 0.0300 mol of cyclohexene.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
You must show your working.
Data Ar values: H = 1.0 C = 12.0
Density of cyclohexene = 0.811 g cm−3
(2)

(b) Bromine reacts with cyclohexene.

(i) State the colour change when an excess of cyclohexene is added to liquid bromine.
(2)

18
*P62590A01824*
PMT

(ii) This reaction is very similar to the reaction of ethene with bromine.
Draw the mechanism for this reaction of cyclohexene with bromine.
Include curly arrows, and any relevant dipoles and lone pairs.
(4)

19
*P62590A01924* Turn over
PMT

(c) Bromine vapour in the atmosphere can cause irritation to the eyes at a
concentration of 1.1 ppm and to the lungs at a concentration of 10 ppm.
(i) State the meaning of ppm.
(1)

(ii) A sample of 3.25 cm3 of bromine vapour leaks into a laboratory.

Calculate the minimum volume, in dm3, of the laboratory for the resulting
concentration of bromine to be at a safe level.
(3)

(d) Because bromine is so hazardous it is usually used in the laboratory in

(Total for Question 21 = 15 marks)

20
*P62590A02024*
PMT

22 In the upper atmosphere, ozone can react with halogens and with
halogen‑containing compounds, such as molecule X.

H Cl

Cl C C H

H Cl
molecule X

(a) Name molecule X.

(1)

(b) The C–Cl bond undergoes homolytic fission in the upper atmosphere.
(i) State the essential condition necessary for this process.
(1)

(ii) Write an equation for this fission in molecule X.

Include curly half-arrows.
(2)

(iii) Write an equation for the reaction of a chlorine free radical with a molecule of X.
Curly half-arrows are not required.
(2)

22
*P62590A02224*
PMT

(iv) Write an equation, using displayed formulae, for a free radical formed in this
sequence to give a molecule with the formula C4H4Cl6 .
(2)

(v) State the type of reaction occurring in (b)(iv) and the name of the product
with the formula C4H4Cl6 .
(2)

(Total for Question 22 = 10 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

23
*P62590A02324*
PMT

Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Tuesday 12 January 2021

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WCH11/01

Chemistry
International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level
Unit 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
You must have: Total Marks
Scientific calculator, Ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas,
descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P67752A0124*
P67752A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1
PMT

SECTION A
Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box . If you change
your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 Which of these compounds has the same empirical and molecular formulae?

A C2H4

B C3H8

C C4H10

D C5H10

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 There are 6.02 × 1023 atoms in 0.25 mol of

A He
B H2O

C BH3

D CH4

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 Which aqueous solution has the highest concentration, in mol dm-3, of chloride ions?

A 0.1 g dm-3 HCl

B 0.1 g dm-3 NaCl

C 0.1 g dm-3 KCl

D 0.1 g dm-3 BaCl2

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 Which conversion has the lowest percentage atom economy (by mass) for the
formation of CaCl2?

A Ca + Cl2 → CaCl2

B Ca + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2

C CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

D CaCO3 + 2NaCl → CaCl2 + Na2CO3

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

2
*P67752A0224*
PMT

5 Which of these atoms has the most neutrons?

115
A 49 In
124
B 50 Sn
123
C 51 Sb
124
D 52 Te

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 A p-block element in Period 3 of the Periodic Table reacts to form an ionic compound.
What could be the electronic configuration of the ion formed by this element?

A 1s22s22p63s2

B 1s22s22p63s23p6

C 1s22s22p63s23p63d10

D 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 The Period 2 element with the highest melting temperature is

A aluminium

B boron

C carbon
D silicon

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 Which of these has the greatest electrical conductivity?

A SF6(g)

B H2O(l)

C Hg(l)

D Na2O(s)

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

*P67752A0324*
3
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PMT

9 Which of these ions has the greatest ionic radius?

A N3-

B F-

C Na+

D Al3+

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 Which of these ions has the greatest polarising power?

A S2-

B Cl-

C K+

D Ca2+

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

11 Which of these does not have a structure formed by a giant lattice of carbon atoms?

A C60 fullerene

B diamond

C graphene

D graphite

(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

12 Which of these molecules is the most polar?

A HF

B OF2

C BF3

D CF4

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

4
*P67752A0424*
PMT

13 A substance is labelled with the hazard symbol shown.

What is the meaning of this symbol?

A gloves must be worn

B corrosive

C do not store with flammable substances

D oxidising

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

14 What is the IUPAC name of this alkane?

A 2-ethyl-4,5-dimethylheptane

B 6-ethyl-3,4-dimethylheptane
C 3,4,6-trimethyloctane

D 3,5,6-trimethyloctane

(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

15 Petrol, bioethanol and hydrogen are fuels.

All three of these fuels

A burn to produce greenhouse gases

B are overall carbon neutral

C are overall sustainable

D biodegrade rapidly

(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

*P67752A0524*
5
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PMT

16 Cyclopentane undergoes free radical substitution with bromine.

(a) Which of these is an overall equation for this reaction?
(1)
A C5H8 + Br2 → C5H8Br2

B C5H10 + Br2 → C5H10Br2

C C5H10 + Br2 → C5H8Br2 + H2

D C5H10 + Br2 → C5H9Br + HBr

(b) Which statement is not correct about this reaction system?
(1)
A only the initiation step involves homolytic bond fission

B only some bromine is converted to free radicals in the initiation step

C propagation forms more product than termination

D further substitution reactions are likely to occur

B Br•

C C5H8Br•

D H•
(d) Which alkane could be formed in a termination step in this reaction system?
(1)
A

(Total for Question 16 = 4 marks)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

6
*P67752A0624*
PMT

17 Which of these is not a way of limiting global problems caused by polymer disposal?

A developing biodegradable polymers

B exporting polymer waste

C removing toxic waste gases produced by the incineration of polymers

D reusing products made from polymers

(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

*P67752A0724*
7
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PMT

SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
18 This question is about the element sulfur.
(a) Complete the diagram to show the electronic configuration for a sulfur atom in
the ground state.
Include labels for each subshell.
(2)

Energy

...............................

1s
...............................

(b) Write an equation for the first ionisation energy of sulfur.

Include state symbols.
(2)

8
*P67752A0824*
PMT

(c) Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulfur is less than the
first ionisation energies of both phosphorus and chlorine.
(3)

(d) A sample of sulfur contains four isotopes.

32 33 34 36
Isotope S S S S

Percentage abundance 94.88 0.83 4.27 0.02

(i) State what is meant by the term isotopes, in terms of subatomic particles.
(2)

(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of sulfur in this sample.

Give your answer to two decimal places.
(2)

*P67752A0924*
9
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PMT

(e) The mass spectrum of a sample of sulfur with 32S as the only isotope is shown.

100

70
Relative abundance

0
0 32 64 96 128 160 192 224 256
m/z

(i) Calculate the number of sulfur atoms in the molecular ion.

You must show your working.
(1)

(ii) Suggest the formula of the most stable ion shown by this spectrum.
(2)

(Total for Question 18 = 14 marks)

10
*P67752A01024*
PMT

19 This question is about the structure and bonding of Group 5 chlorides.

(a) Nitrogen trichloride, NCl3 , has a molecular structure.
The displayed formula of a molecule of NCl3 is shown.

Cl N Cl

Complete the table for this molecule.

(3)

Number of bond pairs around N atom

Number of lone pairs around N atom

Cl-N-Cl bond angle

Name of shape of molecule

(b) Under standard conditions, phosphorus(V) chloride (PCl5) is a solid made up of

PCl+4 cations and PCl-6 anions.
Antimony(V) chloride (SbCl5) is a liquid made up of SbCl5 molecules.
(i) Explain why PCl5 has a higher melting temperature than SbCl5.
(2)

*P67752A01124*
11
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PMT

(ii) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of SbCl5.

Use dots (•) to represent the Sb electrons, and crosses (x) to represent
the Cl electrons. Show outer electrons only.
(2)

(c) At low temperatures, SbCl5 converts to Sb2Cl10 which contains

dative covalent bonds.
(i) State what is meant by the term dative covalent bond.
(1)

(ii) Complete the diagram to show the dative covalent bonds in Sb2Cl10 .
(1)

Cl Cl
Cl Cl Cl
Sb Sb
Cl Cl Cl
Cl Cl

12
*P67752A01224*
PMT

(d) Arsenic also forms a pentachloride with the formula AsCl5.

Give one possible reason why nitrogen is the only Group 5 element that
does not form a pentachloride.
(1)

(Total for Question 19 = 10 marks)

*P67752A01324*
13
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PMT

20 This question is about the reactions of propene.

propene

(a) Write an equation for the incomplete combustion of one mole of propene to form
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon and water as the only products.
Include state symbols.
(2)

(b) State one similarity and one difference that would be seen when propene is
mixed with separate samples of acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution
and of bromine water.
(2)

(c) Propene reacts by addition polymerisation to form poly(propene).

Draw the structure of poly(propene), showing two repeat units.
(1)

14
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PMT

(d) Propene reacts with bromine monochloride, BrCl, to form

1-bromo-2-chloropropane as the major product.
(i) Complete the diagram of bromine monochloride to show the dipole.
(1)

Br Cl

(ii) Draw the mechanism for the formation of 1-bromo-2-chloropropane in

this reaction.
Include curly arrows, and relevant lone pairs.
(3)

*P67752A01524*
15
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PMT

(e) Propene reacts with steam in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a mixture of
the alcohols propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol.
Complete the mechanism for the formation of propan-2-ol, by adding
curly arrows.
Include the species formed in the final step.
(3)

H H H
H H H
C C HC C+ CH
C C HC C+ CH
H CH
+
H H CH
+
H
H H
H H
HC C+ CH HC C CH
HC C+ CH HC C+ CH
:OH2 O
+
H O H
:OH2
H H

(Total for Question 20 = 12 marks)

16
*P67752A01624*
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21 This question is about the production of squalane, a liquid alkane which occurs
naturally in human skin and is used in cosmetics.

squalane
(a) Suggest two properties that make squalane useful in cosmetics.
(2)

(b) Give the molecular formula of squalane.

(1)

(c) Squalane can be produced from squalene, an alkene present in shark liver oil, by
reaction with hydrogen gas in the presence of a suitable catalyst.
(i) Give the name of a suitable catalyst for the hydrogenation of squalene.
(1)

(ii) Squalane used in cosmetic products must contain no more than

0.2 ppm by mass of catalyst.
Calculate the maximum permitted mass of catalyst in a product containing
50 g of squalane.
(1)

*P67752A01724*
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PMT

(iii) A reactor at 200°C contains 8500 mol of liquid squalene, and hydrogen gas at
a pressure of 4.0 × 105 Pa.
Under these conditions, the complete hydrogenation of squalene requires
500 m3 of hydrogen gas.
Calculate the number of C=C bonds in one molecule of squalene.
You must show your working.
[pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1]
(4)

(iv) Write the equation, using molecular formulae, for the complete hydrogenation
of squalene to squalane.
State symbols are not required.
(1)

18
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PMT

(d) Globally, 2.8 million dm3 of squalene is used each year.

Traditionally squalene was obtained exclusively from shark liver oil, which is
a mixture of liquids.
The liver of a shark yields 300 g of squalene.
(i) Suggest the name of a suitable technique to obtain squalene from
shark liver oil.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the minimum number of sharks that would be needed to produce
2.8 million dm3 of squalene.
[Density of squalene = 0.86 g cm-3]
(2)

(iii) Many large corporations now use squalane obtained entirely from plants.
Squalane can be obtained sustainably from corn starch with
a yield of 23 % by mass.
The production of 1 tonne of corn starch requires 0.093 hectares of land.
Calculate the area of land, in km2, required to produce 2500 tonnes of
squalane from corn starch.
[1 tonne = 1000 kg 1 hectare = 0.01 km2]
(3)

*P67752A01924*
19
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(e) The E-isomer of beta-farnesene can also be obtained from corn starch.

E-beta-farnesene
(i) Explain why beta-farnesene exhibits geometric isomerism and has
only two geometric isomers.
You may label the structure and use this in your answer.
(2)

(ii) Draw the skeletal formula of the geometric isomer of E-beta-farnesene, giving
a reason why this is named the Z-isomer.
(2)

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(f ) The compound alpha-farnesene, C15H24 , is a structural isomer of beta-farnesene.

The structural formula of alpha-farnesene is

(CH3)2C=CHCH2CH2C(CH3)=CHCH2CH=C(CH3)CH=CH2
(i) State what is meant by the term structural isomers.
(2)

(ii) State the number of geometric isomers of alpha-farnesene.

(1)

(iii) Complete the diagram to show another structural isomer of C15H24.

(1)

(Total for Question 21 = 24 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

*P67752A02124*
21
PMT

Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Time 1 hour 30 minutes

Paper
reference WCH11/01
Chemistry
International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level
UNIT 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry

You must have: Scientific calculator, ruler Total Marks

Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas,
descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
• There is a Periodic Table on the back cover of this paper.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
• Good luck with your examination.
Turn over

*P64623A0124*
P64623A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/
PMT

1 The numbers of subatomic particles present in four species W, X, Y and Z are given in
the table.

Number of Number of
Species Number of protons
neutrons electrons
W 19 20 18
X 19 20 19
Y 20 20 18
Z 20 22 20

Which of these species are isotopic?

A W and X

B W and Y

C X and Z

D Y and Z

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 Iodine exists as one isotope with mass number 127.

Chlorine exists as two isotopes with mass numbers 35 and 37.
How many molecular ion (ICl+3) peaks are there in the mass spectrum of ICl3?

A 2

B 3

C 4

D 5

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

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3 The mass spectrum of a sample of an element has only two peaks.

80
70
60
50
Relative
40
abundance
30
20
10
0
190 191 192 193 194

m/z

What is the approximate relative atomic mass of the element in this sample?

A 191.5
B 192.0

C 192.5

D 193.0

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 Which equation represents the second ionisation energy of magnesium?

A Mg(g) → Mg2+(g) + 2e−

B Mg+(g) → Mg2+(g) + e−

C Mg(s) → Mg2+(s) + 2e−

D Mg+(s) → Mg2+(s) + e−

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

3
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5 The graph shows log (ionisation energy) against ionisation number for the successive
ionisations of an element.

4
log (ionisation 3
energy)
2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Ionisation number

In this element, how many quantum shells contain electrons, and how many electrons
are in the outer quantum shell?

Number of quantum shells Number of electrons in the

containing electrons outer quantum shell
A 3 2

B 3 5

C 5 2

D 5 5

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 Which ion has the electronic configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 in its ground state?

A Al3+

B Cl−

C N3−

D Na+

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

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7 What is the relative formula mass of hydrated sodium carbonate, Na2CO3. 10H2O?
[Ar values: H = 1.0 C = 12.0 O = 16.0 Na = 23.0]

A 106

B 142

C 263

D 286

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 Which of these isoelectronic ions has the largest radius?

A Na+

B Mg2+

C O2−

D F−

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 Which ion is the most polarisable?

A Mg2+

B Ca2+

C Cl−
D I−

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 Which substance has a giant lattice of atoms?

A diamond

B ice

C poly(ethene)

D sodium chloride

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

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11 Which compound has bonds that are the most polar?

A H2O

B H2S

C NH3

D PH3

(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

12 Which molecule is planar?

A CF4

B C2F4

C PF5

D SF6

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

13 When C20H42 is cracked, each molecule produces one molecule of ethene,

one molecule of butane and two molecules of hydrocarbon E.
What is the molecular formula of E?

A C7H13

B C7H14
C C14H26

D C14H28

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

6
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14 What is the systematic name of this compound?

A 1,1,2-trimethylpent-4-ene

B 2,3-dimethylhex-5-ene

C 4,5-dimethylhex-1-ene

D 4,5,5-trimethylpent-1-ene

(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

15 Cyclohexene may be prepared by the dehydration of cyclohexanol.

+ H2O

cyclohexanol cyclohexene
Mr = 100 Mr = 82

What mass of cyclohexene can be made from 12.5 g of cyclohexanol if the yield is 51.2 %?
A 5.25 g
B 6.40 g

C 7.80 g

D 10.25 g

(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

7
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PMT

16 Which of these gases occupies 6.0 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)?
[molar volume of gas at r.t.p. = 24.0 dm3 mol−1
Ar values: He = 4.0 C = 12.0 N = 14.0 O = 16.0]

A 2.0 g of helium

B 4.0 g of oxygen

C 11.0 g of carbon dioxide

D 14.0 g of nitrogen

(Total for Question 16 = 1 mark)

17 An oxide of lead contains 90.7 % by mass of lead.

What is the formula of this oxide?
[Ar values: O = 16.0 Pb = 207.2]

A PbO
B PbO2

C Pb2O3

D Pb3O4

(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

18 Propane burns completely in oxygen as shown.

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

100 cm3 of propane was mixed with 600 cm3 of oxygen and the mixture was ignited.
What is the total volume, in cm3, of the gas mixture at the end of the reaction?
All gas volumes were measured at room temperature and pressure.

A 300

B 400

C 700

D 800

(Total for Question 18 = 1 mark)

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19 Which aqueous solution contains the greatest number of ions?

A 200 cm3 of 1.5 mol dm−3 MgCl2

B 400 cm3 of 0.8 mol dm−3 MgSO4

C 500 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3 NaCl

D 1000 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm−3 Na2SO4

(Total for Question 19 = 1 mark)

20 A sample of seawater with a mass of 1 kg contains 6 × 10−9 g of gold.

How many atoms of gold, to one significant figure, are there in 1 g of this seawater?
[Ar value: Au = 197 Avogadro constant = 6 × 1023 mol−1]

A 2 × 1010

B 4 × 1012

C 2 × 1013
D 4 × 1015

(Total for Question 20 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

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SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
21 Heptane, C7H16 , is an alkane found in crude oil.
(a) Heptane can undergo incomplete combustion.
(i) Give a reason why incomplete combustion sometimes occurs.
(1)

(ii) Write the equation for the incomplete combustion of heptane, forming
carbon monoxide and water as the only products.
State symbols are not required.
(1)

(b) Heptane is reformed into branched-chain and cyclic hydrocarbons that are used
in petrol.
(i) Draw the skeletal formulae of a branched-chain alkane and a cycloalkane,
each containing seven carbon atoms.
(2)

Branched-chain alkane

Cycloalkane

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(ii) Write the equation for the reforming of heptane into a cycloalkane.
Use molecular formulae.
(1)

(iii) Give a reason for adding cycloalkanes to petrol.

(1)

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(c) Heptane, C7H16 , reacts with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation.
(i) State the type and mechanism of this reaction.
(2)

(ii) Give the mechanism for the reaction to produce C7H15Cl, C14H30 and HCl
as the only products.
Include the name of each of the steps in your mechanism.
Curly half-arrows are not required.
(7)

(Total for Question 21 = 15 marks)

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22 This question is about the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table, and some of
their compounds.
(a) The atomic radii of six of the elements are given.

Symbol Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Atomic
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
number
Atomic
radius 0.191 0.160 0.130 0.102 0.099 0.095
/ nm

(i) Plot a graph of atomic radius against atomic number.

(2)

(ii) Use the graph to estimate the atomic radius of silicon, Si.
(1)

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(iii) Suggest an explanation for the decrease in atomic radius as atomic number
increases across a period.
(3)

(b) The melting temperatures of sodium, sodium chloride and chlorine are given in
the table.
Complete the table to show the type of structure, the type of bond or force
broken on melting and the particles involved.
(6)

Substance Sodium Sodium chloride Chlorine

Melting
98 801 −101
temperature / °C

simple
Type of structure giant
molecular

Type of bond or force

broken on melting

chlorine
Particles involved
molecules

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(c) Solid phosphorus(V) chloride contains PCl4+ ions.

(i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of a PCl4+ ion.
Show only outer shell electrons.
(1)

(ii) Predict the shape of a PCl4+ ion.

Justify your answer.
(3)
Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................
Justification

(Total for Question 22 = 16 marks)

16
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23 This question is about alkenes.

(a) An alkene has a molar mass of 112 g mol−1.
Deduce the molecular formula of this alkene.
(1)

(b) There are a number of different alkenes with the molecular formula C4H8 .
(i) Draw the structure of the branched-chain alkene with the
molecular formula C4H8 .
(1)

(ii) Give the structures and names of the two geometric isomers with the
molecular formula C4H8 .
(2)

Structure of geometric isomer 1 Structure of geometric isomer 2

Name of isomer 1 Name of isomer 2

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PMT

(c) Two reactions of 1-methylcyclohexene are shown.

1-methylcyclohexene

Reaction 1 Reaction 2
Br2

Compound X
OH

(i) Draw the skeletal formula of compound X formed in Reaction 1.

(1)

(ii) Give the reagent and condition needed for Reaction 2.

(2)
Reagent …………………………………… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

Condition ………………………………… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .…… … . .

18
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(d) Iodine monochloride, ICl, reacts with alkenes in a similar way to

hydrogen bromide.
Complete the mechanism for the reaction of iodine monochloride with propene
to form the major product.
Include curly arrows, the relevant lone pair and the structures of the intermediate
and product.
(4)

H CH3
C C
H H
δ+
I
Clδ−

(e) A section of a polymer showing two repeat units is given.

CH3 H CH3 H

C C C C

H C2H5 H C2H5

Give the name of the monomer that forms this polymer.

(1)

19
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(f ) 0.0100 mol of an alkene reacts completely with exactly 600 cm3 of hydrogen gas,
measured at 298 K and 1.24 × 105 Pa pressure, to form an alkane.
Use the ideal gas equation to deduce the number of double bonds in
one molecule of the alkene.
You must show your working.
[pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1]
(4)

(Total for Question 23 = 16 marks)

20
*P64623A02024*
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24 This question is about iron and some of its compounds.

(a) Complete the table to show the numbers of subatomic particles in 56Fe2+.
(1)

Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons

(b) A sample of iron contains the following isotopes.

Isotope Percentage abundance

54
Fe 5.84
56
Fe 91.68
57
Fe 2.17
58
Fe 0.31

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of iron.

Give your answer to three significant figures.
(2)

(c) Magnesium reacts with aqueous iron(II) sulfate in a displacement reaction.

Write the ionic equation for this reaction.
Include state symbols.
(2)

21
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(d) 25.00 g of a compound contains 6.98 g of iron and 6.03 g of sulfur.

The remaining mass is oxygen.
Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.
[Ar values: O = 16.0 S = 32.1 Fe = 55.8]
(3)

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*P64623A02224*
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(e) When 6.95 g of FeSO4.xH2O is heated, 2.00 g of iron(III) oxide,

0.80 g of sulfur dioxide and 1.00 g of sulfur trioxide are produced.
The only other product is water.
Deduce the overall equation for the reaction using these data.
State symbols are not required.
You must show your working.
[Ar values: H = 1.0 O = 16.0 S = 32.1 Fe = 55.8]
(5)

(Total for Question 24 = 13 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

23
*P64623A02324* Turn over
PMT

Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

Time 1 hour 30 minutes
Paper
reference WCH11/01
Chemistry
 

International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level

UNIT 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
You must have: Total Marks
Scientific calculator, ruler

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas,
descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P69462A0124*
P69462A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.

E:1/1/1/1/
PMT

1 The maximum permitted concentration of sulfur in diesel fuel is 10 mg of sulfur in

1 kg of diesel fuel.
(a) What is this concentration of sulfur in ppm?
(1)
A 0.00001

B 0.01

C 10

D 10 000

(b) 3.2 kg of this diesel fuel is burned in air.

What is the maximum volume, in dm3, of sulfur dioxide which can be produced,
measured at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)?
[Molar volume of a gas at r.t.p. = 24 dm3 mol−1]
(1)
A 0.024

B 0.77
C 2.4

D 24

(Total for Question 1 = 2 marks)

2 Which equation represents the second ionisation energy of chlorine?

A Cl−(g) + e− → Cl2−(g)

B Cl(g) + 2e− → Cl2−(g)

C 2Cl(g) → 2Cl+(g) + 2e−

D Cl+(g) → Cl2+(g) + e−

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

2
*P69462A0224* 
PMT

3 The diagram shows a mass spectrometer.

+
R S
T

to vacuum pump

detector

(a) Which process occurs in region R?

(1)
A the sample is vaporised using a heater
B electrons are removed from molecules or atoms and positive ions
are formed
C electrons are added to the molecules or atoms and negative ions
are formed
D ions are accelerated by an electric field

(b) Which statement is correct for region T?

(1)

A ions with a greater mass have a smaller deflection

B ions with a greater mass have a greater deflection

C ions with a greater charge have a smaller deflection

D ions are speeded up by a magnetic field

(Total for Question 3 = 2 marks)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

3
 *P69462A0324* Turn over
PMT

4 A mass of 0.23 g of sodium was added to 350 cm3 water to form hydrogen and a
solution of sodium hydroxide.

Na(s) + H2O(l) → NaOH(aq) + ½H2(g)

(a) What is the concentration, in mol dm−3, of sodium hydroxide in the

solution formed?
(1)
A 0.010

B 0.029

C 0.29

D 0.66

(b) What is the maximum volume, in cm3, of hydrogen which could be formed,
measured at r.t.p.?
[Molar volume of a gas at r.t.p. = 24 dm3 mol−1]
(1)
A 120

B 240

C 480

D 2800

A H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O(l)

B SO42−(aq) + 2Na+(aq) → Na2SO4(aq)

C H2SO4(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2OH−(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

H+(aq) + SO42−(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2OH−(aq) → 2Na+(aq) + SO42−(aq) + 2H2O(l)

D 2

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*P69462A0424* 
PMT

(d) Sodium hydroxide solution was added to magnesium sulfate solution.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

2NaOH(aq) + MgSO4(aq) → Mg(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)

What is the atom economy (by mass) for the production of magnesium hydroxide?
[Ar values: H = 1.0 O = 16.0 Na = 23.0 Mg = 24.3 S = 32.1]
(1)

A 29.1 %

B 41.0 %

C 48.4 %

D 50.0 %

(Total for Question 4 = 4 marks)

5
 *P69462A0524* Turn over
PMT

5 In which series are the ions in order of decreasing ionic radius?

A Al3+ > Mg2+ > Na+

B Li+ > Na+ > K+

C N3− > O2− > F−

D O2− > S2− > Se2−

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 A stable ion, M3+, contains 18 electrons.

In which block of the Periodic Table is element M found?

A s

B p

C d

D f

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

6
*P69462A0624* 
PMT

7 Ammonium iron(II) sulfate, (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O , is a double salt that is used as a

source of iron(II) ions.
(a) What is the relative formula mass of the double salt?
[Ar values: H = 1.0 N = 14.0 O = 16.0 S = 32.1 Fe = 55.8]
(1)
A 277.9

B 284.0

C 392.0

D 447.8

(b) Ammonium sulfate is used in the preparation of the double salt.

What types of bond are present in ammonium sulfate?
(1)

A ionic only
B covalent and ionic only

C dative covalent and ionic only

D ionic, covalent and dative covalent

(c) What is the total number of ions present in 0.1 mol of the double salt?
[Avogadro constant (L) = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1]
(1)

A 1.80 × 1023

B 2.41 × 1023

C 3.01 × 1023

D 6.62 × 1023

(Total for Question 7 = 3 marks)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

7
 *P69462A0724* Turn over
PMT

8 In which series are the elements in order of increasing melting temperature?

A I2 < Br2 < Cl2 < F2

B Li < Be < B < C

C Li < Na < K < Rb

D Si < P < S < Cl

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 Which row gives the correct polarities of the S F bond and the SF6 molecule?

Polarity of S F bond Polarity of SF6 molecule

A polar polar

B polar non-polar

C non-polar polar

D non-polar non-polar

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

8
*P69462A0824* 
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10 Methane reacts with excess chlorine in UV light.

(a) Which process occurs in the initiation step?
(1)
A Cl Cl

B Cl Cl

C Cl Cl

D Cl Cl

(b) Which of these molecules could not be formed in a termination step?

(1)

A C2H6

B CH3Cl
C CH2Cl2

D HCl

(Total for Question 10 = 2 marks)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

9
 *P69462A0924* Turn over
PMT

11 Geometric isomerism is shown by 2-chlorobut-2-ene.

(a) What is the skeletal formula of E-2-chlorobut-2-ene?
(1)
Cl
A

B
Cl

C
Cl

D
Cl

(b) What is the total number of sigma bonds in Z-2-chlorobut-2-ene?

(1)
A 3

B 4

C 10
D 11

(Total for Question 11 = 2 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

10
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PMT

SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
12 This question is about the chlorides of beryllium and calcium.
(a) Complete the electronic configurations of the atoms of beryllium and calcium
using the s, p, d notation.
(2)
2
Be 1s

Ca 1s2

(b) In the gaseous state, beryllium chloride is molecular.

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of
beryllium chloride, BeCl2 .
(2)

(c) In the solid state, beryllium chloride forms a polymeric structure.

The diagram shows part of this structure.

Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl
Be Be Be Be

Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl

The diagram uses lines and arrows to represent the two different types of
covalent bond.
Describe how each type of bond is formed.
(2)

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(d) The Cl—Be—Cl bond angle is different in the two forms of beryllium chloride.
Predict the two bond angles, justifying your answers by referring to
electron‑pair repulsion theory.
(4)

(e) Anhydrous calcium chloride is a crystalline, ionic solid which melts at 772 °C.
Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for calcium chloride.
Show the outer electrons only.
(2)

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(f ) Explain why gaseous beryllium chloride and solid calcium chloride have different
types of bonding.
(3)

(Total for Question 12 = 15 marks)

13
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13 This question is about silicon and carbon.

(a) Silicon is a semiconductor.
(i) Data obtained using the mass spectrum of silicon are shown.

Isotope mass number Relative abundance

28 92.17

29 4.71

30 3.12

Calculate the relative atomic mass of silicon to two decimal places.

(2)

(ii) Suggest a reason why there is a small peak in the mass spectrum of silicon
at m / z = 14
(1)

14
*P69462A01424* 
PMT

(iii) Complete the table to show the number of protons and neutrons in each
isotope of silicon.

Number of Number of
Isotope
protons neutrons
28
Si
29
Si
30
Si

(1)
(b) Silicon dioxide, SiO2 , is the main constituent of sand and has a giant lattice
structure similar to that of diamond.

Key
Silicon atom
Oxygen atom

Crystalline silicon dioxide is used on the surface of semiconductor devices to

provide a heat-resistant, electrically insulating layer.
Explain how the structure and bonding of silicon dioxide make it useful for
this application.
(3)

15
 *P69462A01524* Turn over
PMT

(c) Calcium silicate is formed in the removal of silicon dioxide impurities in the
extraction of iron from its ores. A sample of calcium silicate composed of calcium,
silicon and oxygen was found to contain 12.0 g of calcium, 8.43 g of silicon and
14.47 g of oxygen.
Determine the empirical formula of calcium silicate.
You must show your working.
(3)

(d) Carbon dioxide is a gas at room temperature. A fizzy drink is canned at 5.0 °C and
1.3 × 105 Pa and contains approximately 3 g of carbon dioxide.
Calculate the volume, in cm3, occupied by 3.00 g of carbon dioxide gas at 5.0 °C
and 1.3 × 105 Pa.
[ pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1]
(4)

(Total for Question 13 = 14 marks)

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*P69462A01624* 
PMT

14 Aluminium is an abundant metal with many uses.

(a) The first four ionisation energies of aluminium are shown.

Ionisation number Energy / kJ mol−1

1 578

2 1820

3 2750

4 11 600

Explain how this information shows that aluminium is in Group 3 of the

Periodic Table.
(2)

17
 *P69462A01724* Turn over
PMT

(b) The graph shows the first ionisation energies for the elements in Period 3.

1600

1200

Ionisation energy
800
/ kJ mol−1

400

0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Element

(i) Explain the general increase in the first ionisation energy

from sodium to argon.
(2)

(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than
the first ionisation energy of magnesium.
(2)

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*P69462A01824* 
PMT

(c) (i) Describe the bonding in aluminium metal.

(2)

(ii) Give two possible reasons why aluminium is used for overhead power cables.
(2)

(d) New uses for waste aluminium cans are being investigated. One possible use is to
make nanoparticle alloys to produce hydrogen for fuel.
(i) Aluminium nanoparticles react with water to produce aluminium oxide
and hydrogen.
Complete the following equation. State symbols are not required.
(1)

............................... Al + . . . . ........................... H2O → ............................... + ...............................

(ii) Give two possible reasons for producing hydrogen from aluminium rather
than from fossil fuels.
(2)

(Total for Question 14 = 13 marks)

19
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PMT

15 Alkanes and alkenes are obtained from crude oil.

(a) Describe how a sample of octadecane can be obtained from a mixture of alkanes.
(2)

(b) (i) Octadecane can be cracked to produce butene and one other product.
Complete the equation. State symbols are not required.

C18H38 → 2C4H8 +

(1)
(ii) One of the products of this cracking reaction is but-1-ene.
Give the skeletal formulae for the other three alkene isomers of C4H8
(2)

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*P69462A02024* 
PMT

(iii) Some reactions of but-1-ene are shown.

Product 1

Cl2

steam / H+ H2 / Ni
Product 4 CH3CH2CH CH2 Product 2

KMnO4 / H+

Product 3

Give the name and structural formula of each of the products.

(4)

Product Name Structural formula

21
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PMT

(d) State one advantage and one disadvantage of using incineration for the disposal
of polymers, other than the effect on climate.
(2)

(e) (i) Butane is used as a fuel.

The equation for the complete combustion of butane is shown.

2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)

35.0 cm3 butane is completely burned in 300 cm3 oxygen.

Calculate the final total volume of gas in cm3 .
All volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure.
(3)

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*P69462A02224* 
PMT

(ii) Explain the main hazard when using butane as a fuel in a portable heater in
an enclosed space.
(2)

(Total for Question 15 = 18 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

23
 *P69462A02324*
PMT

Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

Time 1 hour 30 minutes

Paper
reference WCH11/01
Chemistry
 

International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level

Unit 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to Organic
Chemistry
You must have: Total Marks
Scientific calculator

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas,
descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.

*P67127A0124*
P67127A
©2022 Pearson Education Ltd.

L:1/1/1/
PMT

SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section.
You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.
For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with
a cross .
1 Element X is in Group 2 of the Periodic Table and element Y is in Group 7.
X and Y are not the symbols of the elements.
(a) What is the formula of the compound formed from X and Y?
(1)
A XY

B X2Y

C XY2

D X2Y2

(b) Under what conditions does the compound formed from X and Y
conduct electricity?
(1)
A in the solid state and in the liquid state and in aqueous solution

B in the solid state and in aqueous solution only

C in the solid state and in the liquid state only

D in the liquid state and in aqueous solution only

(Total for Question 1 = 2 marks)

2 Which of these compounds would you expect to have the highest melting temperature?

A NaCl

B NaF

C KCl

D KF

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

2
*P67127A0224* 
PMT

3 A drop of an aqueous solution of green copper(II) chromate(VI) is placed in the centre

of a strip of damp filter paper.
The ends of the filter paper are connected to a DC power supply.
What is observed after a few minutes?

A a green colour has moved to the negative end

B a green colour has moved to the positive end

C a yellow colour has moved to the positive end and a blue colour to the
negative end
D a blue colour has moved to the positive end and a yellow colour to the
negative end

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 Which of these isoelectronic ions has the smallest ionic radius?

A N3−
B F−

C Na+

D Al3+

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 Which properties of a cation result in the greatest polarising power?

A large radius and large charge

B large radius and small charge

C small radius and small charge

D small radius and large charge

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 Which properties of an anion result in it being most easily polarised?

A large radius and large charge

B large radius and small charge

C small radius and small charge

D small radius and large charge

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

3
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PMT

7 What is the ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous solutions of
barium nitrate and sodium sulfate?

A Na+(aq) + NO3−(aq) ® NaNO3(s)

B 2Ba+(aq) + SO42−(aq) ® Ba2SO4(s)

C Na2+(aq) + 2NO3−(aq) ® Na(NO3)2(s)

D Ba2+(aq) + SO42−(aq) ® BaSO4(s)

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 Which of these molecules is not polar?

A CO2

B HCl

C H2O
D NH3

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 The concentration of nitrogen dioxide in a sample of air is 0.5 ppm.

What is the percentage of nitrogen dioxide molecules in this sample of air?

A 0.5 %

B 0.005 %

C 0.00005 %

D 0.0000005 %

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

4
*P67127A0424* 
PMT

10 Ethane reacts with bromine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation.

(a) What is the equation for the reaction?
(1)
A C2H6 + Br2 ® C2H4Br2 + H2

B C2H6 + Br2 ® C2H5Br + HBr

C C2H6 + Br2 ® 2CH3Br

D C2H6 + Br2 ® CH4 + CH2Br2

(b) The ultraviolet radiation is needed for

(1)
A homolytic breaking of a Br–Br bond

B heterolytic breaking of a Br–Br bond

C homolytic breaking of a C–H bond

D heterolytic breaking of a C–H bond

(Total for Question 10 = 2 marks)

11 All alkanes have the same

A empirical formula

B general formula
C molecular formula

D structural formula

(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

12 A single molecule of decane, C10H22 , is cracked.

Which of these mixtures could not be formed?

A pentene and pentane

B ethene, butene and butane

C propene, propane and butene

D hexene and propane

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

5
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13 How many structural isomers have the formula C3H6Cl2?

A 2

B 3

C 4

D 5

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

14 The equation for the complete combustion of hexane is shown.

C6H14 + 9½ O2 ® 6CO2 + 7H2O

How many molecules of carbon dioxide are formed when 2 × 10−3 mol of hexane
undergoes complete combustion?
[Avogadro constant L = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1]

A 1.20 × 1021

B 7.22 × 1021

C 8.43 × 1021

D 3.18 × 1023

(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

15 Which pollutant cannot form when alkane fuels are burned in car engines?

A hydrogen chloride

B sulfur dioxide

C carbon particulates

D carbon monoxide

(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

6
*P67127A0624* 
PMT

16 Iron(III) oxide is reduced by hydrogen in a two-step process.

Step 1: 3Fe2O3 + H2 ® 2Fe3O4 + H2O

Step 2: Fe3O4 + 4H2 ® 3Fe + 4H2O

What is the maximum mass of iron that could be produced from 39.9 tonnes of Fe2O3 ?
[Ar values: H = 1.0 O = 16.0 Fe = 55.8]

A 6.98 tonnes

B 13.95 tonnes

C 27.90 tonnes

D 41.85 tonnes

(Total for Question 16 = 1 mark)

17 Which of these solutions contains the greatest number of ions?

A 20.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm−3 KCl

B 0.40 dm3 of 0.03 mol dm−3 KCl

C 10.0 cm3 of 0.6 mol dm−3 CaCl2

D 0.15 dm3 of 0.04 mol dm−3 CaCl2

(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

18 Potassium chlorate(V) decomposes on heating to form oxygen.

2KClO3 ® 2KCl + 3O2

What is the atom economy (by mass) for the formation of oxygen?
[Ar values: O = 16.0 Cl = 35.5 K = 39.1]

A 13.1 %

B 26.1 %

C 39.2 %

D 64.3 %

(Total for Question 18 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

7
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PMT

SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
19 This question is about the amount of water of crystallisation in
hydrated magnesium sulfate, MgSO4 · x H2O.
(a) The value of x in the formula was determined in an experiment.
Procedure
Step 1 A crucible was weighed, a spatula measure of hydrated magnesium sulfate
was added and the crucible was reweighed.
Step 2 The crucible containing the hydrated magnesium sulfate was heated using
the apparatus shown.

crucible hydrated magnesium sulfate

heat

Step 3 After heating for two minutes, the crucible containing the
magnesium sulfate was allowed to cool and was reweighed.
(i) Complete the table of results.
(1)

Measurement Mass / g

Mass of empty crucible 21.21

Mass of crucible and hydrated

26.71
magnesium sulfate before heating

Mass of crucible and magnesium

24.12
sulfate after heating for two minutes

Mass of magnesium sulfate after

heating for two minutes

Mass of water lost

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*P67127A0824* 
PMT

(ii) Use these results to calculate the value of x in MgSO4 · x H2O.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
[Ar values: H = 1.0 O = 16.0 Mg = 24.3 S = 32.1]
(4)

(b) The correct value of x is greater than the value calculated in (a) (ii).
Suggest a way of improving the method to obtain a more accurate result,
using the same apparatus.
Justify your answer.
(2)

(Total for Question 19 = 7 marks)

9
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PMT

20 This question is about copper and its compounds.

(a) Complete the electronic configurations of Cu and Cu2+.
(2)

Cu [Ar]. ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cu2+ [Ar]. ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) A sample of copper contains the isotopes 63Cu and 65Cu.
(i) Complete the table to show the numbers of subatomic particles in the atoms
of these two isotopes of copper.
(2)

Isotope Protons Neutrons Electrons

63
Cu

65
Cu

(ii) Explain the term isotopes, using the information in the table.
(2)

(iii) State why the two isotopes of copper have the same chemical reactions.
(1)

10
*P67127A01024* 
PMT

(iv) The relative atomic mass of copper in this sample is 63.4.

Calculate the percentage abundances of the isotopes 63Cu and 65Cu in
this sample.
You must show your working.
(2)

(c) Copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4 , can be made by reacting solid copper(II) carbonate with
dilute sulfuric acid.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs.
State symbols are not required.
(1)

11
 *P67127A01124* Turn over
PMT

(ii) An experiment was carried out to produce pure, dry crystals of hydrated
copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4 • 5H2O.
Copper(II) carbonate was mixed with 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid
until no more reacted.
The mass of CuSO4 • 5H2O obtained was 10.87 g.
Calculate the percentage yield for this reaction, giving your answer to an
appropriate number of significant figures.
[Molar mass of CuSO4 • 5H2O = 249.6 g mol−1 ]
(4)

(Total for Question 20 = 14 marks)

12
*P67127A01224* 
PMT

21 This question is about alkenes.

Alkenes contain a carbon to carbon double bond that consists of a σ bond and a
π bond.
(a) Complete the diagram to show the areas of electron density for each bond.
Label the σ bond and the π bond.
(2)

C C

(b) Propene, C3H6 , is an alkene. The reagents needed for three reactions of propene
are shown.

H H

C=C

CH3 H
steam + acidified potassium
bromine Br2
acid catalyst manganate(VII)

(i) In each box, draw the structure of the organic product of the reaction.
(3)

13
 *P67127A01324* Turn over
PMT

(ii) Propene also reacts with hydrogen bromide, HBr.

Give the mechanism for this reaction to form the major product.
Include curly arrows, and relevant lone pairs and dipoles.
(3)

(c) Alpha-ocimene contains three carbon to carbon double bonds. It is found in

plants and has a sweet smell. The skeletal formula of alpha-ocimene is shown.

(i) Give the molecular formula of alpha-ocimene.

(1)

14
*P67127A01424* 
PMT

(ii) On the skeletal formula, draw a circle around the part of the molecule that
gives rise to the geometric isomerism of alpha-ocimene.
(1)

(iii) Draw the skeletal formula of the other geometric isomer of alpha-ocimene.
(1)

(iv) In an experiment, 0.050 mol of alpha-ocimene reacted with 3.6 dm3 of

hydrogen, H2 , in the presence of a catalyst.
Deduce the structure of the product of this reaction.
You must show your working.
[ Molar volume of H2 = 24 dm3 mol−1 ]
(3)
Calculation

Structure

(Total for Question 21 = 14 marks)

15
 *P67127A01524* Turn over
PMT

22 This question is about the bonding in the elements of Period 3 in the Periodic Table.
The melting temperatures of the Period 3 elements are shown in the table.

Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Melting
98 650 660 1423 44 120 –101 –189
temperature / °C

(a) Sodium, magnesium and aluminium are metals.

(i) State what is meant by metallic bonding.
(1)

(ii) Melting temperature depends on the strength of metallic bonding.

Explain why the metallic bonding in magnesium is much stronger than that
in sodium.
(3)

16
*P67127A01624* 
PMT

(b) (i) In the elements silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine, the atoms are joined
by covalent bonds.
Describe the attraction between the atoms in a covalent bond.
(1)

(ii) Explain why the melting temperature of silicon is much higher than that of
phosphorus, by referring to their structures.
(3)

17
 *P67127A01724* Turn over
PMT

(c) Sulfur reacts with chlorine to form sulfur dichloride, SCl2 .

(i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram of a molecule of sulfur dichloride.
Use dots (•) for the chlorine electrons and crosses (×) for the sulfur electrons.
Show the outer shell electrons only.
(2)

Cl S Cl

(ii) Suggest a value for the Cl–S–Cl bond angle. Justify your answer.
(3)

(Total for Question 22 = 13 marks)

18
*P67127A01824* 
PMT

23 This question is about the ionisation energies of the elements in Period 2 of the
Periodic Table.
(a) The first ionisation energies of the Period 2 elements are shown.

2500
First ionisation energy / kJ mol−1

2000

1500

1000

500

0
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Element

(i) Give an equation that represents the first ionisation energy of lithium.
Include state symbols.
(1)

(ii) Explain why there is a general increase in the first ionisation energy across
the period.
(2)

19
 *P67127A01924* Turn over
PMT

(iii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of oxygen is lower than that of nitrogen.
(2)

(b) All the successive ionisation energies of nitrogen are shown in the table.

Ionisation number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ionisation energy
1402 2856 4578 7475 9445 53 267 64 360
/ kJ mol–1

Explain the trend in the successive ionisation energies of nitrogen.

(2)

(Total for Question 23 = 7 marks)

20
*P67127A02024* 
PMT

24 A 0.210 g sample of a volatile organic liquid C is injected into a gas syringe and
heated in an oven.
At 100 kPa and 358 K, the syringe contains 72.5 cm3 of gas.
(a) Calculate the molar mass of C.
[ pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1 ]
(4)

(b) The organic liquid C is a hydrocarbon.

Give a possible name or formula for C, using your answer in (a).
(1)

(Total for Question 24 = 5 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

21
 *P67127A02124*
PMT

Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

Time 1 hour 30 minutes
Paper
reference WCH11/01
Chemistry
 

International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level

UNIT 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
You must have: Total Marks
Scientific calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas,
descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

Q:1/1/1/1/
PMT

SECTION A

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.

For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box . If you change
your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

1 Elements in their most stable state exist as

A atoms in giant structures only

B atoms in molecules and atoms in giant structures only

C isolated atoms and atoms in giant structures only

D isolated atoms, atoms in molecules and atoms in giant structures

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 A sample of nitrogen gas contains 1.204 × 1022 molecules.

What is the mass of this sample?
[ Ar N = 14.0 Avogadro constant (L) = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1 ]

A 0.14 g

B 0.28 g

C 0.56 g
D 1.12 g

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

2
*P70964A0228* 
PMT

3 When magnesium oxide reacts with dilute sulfuric acid the equation is

MgO(s) + H2SO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

What is the ionic equation for the reaction?

A MgO(s) + 2H+(aq) + SO42−(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + SO42−(aq) + H2O(l)

B MgO(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2O(l)

C Mg2+(s) + SO42−(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + SO42−(aq)

D O2−(s) + 2H+(aq) → H2O(l)

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 A solution of sodium chloride, NaCl, is prepared by dissolving 10.0 g of the solid in

distilled water and making the solution up to 250.0 cm3.
What is the concentration of the solution, in mol dm−3 ?
[Mr NaCl = 58.5]

A 0.171

B 0.684

C 10.0

D 40.0

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

3
 *P70964A0328* Turn over
PMT

5 Ten test tubes, each containing 1.0 cm3 of a chromium chloride solution of
concentration 0.1 mol dm−3, were placed in a test tube rack.
Different volumes of silver nitrate solution of concentration 0.1 mol dm−3 were added
to each test tube, giving a precipitate of silver chloride.

Ag+(aq) + Cl−(aq) → AgCl(s)

The precipitates formed were allowed to settle and their heights measured.
The results were plotted on a graph.

4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
Height of 2.5
precipitate / mm
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5

Volume of silver nitrate solution added / cm3

What is the formula of the chromium chloride?

A CrCl

B Cr3Cl4

C Cr4Cl3

D CrCl3

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

4
*P70964A0428* 
PMT

6 The atomic number of the element scandium is 21 and the mass number of its only
isotope is 45.
(a) What is the number of electrons in a scandium ion, Sc+ ?
(1)
A 20

B 21

C 22

D 23

(b) In a mass spectrometer, scandium forms Sc+ and Sc2+ ions.

What is the m / z value for the mass spectrum peak due to the Sc2+ ions?
(1)
A 22.5

B 33.0
C 45.0

D 90.0

(Total for Question 6 = 2 marks)

7 Which equation represents the first ionisation energy of iodine?

A I2(s) → 2I+(g) + 2e−

B I2(g) → 2I+(g) + 2e−

C ½I2(s) → I+(g) + e−

D I(g) → I+(g) + e−

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

5
 *P70964A0528* Turn over
PMT

8 What is the electronic configuration of a nitrogen atom?

1s 2s 2p

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 The element manganese has the atomic number Z = 25.

What are the numbers of s, p and d electrons in an atom of manganese?

s electrons p electrons d electrons

A 6 12 7

B 8 12 5

C 6 18 1

D 8 17 0

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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10 Which row in the table shows the correct forces in a crystal of lithium iodide?

Attractive forces Repulsive forces

Some covalent
between ions with between ions with
bonding forces
opposite charges like charges

A  X X

B   X

C  X 
D   

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

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11 Some physical properties of five substances are shown.

The letters are not element symbols.

Electrical conductivity Melting

Substance temperature
Solution in
Solid Liquid / °C
water

L poor good good 770

M good good reacts 98

N good good insoluble 1083

P poor poor insoluble 113

Q poor poor good 10

(a) Which of these substances could be metals?

(1)
A N only

B L and M only

C M and N only

D L, M and N only

(b) Which substance has properties showing that it changes from a

molecular structure to ions when it dissolves in water?
(1)
A L

B M

C P

D Q

(Total for Question 11 = 2 marks)

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12 At 180 °C, aluminium chloride exists as Al2Cl6 .

What is the structure of Al2Cl6 ?
−
Cl
+
A Cl Al Cl Cl Al Cl

Cl Cl

B Cl Al Al Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Cl Cl
C Al Al
Cl Cl Cl

Cl Cl Cl
D Al Al
Cl Cl Cl

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

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13 When carrying out chemical experiments, the hazards and risks must be considered.
For a given chemical

A the hazard is fixed but the risk varies

B the hazard varies but the risk is fixed

C both hazard and risk are fixed

D both hazard and risk vary

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

14 Heterolytic fission produces

A free radicals only

B ions only

C free radicals and positive ions only

D free radicals and negative ions only

(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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15 A hydrocarbon X has a molar mass of 98 g mol−1 . When a sample of X is shaken with

bromine water, the colour of the bromine water does not change.
Which of these could be the structure of X?

(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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16 Which of these atmospheric pollutants is not emitted during the combustion of

alkane car fuels?

A ammonia

B nitrogen dioxide

C sulfur dioxide

D octane

(Total for Question 16 = 1 mark)

17 Which of these occurs in a propagation step in the reaction of methane

with chlorine?

A
H3C Cl

B H3C Cl Cl

C H3C H CH3

D H3C H Cl Cl

(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

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18 What is the IUPAC name for the compound with the structure shown?

H3C CH3
C C
H Cl

A cis-2-chlorobut-2-ene

B trans-2-chlorobut-2-ene

C E-2-chlorobut-2-ene

D Z-2-chlorobut-2-ene

(Total for Question 18 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

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SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

19 The element iron forms two chlorides: iron(II) chloride, FeCl2 , and
iron(III) chloride, FeCl3 .
(a) A known mass of iron powder is added to 200 cm3 of a hot solution of
iron(III) chloride with a concentration of 0.500 mol dm−3 . When the reaction is
complete, the solution only contains iron(II) chloride.
The unreacted iron is filtered, dried and weighed.
Initial mass of iron powder = 6.17 g
Final mass of iron powder = 3.38 g
(i) Calculate the number of moles of iron that react.
(2)

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of iron(III) chloride that react.

(2)

(iii) Use your answers to (a)(i) and (a)(ii) to write the ionic equation for the
reaction of iron with iron(III) chloride. Include state symbols.
You must show your working.
(3)

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(b) The concentration of the solution obtained in (a) is increased by heating it gently
to remove some of the water. The solution is allowed to cool and pale green
crystals of a hydrated iron(II) chloride, FeCl2·xH2O, form.
Analysis shows that these crystals contain 28.1% by mass of iron.
Calculate the number of moles of water of crystallisation, x, per mole of
hydrated iron(II) chloride.
(4)

(Total for Question 19 = 11 marks)

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20 Naturally occurring bromine has two isotopes: bromine‑79 and bromine‑81.

(a) State what is meant by the term isotopes.
(1)

(b) Complete the table to show the numbers of subatomic particles in the two
isotopes of bromine.
(2)

Isotope Protons Neutrons Electrons

bromine‑79

bromine‑81

(c) The mass spectrum of a sample of bromine is obtained.

(i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of bromine.
Only the outer electrons should be shown.
(2)

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(ii) Describe the formation of the molecular ion of bromine in the mass
spectrometer. Include an equation.
State symbols are not required.
(2)

(iii) On the mass spectrum grid, draw the peaks for the bromine molecular ions,
showing the relative peak heights.
The bromine isotopes in this sample have the same relative abundance.
(2)

100

60
Relative
50
abundance
40

0
156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164

m/z

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(d) The percentage abundances of the isotopes in a different sample of bromine

are shown.

Isotope Percentage abundance

bromine‑79 56.38 %

bromine‑81 43.62 %

Calculate the relative molecular mass of this sample of bromine, giving your
answer to two decimal places.
(3)

(Total for Question 20 = 12 marks)

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21 The elements carbon and silicon both form dioxides.

(a) Carbon dioxide is a simple covalent molecule but silicon dioxide has a
giant covalent structure.
(i) Describe the covalent bond between a silicon atom and an oxygen atom in
silicon dioxide, in terms of the particles involved.
(2)

(ii) Compare and contrast the covalent bonding in carbon dioxide and
silicon dioxide in terms of orbital overlap.
(3)

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(b) The shape of the carbon dioxide molecule affects its physical properties.
(i) Explain the shape of the carbon dioxide molecule.
(3)

(ii) Explain the polarity of the carbon–oxygen bond.

(2)

(iii) State whether or not the carbon dioxide molecule is polar.

Justify your answer.
(1)

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(c) The structure of silicon dioxide may be referred to as a diamond structure.

silicon

oxygen

(i) Using your knowledge of the structure of diamond, suggest how the structure
of silicon dioxide is similar to that of diamond.
(1)

(ii) Give a possible reason why silicon dioxide has a lower melting temperature
than diamond, even though the Si O bond is stronger than the C C bond.
(1)

(Total for Question 21 = 13 marks)

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22 Zingiberene is the compound that gives ginger its characteristic flavour.

Its IUPAC name is 2‑methyl‑5‑(6‑methylhept‑5‑en‑2‑yl)cyclohexa‑1,3‑diene.
(a) On the structure of zingiberene, draw a circle around the ‘2‑methyl’ group referred
to in the IUPAC name.
(1)

zingiberene

(b) Deduce the molecular formula of zingiberene.

(2)

(c) When zingiberene reacts with excess hydrogen bromide, there are a number of
possible products. The structure of the major product is shown.

Br
Br

(i) Name the type and mechanism of the reaction.

(1)

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(ii) The diagram shows a simplified structure of zingiberene, in which part of the
molecule is represented by A.
Complete the mechanism for the reaction of zingiberene with one molecule
of hydrogen bromide.
Include curly arrows, and any relevant dipoles and lone pairs.
(4)

(iii) For the reaction in (c)(ii) there are two possible products:

A
Br
A

I II

Explain why I is the major product, by referring to your mechanism.

(2)

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(d) Zingiberene reacts with hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst.

(i) Identify the catalyst, by name or formula.

(1)

(ii) 2.0 mol of zingiberene react completely with hydrogen at 150 °C and a
pressure of 120 kPa.
Calculate the minimum volume of hydrogen needed under these conditions,
stating your units.
[Ideal gas equation is pV = nRT Gas constant (R) = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1 ]
(4)

(Total for Question 22 = 15 marks)

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23 Organic waste may be disposed of by landfill or incineration.

Both processes produce gases.
(a) The main gases produced from a typical landfill are shown in the table.

Gas Percentage by volume / %

methane 50

carbon dioxide 45

nitrogen 4

sulfur compounds 1

(i) Name the process that forms these gases in landfill.

(1)

(ii) State the main environmental problem caused by landfill gases,

identifying the gas or gases responsible.
(2)

(iii) One tonne of landfill waste produces approximately 12.5 dm3 of landfill gases
per day.
Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced in a year by a typical landfill
site which contains 90 000 tonnes of waste.
Assume that the gas volume is measured at room temperature and
pressure (r.t.p.). [Molar volume of gas at r.t.p. = 24.0 dm3 mol−1 ]
(3)

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(b) Suggest two advantages of incineration over landfill.

(2)

(c) Environmental groups prefer recycling to both landfill and incineration.

Suggest one advantage of recycling.
(1)

(Total for Question 23 = 9 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

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Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

Time 1 hour 30 minutes
Paper
reference WCH11/01
Chemistry
 

International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level

UNIT 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
You must have: Total Marks
Scientific calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas,
descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.

B:1/1/1/
PMT

SECTION A

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.

For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box . If you change
your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

1 Which mixture results in a displacement reaction?

A iron and copper(II) sulfate solution

B lead(II) nitrate solution and sodium iodide solution

C dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution

D zinc and magnesium sulfate solution

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 Which mixture results in a precipitation reaction?

A dilute sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide solution

B iron and calcium chloride solution

C chlorine water and potassium bromide solution

D silver nitrate solution and potassium bromide solution

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 An atom of 157 N forms a nitride ion, N3–.

What are the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in this ion?

Protons Neutrons Electrons

A 7 8 7

B 7 8 4

C 7 8 10

D 8 7 10

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

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4 What is the total number of orbitals in a sulfur atom which contain at least
one electron?

A 3

B 5

C 8

D 9

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 Which structure has the name E‑2‑bromo‑3‑chloropent‑2‑ene?

B Cl

Cl
(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

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6 The partial oxidation of butane in the presence of a catalyst has been investigated as
a possible source of hydrogen.

C4H10(g) + 2O2(g) → 4CO(g) + 5H2(g)

(a) What is the most significant hazard associated with the pollutant CO(g)?
(1)
A it is a major contributor to the formation of acid rain

B it strongly absorbs infrared radiation

C it is toxic at low concentrations

D it is the main cause of ozone layer depletion

(b) A mixture of 40 cm3 of butane and 20 cm3 of oxygen reacts in a sealed system to
form carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
What is the total volume of gas in the system at the end of the reaction, in cm3 ?
(1)
A 30
B 60

C 90

D 120

(Total for Question 6 = 2 marks)

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7 Octane, C8H18 , reacts with bromine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation.

(a) What is the role of ultraviolet radiation in the reaction?

(1)
A to break the Br Br bond only

B to break a C H bond only

C to break a C C bond only

D to break both the Br Br and a C H bond

(b) One of the steps of the reaction is shown.

C8H17• + Br2 → C8H17Br + Br •

What is the name of this step and the type of bond breaking that takes place in
the bromine molecule?

(1)
Name of step Type of bond breaking
A initiation heterolytic
B initiation homolytic
C propagation heterolytic
D propagation homolytic

B C8H18 + Br2 → C8H17Br + HBr

C C8H18 + Br2 → 2C4H9Br

D C8H18 + 3Br2 → 2C4H7Br + 4HBr

(Total for Question 7 = 3 marks)

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8 A stream of liquid from a burette is deflected by a charged rod.

burette

charged rod
+++++++

beaker

Which substance, in its liquid state, will be deflected the most?

A C5H12

B CCl 4

C BCl 3

D CH2Cl 2

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

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9 A piece of copper is shown.

4 cm

8 cm

12 cm

How many moles of copper atoms are there in this piece of copper?
[Density of copper = 8.96 g cm–3 ]

A 0.675

B 1.48

C 6.05

D 54.2

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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10 Mass spectrometers are used in chemical analysis.

(a) In which region of this mass spectrometer are the ions accelerated?
(1)

P Q electromagnet

vaporised
sample to vacuum
pump

S
amplifier
chart
recorder

A region P

B region Q

C region R

D region S

(b) Four iron ions are present in a stream of ions in a mass spectrometer.
The paths of these ions are shown.

path 4

stream of
ions

path 3

path 1
path 2

Which of these ions will follow path 1 through the mass spectrometer?
(1)
54 +
A Fe
54
B Fe2+
56
C Fe+
56
D Fe2+

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(c) Naturally‑occurring chlorine has two isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl.

How many peaks due to the singly-charged molecular ions are seen in the
mass spectrum of chlorine, Cl 2?
(1)
A 1

B 2

C 3

D 4

(Total for Question 10 = 3 marks)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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11 The graph shows the first ionisation energies of some consecutive elements from
Periods 2 and 3 of the Periodic Table.
The letters used to label the elements are not their chemical symbols.

W
First U
ionisation
T
energy V
S
Z

Atomic number

(a) Which element has only one p orbital containing a pair of electrons?
(1)
A element U

B element V

C element W

D element X

(b) Which element is the least reactive?

(1)
A element S

B element X

C element Y

D element Z

(c) Which element has the greatest second ionisation energy?

(1)
A element S

B element T

C element X

D element Y

(Total for Question 11 = 3 marks)

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12 A mass of 4.08 g of hydrated copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4∙5H2O, was dissolved in

deionised water to form 250 cm3 of solution.

What is the concentration of the copper(II) sulfate solution formed, in mol dm–3?

A 0.0163

B 0.0256

C 0.0654

D 0.102

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

13 A mass of 2.50 g of sodium chloride reacts with excess lead(II) nitrate solution forming
lead(II) chloride with a yield of 95 %.
What is the mass of lead(II) chloride, PbCl 2 , formed?

2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 → PbCl 2 + 2NaNO3

[Mr values: NaCl = 58.5 PbCl 2 = 278.2]

A 5.65 g

B 5.94 g

C 11.3 g

D 11.9 g

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

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SECTION B

Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

14 This question is about barium and barium compounds.

(a) The graph shows the first eight ionisation energies of barium.

12 000

10 000

Ionisation 8 000
energy
6 000
/ kJ mol–1
4 000

2 000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Electron removed

(i) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the third ionisation energy
of barium.
(1)

(ii) State how the graph confirms that barium is in Group 2 in the Periodic Table.
(1)

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(b) An acidified aqueous solution of barium chloride, BaCl2 , is used to test for
sulfate ions.
(i) Draw a dot‑and‑cross diagram for barium chloride.
Show the outer electrons only.
(2)

(ii) Calculate the mass of barium chloride needed to form 150 cm3 of BaCl2(aq)
with a concentration of 0.200 mol dm–3.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
(2)

(iii) The barium chloride solution is acidified to prevent carbonate ions giving a
false positive result.
Write the ionic equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with
carbonate ions. State symbols are not required.
(1)

(Total for Question 14 = 8 marks)

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15 This question is about hydrocarbons obtained from crude oil.

(a) Petrol used in cars has a high proportion of the alkane iso‑octane.
Iso‑octane can be formed by heating octane to 400 °C in the presence of
a catalyst.

octane iso‑octane

(i) Give the IUPAC name for iso‑octane.

(1)

(ii) Name the industrial process used to convert octane into iso‑octane.
(1)

(iii) Give a reason why petrol needs a high proportion of iso‑octane.

(1)

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(b) Another way to produce iso‑octane is by reacting iso‑butane

with 2‑methylpropene.

iso‑butane 2‑methylpropene iso‑octane

Draw the skeletal formulae of four isomers of 2‑methylpropene.

Include only one isomer that does not decolorise bromine water.
(4)

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(c) 2‑methylpropene reacts with hydrogen bromide to form two possible products.
(i) Draw the mechanism for the formation of the major product of the reaction
between 2‑methylpropene and hydrogen bromide, HBr.
Include curly arrows, and relevant lone pairs and dipoles.
(4)

(ii) Give the reason why your product in (c)(i) is the major product.
(1)

(d) Another component of petrol, compound X, contains 92.3 % carbon and

7.7 % hydrogen by mass.
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.
You must show all your working.
(2)

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(ii) A sample of compound X has a mass of 0.267 g and vaporises at 85.0 °C and
104 kPa to produce a gaseous sample with a volume of 98.0 cm3.
Calculate the molar mass of compound X.
You must show all your working.
[ pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1]
(4)

(iii) Deduce the molecular formula of compound X, using your answers to (d)(i)
and (d)(ii).
(1)

(Total for Question 15 = 19 marks)

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16 This question is about the Group 4 element germanium and some of its compounds.
(a) Naturally‑occurring germanium consists of five stable isotopes.
Explain what is meant by the term isotopes.
(2)

(b) The mass spectrum of a sample of germanium is shown.

40 36.7

30 27.4
Percentage 20.6
abundance 20

10 7.7 7.6

0
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
m/z

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of germanium.

(2)

(c) Give the electronic configuration of a germanium atom.

(1)

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(d) Germane is a compound with the formula GeH4 .

It can be formed by the reaction shown.

Na2GeO3 + NaBH4 + H2O → GeH4 + 2NaOH + NaBO2

(i) Calculate the atom economy, by mass, for the formation of germane.
Use Ar of Ge = 72.6
(2)

(ii) Germane can donate a proton to ammonia, forming the ion GeH3–.

NH3 + GeH4 → NH4+ + GeH3–

Draw a dot‑and‑cross diagram of the ion GeH3–. Show the outer electrons only.
(2)

(iii) Use your answer to (d)(ii) and electron‑pair repulsion theory to predict the
name of the shape and bond angle of the ion GeH3–.
(2)
Name of the shape

Bond angle

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(iv) Germane is toxic and the maximum permitted concentration is

0.640 mg m–3 in air.
Calculate the maximum number of germane molecules permitted in a
laboratory with a volume of 231 m3.
[Avogadro constant (L) = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1]
(4)

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(e) A halide of germanium, GeX4 , reacts with water as shown.

GeX4 + 2H2O → GeO2 + 4HX

1.50 g of GeX4 was added to excess water.

The insoluble GeO2 was removed by filtration.
The solution of hydrogen halide formed was then added to
excess magnesium carbonate, forming 335.5 cm3 of carbon dioxide
at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).

MgCO3 + 2HX → MgX2 + CO2 + H2O

[Molar volume of a gas at r.t.p. = 24 000 cm3 mol–1]

(i) Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide formed.

(1)

(ii) Deduce the number of moles of HX formed when GeX4 reacted with the
excess water.
(1)

(iii) Deduce the number of moles of GeX4 that reacted with the excess water.
(1)

(iv) Calculate the molar mass of GeX4 and hence identify X.

(2)

(Total for Question 16 = 20 marks)

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17 Limonene is an oil extracted from the skin of citrus fruits such as oranges or lemons.
It is found in some cleaning products such as those used to remove chewing gum.
Limonene has the structure shown.

(a) Deduce the molecular formula of limonene.

(2)

(b) (i) A few drops of acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution are mixed with a
sample of limonene.
State the colour change.
(1)
From . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... to ................................................................................................ . . .

(ii) Draw the skeletal formula of the structure of the organic

product formed when the reaction in (b)(i) is carried out with
excess acidified potassium manganate(VII).
(1)

(iii) Name the type of reaction that limonene undergoes in (b)(i).

.(1)

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*P71875A02228* 
PMT

(c) On heating, limonene reacts to form two molecules of a smaller hydrocarbon, Q.

Q can be polymerised to form R, a polymer used to improve the grip of car tyres.
A section of R is shown.

H3C CH2 H3C CH2

 H C H C


 
 C C C C 
 
 
 H H H H

Section of polymer R

Draw the structure of Q.

(1)

(d) Give two ways in which chemists can help minimise problems caused by the
disposal of polymers.
(2)

23
 *P71875A02328* Turn over
PMT

(e) Limonene is extracted from orange peel using a solvent.

Possible solvents are hexane and liquid carbon dioxide.
Liquid carbon dioxide can be obtained by allowing solid carbon dioxide to melt
under high pressure.
(i) Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using liquid carbon dioxide
rather than hexane to dissolve the limonene. Assume that the carbon dioxide
does not escape into the atmosphere.
(2)
Advantage

Disadvantage

(ii) Orange peel contains 1.63 % of limonene by mass.

A chewing gum remover contains 30 cm3 of limonene per bottle.
Calculate the mass of orange peel, in kg, needed to obtain 30 cm3 of limonene.
[Density of limonene = 0.841 g cm–3]
(3)

(Total for Question 17 = 13 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

24
*P71875A02428* 
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

Time 1 hour 30 minutes
Paper
reference WCH11/01
Chemistry
 

International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level

UNIT 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
You must have: Total Marks
Scientific calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• Fill in theis boxes
If pencil used for diagrams/sketches/graphs it must be dark (HB or B).
• centre number andat candidate
the top of this page with your name,
number.
• Answer all questions.
• – there may
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
be more space than you need.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas,
descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• Try to answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check
Turn over

J:1/1/1/1/
SECTION A

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.

For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box . If you change
your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

1 Which compound contains 2.35 × 1022 molecules in 2.50 g?

[Avogadro constant L = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
Mr values: CO = 28.0 CO2 = 44.0 SO2 = 64.1 SO3 = 80.1]

A CO

B CO2

C SO2

D SO3

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 What is the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution containing

5.00 g of Ba(OH)2 in 250 cm3?
[Mr Ba(OH)2 = 171.3]

A 0.0292 mol dm–3

B 0.0584 mol dm–3

C 0.1168 mol dm–3

D 0.2335 mol dm–3

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

2
*P71886A0224* 
3 A sample of 15.0 g of vanadium reacted completely with 7.07 g of oxygen.
What is the formula of the oxide?
[Ar values: V = 50.9 O = 16.0]

A VO

B V2O3

C VO2

D V2O5

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 What is the pressure when 5.00 mol of nitrogen in a container with a volume of
1.50 m3 is heated to 500 K?
[ pV = nRT R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1 ]

A 13.9 Pa
B 6 290 Pa

C 13 900 Pa

D 31 200 Pa

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 Which is the equation for the reaction of magnesium chloride solution with
sodium hydroxide solution?

A Mg+(aq) + OH–(aq) → MgOH(s)

B Mg2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → Mg(OH)2(s)

C MgCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → MgOH(aq) + NaCl(aq)

D MgCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Mg(OH)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq)

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

3
 *P71886A0324* Turn over
6 How many neutrons and electrons are there in 190 2+
79 Au ?

Neutrons Electrons

A 111 77

B 111 81

C 190 79

D 190 77

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 The mass spectrum of an element is shown.

40
Percentage
abundance
30

0
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
m/z

What is the relative atomic mass of this element?

A 90.0

B 90.9

C 91.2

D 92.8

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

4
*P71886A0424* 
8 Which is the equation for the second ionisation of element J?

A J(g) → J2+(g) + 2e–

B J+(g) → J2+(g) + e–

C J+(g) → J3+(g) + 2e–

D J2+(g) → J3+(g) + e–

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 Which is a reason why fluorine has a higher first ionisation energy than oxygen?

A a fluorine atom has fewer unpaired electrons

B a fluorine atom has fewer shells of electrons

C a fluorine atom has more electrons

D a fluorine atom has more protons

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 Which is the electronic configuration of chromium?

3d 4s
A [Ar]

B [Ar]

C [Ar]

D [Ar]

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

5
 *P71886A0524* Turn over
11 Which combination of ions would be expected to form the compound with the
highest melting temperature?

A Li + and Br –

B Mg2+ and O2–

C Sr 2+ and S2–

D Rb+ and Cl –

(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

12 Which is a use of graphene based on its electrical properties?

A drill tips

B pencils

C touch screens

D body armour

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

13 Which molecule has the largest bond angle?

A BCl3

B CO2

C H2O
D NH3

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

14 Which molecule is polar?

A 1,1‑dibromopropane

B E‑1,2‑dibromoethene

C hexafluoroethane

D tetrachloromethane

(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

6
*P71886A0624* 
15 Prop‑2-en‑1‑ol is flammable, toxic and an environmental hazard.
Which hazard symbols should be shown on its container?

(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

7
 *P71886A0724* Turn over
16 Which is the skeletal structure for 3,4‑dichloro‑2,2‑dimethylpentane?
Cl

Cl Cl

C
Cl
Cl

Cl
Cl
D

(Total for Question 16 = 1 mark)

17 What is the name of a series such as the one shown?

OH
OH OH

A addition

B heterolytic

C homologous

D homolytic

(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

8
*P71886A0824* 
18 Which is not a step in the reaction of chlorine with propane in ultraviolet radiation?

A C3H7· + Cl· → C3H7Cl

B C3H7· + C3H7· → C6H14

C C3H7· + Cl2 → C3H7Cl + Cl·

D C3H7· + HCl → C3H7Cl + H·

(Total for Question 18 = 1 mark)

19 Why does free radical substitution have limited use in industrial chemistry?

A the reactions only occur in the upper atmosphere

B initiation requires ultraviolet radiation

C further substitution products are formed

D termination reactions produce unwanted products

(Total for Question 19 = 1 mark)

20 Which molecule can exist as E‑Z isomers?

A 2‑chloro‑4‑ethylhex‑3‑ene

B 3‑chloro‑2‑methylhex‑2‑ene

C 2,3‑dimethylhex‑2‑ene

D 2,5‑dichlorohex‑3‑ene

(Total for Question 20 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

9
 *P71886A0924* Turn over
SECTION B

Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

21 The structure of a compound X is shown. X is present in petrol.

(a) (i) Give the molecular formula and IUPAC name for X.
(2)

(ii) Name the industrial process used to produce X from the straight‑chain isomer.
(1)

(b) Heptane is also present in petrol.

(i) Write an equation for the complete combustion of heptane.
Include state symbols.
(2)

(ii) Identify, by name or formula, a pollutant that may result from the
incomplete combustion of heptane.
(1)

10
*P71886A01024* 
(c) Recently, sales of electric cars have increased.
Give two environmental benefits of using electric cars.
Justify your answers.
(2)

(Total for Question 21 = 8 marks)

11
 *P71886A01124* Turn over
22 This question is about propene and some related compounds.
(a) Some reactions of propene are shown.

propane

Reaction 1
H2(g)
acidified
KMnO4(aq) Cl2(g)
product B propene product A

Reaction 2

propan-2-ol

(i) Identify, by name or formula, the catalyst needed for Reaction 1.

.(1)

(ii) Name product A.

(1)

(iii) Identify, by name or formula, the substances needed for Reaction 2.

(2)

(iv) Draw the displayed formula of product B.

(1)

12
*P71886A01224* 
(b) (i) Propene can undergo addition polymerisation.
Write the equation for the polymerisation of propene.
(2)

(ii) Over 70 million tonnes of poly(propene) are produced each year.

State two problems with the disposal of polymers such as poly(propene).
(2)

13
 *P71886A01324* Turn over
(c) Hydrogen bromide reacts with 3‑bromopropene to form 1,2‑dibromopropane as
the major product.
(i) Complete the mechanism to show this reaction.
Include curly arrows, and any relevant lone pairs and dipoles.
(4)

H Br
H C
C C H
H H

(ii) Explain why 1,2‑dibromopropane is the major product instead

of 1,3‑dibromopropane.
(2)

(Total for Question 22 = 15 marks)

14
*P71886A01424* 
23 Oxygen is vital in the treatment of respiratory diseases. Oxygen is traditionally
produced by the fractional distillation of air.
(a) Suggest one difference between the fractional distillation of air and of crude oil.
(1)

(b) Hospital patients sometimes need to breathe air with a higher than normal
concentration of oxygen.
The oxygen concentration can be increased to 90 % by passing dry air through a
tube filled with zeolite which adsorbs most of the nitrogen.
(i) Dry air contains 21.0 % oxygen by volume.
The average human breath has a volume of 500 cm3.
Calculate the volume of air, in dm3, that would have to pass over the zeolite to
obtain 500 cm3 of gas containing 90 % oxygen by volume.
(2)

(ii) Nitrogen molecules bind to zeolite using their outer electrons.

Draw a dot‑and‑cross diagram of the bonding in a nitrogen molecule.
Show outer electrons only.
(2)

15
 *P71886A01524* Turn over
(c) Liquid oxygen is transported across the world.
Liquid oxygen has a density of 1140 g dm–3.

(i) Calculate the volume of gas, in m3, measured at room temperature and
pressure (r.t.p.) that can be obtained from a bottle containing 13.9 dm3 of
liquid oxygen.
(4)
3 –1
[Molar volume at r.t.p. = 24.0 dm mol ]

(ii) The total mass of the bottle is 80.0 kg when it is full of oxygen.
Calculate the mass of an empty bottle, using your working from (c)(i).
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
(1)

(iii) Explain why the container needs to have such a large mass.
(2)

(Total for Question 23 = 12 marks)

16
*P71886A01624* 
24 The radii of ions of some successive elements in the Periodic Table are shown.

Ion N3– O2– F– Na+ Mg2+ Al3+

Ionic radius / pm 171 140 133 102 54

(a) (i) Plot a graph of the data.

(2)

N3– O2– F– (Ne) Na+ Mg2+ Al3+

17
 *P71886A01724* Turn over
(ii) Predict the radius of the magnesium ion using a straight line of best fit on
your graph.
(2)

(iii) Explain the trend in the ionic radii from the nitride ion to the aluminium ion.
(3)

(b) Sodium and fluorine react to form a compound.

(i) State the structure and bonding of sodium fluoride.
(1)

18
*P71886A01824* 
(ii) Explain how the electrical conductivity of sodium fluoride provides evidence
for the existence of ions.
(3)

(iii) Explain why the fluoride ion is difficult to polarise.

(2)

(Total for Question 24 = 13 marks)

19
 *P71886A01924* Turn over
25 This question is about aluminium and its compounds.
(a) (i) State the shape of a molecule of aluminium trichloride, AlCl3.
(1)

(ii) Aluminium chloride can exist as a dimer formed from two molecules of
aluminium trichloride.
Draw a diagram of this dimer, showing the bonding between the
two molecules.
(2)

(b) Aluminium trichloride reacts vigorously with water to produce hydrogen chloride
and aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3.
Write the equation for this reaction.
State symbols are not required.
(1)

20
*P71886A02024* 
(c) Aluminium trichloride also reacts with sodium hydroxide.

AlCl3(g) + 3NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)3(s) + 3NaCl(aq)

Calculate the maximum mass of aluminium hydroxide precipitated when excess

aluminium trichloride reacts with 150 cm3 of 1.5 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide.
(3)

21
 *P71886A02124* Turn over
(d) (i) Describe the metallic bonding in aluminium.
(3)

(ii) Explain how metallic bonding leads to the properties of electrical conductivity
and malleability shown by aluminium.
(2)

(Total for Question 25 = 12 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

22
*P71886A02224* 
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

Wednesday 10 May 2023
Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper
reference WCH11/01
Chemistry À

International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level

UNIT 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry

You must have: Total Marks

Scientific calculator

Instructions
•• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
If pencil is used for diagrams/sketches/graphs it must be dark (HB or B).
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
•• Answer all questions.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.

Information
•• The total mark for this paper is 80.
The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas,
descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
•• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
•• Try to answer every question.
Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.
For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box . If you change
your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 Which compound has the greatest covalent character?

A MgBr2
B MgF2

C NaBr
D NaF

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 Which has the smallest ionic radius?

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

A F−

B Mg2+
C Na+

D O2−
(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 The first seven ionisation energies, in kJ mol−1, of an element are shown.

1010, 1900, 2910, 4960, 6270, 21 300, 25 400

In which group of the Periodic Table is this element located?

A Group 3
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B Group 4

C Group 5
D Group 6

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

2
*P71860A0224* ¢¢¢¢
4 What is the electronic configuration of an oxygen atom in its ground state?
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s

A ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
B ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↑ ↑ ↑
C ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
D ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 Which property shows a general decrease across the Periodic Table

from sodium to chlorine?

A atomic radius
B electronegativity
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C first ionisation energy

D melting temperature

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 The first ionisation energy of sulfur is lower than that of phosphorus.

Which is the best explanation for this?

A the atomic radius of sulfur is greater than that of phosphorus

B the electronegativity of sulfur is greater than that of phosphorus

C the repulsion between the outer electrons of sulfur is greater than that
of phosphorus
D the shielding by the inner shell electrons of sulfur is greater than that
of phosphorus
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

3
¢¢¢¢ *P71860A0324* Turn over
7 1 kg of seawater contains 64 mg of bromide ions.
[Ar of Br = 80 Avogadro constant, L = 6.0 × 1023 mol −1]

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(a) What is the concentration of bromide ions in parts per million (ppm) by mass?
(1)
A 0.80

B 64
C 800

D 64 000

(b) How many bromide ions are in 500 g of the sample?

(1)
A 2.4 × 1020

B 4.8 × 1020
C 1.9 × 1022

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D 3.8 × 1022
(Total for Question 7 = 2 marks)

8 0.15 mol of aluminium is added to 120 cm3 of 1.50 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.

2Al(s) + 6H+(aq) → 2Al3+ (aq) + 3H2(g)

The amount of unused reactant is

A 0.06 mol aluminium

B 0.09 mol aluminium

C 0.03 mol hydrochloric acid

D 0.13 mol hydrochloric acid DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

4
*P71860A0424* ¢¢¢¢
9 An organic compound contains 24.2 % carbon, 4.00 % hydrogen and
71.8 % chlorine by mass.
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[Ar values: H = 1.0 C = 12.0 Cl = 35.5]

What is the empirical formula of the compound?

A CHCl
B CH2Cl

C C2H4Cl2
D C4H4Cl4

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 Which solution contains the smallest number of ions?

A 500 cm3 of 0.06 mol dm−3 Ca(NO3)2(aq)

B 500 cm3 of 0.09 mol dm−3 KI(aq)

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C 250 cm3 of 0.12 mol dm−3 BaCl2(aq)

D 250 cm3 of 0.09 mol dm−3 (NH4)2SO4(aq)

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

11 A piece of filter paper is soaked in water and attached to a microscope slide.

A few crystals of green copper(II) chromate(VI) are placed in the centre of the
filter paper.
The filter paper is connected to a DC supply of 20 V.
What colours are observed on the paper after a few minutes?

positive negative
electrode electrode
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A blue yellow

B green blue
C yellow green

D yellow blue

(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

5
¢¢¢¢ *P71860A0524* Turn over
12 The melting temperature of beryllium is greater than that of barium.
What is the best explanation for this statement?

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A beryllium ions are smaller than barium ions
B beryllium atoms have fewer outer shell electrons than barium atoms

C beryllium ions have a smaller charge density than barium ions

D beryllium atoms have a higher electronegativity than barium atoms

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

13 Which molecule has the largest bond angle?

A BF3

B CF4
C H 2O

D NH3

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

14 Which molecule is polar?

A CO2

B SF6
C SO2

D SiCl4
(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

15 The reaction of methane with chlorine is a free radical substitution.

Which termination step does not occur?
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A CH3 • + CH3 • → C2H6

B CH3 • + Cl• → CH3Cl

C CH3 • + H• → CH4

D Cl• + Cl• → Cl2

(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

6
*P71860A0624* ¢¢¢¢
16 The repeat unit of a polymer is shown.

CH3 H
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C C

CH3 CH3

Which is the name of the monomer that forms this polymer?

A 1,1,2-trimethylethene
B 1,1-dimethylpropene

C 2-methylbut-2-ene
D 3-methylbut-2-ene

(Total for Question 16 = 1 mark)

17 What is the IUPAC name for the compound shown?

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A E-1-bromo-2-methylbut-1-ene

B Z-1-bromo-2-methylbut-1-ene
C E-1-bromo-2-ethyl-2-methylethene

D Z-1-bromo-2-ethylpropene
(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

7
¢¢¢¢ *P71860A0724* Turn over
18 The skeletal formula of cyclohexa-1,4-diene is shown.

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(a) The total number of σ (sigma) bonds in this molecule is
(1)
A 4

B 6
C 12

D 14

(b) 1.60 g of cyclohexa-1,4-diene is reduced to cyclohexane by reacting it with

hydrogen gas.

[The molar volume of a gas is 24.0 dm3 mol−1 at room temperature and pressure

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(r.t.p.)
Mr of cyclohexa-1,4-diene = 80]

What is the minimum volume, in dm3, of hydrogen needed at r.t.p.?

(1)
A 0.0400
B 0.480

C 0.960
D 1.92

(Total for Question 18 = 2 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

8
*P71860A0824* ¢¢¢¢
SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
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19 This question is about mass spectrometry and the shapes of molecules.

(a) In a mass spectrometer vaporised atoms are ionised, and the ions formed are
accelerated, deflected and detected.
(i) State how atoms are ionised in the mass spectrometer.
(1)

(ii) State how the ions formed are accelerated.

(1)
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(iii) Explain why isotopes of an element have the same chemical reactions but
their ions are deflected differently in a mass spectrometer.
(2)

(b) Data from mass spectra may be used to determine the relative atomic masses
of elements.
(i) State what is meant by relative atomic mass.
(2)

9
¢¢¢¢ *P71860A0924* Turn over
(ii) A sample of chlorine contains 75.53 % of 35Cl and 24.47 % of 37Cl.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of chlorine, giving your

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answer to four significant figures.
(2)

(c) The mass spectrum of phosphorus trichloride, PCl3 , is shown.

Phosphorus has only one isotope, 31P.

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100

60
Relative
abundance
40

0
0 40 80 120 160
m/z

(i) There are three peaks in the region of m / z = 101−105.

Complete the table to show the ions responsible for these peaks.
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(2)

m/z Formula of ion Relative peak height

101 9

103 6

105 1

10
*P71860A01024* ¢¢¢¢
(ii) Show that the relative peak heights given in the table are consistent with the
isotopic ratio of 35Cl to 37Cl being 3 : 1.
(2)
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(d) (i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of a PCl3 molecule.

Show outer electrons only.
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(2)

(ii) Explain the shape of a PCl3 molecule.

(3)

(Total for Question 19 = 17 marks)

11
¢¢¢¢ *P71860A01124* Turn over
20 (a) Barium chloride, BaCl2 , can be prepared by the reaction of barium carbonate with
hydrochloric acid.

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BaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → BaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(i) Write the ionic equation for this reaction.

State symbols are not required.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the atom economy by mass for this preparation of barium chloride.

[Ar values: H = 1.0 C = 12.0 O = 16.0 Cl = 35.5 Ba = 137.3]

(2)

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12
*P71860A01224* ¢¢¢¢
(iii) Barium chloride has a melting temperature of 962 °C.
Caesium chloride has a melting temperature of 646 °C.
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Explain, by considering the ions involved, the difference between the

melting temperatures of these Period 6 chlorides.
(4)

(iv) Covalent and ionic bonding are the extremes of a continuum of bonding type.

Explain the difference in bonding between barium chloride and

beryllium chloride, using the electronegativity values shown.

Element Electronegativity

Ba 0.9

Be 1.5

Cl 3.0
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(2)

13
¢¢¢¢ *P71860A01324* Turn over
(b) Barium chloride reacts with Group 1 sulfates, M2SO4 .

M2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2MCl(aq)

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A solution is made by dissolving 7.98 g of a Group 1 sulfate in deionised water.
Excess aqueous barium chloride is added to this solution and the precipitate is
filtered, dried and weighed.
The mass of the barium sulfate precipitate is 10.72 g.

Identify the Group 1 element.

[Ar values: Ba = 137.3 S = 32.1 O = 16.0]
(4)

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(Total for Question 20 = 13 marks)

14
*P71860A01424* ¢¢¢¢
21 Graphite electrodes are used in the extraction of aluminium by the electrolysis of
aluminium oxide, Al2O3 , dissolved in a solvent (molten cryolite) at a temperature
of 950 °C.
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(a) Explain how the structure and bonding in graphite make it suitable for
this application.
Refer to the diagram in your answer.

graphite

(3)
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15
¢¢¢¢ *P71860A01524* Turn over
(b) The half-equations for the electrolysis reactions are shown.
Negative electrode 2Al3+ + 6e– → 2Al

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Positive electrode 3O2– → 1½O2 + 6e–

The oxygen produced reacts with the graphite electrode.

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

(i) Calculate the maximum volume, in dm3, of CO2 , measured at r.t.p. which could
be produced when 1.00 kg aluminium is extracted using this process.
[The molar volume of a gas is 24.0 dm3 mol–1 at r.t.p.]
(4)

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16
*P71860A01624* ¢¢¢¢
(ii) Every year in the United Kingdom, about 7.2 billion aluminium cans
are recycled.
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Suggest three ways this recycling reduces energy consumption.

(3)

(Total for Question 21 = 10 marks)

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17
¢¢¢¢ *P71860A01724* Turn over
22 Crude oil is mainly a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons that can be separated by
fractional distillation.
The diagram shows, in a simplified form, the products of fractional distillation.

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refinery gases

gasoline

kerosene

diesel

fuel oil
vaporised
crude oil

bitumen

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(a) (i) State what is meant by a saturated hydrocarbon.
(2)

(ii) Describe how the fractions in crude oil are separated during
fractional distillation.
(2)

18
*P71860A01824* ¢¢¢¢
(b) Butane, C4H10 , is found in the refinery gases fraction of crude oil.
It is used as a propellant in pharmaceutical inhalers.
An inhaler that provides a total of 120 doses contains 1.55 g of butane.
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Calculate the volume, in cm3, of propellant used for each dose

at 25 °C and 100 kPa.

Use the ideal gas equation and give your answer to an appropriate number of
significant figures.
[pV = nRT R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1]
(5)
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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

19
¢¢¢¢ *P71860A01924* Turn over
(c) Octane, C8H18 , is found in the gasoline fraction of crude oil.
(i) Write an equation for the complete combustion of octane.

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Include state symbols.
(2)

(ii) Give two reasons why alternative fuels, such as bioethanol, are being
developed to replace those produced from crude oil.
(2)

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(iii) Straight-chain alkanes, such as octane, are converted into branched-chain

alkanes to improve the performance of petrol in car engines.

Name this conversion process.

(1)

(iv) Give an equation using skeletal formulae for the conversion of octane into
2,5-dimethylhexane.
State symbols are not required.
(1)
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20
*P71860A02024* ¢¢¢¢
(d) In steam cracking, a mixture of hydrocarbons and steam is heated to 850 °C for a
very short time in the absence of oxygen.
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(i) Give a reason why oxygen should be excluded during steam cracking.
(1)

(ii) Ethene is the major product.

State one use of ethene.
(1)

(e) Ethene reacts with hydrogen bromide to form bromoethane.

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Draw the mechanism for this reaction.

Include curly arrows, and relevant lone pairs and dipoles.
(3)

H H
C C
H H

Br
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(Total for Question 22 = 20 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

21
¢¢¢¢ *P71860A02124*
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