COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

1. (a) 170 litres = 132 min

Explanation: Maximum capacity of the = 2 h 12 min
measuring container = HCF(850, 680) Given, the bulbs 昀氀ash together at 8:00 am
850 = 2 × 5 × 5 × 17 Þ 8:00 am + 2 h 12 min = 10:12 am
680 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 17 Hence, all the three bulbs will 昀氀ash again at
\ HCF(850, 680) = 2 × 5 × 17 10:12 am.
= 170 5. (c) 45
Thus, the maximum capacity of a container Explanation: Here,
that can measure the petrol of either tanker is 135 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 33 × 51
170 litres. and 225 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 = 32 × 52
2. (c) 3 So, HCF (135, 225) = 32 × 51 i.e., 45
Explanation: 144 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 6. (d) 675
= 2 4 × 32 Explanation: We know that,
180 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
a × b
= 2 2 × 32 × 5 LCM (a, b) =
HCF (144, 180) = 22 × 32 HCF( a, b )
= 36 30375
Þ 13m – 3 = 36 So, LCM (a, b) = = 675
45
Þ 13m = 39
39 7. (d) 720 mins
Þ m = 13 = 3
Explanation: Here, we need to 昀椀nd the LCM of
3. (d) 4 the numbers 48, 60, 72.
Explanation: We know that, By prime factorisation,
LCM (a, b) × HCF (a, b) = a × b 48 = 24 × 3
Þ 36 × 2 = a × 18 60 = 22 × 3 × 5
36 × 2 72 = 23 × 32
Þ a= LCM = 24 × 32 × 5
18
= 720 mins
Þ a =4
Therefore, the three bells ring after 720 mins.
4. (d) 10:12 am
Important
Explanation: To 昀椀nd the time after which all
the three bulbs will 昀氀ash again, we need to 昀椀nd  The prime factorisation of a natural number is
unique, except for the order of its factors.
the LCM of 80, 90 and 110.
80 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 8. (a) 4 cm
90 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 Explanation: Prime factor of 40 = 2×2×2×5
110 = 2 × 5 × 11 Prime factor of 84 = 2×2×3×7
Therefore, LCM of 80, 90 and 110 Now, HCF of 40 and 84 = 2×2
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 11 =4
= 7920 sec Thus, the length of each piece is 4 cm.

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 9. (a) 33 On squaring, we get
Explanation: The smallest two-digit prime (2 5 )2 = 4 × 5 = 20
number is 11.
But, 20 is not a prime number.
and the smallest odd prime number is 3.
Therefore, LCM(11, 3) = 33 12. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
Hence, the LCM of the smallest two-digit prime and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
number and the smallest odd prime number is assertion (A).
33. Explanation: We know that, if m is a natural
number which is not a perfect square, then
10. (c) co-prime
m is irrational.
Explanation: We know that the co-prime
number have no factor in common except 1, or, 2 is a natural number and not a perfect square.
their HCF is 1. Thus, 2 is an irrational number.
Thus, a3 and b3 have the same factors with
thrice of the exponents of a and b respectively, 13. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
which again will not have any common factor and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
except 1. assertion (A).
Thus, a3 and b3 are co-prime numbers. Explanation: We know that,
11. (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. HCF(a, b) × LCM(a, b) = a × b
Explanation: We know that, 2 is a prime Þ 6 × LCM = 18144
number because there are only two factors of 18144
LCM =
2, i.e., 1 and the number itself.
Þ
6
Now, let us take an irrational number 2 5 = 3024

NCERT, EXEMPLAR & DIKSHA QUESTIONS

29. (a) Prime, co-prime 1 =1
Explanation: Prime numbers are those 2 =1×2
numbers which have only two factors i.e., 1 3 =1×3
and itself. Example, 3, 5, 11 etc. 4 =1×2×2
Co-prime numbers: Two numbers that have 5 =1×5
only 1 as a common factor. 6 =1×2×3
Example, 7 =1×7
35 and 39 8 =1×2×2×2
35 = 1 × 5 × 7 9 =1×3×3
10 = 1 × 2 × 5
39 = 1 × 3 × 13
LCM of numbers from 1 to 10
Here, common factor is 1.
= LCM (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
30. (c) a3b2 =1×2×2×2×3×3×5×7
= 2520
Explanation: Given that, p = ab2 = a × b × b
And q = a3b = a × a × a × b 32. (b) 2
LCM of p and q = LCM (ab2, a3b) Explanation: Finding the HCF of 65, 117 by
=a×b×b×a×a factorisation method:
= a3b2 65 = 13 × 5
117 = 13 × 3 × 3
[Since, LCM is the product of the greatest
So, HCF (65, 117) = 13 ...(i)
power of each prime factor involved in the
Also, given that,
numbers]
HCF (65, 117) = 65m – 117 ...(ii)
31. (d) 2520 From equations (i) and (ii), we get
Explanation: As we require the least number, 65m − 117 = 13
the problem is based on 昀椀nding the LCM. 65m = 130
Factors of numbers from 1 to 10 are as follows: m =2

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 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
41. (a) 45 minutes 46. (c) 5:00 pm
Explanation: Given HCF(30, p) = 15 Explanation: Minutes after which they beep
we need to use the concept of LCM together = LCM (20, 25, 30)
LCM × HCF = First number × second number.  20 = 22 × 5
25 = 52
Þ 90 × 15 = 30 × p
30 =2×3×5
90 × 15 LCM (20, 25, 30) = 22 × 3 × 52
Þ p=
30 = 300 min
= 3 × 15 = 5 hours
= 45 Now, three alarm clocks ring their alarms at
The car B completes 1 round of the track in 12 noon, so next they will beep together after
45 minutes. 5 hours i.e., at 5:00 pm.

42. (c) 20 47. (c) 38

Explanation: Explanation: The numbers p and q are prime
Smallest two-digit composite number = 10 numbers,
=2×5 HCF (p, q) = 1
Smallest composite number = 4 = 22 Here, LCM(p, q) = 221
LCM (10, 4) = 22 × 5 As, p > q
= 20 p = 17, q = 13
(As p × q = 221)
43. (b) 4
Explanation: The prime factorisation of 196 is: Now, 3p – q = 3 × 17 – 13
196 = 22 × 72 = 51 – 13
So, sum of the exponents of prime factors 2 = 38
and 7 is 2 + 2 i.e., 4.
48. (c) 3 , 27
44. (d) 5 Explanation: Here 3 and 27 both are
Explanation: irrational numbers.
p
(a) 20 × 20 = 20 = q , q ≠ 0 The product of 3 × 27 = 3 × 27

But 20 is not the smallest among all = 81

options.
9 p
(b) 20 × 2 = 40 = 2 5 is irrational = = ;q≠0
1 q
(c) 20 ×5 = 10 5; is irrational
\ 9 is a rational number.
(d) 20 × 5 = 100

10 p Concept Applied
= = ,q≠0
1 q  Question should be read carefully as it is saying
Hence, option (d) is correct. product of two irrrational numbers. In option (a) and
(d) numbers are not irrationals while in option (b), the
45. (a) 1 : 2 product of numbers is irrational.
Explanation: We know that,
49. (a) 1650
Composite no. = 4, 6, 8, 9…
Prime no. = 2, 3, 5, 7… Explanation:
So, Least composite no. = 4 = 22 HCF(2520, 6600) = 40
Least prime no. =2 LCM(2520, 6600) = 252 × k
HCF 2 \ HCF × LCM = I No. × II No.
=
LCM 4 \ 40 × 252 × k = 2520 × 6600
1 2520 ×6600
= þ k =
2 40 ×252
=1:2 þ k = 1650

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 r =3
Concept Applied s =4
 Formula used : HCF × LCM = I No. × II No. (m + n)(r + s) = (2 + 3)(3 + 4)
50. (c) 35 =5×7
Explanation: Given, = 35
a = p3q4 51. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
and b = p2q3
Explanation: Given, q = 32 × 72 × b,
∴ HCF of (a, b) = p2q3
pmqn = p2q3 where, b is a prime number other than 3 and 7.
m =2 Here, 32 × 72 = 9 × 49
n =3 = 441
LCM of (a, b) = p3q4 Since, b can be 2, then q can’t be an odd
prqs = p3q4 number.

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 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS
1. (b) 1 4. (c) 2
Explanation: Let a and b be the zeroes of the Explanation: Let a be the one zero of the
polynomial. polynomial f(x) = (l2 + 4)x2 + 13x + 4l then
−coefficient of x 1
Sum of zeroes, a + b = other zero will be .
coefficient of x 2 α

−m Cons tant term

–1 = Product of zeroes =
1 Coefficient of x 2
Þ m =1

2. (a) 12x2 + 5x – 3 1 4λ
a× = 2
1 −3 α λ +4
Explanation: Let α= and b =
3 4 l2 + 4 = 4l
2
1  3  1 3 ( 4 − 9) 5 l – 4l + 4 =0
So, α +β = +−  = − = =−
3  4 3 4 12 12 (l – 2)2 =0
l =2
 1  3  3 1
Now, αβ =    −  = − =− 5. (d) a = 0, b = –6
 3  4  12 4
Explanation: It is given that 2 and –3 are the
We know, that, any quadratic polynomial can
zeroes of the given quadratic polynomial.
be written in the form of :
Sum of the zeroes = 2 + (–3) = 2 – 3 = –1
2  5  1
x2 – (a + b)x + ab = x −  −  x +  −  ...(i)
 12   4
Product of the zeroes = 2(–3) = –6 ...(ii)
5 1 The equation of a quadratic polynomial is
= x2 + .x −
12 4 given by
p(x) = k{x2 – (sum of the zeroes)x
= 12x2 + 5x – 3
+ (product of the zeroes)},
3. (c) 5 where, k is a constant.
1 Here, p(x) = x2 + (a + 1)x + b.
Explanation: Let the two zeroes be a and .
α Comparing the two equations, we get:
Then,
Constant term − Coefficient of x
Sum of the zeroes =
Product of zeroes =
Coefficient of x 2 Coefficient of x 2

1 m Sum of the zeroes = – (a + 1)

a× =
α 5 –1 = –a – 1 [Using (i)]
m –1 + 1 = –a
1=
5 –a = 0
m =5 a=0

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 Constant term 8. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
Product of the zeroes = and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
2
Coefficient of x assertion (A).
Product of the zeroes = b
Explanation: For the given quadratic equation
–6 = b [Using (ii)]
x2 – 8x + 1
b = –6
Sum of zeroes, a + b = 8
Hence, if the zeroes of the quadratic Product of zeroes, ab = 1
polynomial x2 + (a + 1)x + b are 2 and –3, then
the required values of a and b are a = 0 and 1 1 α + β − ( αβ )2 8 − (1)2
+ − αβ = = =7
b = –6. α β αβ 1

6. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true 9. (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Explanation: Given, f(x) = x2 – 4x – 5
assertion (A).
On splitting the middle term, we get
Explanation: We know that, the number of
f(x) = x2 – 5x + x – 5
zeroes of polynomial f(x) is the number of
points at which f(x) cuts or touches the x-axis. = x(x – 5) + 1(x – 5)
= (x + 1)(x – 5)
From the graph, we can see the number of
zeroes is 4, as f(x) cuts or intersects the x-axis x = –1 or 5
at 4 places. Now, we know that, any quadratic polynomial
with a, b as its roots:
7. (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are x2 – (a + b)x + ab
true and reason (R) is not the correct = x 2 − (2 + 3 + 2 − 3 ) x + (2 + 3 ).(2 − 3 )
explanation of assertion (A).
= x2 – 4x + (4 – 3)
Explanation: The given quadratic polynomial = x2 – 4x + 1
is x2 + 7x + 12
10. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
x2+ 4x + 3x +12 = 0 and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
x(x + 4) + 3(x + 4) = 0 assertion (A).
(x + 4)(x + 3) = 0 Explanation: As irrational roots or zeroes
always occur in pairs.
x + 4 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = –4 or x = –3 Therefore, when one zero is (2 – 3 ) then other
2
Therefore, x + 7x + 12 has two real zeroes. will be (2 + 3 ).

NCERT, EXEMPLAR & DIKSHA QUESTIONS

x2 x Caution
27. (c) − −6
2 2  Students should remember that they use the correct
Explanation: A quadratic polynomial in x is formula for a quadratic polynomial. The general
given by formula is k[x2 – (sum of zeroes) x + product of
p(x) = k{x2 – (sum of the zeroes)x zeroes].
+ (product of the zeroes)}, 28. (d) a = 0, b = –6
where k is a constant. Explanation: Let p(x) = x2 + (a + 1)x + b.
Sum of the zeroes = –3 + 4 = 1 We know that, if a is one of the zeroes of the
and product of the zeroes = (–3) × 4 = –12. quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, then
The required polynomial, therefore, is p(a) = 0.
p(x) = k{x2 – (sum of the zeroes) It is given that 2 and –3 are the zeroes of the
given quadratic polynomial.
x + (product of the zeroes)},
Therefore, p(2) = 0 and p(–3) = 0
= k{x2 – (1)x + (–12)}
p(2) = (2)2 + (a + 1)(2) + b = 0
= k{x2 – x – 12} Þ 4 + 2a + 2 + b = 0
x2 x 1
= 2 – 2 – 6 & Taking k = 2 0 Þ 2a + b + 6 = 0 ...(i)
2
Hence, the quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes Also, p(–3) = (–3) + (a + 1)(–3) + b = 0
2 Þ 9 – 3a – 3 + b = 0
are –3 and 4 is x – x – 6 .
2 2 Þ –3a + b + 6 = 0 ...(ii)

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 From equations (i) and (ii), we get a(–a) = b
2a + b + 6 = –3a + b + 6 –a2 = b i.e., b<0
Þ 5a = 0 i.e., the constant term is negative.
Þ a =0 Also,
On putting the value of ‘a’ in equations (i), we Coefficient of x
have Sum of the zeroes = −
2(0) + b + 6 = 0 Coefficient of x 2

Þ b = –6 a
=–
Hence, if the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 1
x2 + (a + 1) x + b are 2 and –3, then the required a
values of a and b are 0 and –6 respectively. a–a=–
1
Alternate Method: 0=–a
It is given that 2 and –3 are the zeroes of the a=0
given quadratic polynomial.
Hence, it has no linear term and the constant
Sum of the zeroes = 2 + (–3) = –1 ...(i)
term is negative.
Product of the zeroes = 2(–3) = –6 ...(ii)
y
The quadratic polynomial is given by 30. (d)
p(x) = k{x2 – (sum of the zeroes)
x' x
x + (product of the zeroes)},
where k is a constant.
Let, p(x) = x2 + (a + 1)x + b. y'
On comparing the two equations, we get
Explanation: From the given options, only
Sum of the zeroes = – (coe昀昀iciee渀琀 of x) option (d) has more than two roots, so it cannot
÷ coe昀昀iciee渀琀 of x2 be the graph of a quadratic polynomial.
Þ Sum of the zeroes = – (a + 1) Important
Þ –1 = –a – 1 [Using (i)]  For any quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c,
Þ –1 + 1 = –a a ≠ 0, the graph of the corresponding polynomial
Þ –a = 0 ax2 + bx + c, has one of the two shapes: either
open upwards like È (parabolic shape) or open
Þ a =0
downwards like Ç (parabolic shape), depending on
Product of the zeroes = constant term whether a > 0 or a < 0 respectively. These curves
÷ coe昀昀iciee渀琀 of x2 are called parabolas.
Þ Product of the zeroes = b
4
Þ –6 = b [Using (ii)] 31. (a)
3
Þ b = –6
Explanation: We know that, if a is a zero of a
Hence, if the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, then
x2 + (a + 1)x + b are 2 and –3, then the required p(a) = 0.
values of a and b are 0 and –6 respectively.
Given that one of the zeroes of the quadratic
29. (a) has no linear term and the constant term is polynomial say p(x) = (k – 1)x2 + kx + 1 is −3.
negative. So, p(−3) = 0
2
Explanation: Let, p(x) = x + ax + b Þ (k − 1)(−3) + k(−3) + 1 = 0
2

And let a be one of the zeroes. Þ (k − 1)(9) − 3k + 1 = 0

Þ 9k − 9 − 3k + 1 = 0
Then, –a is the other zero of the polynomial p(x).
Þ 9k − 3k − 8 = 0
[Given]
Þ 6k = 8
Now,
4
Constant term Þ k = 3
Product of the zeroes =
2
Coefficient of x Concept Applied
b  A real number k is said to be a zero of a polynomial
= p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, if p(k) = 0.
1

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 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
38. (c) 41. (b) 2
Explanation:
Y
4 Let, f(x) = x2 – 5x + 4
Let p should be added to f(x) then 3 becomes
3
zero of polynomial.
2 So, f(3) + p = 0
þ 32 – 5 × 3 + 4 + p = 0
1
þ 9 + 4 – 15 + p = 0
x þ –2+p =0
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
þ p =2
–1
So, 2 should be added.
–2
Concept Applied
–3  If any number is a zero of polynomial then value of
the polynomial becomes zero at that number.

Explanation: Given polynomial is: −3

42. (d)
2
p(x) = (x – 1) (x + 2) ....(i) 7

When p(x) = 0, the zeroes of the polynomial are Explanation: Given,

– 2, 1 and 1. p(x) = 4x2 – 3x – 7
Hence, the curve cuts the x-axis at points −b
a+b =
–2 and 1. a
Further,
( −3) 3
In option (a), the curve passes through the = − =
4 4
point (0, –2). But, (0, –2) does not satisfy (i).
In option (b), the curve passes through the c −7
ab = =
point (0, – 4). But, (0, – 4) does not satisfy (i). a 4
Hence, option (c) is correct answer. 1 1 α +β
\ + =
α β αβ
Caution
 Students should thoroughly check all the options 34
=
in such type of questions. −7 4

39. (b) –m, m + 3 −3

=
7
Explanation: Given, polynomial can be
rewritten as
43. (b) 7
x2 – [(m + 3) – m]x – m(m + 3) Explanation: Since, a and b are the zeroes of
x2 – (m + 3)x + mx – m(m + 3) given polynomial.
x[x – (m + 3)] + m[x – (m + 3)] coefficient of x
Sum of zeroes (a + b) = -
[x – (m + 3)] [x + m] coefficient of x 2
Hence, the two zeroes are m + 3 and – m.
{-( k + 6 )}
= -
40. (a) k[x2 – 8x + 5] 1
Explanation: =k+6 ...(i)
We know that, a quadratic polynomial with sum And, product of zeroes (ab)
(S) and product (P) of zeroes is given as,
constant term
k[x2 – Sx + P] =
i.e., k[x2 – 8x + 5] coefficient of x 2

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 2(2k - 1) 44. (d) 0
=
1 Explanation: Given polynomial is x2 – 1.

= 2(2k – 1) ...(ii) On comparing it with ax2 + bx + c, we get

a = 1, b = 0 and c = –1
1
Now, a + b = ab [Given] Q a and b are the zeroes of given polynomial
2 −b
\ sum of roots =
1 a
k+6 = [2(2k - 1)]
2 0
a+b = −
[Using (i) and (ii)] 1
k + 6 = 2k – 1 Þ a+b =0
k =7 Hence, the value of (a + b) is 0.

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 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS
1. (b) 40 3. (a) 1
Explanation: Let number of correct answers Explanation: Given, 4x + y = 1024
be x and number of incorrect answers be y. 4x + y = 45
According to the question, On comparing the power, we get
Case I: x+y =5 ...(i)
Getting 3 marks for each right answer and Now, 1024x – y = 4
losing 1 mark for each wrong answer gives a 45(x – y) = 41
total of 40 marks.
Þ 5(x – y) = 1
\ 3x – y = 40 ...(i)
Þ 5x – 5y = 1 ...(ii)
Case II:
On solving (i) and (ii), we get
4 marks been awarded for each correct answer
and 2 marks were deducted for each wrong 26 13
x = =
answer. 10 5
\ 4x – 2y = 40 13
Þ 2x – y = 20 ...(ii) and y = 5− =
5 5
By subtracting eqn. (i) from eqn. (ii), we get
12
–x = –20 − ==
Þ x = 20 5 5
By putting x = 20 in eqn. (i) Hence, the number of possible solution is 1
3(20) – y = 40 only.
Þ 60 – y = 40 4. (c) –12x + 8y = 7
Þ y = 20
Explanation: Given equation of line is 3x – 2y = 5
So, total number of questions
= x + y = 20 + 20 = 40 For two lines to be parallel,
a1 b1 c1
2. (c) x = 18 m, y = 12 m = ≠
Explanation: Length of the garden = x a2 b2 c2
Width of the garden = y Here, a1 = 3, b1 = –2, c1 = –5
Perimeter of rectangular garden (a) For, 9x + 8y = 7
= 2x + 2y = 60
x + y = 30 ...(i) a2 = 9, b2 = 8, c2 = –7
and x =y+6 [given] a1 3 1 b1 −2 1
So, = = ; = =−
x–y =6 ...(ii) a2 9 3 b 8 4
2
Adding eq. (i) and eq. (ii),
2x = 36 a1 b1
i.e., ¹
36 a2 b2
x= = 18
2
(b) For, –12x – 8y = 7
Substituting value of x in eq. (i), we get a2 = –12, b2 = –8, c2 = –7
18 + y = 30,
a1 3 1 b −2 1
y = 30 – 18 = 12 So, = =− ; 1 = =
a2 −12 4 b2 −8 4
Thus, x = 18m, y = 12 m

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 a1 b1 Explanation: According to the graph of the
i.e., ¹ given lines, the shape formed is trapezium
a2 b2
PQRS.
(c) For, –12x + 8y = 7 Area of trapezium PQRS
a2 = –12, b2 = 8, c2 = –7 = Area of DOQR – Area of DOPS.
a1 3 1 b −2 −1 c1 −5 5 1 1
So, = =− ; 1 = = ; = = = (OQ × OR) − (OP × OS)
a2 −12 4 b2 8 4 c2 −7 7 2 2

a1 b1 c1 1 1  3
= (4 × 3) − 2 × 
i.e., = ¹ 2 2  2
a2 b2 c2

Condition of two parallel lines is satis昀椀ed. 9

= sq. units
2
Hence, the equation of second line is,
y
–12x + 8y = 7
R(0, 3)
5. (b) 4

3x
3

+
4y
Explanation: Let y be the ones digit and x 2 3x

–
 3 +

12
be the tens digit of two digit number. Then S  0,  1 4y

=
according to the question, 2 =

0
6 Q(4, 0)
x
10x + y 7 O 1 2 3 4
= P(2, 0)
x+y 1
10x + y = 7 (x + y) 8. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
3x – 6y = 0 Explanation: The given pair of linear equations
are:
or x – 2y = 0 kx – y – 2 = 0 ...(i)
x = 2y 6x – 2y – 3 = 0 ...(ii)
21 7 Compare the above equations with
Let y = 1 then x = 2 and =
3 1 a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, we get
a1 = k, b1 = –1, c1 = –2;
42 7
y = 2 then x = 4 and = a2 = 6, b2 = – 2, c2 = –3;
6 1
a1 b1
63 7 Now, ¹
y = 3 then x = 6 and = a2 b2
9 1
84 7 [Given, they have unique solution]
y = 4 then x = 8 and = k −1
12 1 ¹
6 −2
But if we take y = 5 then x = 10 which gives 3
digit number. k 1
¹
Hence, only 4 such two digit numbers are 6 2
possible i.e., 21, 42, 63 and 84. 6
k¹
2
6. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
k¹3
Explanation: We know that, if the pair of
lines are coincident, then the system of linear We know that, the graph of linear equations
equations is said to be consistent and has a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 gives a
in昀椀nitely many solutions and if the pair of a b
lines are parallel, then the system of linear pair of intersecting lines if 1 ≠ 1 .
a2 b2
equations is said to be inconsistent and has no
solution.
Concept Applied
Important
 If a pair of linear equations is given by
 A pair of linear equations is consistent if it has a a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0,
solution-either a unique or in昀椀nitely many.
a1 b
such that ≠ 1 then the pair of linear
7. (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true a2 b2
but reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of assertion (A). equations has unique solution.

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 NCERT, NCERT EXEMPLAR & DIKSHA
20. (c) intersecting or coincident On putting y = 6 in eq. (i), we get
Explanation: The conditions for a pair of linear x = 6(6) = 36
equations to be consistent are: Hence, the present age of the father is 36 years
b1 and the age of the son is 6 years.
a1
(1) ≠ , which represents intersecting
a2 b2 22. (c) 3 and 1
Explanation: Since, x = a, y = b is the solution of
lines.
the equations x – y = 2 and x + y = 4, these values
a1 b1 c1 must satisfy the given pair of equations.
(2) = = , which represents coincident
a2 b2 c2 Putting the values in the equations, we have
lines. a–b =2 ...(i)
and a+b =4 ...(ii)
21. (c) 6 and 36 Adding equations (i) and (ii), we get
Explanation: Let the present age of the father 2a = 6
be ‘x’ years and the present age of the son be
or a =3
‘y’ years.
Putting the value of a in equation (ii), we get
According to the given condition,
3+b =4
x = 6y ...(i)
or b =1
After four years their age will be
Father’s age = x + 4 23. (c) x + 2y = 10
Son’s age = y + 4 Explanation: Let x represents number of
According to the given condition, brownies purchased by Amit and y represents
number of paneer wraps purchased
(x + 4) = 4(y + 4)
by Amit.
⇒ x + 4 = 4y + 16
Given that, a brownie costs ` 25 and a paneer
⇒ x – 4y – 12 = 0 ...(ii) wrap costs ` 50, and Amit spent a total of
On substituting the value of x from eq. (i) in eq. (ii), ` 250.
we get Therefore, the equation representing his
6y – 4y – 12 = 0 purchases is given by:
⇒ 2y = 12 25x + 50y = 250
⇒ y =6 ⇒ x + 2y = 10 ….(i)

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

34. (d) parallel Therefore, line k3 passes through (3, 0) and (4, 1).
Explanation: Hence, equation of line k3 is x – y = 3.
Given pair of equations:
36. (d) no solution
6x – 3y + 10 = 0 ...(i)
Explanation:
2x – y + 9 = 0 ...(ii)
Here, a1 = 6, b1 = –3, c1 = 10 x + 2y + 5 = 0
and, a2 = 2, b2 = –1, c2 = 9 On comparing with
a1 b −3 c 10 a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, we get a1 = 1, b1 = 2,
6
= = 3, 1 = =3 , 1 = c1 = 5 – 3x
a2 2 b2 −1 c2 9
\ = 6y – 1
a1 b1 c1 3x + 6y – 1 = 0
Þ = ≠
a2 b2 c2 On comparing with a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, we get
\ Given pair of equations represents parallel a2 = 3, b2 = 6, c2 = – 1
lines. a1 1 , b1 2 1
= = = ,
35. (a) x – y = 3 a2 3 b2 6 3
Explanation: x = 3 and y = 0 are solution of the c1 5
lines k1 and k3 and x = 4 and y = 1 are solution = =–5
c2 –1
of the lines k2 and k3

12 One Shot Mathematics (Standard) Class X

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 a1 b1 c1 37. (a) 9
Here, = ≠ .
a2 b2 c2 Explanation: The lines 5x + 7y = 3 and
15x + 21y = k will coincide if:
Hence, the pair of equations has no solutions.
a b c
1 = 1 = 1
a b c
Concept Applied 2 2 2

 If a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are the 5 7 −3

or, = =
15 21 −k
a1 b1 c1
two linear equations and = ≠ then the 1 3
a2 b2 c2 =
3 k
pair of equations has no solution.
k =9

Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables 13

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 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS
1. (c) Suman Þ 2k – 4 = 0
2 k =2
Explanation: Given, px + qx + r = 0 and Þ
q2 – 4pr > 0
3. (a) x2 + 10x – 500 = 0
Here, the discriminant of the quadratic
equation is q2 – 4pr > 0 Explanation: According to the question
the equation has real and unequal roots. If the number of person is x, then each will get
Let the roots be w and v, the sum of roots will 4000
=
q x
be = –
p If 10 persons are added then, number of person
= x + 10,
q
w+v =– 4000
p then each person will get =
x + 10
r
and wv = 4000 4000
p Now, − = 80
Thus, we can see that the nature of roots will x x + 10
depend on the value of p, q and r 1 1 
4000  −
Zain is wrong.  x x + 10  = 80
Now, if p, q, and r are positive, w + v will be
negative, so one or both the roots must be 1 1  1
 −  =
negative x x + 10  50
Vipul is also wrong.
Similarly, wv will be positive if p, q, and r are 10 1
=
positive x ( x + 10 ) 50
Hence, we 昀椀nd that Suman answered correctly. x2 + 10x – 500 = 0
2. (a) 2 4. (b) 4
1
Explanation: Given, is a root of the
2 x = 12 + 12 + 12 + ....∞
Explanation:
5 Therefore, substitute the terms with x.
quadratic equation x 2 + kx - =0
4 Thus, x= 12 + x
\ It must satisfy the quadratic equation. Squaring on both the sides, we get

( 12 + x )
2
1  1  5 2
Þ   +k × − = 0 Þ x2 =
2 2 4
Þ x2 = 12 + x
1 k 5
Þ + - =0 Þ 2
x – 12 – x = 0
4 2 4
Simplify the above equation as
1 + 2k − 5 Þ x2 – x – 12 = 0
Þ =0
4 Þ x2 – 4x + 3x – 12 = 0

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 Þ x(x – 4) + 3(x – 4) = 0 Explanation:
Þ (x – 4) (x + 3) = 0 The given equation is 4x2 – 12x + 9 = 0
x = 4, x = – 3 D = b2 – 4ac
but since x > 0, x = – 3 is rejected. = (–12)2 – 4(4)(9)
Therefore, x =4 = 144 – 144 = 0
We know that, if the discriminant is zero, then
5. (c) 7 years the roots of the quadratic equation are real
Explanation: Let the present age of Aman be and equal.
x years. Thus, the roots of the given equation are real
Three years ago his age = (x – 3) years and equal.
Five years later his age = (x + 5) years
8. (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
Now, according to the question, but reason (R) is not the correct explanation
1 1 1 of assertion (A).
+ =
x -3 x +5 3 2
Explanation: As one root is
3
( x + 5) + ( x - 3) 1
Þ =
( x - 3)( x + 5) 3 2
⇒ x=
3
Þ 3(x + 5 + x – 3) = (x – 3)(x + 5)
2
On solving the equation, we get æ2ö 2
6´ ç ÷ - - k = 0
x2 – 4x – 21 = 0 è3ø 3
2
Þ x – 7x + 3x – 21 = 0
4 2
Þ x(x – 7) + 3(x – 7) = 0 6× − =k
9 3
Þ (x – 7)(x + 3) = 0
k=2
\ x = 7, –3
We know that, a quadratic equation has two
Þ x =7
roots.
(x ¹ –3 because age cannot be negative)
Thus, the present age of Aman is 7 years. 9. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
6. (c) 18, 12 assertion (A).
Explanation: Let the larger number be x. Explanation: The given equation is,
Given, (smaller number)2 = 8(larger number) x2 + 2x + 2 = 0
= 8x
Discriminant, D = b2 – 4ac
Þ smaller number = 8x = (2)2 – 4 × 1 × 2
According to the question, =4–8=–4<0
x 2 - ( 8 x )2 = 180 Thus, roots are imaginary.

Þ x2 – 8x = 180 10. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
2 and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Þ x – 8x – 180 = 0 assertion (A).
Þ x2 – 18x + 10x – 180 = 0 Explanation: 8x2 + 3kx + 2 = 0
Þ x(x – 18) + 10(x – 18) = 0 Discriminant, D = b2 – 4ac
Þ (x – 18)(x + 10) = 0 D = (3k)2 – 4 × 8 × 2
\ x = 18, –10 = 9k2 – 64
Þ x = 18 For equal roots,
(x ¹ –10, since number cannot be negative) D=0
9k2 – 64 = 0
Thus, the larger number = 18
9k2 = 64
and smaller number = 8 ´ 18 64
k2 =
9
= 144
8
= 12 k= ±
3
7. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true In the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0; If
and reason (R) is the correct explanation of D = b2 – 4ac = 0 then the roots are real and
assertion (A). equal.

Quadratic Equations 15

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 NCERT, EXEMPLAR & DIKSHA QUESTIONS
21. (c) 2x2 – 7x + 6 = 0 D = b2 – 4ac
Explanation: (a) On putting the value of x = 2 in = (3)2 – 4(1)(2 2)
x2 – 4x + 5 = 0. =9–8 2<0
we get So, the equation has no real roots.
(2)2 – 4(2) + 5 = 0 (d) For 5x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
⇒ 4–8+5 =0 a = 5, b = –3 and c = 1
⇒ 1 ≠0 D = b2 – 4ac
So, x = 2 is not a root of x2 – 4x + 5 = 0. = (–3)2 – 4(5)(1)
(b) On putting the value of x = 2 in x2 + 3x – 12 = 0, = 9 – 20
we get = –11 < 0
(2)2 + 3(2) – 12 = 0 So, the equation has no real roots.
⇒ 4 + 6 – 12 = 0
Concept Applied
⇒ –2 ≠ 0
 A quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0
So, x = 2 is not a root of x2 + 3x – 12 = 0. has:
(c) On putting the value of x = 2 in 2x2 – 7x + 6 = 0, (1) two distinct real roots if b2 – 4ac > 0.
we get (2) two equal roots if b2 – 4ac = 0.
2(2)2 – 7(2) + 6 = 0 (3) no real roots if b2 – 4ac < 0.
⇒ 8 – 14 + 6 = 0 23. (c) no real roots
⇒ 0 =0 Explanation: The given equation is:
So, x = 2 is the root of the equation 2x2 – 7x
2x2 – 5x+1=0
+ 6 = 0.
On comparing it with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
Concept Applied
a = 2, b = – 5 , c = 1
 A real number a is said to be the root of the
2
quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0, if aa + ba 2 Discriminant, D = b2 – 4ac
+ c = 0. = (– 5 )2 – 4(2)(1)
22. (b) x2 + x – 5 = 0 D = 5 – 8 = –3
Explanation: We know that, if D = b2 – 4ac > 0 D = –3 < 0
for a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 We know that if D = b2 – 4ac < 0 for a quadratic
then its roots are real and distinct. equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then roots are not
9 real.
(a) For 2x2 – 3 2x + 4 = 0
9 Here, the discriminant is negative, hence, the
a = 2, b = –3 2 and c = 4 given equation has no real roots.
D = b2 – 4ac 24. (d) 0, 8
 9
2
= (–3 2) – 4(2)   Explanation: The given equation is:
 4 2x2 – kx + k = 0
= 18 – 18 = 0
So, the equation has real and equal roots. On comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = –k, c = k.
(b) For x2 + x – 5 = 0
a = 1, b = 1 and c = –5 For equal roots, the discriminant must be zero
D = b2 – 4ac i.e., D = b2 – 4ac = 0
= (1)2 – 4(1)(–5) ⇒ 2
(–k) – 4(2)(k) = 0
= 1 + 20 = 21 > 0 ⇒ k2 – 8k = 0
So, the equation has two distinct real roots. ⇒ k(k – 8) = 0
(c) For x2 + 3x + 2 2 = 0 ⇒ k = (0, 8)
a = 1, b = 3 and c = 2 2 Hence, values of k are (0, 8)

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

37. (b) k ≤ 16 the discriminant (D) is given by b2 – 4ac.
Explanation: x2 – 8x + k = 0 has real roots. The nature of roots is determined by its D.
For quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, If (D > 0), the equation will have two real roots.

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 Given equation: 4+x=0
x2 – 8x + k = 0 x = –4
a = 1, b = –8, c = k.
Two zeroes are 4, –4.
D = b2 – 4ac
product of zeroes = –16
= (–8)2 – 4(1) (k)
= 64 –4k \ Required polynomial = x2 –(sum of zeroes)x
+ product of zeroes
For real roots D > 0
\ 64 – 4k > 0 = x2 – 0x + 4(–4)
Solving for k: 4k > 64 = x2 – 16
k > 16 40. (d) 0 and 2
So, if k is any real number less than or equal Explanation: Given quadratic polynomial is:
16, the quadratic equation x2 – 8x + k = 0 will
have real roots. 3x2 = 6x
⇒ 3x2 – 6x = 0
38. (a) 2, –5
3(x – 2) = 0
Explanation: Given,
x2 + 3x – 10 = 0 3x = 0; x – 2 – 0
x2 + 5x – 2x – 10 = 0 x = 0; x = 2
x(x + 5) – 2(x + 5) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 2
(x + 5) (x – 2) = 0
41. (b) –m, m + 3
x+5 =0 x–2=0
Explanation: Given equation is:
x = –5 x=2
x2 – 3x – m(m + 3) =0
39. (a) x2− 16 2
x – [(m + 3) – m]x – m(m + 3) =0
Explanation: The sum of zeroes of a quadratic x2 – (m + 3) x + mx – m(m + 3) =0
polynomial ax2 + bx + c = 0 is 0.
x[x – (m + 3)] + m [x – (m + 3)] =0
One zero is 4, let other zero be x. (x + m) [x – (m + 3)] =0
\ sum of zeroes = 0 x = –m, (m + 3)

Quadratic Equations 17

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 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS
7 February 2020 – December 2020 = 11 months
1. (a) = 23 months
5
She has been depositing ` 5500 for the 23
Explanation: In an A.P. di昀昀erence between two months with an initial deposit of ` 12,000
consecutive terms are equal.
The amount of money that will be collected in
i.e., Second term – First term = Third term the fund before Jessie's admission is calculated
– Second term as:
4
Three consecutive terms of A.P. are , p and 2. ` 12,000 + 23(` 5500)
5 = ` 12,000 + ` 126500
where, 昀椀rst term =
4
, second term = p and = ` 138,500
5 Therefore, the amount of money that will be
third term = 2 collected in the fund before Jessie's admissions
Taking common di昀昀erencel; a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 is ` 138,500 or `(12,000 + 23(5500)).
4 3. (c) ` 2525750
p− =2–p
5 Explanation: Given,
4 1st donation by his wife = ` 125000
Þ 2p = 2 +
5 2nd donation by his brother = ` 54000
10 + 4 3rd donation = ` 54000 + 5250 = ` 59250
Þ 2p = 4th donation = ` 59250 + 5250 = ` 64500
5
and so on ..........
14
Þ 2p = The AP will be from 2nd donation, ` 54000,
5 ` 59250, ` 64500 ..............
Þ p=
7 Here, a = 54000, d = 5250, n = 22
5 Amount collected in 22 donations
= Sum of 22 terms
Concept Applied
 In the list of number a1, a2, a3, if the difference 22
= [2 × 54000 + (22 − 1) × 5250]
a2 – a1, a3 – a2, a4 – a3 gives the same value, 2
then the given list of numbers is an A.P. = 11[108000 + 110250]
2. (c) `(12000 + 23(5500)) = 2400750
Explanation: Given, the total amount of money The amount Mr. Kapoor collects after 23
Jessie needs = ` 1,70,000 donations = 2400750 + 125000
Admission starts January 2021. = ` 2525750
In January 2019, Jessie's mom started a
4. (a) 11
fund of ` 12,000 and every month after she
collected ` 5500 in Jessie's college fund. Explanation: According to the question,
The number of months remaining is from ` 5000, ` (5000 + 200), ` (5200 + 200) ...........
February 2019 – December 2020 = ` 5000, ` 5200, ` 5400, ........ this forms and
February 2019 – January 2020 = 12 months A.P.

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 where, 昀椀rst term, a = 5000 r
s = × [ p + q]
Common di昀昀erence, d = 5200 – 5000 2( q + p )
= 200 r
[Q n = ]
Let after n years it becomes ` 7000. q+p
Þ an = ` 7000 r = 2s
\ an = a + (n – 1)d = 7000
6. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
Þ 7000 = 5000 + (n – 1)200 and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Þ 2000 = (n – 1)200 assertion (A).
2000 1 1 1
Þ n–1 = Explanation: Given sequence is, , , .
200 bc ac ab
Multiplying each term by abc, we get
Þ n – 1 = 10
1
Þ n = 11 × abc = a
bc
Thus, after 11 years his income will reach ` 7000.
1
× abc = b
Concept Applied ab
 The nth term of an A.P. is an = a + (n – 1)d, 1
where a is the 昀椀rst term and d is the common × abc = c
ac
difference.
Resulting sequence is a, b, c.
5. (c) 2 s 7. (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
Explanation: Given, First term = p but reason (R) is not the correct explanation
last term = q of assertion (A).

q2 – p2 Explanation:
Common di昀昀erence = For 2k + 1, 3k + 3 and 5k –1 to form an A.P.
r – (q + p)
(3k + 3) – (2k + 1) = (5k –1) – (3k + 3)
( q2 – p2 ) k + 2 = 2k – 4
last term = p + (n – 1) =q 2 + 4 = 2k – k = k
r – (q + p)
k=6
( q2 – p2 ) We know that, Sum of n terms,
⇒ (n – 1) =q–p
r – (q + p) Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d]
2
( q – p )[ r – ( q + p )]
⇒ (n – 1) = 8. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
q2 – p2
and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
( q – p )[ r – ( q + p )] + q2 – p2 assertion (A).
⇒ n = Explanation: We have,
q2 – p2
First term, a = 17
( q – p )[ r – ( q + p ) + q + p] Last term, l = 350
n = Number of terms, n = 38
( q – p )( q + p )
n
r We know that, Sn = [ a + l ]
n = 2
q+p
38
= [17 + 350] = 19(367)
n 2
Now, s =  p + q 
2 = 6973

NCERT, EXEMPLAR & DIKSHA QUESTIONS

23. (c) 38 Also, we know that,
Explanation: It is given that the 昀椀rst term, a = 1 n
Sn = {2a + (n – 1)d}
and nth term, an = 20 2
Sum of n terms, Sn = 399 n
We Know that, an = a + (n – 1)d ⇒ 399 = {2(1) + (n – 1)d}
2
⇒ 20 = 1 + (n – 1)d ⇒ 798 = n [2 + (n – 1)d]
⇒ (n – 1)d = 19 ... (i) ⇒ 798 = 2n + n(n – 1)d ... (ii)

Arithmetic Progressions 19

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 Usnig equation (i) and (ii), we get A4 = A1 + (4 – 1)d
798 = 2n + 19n = –8 + 3d
⇒ 798 = 21n Now, the di昀昀erence between their 4th terms
will be
798
⇒ n= = 38 |a4 – A4| = |(–1 + 3d) – (–8 + 3d)|
21
= |–1 + 3d + 8 – 3d|
i.e., n = 38 =7
24. (b) 137 Hence, the required di昀昀erence is 7.
Explanation: It is given that 27. (a) –320
a1= –3 and a2 = 4 Explanation: The given series of A.P. is 10, 6, 2 ...
We know that, Here, the 昀椀rst term, a = 10
an = a + (n – 1)d and common di昀昀erence, d = a2 – a1
⇒ a1 = a + (1 – 1)d = a = 6 – 10 = –4
⇒ a2 = a + (2 – 1)d = a + d n
We know that, Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d]
⇒ a1= a = –3 2
and a2 = a + d = 4 ⇒ S16 =
16
[2(10) + (16 – 1)(–4)]
⇒ –3 + d = 4 2
⇒ d =4 + 3 = 7 = 8[20 + 15(–4)]
∴ a21 = a + (21 – 1)d = –3 + (20)7 = 8[20 – 60]
= –3 + 140 = 137 = 8(–40) = –320
⇒ a21 = 137 ⇒ S16 = –320

25. (c) 25 28. (b) 33

Explanation: It is given that common Explanation: It is given that
di昀昀erence, d = 5. a2 = 13 and a5 = 25
We know, an = a + (n – 1)d We know that, an = a + (n – 1)d
a18 = a + (18 – 1)d = a + 17d ∴ a2 = a + (2 – 1) d = a + d = 13
and, a13 = a + (13 – 1)d = a + 12d and a5 = a + (5 – 1) d = a + 4d = 25
Now, a18 – a13 = (a + 17d) – (a + 12d) ⇒ a + d = 13 ...(i)
= a + 17d – a – 12d and a + 4d = 25 ...(ii)
= 5d = 5 × 5 = 25 [ d = 5] On subtracting eqn (i) from eqn (ii), we get
⇒ a18 – a13 = 25 (a + 4d) – (a + d) = 25 – 13
⇒ 3d = 12
26. (c) 7
⇒ d=4
Explanation: Let d be the common di昀昀erence
On putting this value of d in eqn (i), we get
of the two A.P.’s and a1 be the 昀椀rst term of the
昀椀rst A.P. and A1 be the 昀椀rst term of the second a + 4 = 13
A.P. ⇒ a = 13 – 4 = 9
Now, a1 = –1, A1 = –8 ∴ a7 = a + (7 – 1)d
We know that, an = a + (n – 1)d =9+6×4
a4 = a1 + (4 – 1)d = 9 + 24 = 33
= –1 + 3d ⇒ a7 = 33

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

n
n Sn = (a + l)
39. (d) 2
n +1
Explanation: Step1. The sum of 昀椀rst n odd n
∴ Sn (odd) = [1 + (2n – 1)]
natural numbers 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 ........+(2n – 1) 2
= n2 n
= [1 + 2n – 1]
To prove this, we can use arithmetic 2
progression.
n
∵ odd natural numbers are in AP with ∴ Sum of 昀椀rst n odd numbers = [2n]
common di昀昀erence, d = 2 2
昀椀rst term, a = 1, last term, l = (2n – 1) = n2

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 Similarly, for even numbers
n Concept Applied
Sum (even) = [a + l]  Exterior angle theorem states that when side of
2 a triangle is extended, the resultant exterior angle
n n formed is equal to the sum of the two opposite
= [2 + 2n] = × 2(n + 1) interior angles of the triangle.
2 2
Sum of 昀椀rst n even numbers = n(n + 1) 42. (c) 7
Step2. Given, the sum of the 昀椀rst n odd natural Explanation: Consider two AP's AP1 and AP2
with the same common di昀昀erence (d) and 昀椀rst
numbers is equal to k times the sum of 昀椀rst n
terms –1 and –8
even natural numbers.
General term, an = a1 + (n – 1)d.
So, n2 = kn(n + 1) where n is number of terms.
Dividing both sides by n(n + 1), we get so for AP1: a4 = –1 + (4 – 1)d
n2 kn( n + 1) ⇒ –1 + 3d = a4
= for AP2 b4 = –8 + (4 – 1)d
n( n + 1) n( n + 1)
⇒ –8 + 3d = b4
n Here, a4 is the 4th term of 昀椀rst AP
=k
( n +1) and b4 is the 4th term of second AP
Taking the di昀昀erence between their terms:
n
k= a4 – b4 = (–1 +3d) – (–8 +3d)
n +1
= –1 +3d + 8 – 3d
40. (c) 7 =7
∴ The di昀昀erence between the 4th term a4 and
Explanation: Let the same common di昀昀erence b4 of the two arithmetic progressions AP1
be d. and AP2 is equal to 7.
First term of one A.P. = – 1
\ 4th term = a + 3d 43. (d) 112
= –1 + 3d Explanation: Given terms are, 7 , 28 , 63
First term of other A.P. = –8
\ 4th term = a + 3d So, d = 28 − 7
= –8 + 3d
= 7×4 − 7
\ Di昀昀erence between their 4th term
= (–1 + 3d) – (–8 + 3d) = 2 7− 7
= –1 + 3d + 8 – 3d = 7
=7
a4 = a + 3d
Caution = 7 +3 7
 Students must carefully calculate the 4th terms of
= 4 7
both the APs.
= 16 × 7 = 112
41. (d) 125º
Explanation: 44. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are
T true but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
Explanation: a, b, c are in A.P. if common
di昀昀erence = b – a = c – b.
35º ⇔ b–a =c–b
O P
x ⇔ b+b =c+a
⇔ 2b = c + a
⇔ 2b = a + c
\ a, b, c are in A.P. if and only if 2b = a + c.
Let, 1 + 3 + 5 + … to n term.
∠OTP = 90º [Line from centre is ⊥
a = 1 and d = 3 – 1 = 2
to tangent at point of contact]
n
∠x = ∠TPO + ∠OTP Therefore, Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d]
2
[Exterior Angle Prop.]
x = 35º + 90º Sn =
n
[2 × 1 + (n – 1) × 2]
= 125º 2

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 n −5
Sn = [2 + 2n – 2] = +5
2 2
n −5 + 10
= × 2n =
2 2
Sn = n2
5
=
45. (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. 2
Explanation: The given sequence is
Any two consecutive terms of the given
−5 5 sequence have the same di昀昀erence.
–5, , 0, ,............
2 2
\ The given sequence is an A.P.
−5 And, the terms of an A.P. can have both positive
\ Di昀昀erence, d = – (– 5)
2 and negative rational numbers.

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 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS
AO BO (b) AB.EF = AC.DE
1. (d) DAOB ~ DDOC because = and
DO CO AB AC
ÐAOB = ÐDOC. Þ =
DE EF
Explanation: In DAOB and DDOC, Thus, it is true.
O O (c) BC.DE = AB.EF
BC AB
Þ =
1.6 cm 4.8 cm 0.8 cm 2.4 cm EF DE
Thus, it is not true.
70° 70° (d) BC.DE = AB.FD
A B D C
ÐAOB = ÐDOC BC AB
Þ =
[Vertically opposite angle] FD DE
AO 1.6 Thus, it is true.
and =
DO 0.8
1
BO 4.8 2 3. (b) XY = QR
Þ = = 3
CO 2.4 1
PX PY 1
Explanation: Given, = =
AO BO XQ YR 2
=
DO CO
PX PX
\ DAOB ~ DDOC Now, =
PQ PX + XQ
[by SAS similarity criterion]
1 1
2. (c) BC.DE = AB.EF =
1+2 3
Explanation:
Given, DABC ~ DEDF PY PY
And =
A E PR PY + YR
1 1
= = ...(i)
1+2 3
In DPQR and DPXY,
B C D F ÐQPR = ÐXPY
ÐX = ÐQ
AB BC AC
Þ = = ...(i) (corresponding angles)
DE FD EF \ DPQR ~ DPXY
From options, PX XY
(a) BC.EF = AC.FD Þ =
PQ QR
BC AC
Þ =
FD EF PY 1
== = [from (i)]
Thus, it is true. PR 3

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 XY 1 6. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
Þ = and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
QR 3
assertion (A).
1 A B
Þ XY = QR Explanation: P
3

4. (a) 14 cm
Explanation: In ∆POQ and ∆ROS, we have
ÐPOQ = ÐROS [vertically opposite angles] E
Q
PO QO
and =
OR OS From the 昀椀gure,
PR = PQ = radius = 6 cm
PQ
== [Given] Now, in DPAE and DPBQ
SR
ÐPAE = ÐPBQ = 90°
∆POQ ~ ∆ROS [by using SAS - criterion]
ÐP = ÐP (common)
PO QO
⇒ = \ DPAE ~ DPBQ
OR OS
[by AA similarity criterion]
PQ
== PA
=
PE
SR Þ
PB PQ
1 7
⇒ = Þ
3
=
PE
2 SR 4 6
⇒ SR = 14 cm 3×6
Þ PE =
5. (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true 4
but reason (R) is not the correct explanation 18
== = 4.5 cm.
of assertion (A). 4
Explanation: Given, A is the mid-point of QR, B
is the mid-point of PA and QC. 7. (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
but reason (R) is not the correct explanation
Draw AD || QC, meeting PR at D
of assertion (A).
In ∆QRC, A is the mid-point of QR and AD || QC
Explanation: Since,
\ D is the mid-point of RC
∆FEC @ ∆GDB
⇒ RD = DC ...(i)
EC = BD ...(i)
In ∆PAD, B is the mid-point of PA and BC || AD It is given that,
\ C is the mid-point of PD Ð1 = Ð2
⇒ PC = CD ...(ii) AE = AD ...(ii)
P [ Sides opposite to equal angles are equal]
Dividing (ii) by (i), we have
C AE AD
=
B EC BD
D
DE || BC
[By the converse of basic
proportionality theorem]
Q A R
Ð1 = Ð3 and Ð2 = Ð4
From (i) and (ii), we get
[Corresponding angles]
PC = CD = RD Thus, in triangles ADE and ABC, we have
\ PR = PC + CD + RD = 3 PC ÐA = ÐA [Common]
1 Ð2 = Ð4 (Proved above)
⇒ PC = PR
3 ∆ADE ~ ∆ABC (By AA similarity)

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 NCERT, EXEMPLAR & DIKSHA QUESTIONS
15. (c) BD.CD = AD2 17. (b) 10 cm
Explanation: In ∆ABC, Explanation: A rhombus is a simple
Þ ÐBAC + ÐB + ÐC = 180° quadrilateral whose four sides are of the
[Angle sum property of triangle] same length and diagonals are perpendicular
bisectors of each other.
It is given thatÐBAC = 90°
D C
Þ 90° + ÐB + ÐC = 180°
Þ ÐB = 180° – (90° + ÐC)
Þ ÐB = 90° – ÐC
Similarly, in ∆ADC O
Þ ÐDAC = 90° – ÐC
In ∆ADB and ∆ADC,
ÐBDA = ÐCDA = 90° [Q AD ^ BC]
ÐDBA = ÐDAC [Each angle = 90°
A B
– ÐC]
Using AA similarity criterion, It is given that
∆ADB ~ ∆CDA AC = 16 cm and BD = 12 cm
BD AD ∠AOB = 90°
Þ =
AD CD Since, AC and BD bisect each other
2 1 1
Þ BD.CD = AD \ AO = AC and BO = BD
2 2
Caution
AO = 8 cm and BO = 6 cm
 Students should remember that the sum of interior
angles of triangle is 180° not 360°. In right-angled ∆AOB,
AB2 = AO2 + OB2
16. (d) 100°
[Using Pythagoras theorem]
Explanation: Considering ∆APB and ∆CPD, we
have AB2 = 82 + 62 = 64 + 36 = 100
ÐAPB = ÐCPD = 50° AB = 100 = 10 cm
[Vertically opposite angles]
Concept Applied
AP 6
Also, = ...(i)  Use pythagoras theorem in a right-angled ∆AOB, which
PD 5
is (Hypotenuse)2 = (Perpendicular)2 + (Base)2
BP 3 6
And, = = 18. (a) ΔPQR ~ ΔCAB
CP 2.5 5
Explanation:
AP BP 6 Q
i.e., = = ...(ii)
PD CP 5
A
From equations (i) and (ii), we get
∆APB ~ ∆DPC
[using SAS similarity criterion]
ÐA = Ð D = 30°
B C R P
[Corresponding angles of similar triangles]
Since, the sum of angles of a triangle is 180°, It is given that, in ∆ABC and ∆PQR,
In ∆APB, AB BC CA
= = ,
ÐA + ÐB + ÐAPB = 180° QR PR PQ
30° + ÐB + 50° = 180° So, by SSS similarity criterion, ∆PQR ~ ∆CAB.
ÐB = 180° – (50° + 30°) Important
ÐB = 180 – 80° = 100°  Corresponding sides of similar triangles are in
Therefore, ÐPBA =100° same ratio.

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 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

EF DE = (2 + 3) cm
34. (b) =
RP PQ AB = 5 cm
Explanation: Now, ∠ADE = ∠ABC, ∠AED = ∠ACB
Q [Corresponding angles]
D So by AA prop. ∆ADE ∼ ∆ABC
AD DE
þ =
AB BC
2 DE
þ =
5 7.5
F E P R
DE = 3 cm
Given,
In two triangles DEF and PQR Caution
∠D = ∠Q  Students generally make mistakes, in applying
∠E = ∠R comparison of ratios. They write wrong ratios like
AD DE
\By AA similarity rule, = which will give them wrong result option
BD BC
∆DEF ∼ ∆QRP.
(c) which is a distractor.
Now, taking options one-by-one,
EF DE 111
(a) = 36. (d) cm
RP PQ 7
Since, the corresponding sides of similar. Explanation: Let us draw the 昀椀gure upside
triangles are in same ratio. down.
\Above statement is true.
EF DE
(b) =
RP PQ
In this option, EF and RP are corresponding
sides but DE and PQ are not.
\ This statement is not true.
DE DF
(c) =
QR PQ
EF DE
(d) =
RP QR
In ∆ADE and ∆ABC
Both the statements are true, similar as in ∠A = ∠A [common]
option (a).
∠AED = ∠ACB [90°]
35. (b) 3 ∆ADE ∼ ∆ABC
Explanation: [by AA similarty criterion]
A
AE DE
=
AC BC
6 DE
D E =
14 23
6 × 23 69
DE = = cm
14 7
B C EH = 6 cm
In DABC, DE || BC 69
\Length of rod P = DE + EH = +6
AD = 2 cm 7
BD = 3 cm 111
= cm
\ AB = AB + BD 7

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 16 AB QB
37. (b) cm =
3 AC RC
Explanation: In AFD and ∆ABE AB y
= ...(i)
ÐAFD = ÐABE = 90° AC z
ÐA = ÐA [Common angle] Similarly, in ∆CAP, QB || PA.
By AA similarity criterion,
BC QB
AFD ~ ABE =
AC PA
AF FD
=
AB BE BC y
=
AC x
AB − BF BF
=
AB BE AC − AB y
=
[ BF = FD = Sides of square FDGB] AC x
16 − BF BF AB y
= 1− =
16 8 AC x
128 – 8BF = 16BF y y
24BF = 128 1− = [From (i)]
z x
128
BF = 1 1
24 1 = y + 
x z
16
==
3 1 1
1 = y + 
Length of side of square FDGB 8 6
16  7 
= cm
3 1 = y 
 24 
55 24
38. (c) cm y= cm
3 7
Explanation: In ACD and ABC,
ÐADC = ÐACB (Given) 40. (b) 8 cm
ÐA = ÐA (Common angle) Explanation: From 昀椀gure,
By AA similarity criterion, ∠PRQ = ∠STQ
ACD ~ ABC And ∠RQP = ∠TQS
AC AD CD Therefore, ∆RQP ∼ ∆TQS
= =
AB AC BC [By AA similarity criterion]
AC AD QT ST
= =
AB AC QR PR
8 3
= ST 2 x
AD + BD 8 ⇒ =
20 5 x
8 3
= 2×20
3 + BD 8 ⇒ ST =
5
64 = 9 + 3BD
3BD = 55 ⇒ ST = 8 cm
55
BD = cm ac
3 41. (b)
b+c

39. (d) 24 cm Explanation: Q DE || AB

7 \ ∠ABC = ∠DEC
Explanation: Since, PA, QB and RC are each [Corresponding angles]
perpendicular to AC, In ∆ABC and ∆DEC
PA || QB || RC ∠ABC = ∠DEC
Now, in ACR, QB || RC. ∠C = ∠C [Common]
By Thales theorem, \ ∆ABC ~ ∆DEC [by AA similarity]

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 EC DE And
\ =
BC AB AQ PQ
=
[Corresponding sides of similar triangles are AT ST
proportional] 6 y
c x ⇒ =
= 6 4
b+c a
4 ×6
ac ⇒ y= = 4 cm
⇒ x= 6
b+c
\ x =3 cm, y = 4 cm.
42. (d) x = 3, y = 4
Caution
Explanation:
 Make sure to correctly apply the similarity rule
.T and correctly identify the corresponding sides.

6 cm 43. (a) Only Anas

4 cm
Explanation: From 昀椀gure, ∆PQR ∼ ∆CBA

P . x A . 3 cm .S [By AA similarity criterion]

The two triangles are not of same size hence,
cannot be congruent.
So, only Anas is correct.
y 6 cm
Concept Applied
 Apply the concept of similarity of triangles and
congruency of triangles.

Q . .R 44. (a) 8 cm
Explanation: In ∆PQB and ∆ACB
In ∆APQ and ∆AST,
PQ || AC (Given)
∠PAQ = ∠TAS BP = 4 cm, AP = 2.4 cm and BQ = 5 cm
(vertically opposite angles) BP BQ
=
∠PQA = ∠ATS AB BC
(alternate angles) 4 5
=
\ ∆APQ ∼ ∆AST (AA similarity) 4 + 2.4 BC

\ AQ AP 4 5
= =
AT AS 6.4 BC
6 x 4BC = 5 × 6.4
⇒ =
6 3 5 × 6.4
BC =
6 ×3 4
⇒ x= = 3 cm
6 BC = 8 cm

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 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS
 5  7
1. (d)  −6,  (b) Distance between (0, 0) and  2, 
 3
 2
2
Explanation: It is given that the centre of the 7  49
circle is origin i.e., O(0, 0) and it passes through = (2 − 0 )2 +  − 0 = 4 +
3  9
 13 
 , 0  36 + 49 85 9.22
2 = = = = 3.1 units
9 9 3
Radius of circle = Distance between
Clearly, 3.1 < 6.5
 13 
(0, 0) and  , 0  .  7
2  Point 2,  lies in the interior of the circle.
 3
2
 13   1
=  − 0 + ( 0 − 0 )2 (c) Distance between (0, 0) and 5, − 
2   2
2 2
 13   
=   = (5 − 0)2 +  −21 − 0  = 25 +
1
4
2
13 101 10.04
= = 6.5 units = = = 5.02 units
2 4 2
We know that the point which does not lie Clearly, 5.02 < 6.5.
in the interior of circle will be at a distance
 −1
greater than the radius of the circle. Point 5,
 2 
lies in the interior of the circle.
 3 
(a) Distance between (0, 0) and − , 1  5
 4 
(d) Distance between (0, 0) and −6, 
 2
2
 3  (
 − − 0 + 1 − 0)
2
= 2
4  
= (−6 − 0)2 +  25 − 0  = 36 +
25
4
9
== +1
16 144 + 25 169 13
= = = units
25
4 4 2
= = 6.5 units = radius
16
 5
5 So, the point −6,  lies on the circle and
== = 1.25 units.  2
4
not in the interior of the circle.
Clearly, 1.25 < 6.5
Important
 −3 
Point  , 1 lies in the interior of the  The distance of a point P(x, y) from the origin is
 4 
circle. x2 + y2

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  5 11 4. (b) (1, – 6)
2. (b)  − 3 , 3  Explanation: Two vertices of DABC are A(–5, 2)
and B(–2, 7).
Explanation: Let the radius of inner circle be r1
and radius of outer circle be r2. Let the third vertex be C(x, y)
Then the coordinates of its centroid are
pr12 1
Then, =  –5 – 2 + x 2 + 7 + y   x – 7 y + 9
pr22 O ,  = O ,
3 
9
 3 3   3
r12 1 But it is given O(– 2, 1) is the centroid
Þ =
r22 9 x –7 y+9
Þ –2= , 1=
3 3
r1 1
Þ = Þ – 6 = x – 7, 3=y+9
r2 3 Þ x = 1, y=–6
1 2 Therefore, the third vertex of DABC is C(1, –6).

O(–4, 3) A(x, y) B(3, 5) 5. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
The point A(x, y) divides OB in the ratio 1 : 2. Explanation:
By section formula, we get
4
1 × 3 + 2 × ( −4 )
x= (2, 3)
1+2
3−8
=
3
−5
=
3 x' –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 x
1×5+2×3 –1
and y=
1+2 –2
5+6 –3
=
3 (–2, –3)
y'
11 From the graph we can see, there are many
=
3 equidistant points from (2, 3) and (–2, –3)
Now, by mid-point formula.
 −5 11
   
Thus, the coordinates of A are  ,  .
 3 3  x1  y1 , x2  y2  =  2  2 , 3  3 
   
 2 2   2 2 
3. (d) a = 20, b = 2 = (0, 0)
Thus, origin is the mid-point of the line joining
Explanation: Given, points A(9, a), B(b, –4) and
(2, 3) and (–2, –3).
C(7, 8) formed a triangle
Coordinates of centroid, G = (6, 8) 6. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
A(9, a) and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
Explanation: We know that, the coordinates of
the point P(x, y) which divides the line segment
joining the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) in the
G
 m1 x2 + m2 x1 m1y2 + m2 y1 
B(b, –4) C(7, 8) ratio m1 : m2 is  , 
 m1 + m2 m1 + m2 
By centroid formula,
x + x + x3 y +y +y Here, x1 = –5, y1 = 11, x2 = 4, y2 = –7, m1 = 7,
x= 1 2 , y= 1 2 3 m2 = 2
3 3
m x + m2 x1
9+ b +7 a + ( −4 ) + 8 Now, x-coordinate = 1 2
\ 6= , 8= m1 + m2
3 3
Þ 18 = 16 + b, 24 = a + 4 (7 × 4 ) + (2 × −5) 28 − 10 18
= = = =2
Þ b = 2, a = 20 7+2 9 9

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 m1y2 + m2 y1 Now, let (x, y) be the point that divides the line
and y-coordinate = segment.
m1 + m2
mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1
Then, x = and y = ...(i)
(7 × −7) + (2 × 11) −49 + 22 −27 m+n m+n
= = = = –3
7+2 9 9
Here, x1 = 7, y1 = –6, x2 = 3, y2 = 4, m = 1 and
n=2
7. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
1(3) + 2(7)
Explanation: Distance between two \ x =
points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given as, 1+2

( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 3 + 14 17
d= Þ x = =
3 3
Here, (x1, y1) = (4, p) and (x2, y2) = (1, 0)
1( 4 ) + 2( −6 )
And d = 5 units And y =
1+2
Put the values, we have
4 − 12 8
52 = (1 – 4)2 + (0 – p)2 Þ y = =−
3 3
25 = (–3)2 + (–p)2
25 – 9 = p2  17 8 
So, the required point (x, y) =  , −  lies in
16 = p 2  3 3
p = 4, –4 IVth quadrant.

NCERT, EXEMPLAR & DIKSHA QUESTIONS

18. (a) (0, 0) Explanation: It is given that P (2, 1) lies on
the line segment joining the points A (4, 2)
Explanation: Let P(α, β) be a point which lies on
and B (8, 4).
the perpendicular bisector of the line segment
AB. A(4, 2) P (2, 1) B (8, 4)
We know that, distance between two points
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2), d = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2
P (, ) Distance between A (4, 2) and P (2, 1)
A (–2, –5) B (2, 5)
= (2 − 4)2 + (1 − 2)2
Also, P is the mid-point of AB.
 −2 + 2 −5 + 5 
P(α, β) =  ∴ AP = (−2)2 + (−1)2 = 2
2 +1 = 4 +1 = 5
 2
, 
2 
Distance between P (2, 1) and B (8, 4)
= (0, 0)
= (8 − 2)2 + (4 − 1)2
So, (0, 0) lies on the perpendicular bisector of
the given line segment. ∴ PB = 62 + 32 = 36 + 9 = 45 = 3 5
Distance between A (4, 2) and B (8, 4)
19. (c) 12 units
Explanation: Perimeter of triangle ABC = (8 − 4)2 + (4 − 2)2

= AB + BC + CA ∴ AB = (4)2 + (2)2 = 16 + 4 = 20 = 2 5

= ( 0 − 0 )2 + ( 4 − 0 )2 + (3 − 0 )2 + ( 0 − 0 )2 Thus, AB = 2 5 = 2(AP)
AB
⇒ AP = .
+ (3 − 0 )2 + ( 0 − 4 )2 2
= 16 + 9 + 25 21. (a) (x, y)
=4+3+5 Explanation: Let P(h, k) be a point equidistant
= 12 units from the three vertices of ∆AOB: A(0, 2y),
B(2x, 0) and O(0, 0).
1 Then, PO = PA = PB
20. (d) AP = AB
2 (PO)2 = (PA)2 = (PB)2 ...(i)

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 By distance formula, 4x (x – h) = 0
2
(PO)2 = ( 2
(h − 0) + (k − 0) 2
) = h2 + k2 x =h [Q x ≠ 0]
2
∴ Required point = (h, k) = (x, y).
(PA)2 = ( (h − 0)2 + (k − 2y)2 ) = h2 + (k – 2y)2
Concept Applied
2  Step 1. Consider new point to be P (h, k).
(PB)2 = ( (h − 2x ) + (k − 0) ) =(h – 2x) + (k)
2 2 2 2
 Step 2. Determine PO, PA and PB using distance
Putting value in eqn. (i), we get formula and equate them.
h2 + k2 = h2 + (k – 2y)2  Step 3. Solve two terms at a time to get required
h2 + k2 = h2 + k2 + 4y2 – 4ky point.
4y2 – 4ky = 0 Important
4y(y – k) = 0  In any right triangle, the mid-point of the
y =k [Q y ≠ 0] hypotenuse is equidistant from the three vertices.
Also, h2 + k2 = (h – 2x)2 + k2 Hence, the coordinates of the required point are
h2 + k2 = h2 + 4x2 – 4hx + k2 æ 2x + 0 0 + 2 y ö
ç , ÷ i.e., (x, y)
4x2 – 4hx = 0 è 2 2 ø

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

32. (c) (2, –1) 1
k=
Explanation: Since, the diagonals of a 2
parallelogram bisect each other. 1 :2
Let the coordinate of S be (x, y)
Coordinates of the mid-point of PR = 34. (d) (3, 5)
coordinates of the mid-point of QS Explanation: Given that A(1, 2), B(4, 3) C(6, 6)
 3 − 3 4 − 2  −2 + x 3 + y  are the three vertices of a parellelogram
 ,  =  ,  ABCD.
2 2 2 2 
D (x, y) C (6, 6)
 x − 2 3 + y
(0, 1) =  , 
 2 2  O
x −2 3+ y
= 0 and =1
2 2 B
A (4, 3)
x–2 =0
(1, 2)
x =2
and 3+y =2 Diagonals of parallelogram bisect each other.
y = –1 O is the mid-point of AC = O is mid-point
Hence, the fourth vertex of the parallelogram of BD
is (2, –1).
Using mid-point formula
33. (a) 1 : 2  x +x y +y 
O(x, y) =  1 2 , 1 2 
Explanation: Let A = (2, –3) and B = (5, 6)
 2 2 
AB be divided by the x-axis in the ratio k : 1 at
point P. So, coordinates of mid-point of AC = coordinates
of mid-point of BD
 mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 
P (x, y) = P  ,  1 + 6 2 + 6  4 + x 3 + y
 m+n m+n 
 ,  =  , 
 k × 5 + 1 × 2 k × 6 + 1 × −3   2 2   2 2 
(x, 0) =  ,

k +1 k +1 7 4+ x 2+6 3+ y
= ; =
On equating the y-coordinate, 2 2 2 2
6k − 3 4 +x = 7 ; 8=3+y
=0
k +1 x=7–4 ; y=8–3
6k – 3 = 0 =3 ; =5
6k = 3 So, the fourth vertex is D(3, 5).

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 35. (b) multiple of 3
Concept Applied
Explanation: We are given that the distance  All the points at the distance of 5 units from the
between two points A and B on graph is given origin will form a circle of radius 5 units. Thus,
as 102 + 72 . there will be in昀椀nitely many points on the circle in
The coordinates of A are (–4, 3) third quadrant.
Given that the point B lies in the 昀椀rst quadrant 2
let coordinates of point B are (x, y) 38. (a)
3
To 昀椀nd the possible x-coordinate of point B, Explanation: Using section formula,
we can use the distance formula between Coordinates of P
two points.
 k × 9 + 1 x ( −1) k × 8 + 1 × 3
The distance (d) between two points (x1, y1) =  , 
 k +1 k +1 
and (x2, y2) is given by
 9k − 1 8k + 3
d= (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 =  , 
 k +1 k +1 

102 + 72 = ( x − ( −4 ))2 + ( y − 3)2

⇒
k 1
= ( x + 4 )2 + ( y − 3)2
⇒ 100 + 49 P
R(–1, 3) S(9, 8)
⇒ 102 + 72 = (x + 4)2 + (y – 3)2
Now, by using hit and trial method
x–y+2=0
(x + 4)2 = 102 or (x + 4)2 = 72
Since, point P lies on the line x – y + 2 = 0,
x + 4 = 10 or x + 4 = 7
so, it must satisfy the equation,
x = 10 – 4 or x=7–4
9k − 1 8k + 3
=6 or =3 − +2 = 0
k +1 k +1
The possible x - coordinate for point B is 3 or 6.
Hence, coordinates of point B are multiple of 3. 9k − 1 − (8k + 3) + 2( k + 1)
=0
k +1
36. (b) isosceles triangle
3k − 2
Explanation: Given points are (–4, 0), (4, 0), =0
(0, 3). k +1
Y 3k – 2 = 0
(0, 3) 2
3
k =
3
2
1 39. (d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
(–4, 0) (4, 0)
X' X  –1 5 
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 Explanation: Assertion says that point  , 
 3 3
divides the line joining the points A(1, 2) and
B(–1, 1) in 1 : 2.
Y'
m x + m2 x1
From 昀椀gure, \ By section formula, x = 1 2
m1 + m2
It is clear that the triangle is an isosceles
triangle. 1 × (–1) + 2 × 1 1
= =
3 3
37. (d) in昀椀nitely many
Explanation: m1y2 + m2y1
y =
Y m1 + m2

II I 1 ×1 + 2 × 2
=
1+2
X' X
III IV 1+ 4
=
(x, y) 3

Y' 5
=
\ (d) in昀椀nitely many is correct. 3

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  1 5 (x + 2)2 + (y – 5)2 = (2 – x)2+ (–1 – y)2
So point of intersection is  ,  but in ⇒ x2 + 4 + 4x + y2 + 25 – 10y = 4 + x2 – 4x + 1
 3 3
 –1 5  + y2 + 2y
, .
asserti on, it is  3 3  So, assertion is
  P (–2, 5) A (x, y) Q (2, –1)
wrong and reason is true. ⇒ 8x – 12y = – 24 ...(i)
Hence, there are points (x, y) which satisfy
40. (d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true. eqn. (i)
Explanation: Let A (x, y) be any other point Two such points are (0, 2) and (–3, 0).
equidistant from P (–2, 5) and Q (2, –1). Hence, Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is
∴ Using distance formula: true.

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 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS
8 17 17 64
1. (b) tan q = , cosec q = , sec q = 3. (b)
15 8 15 49

Explanation: From the given 昀椀gure, (1 + cos θ )(1 − cos θ )

Explanation:
P YZ (1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
8
tan q = = =
B YX 15
(1 - cos2 q )
=
cosec q =
H XZ
= =
17 (1 - sin2 q )
P YZ 8
[ (a – b)(a + b) = a2 – b2]
H XZ
sec q = = sin2 q
B YX = [ sin2q + cos2q = 1]
cos2 q
17
= = tan2q
15
1
=
Important
cot 2 θ
 If one of the trigonometric ratios of an accute
angle is known, the remaining trigonometric ratios 1
=
of the angle can be easily determined. æ7ö
2

ç ÷
1 è8ø
2. (b)
5 2
 8
5 =  
Explanation: Given, 5x = sec q and = tan q  7
x
Squaring both sides in both equations, we get = 64
25x = sec q
2 2
…(i) 49

25 4. (c) sec q
2 = tan2 q …(ii)
x
Explanation: 1 + sin θ 2sin3 θ – sin θ
Subtracting eqn. (ii) from eqn. (i), we get +
1 − sin θ – cos θ + 2cos3 θ
25
Þ 25x2 – = sec2 q – tan2 q (1 + sin θ ) (1 + sin θ ) sin θ (1 – 2sin2 θ )
x2 = × –
(1 − sin θ ) (1 + sin θ ) cos θ (2cos2 θ –1)
 1
Þ 25  x 2 −  = 1 [ sec q – tan q = 1]
2 2
 x2  (1 + sin θ )2 sin θ (sin2 θ + cos2 θ – 2sin2 θ )
= –
2
 1 1 1 – sin θ cos θ (2cos2 θ – sin2 θ – cos2 θ )
Þ 5  x2 −  =
 x 
2 5 [Q sin2 q + cos2 q = 1]

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 1 + sin θ (cos2 θ – sin2 θ ) In DABC,
= – tan θ
cos θ (cos2 θ – sin2 θ ) 4
tan q =
 sin θ  3
Q tan θ = 
 cos θ AB 4
Þ =
1 sin θ BC 3
= + – tan θ × 1 By Pythagoras theorem,
cos θ cos θ
= sec q + tan q – tan q AC2 = AB2 + BC2
= sec q AC2 = (4)2 + (3)2 = 16 + 9 = 25
AC = 5
5. (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Explanation: The given expression is cos4 A – AB 4
sin q = =
sin4 A. AC 5
Factorising the given expression, we have BC 3
cos4 A – sin4 A = (cos2 A)2 – ( sin2 A)2 cos q = =
AC 5
cos4 A – sin4 A = (cos2 A + sin2 A) × (cos2 A – sin2 A)
[Q a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] 4 3
+
= 1 × (cos A – sin2 A)
2 sin q + cos q
Now, = 5 5
[Q sin2 q + cos2 q = 1] sin q - cos q 4 3
-
2 2 5 5
= cos A – sin A
= cos2 A – (1 – cos2 A)
7 5
= cos2 A – 1 + cos2 A = × =7
5 1
= 2 cos2 A – 1
6. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. 7. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
Explanation: and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
A assertion (A).
Explanation: We have, sin q = cos (q – 6)
Þ cos (90° – q) = cos (q – 6)
Þ (90° – q) = (q – 6)
Þ 90° + 6 = 2q
q Þ 2q = 96
B C Þ q = 48°

NCERT, EXEMPLAR & DIKSHA QUESTIONS

18. (a) 1 1
Explanation: We know that, Þ sin a = sin 30º [ sin 30º = ]
2
sin2 q + cos2 q = 1 ....(i)
Given, sin A + sin2 A = 1 Þ a = 30º
⇒ sin A = 1 – sin2 A Also, cos b =
1
⇒ sin A = cos2 A [Using (i)] 2
Squaring both sides, we get 1
⇒ sin2 A = cos4 A Þ cos b = cos 60º [ cos 60º = ]
2
⇒ 1 – cos2 A = cos4 A [Using (i)]
⇒ cos2 A + cos4 A = 1 Þ b = 60º
\ a + b = 30º + 60º
19. (d) 90º
= 90º
Explanation:
1 1 Hence, the value of (a + b)
Given: sin a = and cos b =
2 2 = 90º

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

25. (b) 1 [Q sec2 q – tan2 q = 1 and cosec2 q – cot2 q = 1]
Explanation: (sec2 q – 1) (cosec2 q – 1) 1
= tan2 q × =1
= tan2 q × cot2 q tan2 θ

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 26. (c) 1 and, in ∆ABC,
Explanation: AC AC
cot yº = = ...(ii)
3 BC 2CD
sin a = , þ sin a = sin 60º [ D is mid-point of BC]
2
AC
þ a = 60º
cot y° 2CD
So, = [From eqn. (i) and (ii)]
3 cot x ° AC
 cos β = ,
2 CD
þ cos β = cos 30º
1
þ β = 30º =
2
tan a. tan β = tan 60º. tan 30º
= 3× 1 30. (b) 0
3 Explanation: cos 1º cos 2º cos 3º ... cos 90º
or, (cos 1º) × (cos 2º) × (cos 3º) × ... × (cos 89º)
=1
× (cos 90º)
1 ∵ cos 90º = 0
27. (a)
3 ∴(cos 1º) × (cos 2º) × (cos 3º) × ...× (cos 89º) ×
(cos 90º) = 0
Explanation: Given,
5 tan β = 4 8
31. (a)
17
sin b 4
=
or
cos b 5 Explanation: In 昀椀gure,
S T R
4
⇒ sin β = cosβ
5
The given trigonometric expression is,
4
5 × cos β − 2 cos β U
5 sin β − 2 cos β 5
=
90 – 

5 sin β + 2 cos β 4 15 cm
5 × cos β + 2 cos β
5 8 cm
 4   90 – 
Substituting sin β = cos β  P Q
 5  17 cm
Let ∠UPQ = q
4 −2 2 1
= = = ⇒ ∠SPT = 90° – q
4+2 6 3
and ∠UQP = 90° – q
28. (a) 60º ∴ In ∆UPQ
UP 8
cos θ − sin θ 1− 3 Since, sin (90° – q) = =
Explanation: = PQ 17
cos θ + sin θ 1+ 3
8
Dividing the numerator and denominator of ⇒ sin ∠SPT =
LHS by cos q, we get 17

1 − tan θ 1− 3 2
= 32. (c)
1 + tan θ 1+ 3 2
which on simpli昀椀cation (or comparison) gives Explanation: We have,
tan q + cot q = 2
tan q = 3
1
or q = 60° ⇒ tan θ + =2
tan θ

1 ⇒ tan2 q + 1 = 2tan q
29. (b) ⇒ tan q – 2tan q + 1 = 0
2
2
⇒ (tan q – 1)2 = 0
Explanation: In ∆ADC, ⇒ tan q – 1 = 0
cot xº =
AC
...(i) ⇒ tan q = 1 = tan 45°
CD ⇒ q = 45°

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  1   1 
3 3 sec45° tan45°
= −
Now, sin3q + cos3q =   +   cosec45° cot 45°
 2  2
12
1 1 = −
= + 2 1
2 2 2 2
=1–1=0
2
= Concept Applied
2 2
 Angle sum property of triangle.
1 2 i.e., In ∆ABC, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
= or
2 2 37. (a) –1
33. (b) 2 Explanation: We have,
Explanation: We have, sec q + tan q + 1 = 0
⇒ tan a + cot a = 2 ⇒ sec q + tan q = – 1 ...(i)
1 Now, we know, sec2 q – tan2 q = 1
⇒ tan a + =2
tan α ⇒ (sec q – tan q) (sec q + tan q) = 1
⇒ tan2 a – 2tan a + 1 =0 ⇒ (sec q – tan q)(–1) = 1 [Using (i)]
⇒ (tan a – 1)2 =0 ⇒ sec q – tan q = –1
⇒ tan a – 1 =0
38. (c) 0
⇒ tan a =1
Explanation:
1 1
and, cot a = = =1 4 cot q – 5 = 0
tan α 1 ⇒ 4 cot q = 5
So, tan20 a + cot20 a = (tan a)20 + (cot a)20
5
= (1)20 + (1)20 ⇒ cot q = =
4
=1+1=2
Base
34. (c) 1, 2 ==
Perpendicular
Explanation: 1 + sin2 a = 3 sin a cos a
sin a + cos a + sin2 a = 3sina cos a
2 2 In terms of sin q, cos q, cot q, tan q
2sin2 a – 3sin a cos a + cos2a = 0 sin q
tan q =
(2sin a – cos a) (sina – cosa) = 0 cos q
∴ cot a = 2 or cot a = 1
1
cot q =
35. (a) Step 1 tan q
Explanation: Correct identity is sin q 4
So =
cosec2 q – cot2 q = 1 cos q 5
Caution ⇒ 5 sin q – 4 cos q = 0
 Students should carefully check each of the steps 5 sin q - 4 cos q
one by one. ∴ =0
5 sin q + 4 cos q
36. (a) 0
39. (d) cos A
Explanation: Given, in ∆ABC
Explanation: (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A)
∠A: ∠B: ∠C = 1: 1: 2
 1 sin A 
Let, ∠A = x, ∠B = x and ∠C = 2x =  +  (1 – sin A)
We know, cos A cos A 
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° (1 + sin A)
= (1 – sin A)
(Angle sum property of triangle) cos A
∴ x + x + 2x = 180°
1 − sin2 A
⇒ 4x = 180° =
cos A
⇒ x = 45°
∴ ∠A = ∠B = 45° and ∠C = 2 × 45° = 90° cos2 A
=
sec A tanA cos A
Now, −
cosecB cotB = cos A

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 40. (d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
=  3 1
Explanation:  +  > 1.
 2 2

1 1  1 1 
Given expression: + ∴Maximum value of 
sec θ cosec θ +  is not
 sec θ cosec θ 
1 1 equal to 1.
+ = cos q + sin q
sec θ cosec θ  sin q and cos q always lies between –1 and 1.
Now, Taking q = 30º ∴Maximum of value of both sin q and cos q is 1.
∴cos q + sin q = cos 30º + sin 30º Hence, (A) is false but (R) is true.

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 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS
1. (b) 25( 3 + 1) m = 25( 3 + 1) m
Explanation: Let AB be the height of the Þ h = 25( 3 + 1) m
building.
C and Q be the positions of two cars. Thus, height of the building is 25( 3 + 1) m.
Given, the distance CD is 50 m, ÐACB = 45°
and ÐADB = 30° 2. (d) 415.68 km/h
A
Explanation: An aeroplane is 昀氀ying 1km above
the ground making an angle of elevation of
aeroplane 60°. After 10 seconds, angle of
elevation is changed to 30°. Let CE = x, BC = y,
ÐAEB = 30°, ÐDEC = 60°, AB = 1 km and
h CD = 1 km.
A D

45° 30°
B x C 50 m D
In DACB,
AB h 1 1
tan 45° = =
BC x
30°60°
h
Þ 1= B y C x E
x
In DDCE,
Þ h =x ...(i) 1
tan 60° =
AB AB h x
tan30° = = =
BD BC + CD x + 50
1
Þ 3 =
1 h x
Þ =
3 x + 50 1
Þ x =
1 x 3
Þ = x + 50 Again in DABE,
3
1
x + 50 = x 3 tan 30° =
Þ x+y
Þ x( 3 − 1) = 50 1 1
Þ =
50 3 x+y
Þ x =
3 −1 Þ x+y = 3
50 3 +1 1
= × Þ +y = 3
3 −1 3 +1 3

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 1 Then, CE = AB = 15 m,
Þ y = 3−
3 ÐEBD = 30°
and ÐACB = ÐCBE = 45°
2 D
Þ y =
3

Distance
Speed of the aeroplane =
Time
2 30°
y B E
= = 3 45°
10sec 10
60 × 60
= 415.70 km/h 15 m 15 m

Hence, the speed of aeroplane is 415.68 km/h.

45°
3. (a) 94.79 m A C
From DACB, we have
Explanation: Let AB be a tower, CD = 40 m,
BC = x m, ÐACB = 60° and ÐADB = 45°. AC
cot 45° =
A AB
AC
Þ 1=
15
⇒ AC = 15 m
From DEBD, we have
DE
tan30° =
BE
60° 45°
B xm C 40 m D 1 DE
Þ = [ BE = AC = 15 m]
In DABC, 3 15
AB 15
tan 60° =
BC Þ DE = = 5 3m
3
AB
Þ 3 = Height of the tower = CE + DE = 15 + 5 3
x
[ CE = AB = 15 m]
3x = AB ...(i)
= 5(3 + 3 ) m
In DADB,
AB AB
tan 45° = =
BD x + 40 5. (a) 4 3 m
AB Explanation: Here, CD = 30 m
Þ 1 = [height of big tower]
x + 40
AB = 24 m
x + 40 = AB ...(ii)
[height of small tower]
From (i) and (ii), we get D
3x = x + 40
Þ 1.73x – x = 40 6m
40 60°
Þ x = = 54.79 B E 30 m
0.73
Þ AB = 40 + 54.79
= 94.79 m 24 m 24 m
Thus, height of the tower is 94.79 m.

4. (a) 5( 3 + 3 ) m A C

Explanation: Let AB be the building and CD be DE = CD – CE

the tower. ⇒ DE = CD – AB
Draw BE ^ CD [ AB = CE]

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 Þ DE = 30 – 24 8. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
Þ DE = 6 m and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
DE
In DBDE, sin60° = Explanation: Let the height of building be h
BD and the distance of the point of observation
3 6 from its foot be x.
Þ =
2 BD PQ h
In DPQR, tan a = =
RQ x
Þ BD = 4 3 m
h
The length of wire is 4 3 m . tan a = ...(i)
x
P
6. (a) 15 m
Explanation: Let AC = x m be the height of the
tree, AB = 15 m and angle of elevation = 45°
C h

α
Q
R x
Now, height of a building increased by 20%
= h + 20% of h
45°
A B 20 h 6h
15 m =h+ ×h=h+ =
100 5 5
In right DABC, we have
AC 6x
tan q = Distance = x + 20% of x =
AB 5
x Let the new angle be b
Þ tan 45° =
15 6
h
AB 5
x In DABC, tan b = =
Þ 1= CB 6
15 x
5
Þ x = 15 m
Þ AC = 15 m h
tan b = ...(ii)
Hence, the height of the tree is 15 m. x
A
7. (a) 45°
Explanation: Let AB be the height of a man
and BC be his shadow. Let q be the required
angle of elevation of the sun. 6
h
5
A

β
C 6 B
x
5
from (i) and (ii)

C B tan a = tan b
Then, AB = BC [Given] Þ a=b
In right–angled DABC, Hence, angle of elevation of its top remains
AB unchanged.
tan q =
BC 9. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
⇒ tan q = 1 and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
⇒ tan q = tan 45° [ tan 45° = 1] assertion (A).
⇒ q = 45°. Explanation: Let AB be the height of kite from
So, the angle of elevation of the sun is 45°. the ground and AC be the string.

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 A A

10 m
10 m

30° 30°
C B C B

AB In DABC,
In DABC, sin q =
AC AB
sin 30º =
10 AC
Þ sin 30° =
AC
 perpendicular 
1 10 Q sin θ = 
Þ =  hypotenuse 
2 AC
Þ AC = 20 m 1 AB
Þ =
2 10
10. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Explanation: Let AC be the ladder of length ⇒ AB = 5 m
20 m at the height AB, i.e., h m from the ground.
The ladder makes an angle of 60º with the wall. 12. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
A
Explanation: Let PQ be the pole and QR be its
shadow.
60° P
20 m
h m

C B
\ ∠CAB = 60º q
Now in DABC, R Q
AB
cos 60º = According to the question,
AC
PQ = QR
base
= PQ PQ
hypotenuse Þ tan q = =
QR PQ
1 h
Þ = Þ tan q = 1
2 20
Þ tan q = tan 45°
Þ h = 10 m
Þ q = 45°
11. (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
We know that,
Explanation: Let AB be the vertical pole and
AC be the rope of 10 m long, making an angle (hypotenuse)2 = (base)2 + (altitude)2 by
of 30º with the ground. Pythagoras theorem.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

30. (a) 60° In right-angled DABC,
Explanation: AB
= tan q
BC
6
= tan q
6 m 2 3
( 3 )2
= tan q
3
tan q = tan 60°
m q = 60°

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 31. (b) 30 3 AB = 30 m
∠CAB = 60º
Explanation: Let BC be the tower and A be the
Let, BC = h m
observation point.
C In DCBA,
BC
tan 60º =
AB
h
þ 3 =
30
60º
þ h = 30 3 m
A 30 m B

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 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS
1. (b) Both the points lie on one of the tangents. Now, QL = LN = 2 cm
Explanation: Using the given conditions, let us [ the lengths of tangents drawn from an
draw the 昀椀gure external point are equal]
Similarly, PM = MN = 3 cm
Þ LM = LN + MN
= (2 + 3) cm
= 5 cm
Þ KM = KQ – PM
= (8 – 3) cm
= 5 cm
\ ÐMLK = ÐMKL = 50°
In DLKM,
From the options, ÐMLK + ÐMKL + ÐLMK = 180°
Þ 50° + 50° + ÐLMK = 180°
(a) The 3 tangents are not equal in length.
Since, the lines are not drawn from the Þ ÐLMK = 180° – 100°
single external point. = 80°
(b) From the 昀椀gure, we can see both the points 4. (c) 8 cm
lie on one of the tangents. Explanation: Join OB.
(c) The circle and tangents does not have two A
common points in total.
x
(d) The situation is possible, hence this is false.
y 4.8cm 6cm
P O
2. (a) 120° R
Explanation: The radius of the circle through 4.8cm 6cm
the point of contact is perpendicular to the B
tangent. Let PA = x cm and PR = y cm
\ OA ^ AP and OB ^ BP Since, OP is perpendicular bisector of AB
\ ÐPAO = ÐPBO = 90° 9.6
\ AR = BR = = 4.8 cm
Now, in quadrilateral OAPB, 2
ÐOAP + ÐAPB + ÐPBO + ÐAOB = 360° In right DOAR,
Þ 90° + 60° + 90° + ÐAOB = 360° OA2 = OR2 + AR2
Þ ÐAOB + 240° = 360° Þ OR2 = 62 – (4.8)2
Þ ÐAOB = 120° = 36 – 23.04
= 12.96
3. (c) 80° Þ OR = 3.6 cm
Explanation: Given, QL = 2 cm, KL = 6 cm and In right DARP,
1 PA2 = AR2 + RP2 ...(i)
PM = KL. Now, in right DOAP,
2 2 2
OP2 = AP + OA
1 2 = (AR2 + RP2) + OA2
Þ PM = × 6 = 3 cm (RP + OR)
2 [using (i)]

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 (y + 3.6)2 = (4.8)2 + y2 + 62 XA + AR = XB + BR
y2 + 12.96 + 7.2y = 23.04 + y2 + 36 [AP = AR and BQ = BR]
7.2y = 46.08 (The length of tangents drawn from an
y = 6.4 external point are equal)
Þ PR = 6.4 cm We know that, a tangent cannot be drawn
On putting the value of PR and AR in eq. (i), we from a point inside the circle.
get
Concept Applied
PA2 = (4.8)2 + (6.4)2
 The lengths of the two tangents from an external
= 23.04 + 40.96 = 64 point to a circle are equal.
Þ PA = 8 cm
7. (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
5. (d) in昀椀nite but reason (R) is not the correct explanation
Explanation: For example, ∠PRQ = 90° of assertion (A).
because it is the angle in a semi-circle. Also, the Explanation:
radius is perpendicular to the tangent at the
point of contact. This concludes that in昀椀nite
circles with their radii lying on extended PR
and R being a point on the circumference of
the circle can be drawn.
The line that touches the circle at exactly one
6. (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. point is called tangent and the circle can have at
Explanation: We have, XP = XQ most 2 parallel tangents, one at a point on it and
XA + AP = XB + BQ the other at a point diametrically opposite to it.

NCERT, EXEMPLAR & DIKSHA QUESTIONS

22. (a) 60 cm2 1 1
Explanation: We know that, tangent at any A= × 5 × 12 + × 5 × 12
2 2
point on the circle is perpendicular to the radius
through the point of contact. Hence, we get A = 30 + 30 = 60 cm2
OQ ^ PQ and OR ^ PR. 23. (b) 6 cm
Q
Explanation: AB is tangent to circle C1 and CP
5 cm is the radius of circle C1.
P O
13 cm

C C1 C2
R
∆POQ and ∆POR are right-angled triangles.
A B
Using Pythagoras theorem in ∆PQO, P
(Base)2 + (Perpendicular)2 = (Hypotenuse)2
\ ÐCPA = 90°
(PQ)2 + (OQ)2 = (OP)2
[Tangent at any point of circle is perpendicular
(PQ)2 + (5)2 = (13)2
to radius through the point of contact]
(PQ)2 + 25 = 169
Also, AB is a chord of circle C2.
(PQ)2 = 144
So, CP bisects AB
PQ = 12 cm
i.e., AP = BP
We know that tangents through an external
point to a circle are equal. Join AC. In right angled triangle APC
\ PQ= PR = 12 cm AC2 = AP2 + CP2
Therefore, area of quadrilateral PQOR Þ 52 = AP2 + 42
Þ AP2 = 9 or AP = 3
= area of ∆POQ + area of ∆POR.
Þ AB = 6 cm
We know, area of right-angled triangle
[Since, the perpendicular drawn from the
1
= × base × perpendicular centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord]
2
Caution
1  1 
\ A =  × OQ × PQ +  × OR × PR   Students should remember that length can’t be
2  2  negative.

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 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
29. (c) 2 3 cm 32. (d) 11 cm
Explanation: In given 昀椀gure, join OA. Explanation: Given:
PQRS circumscribes a circle.
PQ = 12 cm, QR = 15 cm, RS = 14 cm,
O R
4 cm
30° C B
T
A
 Tangent at any point of a circle is
S Q
perpendicular to the radius through the
point of contact.
In ∆OAT ÐOAT = 90° D A
Base AT
⇒ cos 30° = =
Hypotenuse OT P
Q Lengths of tangents drawn to a circle from
AT 3 AT
cos 30° = ⇒ = an external point are equal.
4 2 4
\ PA = PD, QA = QB, RB = RC and SC = SD
⇒ AT = 2 3 cm \ PQ + RS = (PA + AQ) + (RC + SC)
= PD + QB + RB + SD
Caution
= PD + SD + QB + RB
 A clear understanding of basic geometry concepts
= PS + RQ
like tangents, circles, and right triangles is crucial.
A tangent touches the circle at only one point. PQ + RS = PS + RQ
Be familiar with the trigonometric ratios (sin, cos, 12 + 14 = PS + 15
tan) and their values for special angles like 30°, 26 = PS + 15
45°, and 60°. PS = 11 cm
30. (d) 115° Caution
Explanation: Given,  Students should learn the theorems and the
ÐTPO = 25° applications thoroughly.
As we know,
33. (b) 140º
The tangent at any point of a circle is Explanation: OM ^ ML
perpendicular to the radius through the point of
[as tangent from centre is ^
contact.
at point of contact]
\ ÐPTO = 90°
Now,
Exterior angle, x = ÐPTO + ÐTPO
x = 90° + 25°
O
x = 115°

31. (c) 2
Explanation:
M 70º N
P Q
A
L
O
O ∠OML = 90º
B
and ∠NML = 70º
R S
þ ∠OMN = 90º – 70º
Here, circle with centre O and O' are
= 20º
intersecting at two distinct points A and B. So,
in this situation PQ, RS are the tangents which  OM = ON = Radii of same circle
can be drawn. \ ∠OMN = ∠ONM = 20º

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 In ∆MON, [Tangents drawn from an external point are
∠OMN + ∠ONM + ∠MON = 180º equal]
þ 20º + 20º + ∠MON = 180º Hence, the length of each tangent is 3 3 cm.
þ ∠MON = 140º
9
35. (c) cm
Concept Applied 2
 Tangent from centre of a circle is perpendicular to the
Explanation: Given: OP = 2PN, OX = 18 cm
radius at point of contact.
Let, PN = x cm
34. (d) 3 3 cm Since, NX ^ OX
Explanation: Let P be an external point and ON2 = OX2 + XN2
a pair of tangents is drawn from point P and
angle between these two tangents is 60°. ⇒ 9x2 = 324 + x2
A 9
⇒ x= cm
2
30°
P 60° O 36. (d) 125º
30°
Explanation:
T
C
Radius of the circle = 3 cm
Join OC and OP
Also, OP is bisector line of ∠APC. 35º
O P
\ ∠APO = ∠CPO = 30° x
Also, tangents at any point of a circle is
perpendicular to the radius through the point
of contact.
OA ^ AP ∠OTP = 90º [Line from centre is ^
In right angled ∠OAP, we have to tangent at point of contact]
OA 3 ∠x = ∠TPO + ∠OTP
tan 30° = =
AP AP [Exterior Angle Prop.]
1 3 x = 35º + 90º = 125º
Þ =
3 AP
Concept Applied
Þ AP = 3 3 cm  Exterior angle theorem states that when side of a
AP = CP triangle is extended, the resultant exterior angle
formed is equal to the sum of the two opposite
= 3 3 cm interior angles of the triangle.

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 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS
1. (b) 33 cm x 5
Explanation: Circumference of circle ⇒ =
360º 36
= Perimeter of the square.
360º´ 5
So, 2pr = 4a x=
36
22
⇒ 4a = 2 × × 21 ⇒ x = 50
7
⇒ 4a = 132 So, the value of x is 50°.
⇒ a = 33 cm
4. (a) 77
2. (a) 14.875 cm2 Explanation: Radius of circle, r = 7 cm
1 Now, Area of shaded region = Area of three sectors
Explanation: Area of trapezium = (a + b) × h
2 θ1 θ2 θ3
= pr2 + pr2 + pr2
where, a, b are the length of parallel sides and 360 360 360
h is the distance between them.
πr 2
1 = (q1 + q2 + q3)
[AD + BC] × AB = 24.5 360
2
1 1 22
[10 + 4] × AB = 24.5 = × × 7 × 7(60° + 80° + 40°)
2 360 7

24.5 1
Þ AB = = 3.5 cm = ×11 × 7 × 180
7 180
= 77 cm2
1 2
And, Area of quadrant = pr
4 5. (c) ( 8 3 – 24π ) cm2
1 22 Explanation: Given, side of triangle = 8 cm
= ´ ´ 3.5 ´ 3.5
4 7 3
[ radius, r = AB = 3.5 cm] \ Area of equailateral triangle = (side)2
4
= 9.625 cm2
Area of shaded region = Area of trapezium 3
= × (8)2 = 16 3 cm2
– Area of quadrant of the circle 4
= 24.5 – 9.625 Centre of a circle will coincide with the centroid
= 14.875 cm2 of DPQR
3. (a) 50º 1
\ OM = PM
5 3
Explanation: Given, Area of sector OAPB is
36 \ PQ2 = PM2 + MQ2
times the area of circle. (8)2 = PM2 + 42
Let r be the radius of the circle. PM2 = 64 – 16
PM2 = 48
x 5 2
Then, pr 2 = pr
360º 36 PM = 4 3 cm

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 1 4 3 7. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
radius OM = PM = cm and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
3 3 assertion (A).
Now, Area of shaded region = Area of DMPR – Explanation: Perimeter of the circle = 2pr
Area of semicircle
And, Area of the circle = pr2
16 3 1 So, 2pr = pr2
= – π × (4 3 )2
2 2 Þ r = 2 units
= (8 3 – 24π ) cm2 8. (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Explanation: Radius, r = 8 cm
6. (b) 16p sq. units Central angle, q = 40°
Explanation: We are given a unit square grid. θ
Length of arc = 2pr ×
From the 昀椀gure, radius = 8 boxes of grid 360°
= 8 × 1 = 8 units
22 40
The angle of sector = 90° =2× ×8×
7 360
pr 2 = 5.59 cm
Area of sector = ´q
360°
9. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
π × 8 × 8 × 90° Explanation: Radius, r = 35 cm
=
360° Circumference, C = 2pr
= 16p sq units = 2pr
Important 22
=2× × 35
 To 昀椀nd the radius of sector count the number of 7
blocks used to draw the sector. = 220 cm

NCERT, EXEMPLAR & DIKSHA QUESTIONS

22. (a) 10 m
r
Explanation: Let the radius of the new park be ⇒ =4
R m. 2
According to the given condition, ⇒ r = 8 cm
Area of new park = Area of park I + Area of
park II 24. (c) 1694 m2
2 2
 16   12 
⇒ pr2 = π   + π   Explanation: Radius of outer circle
 2  2
= (35 + 7) m = 42 m
= p(8)2 + p(6)2
= 64p + 36p
⇒ pr = 100p
2 R
35 m
⇒ r2 = 100 7m
⇒ r = 10 m r

23. (b) 8 cm
Explanation: Let r cm be the radius of the
circle and q be the angle formed by arc of the Area of path = p(R2 – r2)
sector.
θ 22
Then, length of arc = × 2pr = 5p ...(i) = [(42)2 – (35)2]
360 7

θ 22
And, area of sector = × pr2 = 20p ...(ii) = (42 – 35) (42 + 35)
360 7
Dividing (ii) by (i), we get [Q a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)]
θ
× πr 2 22
360 20p = × 7 × 77
= 7
θ 5p
×2πr
360 = 1694 m2

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 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
39. (d) 25 cm π 1 2
Explanation: = × d
2 4
A
1 2
90° = πd
8
m
7c

r2
41. (a) ( π − 2)
B C 4

2πr θ Explanation:
Perimeter of sector = 2r + Area of segment ACB = Area of sector
360º
AOBCA – Area of ∆AOB
22 90º
=2×7+ ×7 ×
7 180º θ 1
= × πr 2 − × r × r
360° 2
= 14 + 11 = 25 cm

Caution 90° 1
= × π × r2 − × r2
 Students may take only length of arc which can 360° 2
lead the wrong answer 11 cm which is option (b)
1 2 1 2
a distractor. = πr − r
4 2
1 2
40. (c) πd 1 2
8 = r  π − 2
4 
Explanation:
pr 2 Caution
Area of semi-circle =
2  Students generally use incorrect formula while
2
calculating area of region. Properly identify the
π1   d shaded region then apply correct formula to get
=  d Q r =  full marks.
22   2

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 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS
1. (a) 5 cm 3. (d) 126.62 cm3
Explanation: Given, radius of a cylindrical tank Explanation: Given, height of the cylinder,
= 10.5 cm H = 10 cm
Length of the cuboidal tank, (l) = 15 cm Height of the cone, h = 6 cm
Breadth of the cuboidal tank, (b) = 11 cm Common diameter = 3.5 cm
And, height of the cuboidal tank, (h) = 10.5 cm 3.5
Common radius, r= = 1.75 cm
Let H be the depth of the cylindrical tank. 2
According to the question, Volume of the solid = Volume of the cone
Capacity (volume) of cylindrical tank + Volume of the cylinder + Volume of the
= capacity (volume) cuboidal tank hemisphere
pr2H = l × b × h æ1ö 2 2 æ2ö 3
22
= ç ÷ pr h + pr H + ç ÷ pr
3
è ø è3ø
´ (10.5)2 ´ H = 15 × 11 × 10.5
7
é
2 æhö æ 2r ö ù
(15 ´ 11 ´ 10.5 ´ 7) = pr êç ÷ + H + ç ÷ ú
H= êëè 3 ø è 3 ø úû
(22 ´ 10.5 ´ 10.5)
éæ 6 ö (2 ´ 1.75) ù
15 = 3.14 ´ (1.75)2 ´ êç ÷ + 10 + ú
H= 3
êëè ø 3 úû
(2 × 1.5)
= 3.14 × 3.0625 × (2 + 10 + 1.167)
15 = 3.14 × 3.0625 × 13.167
H= cm = 5 cm
3 = 9.61625 × 13.167
Hence, the depth of the cylindrical tank is = 126.617 cm3
5 cm. = 126.62 cm3
Hence, the volume of the solid is 126.62 cm3.
2. (c) `1170.4
4. (b) 9 : 4
Explanation: Radius of the hemispherical ends
Explanation: Given that:
= radius of the cylinder = 14 cm
h1 = h2
Total surface area of solid = Curved surface
r 3
area of the cylinder + Curved surface area of 2 and 1 =
hemispheres r 2
2
2
= 2prh + 2×2pr
3
= 2p(14)(105) + 2×2p(14)2 ⇒ r1 = r2
2
= 9240 + 2464
The ratio of their volume
= 11704 cm2
1 2
Rate of polishing = `0.1 cm2 V πr h
1 1
= 3
1
⇒
\ Cost of polishing = 11704 × 0.1 V 1 2
2
πr h
= `1170.4 3 2 2

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 2 = (25ph – 4ph] m3
1 3 
π r  h æ 22 ö
 2
= 3 2 = ç ´ 21 ´ h ÷ m3
1 2 è 7 ø
π( r ) h
3 2
= 66h m3
2
 3 9 As per condition,
=   =
 2 4 Volume of earth dug out
= Volume of embankment
5. (a) 3432 cm3
Þ 264 m3 = 66 h m3
Explanation: Given, Length of roller (h) = 26 cm
264
Diameter = 7 cm \ Height of embankment, h = =4m
66
7
Radius(r) = cm
2 8. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
The area that gets painted in 1 rotation
assertion (A).
= curved surface area of roller
Explanation: We have,
= 2prh
4 3
7 πR
=2×p× × 26 3 64
2 =
4 3 125
πr
Thus, the area that gets painted in 6 rotation 3
7
=6×2×p× × 26 R3 64
2 ⇒ =
3 125
r
22
=6× × 7 × 26 R 4
7 ⇒ =
r 5
= 3432 cm3
4 πR2
6. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true \ Ratio of surface area =
4 πr 2
and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A). R2
Explanation: Total surface area =
r2
2
= 2prh + 2pr 2
4
= 2pr(h + r) =  
5
22
=2× × 14 (30 + 14) 16
7 =
25
= 88 (44)
= 3872 cm2 9. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
7. (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
assertion (A).
but reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of assertion (A). Explanation: When cubes are joined end to
end it will form a cuboid.
Explanation: Radius of the well = 2 m
Height of the well = 21 m where, length, l = 2 × 10 = 20
Volume of the earth dug out = pr2h breadth, b = 10 cm
= p × 2 × 2 × 21 m3 height, h = 10 cm
= 264 m3
Then, the total surface area of the resulting
\ Radius of embankment
cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl)
= Radius of well + width of embankment
=2+3=5m = 2(20 × 10 + 10 × 10 + 10 × 20)
Volume of embankment = 2(200 + 100 + 200)
= (pr12h – pr22h) 3
m = 2 × 500
= [p(5) h – p(2) h] m3
2 2
= 1000 cm2

Surface Areas and Volumes 53

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 NCERT, EXEMPLAR & DIKSHA QUESTIONS
22. (a) 142296 \ Required number of marbles
Explanation: Given, internal edge of cube Total space filled by marbles
=
Volume of 1 marble
= 22 cm
\ Volume of cube = (Side)3 =
9317
=
9317 × 21
1.375/21 1.375
= (22)3
= 10648 cm3 = 142296
Hence, the cube can accomodate 142296
Let the radius of spherical marble be r.
number of marbles.
 Diameter of the marble = 0.5 cm
\ Radius of marble, Concept Applied
0.5  If we divide the total volume 昀椀lled by marbles in
r=
2 a cube by the volume of a marble, we get required
= 0.25 cm number of marbles.
4 3
\ Volume of 1 marble = pr 23. (c) 700%
3
Exaplanation: Let r be the original radius of
4 22 the sphere.
= × × ( 0.25)3
3 7 When, it is increased by 100% then it becomes
twice of its original value, then new radius
1.375 3
= cm becomes 2r.
21
So, new volume (V′) = 4π (2r )3
3
1 7
As part of the cube remains un昀椀lled, only 4
8 8 = 8 × π r3
3
= 8V
part of cube remains 昀椀lled.
V '− V
7 So, increase in volume = ×100%
\ Volume of 昀椀lled cube = × Volume of cube V
8
= 8V - V ´ 100
7 V
= × 10648
8
= 7V ´ 100
= 7 × 1331 V
= 9317 cm3 = 700%

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

36. (c) 96 cm2 37. (d) 4 : 1
Explanation:
Explanation: According to condition,
. 7 cm
( l2 + b2 + h2 ) = 2 3

⇒ l2 + b2 + h2 = 12

Again, l+b+h = 6 3

⇒ (l + b + h)2 = 108 To 昀椀nd the ratio of the volume of the original

hemisphere to that of cut out sphere.
⇒ 2 2 2
l + b + h + 2(lb + bh + hl) = 108
Step1: The formula of the volume of
⇒ 2(lb + bh + hl) = 108 – 12 hemisphere
⇒ 2(lb + bh + hl) = 96 2
(Vh) = pr3
\ The total surface area of cuboid = 96 cm2 3

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 Given r = 7 cm 38. (b) 360 cm2
2 Explanation: When two cubes with side length
⇒ substituting, Vh = p(7)3 of 6 cm are joined end to end, they form a
3
cuboid. The resulting cuboid has di昀昀erent
2 dimensions.
= p×7×7×7
3 Length(l): The length of the cuboid is combined
Step2: The formula for the volume of sphere length of the two cubes, so l = 2 × 6 cm
= 12 cm.
4 3
(Vs) = pr Width (w): The width of the cuboid = side
3
length of one cube, w = 6 cm
To maximize the volume of cut out sphere, it
should be inscribed within the hemisphere so
6 cm
that it touches the CSA at all points.
This means the radius of the cut out sphere 6 cm

r(hemisphere)
r(sphere) =
2 6 cm 6 cm
or diameter(sphere) = radius(hemisphere) Height (h): The height of the cuboid = the side
 7 length of one cube, h = 6 cm.
r=  
 2 \ Surface area of the resulting cuboid
3
A = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh
4  7 = 2 (12) 6 + 2 (12) (6) + 2(6) (6)
so Vs = p ×  
3  2 = 144 + 144 + 72
Step3: Calculate the ratio = 360 cm2
The ratio of the volume of original hemisphere Caution
to the cut out sphere
 Students should remember that inconsistent units
2
× π ×7×7×7 can lead to errors in the surface area calculation.
Vh Ensure accurate representation of the combined
= 3
Vs 4 7 7 7
×π× × × length and correct attribution of dimensions.
3 2 2 2 Clearly de昀椀ne the length, width, and height of the
Vh resulting cuboid.
2
⇒ =
Vs 1 39. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
2 and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
⇒ Vh : Vs = 4 : 1 assertion (A)
Explanation: We know that top is obtained by
Caution joining the plane surfaces of the hemisphere
 Students generally use incorrect formulas may lead and cone together.
to incorrect results. Understand the correct volume \ Total surface area of the top = CSA of
formulas for a hemisphere and a sphere. hemisphere + CSA of cone.

Surface Areas and Volumes 55

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 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS
1. (c) Mode We know that,
Explanation: The company should 昀椀x the size  f – f 
 1 0 
of the ketchup bottle based on mode. Because Mode = l +  × h
 2f1
– f 0
– f 2 
mode gives the information about the size that
 23 – 21 
is sold most often.
= 12 +  ×3

 46 – 21 – 10 
2. (d) `5083.33
Explanation: 6
= 12 +
15
Number of 186
Salary (xi) f ixi =
workers (f i)
15
3000 16 48000 = 12.4
Also, we know that the value of the variable
4000 12 48000 which occurs most is called mode.

5000 10 50000 4. (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Explanation: We know that,
6000 8 48000 Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
(50.5) = 3 (45.5) – 2 Mean
7000 6 42000 2 Mean = 136.5 –50.5
= 86
8000 4 32000 Mean = 43
9000 3 27000 5. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
10000 1 10000 assertion (A).
Explanation: The modal class is the class
Total Sf = 60 Sf ixi = 305000 interval with maximum frequency.
From the given data,
Σf i x i
Mean (x) = Class with maximum frequency, 25 = 25 – 35.
Σf
6. (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
305000 Explanation:
Mean = = 5083.33
60
Class Intervals No. of Cumulative
Therefore, the mean salary = `5083.33 Girls (f i) frequency (cf)

3. (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true 120 – 130 2 2
but reason (R) is not the correct explanation 130 – 140 8 2 + 8 = 10
of assertion (A).
140 – 150 12 10 + 12 = 22
Explanation: The maximum frequency is 23.
Thus, modal class = 12 –15. 150 – 160 20 22 + 20 = 42

So, l = 12, f1 = 23, f0 = 21, f2 = 10 and h = 3 160 – 170 8 42 + 8 = 50

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 N = 50,
N = 25 Important
2  The cumulative frequency of a class is the
Here, the cumulative frequency just greater frequency obtained by adding the frequencies of
than 25 is 42. Thus, median class is 150 – 160. all the classes preceding the given class.

NCERT, EXEMPLAR & DIKSHA QUESTIONS

21. (c) 20 \ Median class = 125 – 145.
Explanation: Hence, the upper limit of median class is 145.
Here, 20 is the highest frequency which lies in
Cumulative the interval 125 -145.
Class Frequency
Frequency \ Modal class = 125 – 145.
Hence, the lower limit of modal class is 125.
65-85 4 4 Thus, the required di昀昀erence
85-105 5 9 = Upper limit of median class
– Lower limit of modal class
105-125 13 22
= 145 – 125 = 20.
125-145 20 42
22. (d) remains the same as that of the original
145-165 14 56 set.
165-185 7 63 Explanation: Since, n = 9 i.e., odd
9+1
185-205 4 67 Then, median = = 5th term
2
Here,
n 67
= 33.5, and the cumulative Now, last four observations are increased by 2.
=
2 2 But the median is 5th observation, which
frequency just greater than 33.5 is 42 which remains unchanged.
belongs to class 125 – 145. So, there will be no change in the median.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

36. (a) 5 37. (c) 30–40
Explanation: Since total number of students Explanation:
lying above the median 18 and no student has Marks No. of students (f ) c.f.
the weight equal to the median weight that
0 – 10 3 3
n
= 18 ...(i)
2 10 – 20 9 12
Here,
20 – 30 15 27
Weight Frequency Cummutative
(in kg) Frequency 30 – 40 30 57
25 - 28 6 6
40 – 50 18 75
28 - 31 8 14
50 – 60 5 80
31 - 34 7 21
34 - 37 10 31 80

37 - 40 x 31 + x Since, maximum frequency is 30 here.

Therefore, modal class is (30 – 40).
i.e., n = 31 + n ...(ii)
38. (b) Nitesh
31+ n
⇒ = 18 [from (i) and (ii)] Explanation: From table, maximum frequency
2
(no of patients is 19).
⇒ 31 + x = 36 Hence, modal class is 145-155.
⇒ x =5 Nitesh has a blood pressure reading that falls
i.e., Frequency of class 37-40 is 5. in the modal class.

Statistics 57

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 39. (d) 7 40. (d) 150
Explanation: By Empirical Formula Explanation:
3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
C.I. c.f. f
Given Mode = 7, Mean = 7
⇒ 3 Median = 7 + 2 × 7 135–140 4 4
⇒ 3 Median = 7 + 14 140 – 145 11 7
⇒ 3 Median = 21 145 – 150 29 18
21
⇒ Median = =7 150 – 155 40 11
3
155 – 160 46 6
Hence the answer is 7.
160 – 165 51 5
Concept Applied: \ Modal class = 145 – 150
 Formula used: 3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean. \ Upper limit = 150

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 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS
1. (a) 4 Blue marbles = 1
Explanation: Given, there are 4 doors (1, 2, 3, 4), 3
P(picking a red marble) =
3 boxes (A, B, C) and two colours (red and 4
green).
(III) On adding 1 red marble and 1 blue marble,
The possible outcomes are:
Red marbles = 4
(D1, BA, RC), (D2, BA, RC), (D3, BA, RC), (D4, BA, RC)
(D1, BB, RC), (D2, BB, RC), (D3, BB, RC), (D4, BB, RC) Blue marbles = 3
(D1, BC, RC), (D2, BC, RC), (D3, BC, RC), (D4, BC, RC) 4
P(picking a red marble) =
(D1, BA, GC), (D2, BA, GC), (D3, BA, GC), (D4, BA, GC) 7
(D1, BB, GC), (D2, BB, GC), (D3, BB, GC), (D4, BB, GC)
Thus, on adding a red marble and removing
(D1, BC, GC), (D2, BC, GC), (D3, BC, GC), (D4, BC, GC) a blue marble, the probability will be greater
Now, the possible outcomes which include than it was before.
Box A(BA) and red colour (RC) are:
(D1, BA, RC), (D2, BA, RC), (D3, BA, RC), (D4, BA, RC) 4. (b) Blue
Explanation: Given, the box has 10 equal sized
4 cards, out of which 4 are blue, 3 are green, 2
2. (c)
11 are yellow and 1 is red.
Explanation: Total number of alphabets in the 1
P(getting a red card) =
word "Probability" = 11 10
Vowels in "Probability" are, 'o', 'a', 'i', 'i'. 4 2
Number of vowels in "Probability" = 4 P(getting a blue card) = =
10 5
Therefore, the favourable outcomes = 4
3
4 P(getting a green card) =
Thus, the probability of getting a vowel = 10
11
2 1
P(getting a yellow card) = =
3. (b) Only (I) and (II) 10 5
Explanation: Given, a bowl contains 3 red Thus, the blue coloured card is most likely to
marbles and 2 blue marbles get picked.
Total number of outcomes = 5
2
3 5. (c)
P(picking a red marble) = 3
5
Explanation: Let l and b be the length and
(I) On adding a red marble, beadth of the smaller rectangle.
Red marbles = 4 \ Area of smaller rectangle = l × b
Blue marbles = 2 Now, length of larger rectangle = 2l
4 and beadth of the larger rectangle = 1.5b
P(picking a red marble) =
6 \ Area of larger rectangle = 2l × 1.5b = 3lb
(II) On removing a blue marble, Now, farvourable outcome = Area of ABCD
Red marbles = 3 – Area of PQRS

Probability 59

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 = 3lb – lb There is no number gives the product as 10.
= 2lb Hence, probability = 0, thus it is an impossible
Now, probability that the dart land in the event.
di昀昀erence region between two rectangles 7. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true
2lb 2 and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
= =
3lb 3 assertion (A).
Explanation: We have,
6. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. P(E) = 0.345
Explanation: If we choose,
where E = event of winning
x = 1, y = 1, then xy = 1
x = 1, y = 4, then xy = 4 P(not E) = 1 – P(E) = 1 – 0.345 = 0.655
x = 1, y = 9, then xy = 9
x = 2, y = 1, then xy = 2 8. (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
x = 2, y = 4, then xy = 8 Explanation: Total number of English
x = 2, y = 9, then xy = 18 alphabets = 26
x = 3, y = 1, then xy = 3 Number of vowels = 5
x = 3, y = 4, then xy = 12 5
P(getting a vowel) =
x = 3, y = 9, then xy = 27 26

NCERT, EXEMPLAR & DIKSHA QUESTIONS

6
19. (a) 1 22. (b)
23
3 Explanation: Total no. of students = 23
Explanation: Here, let P(A) and P(B) be the No. of students from houses A, B and C
probability of the events, = 4 + 8 + 5 = 17
Then, P(A and B) = P(A).P(B) \ Remaining no. of students = 23 – 17 = 6
3 4 \ Required probability
= ×
6 6 No. of students, not from houses A, B and C
= Total no. of students
1 2
= ×
2 3 6
=
1 23
=
3 23. (b) 14
Explanation: It is given that,
20. (b) less than 0 Total no. of eggs = 400
Explanation: We know that, Probability of getting a bad egg = 0.035
For an event E, 0 < P(E) < 1. \ Probability of getting a bad egg
Thus, when probability is expressed in terms of No. of bad eggs
percentage, it always lies from 0 to 100. =
Total no. of eggs
Hence, it cannot be less than 0.
= 0.035
21. (c) 480 No. of bad eggs
⇒ = 0.035
Explanation: Total no. of tickets sold = 6000 400
Probability of winning the 昀椀rst prize, P(E) = 0.08 ⇒ No. of bad eggs = 0.035 × 400 = 14.
 P(E) = 0.08 Hence, the number of bad eggs in the lot is 14.

No. of tickets bought by girl 24. (c) 0 £ P(A) £ 1

⇒ 0.08 = Explanation: The measure of likelihood that an
Total no. of tickets sold
event will occur is probability.
No. of tickets bought by girl It is referred as a number that lies between 0
⇒ 0.08 = and 1.
6000
0 indicates the impossibility and 1 indicates
⇒ No. of tickets bought by girl
the certainty.
= 0.08 × 6000 = 480 Higher the probability of an event, more likely
Hence, she bought 480 tickets. it is for the event to occur.

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 So, the probability of an event lies between 0
Important
and 1.
 The probability of a sure event (or certain event)
Therefore, if P(A) denotes the probability of an is 1.
event A, then 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1.  The probability of an impossible event is 0.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

38. (a) y = 3x
Explanation: Let's denote the probability of
Concept Applied
 The probability of drawing neither red nor black
guessing the correct answer as P(correct) and
balls will be obtained by removing red and black
the probability of guessing the wrong answer
as P(wrong) balls from total balls.
According to the given information
41. (c) 382
2
P(wrong) = Explanation: Probability of getting bad in the
3 lot = 0.045
 The probability of guessing the correct
Let the no. of bad eggs = x
answer is the compliment of the probability of
guessing wrong answer. \ Probability of bag eggs
P(correct) = 1 – P(wrong) No. of bad eggs
=
2 Total eggs
=1–
3 x
1 þ 0.045 =
P(correct) = 400
3 þ x = 400 × 0.045
Now, the probability of guessing the correct
þ x = 18
answer P(correct) is the ratio of the number
of correct (guesses) (x) to the total number of No. of bad eggs = 18
guesses (y) No. of good eggs = 400 – 18
x = 382
P(correct) = y
12
x 1 42. (d)
\ = 13
y 3
⇒ 3x = y Explanation: Total no. of ace in a pack of 52
cards = 4
⇒ y = 3x
4
\ Probability of ace =
1 52
39. (c)
6 4 48 12
\Probability of not an ace = 1 – = =
Explanation: The favourable outcomes for 52 52 13
required condition = (1, 4) (2, 5) (3, 6) (4, 1) (5, 2)
(6, 3) 5
43. (b)
Probability of getting the required condition = 6
6 1 Explanation:
=
36 6 Total outcomes, when two dice are thrown
1 = {(1, 1)(1, 2)(1, 3)(1, 4)(1, 5)(1, 6)
40. (a)
3 (2, 1)(2, 2)(2, 3)(2, 4)(2, 5)(2, 6)
Explanation: (3, 1)(3, 2)(3, 3)(3, 4)(3, 5)(3, 6)
No. of red balls =3 (4, 1)(4, 2)(4, 3)(4, 4)(4, 5)(4, 6)
No. of white balls =5
(5, 1)(5, 2)(5, 3)(5, 4)(5, 5)(5, 6)
No. of black balls =7
(6, 1)(6, 2)(6, 3)(6, 4)(6, 5)(6, 6)}
Total balls = 15
Favourable outcomes= {(1, 2)(1, 3)...(2, 1), (2, 3)...
Probability that ball drawn is neither red nor (3, 1)(3, 2)(3, 4)...(4, 1)...
5 1 (6, 5)}
black = =
15 3 No. of favourable outcomes = 30

Probability 61

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 Total outcomes = 36 Explanation: Let us denote the probability of
30 bad eggs in the lot be P(bad) and probability
So, P(E) = of good eggs in the lot be P(good) and the
36
number of good eggs in the lot be x.
5
= There are only two types of eggs in the lot.
6
⇒ P(bad) + P(good) = 1
44. (c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
⇒ 0.035 + P(good) = 1
Explanation: No. of days in a leap year = 366
(52 weeks + 2 days) ⇒ P(good) = 0.965
2 days can be [Mon., Tues.], [Tues., Wed.], [Wed., x
Thur.], [Thur., Fri.], [Fri., Sat.], [Sat., Sun.], [Sun., ⇒ = 0.965
400
Mon.] ⇒ x = 400 × 0.965
So, there are 7 possibilities out of which 2 have
a Sunday. x = 386
\ n(S) = 7 and n(E) = 2 46. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
but Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
2
p(E) = Assertion (A).
7
Hence, Assertion is true. Explanation:
No. of days in a non-leap year = 365 days Total balls (outcomes) = 45
[52 weeks + 1 day] No. of times boundaries hit = 9
1 day can be Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, 9
Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday] (E = hitting the boundry) =
45
\ n(S) = 7 and n(E) = 1
1
1 =
p(E) = 5
7
Hence, Reason is false. \ P(E= not hitting the boundary)

45. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the 1 4
=1– =
correct explanation of (A). 5 5

62 One Shot Mathematics (Standard) Class X

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