Advances in Science and Technology

Research Journal
Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal, 18(7), 229–238 Received: 2024.08.09
https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/192833 Accepted: 2024.09.01
ISSN 2299-8624, License CC-BY 4.0 Published: 2024.10.06

Implementing AI Collaborative Robots in Manufacturing – Modeling

Enterprise Challenges in Industry 5.0 with Fuzzy Logic
Michał Cioch1*, Monika Kulisz1, Łukasz Kański2
1
Department of Enterprise Organization, Faculty of Management, Lublin University of Technology,
Nadbystrzycka 38d, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
2
Faculty of Economics, Poland, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, ul. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031
Lublin, Poland
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: m.cioch@pollub.pl

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this article is to propose a fuzzy logic system as a tool for automated risk identification of potential
technical challenges and social barriers during the implementation of artificial intelligence-based co-bots on work-
stations in manufacturing enterprises. On the basis of an extensive literature review, as well as industry reports and
expert consultations, the basic challenges and enterprise barriers occurring during the implementation of changes
in enterprises, especially during the implementation of the latest technologies, were selected. A fuzzy logic model
was then developed that, based on the values of the input factors, generates an answer as to whether there is a risk
of technical or social challenges in an enterprise when implementing the latest technologies. The results generated
by the developed model, when confronted with expert knowledge, experience and subjective assessments, showed
that the model works as expected. The results of the study suggest that the use of fuzzy logic can effectively sup-
port companies in detecting challenges and obstacles, thereby facilitating decision-making in reducing the risk of
their occurrence. Adaptation to the conditions currently prevailing in the company allows for dynamic adjustment
of co-bot deployment strategies, which in turn can lead to more effective management of technological changes
and minimization of potential operational disruptions.

Keywords: co-bot, AI, Fuzzy Logic, model, enterprise.

INTRODUCTION waste, and reduce pollutant emissions [2]. Hu-

man-centricity, on the other hand, means putting
Industry 5.0 is a vision representing the fifth people’s well-being at the center of industry, so
industrial revolution, following Industry 4.0, as to combine the speed and efficiency of mod-
which focused on automation, the use of the In- ern technologies with the talent, ingenuity and
ternet of Things and digitization in manufactur- experience of people. Thus, creating workplaces
ing. The fifth industrial revolution emphasizes the in such a way that technology and machines sup-
combination of advanced technologies with hu- port the worker’s ability to perform tasks more
man creativity and experience. It is characterized efficiently, rather than performing them for him
by three main pillars: resilience, sustainability or her [3]. Human-centered industry puts human
and human-centeredness [1]. needs and interests at the center of the produc-
Resilience is understood here as the ability tion process. Instead of asking what workers can
of production systems to adapt to unforeseen do with new technology, Industry 5.0 asks what
events and possible disruptions. Sustainability technology can do for workers. While robots are
as the activities of companies, using the latest tireless and precise, they are literal and lack the
technologies to, among other things, optimize ability to think critically and creatively about
energy and resource consumption, minimize their human partners [4].

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One of the technologies that is part of the vi- role in supporting this concept, especially in the
sion of the fifth industrial revolution and repre- context of digital business transformation. Al-
sents one of the latest and most exciting trends in lowing rapid analysis of large amounts of data,
the field of industrial automation is collaborative it allows optimizing processes and responding
robots (co-bots). This is a type of robots designed to unexpected changes, such as market changes.
to work safely alongside humans [5]. Unlike tra- The integration of artificial intelligence and big
ditional industrial robots, which are typically iso- data in Industry 4.0 has paved the way for the
lated from humans for safety purposes, co-bots development of sustainable and human-centered
are designed to safely collaborate with humans in services in Industry 5.0. However, to ensure hu-
the same work environment [6]. man-centeredness, an artificial intelligence archi-
In the industrial sector, collaborative robots tecture is proposed that prioritizes security, reli-
have been used to automate simple and repetitive ability and synergy at the human-machine level
tasks while retaining humans for more complex [11]. The rapid development of AI technology
tasks. These robots have the potential to improve is significantly influencing the implementation
productivity and safety in a variety of industries of AI in collaborative robots (co-bots). Artificial
[6]. Through the use of state-of-the-art technol- intelligence in industrial applications has great
ogy and advanced algorithms, co-bots can work potential to improve the user experience of the
with humans to perform tasks that require a high workstation, as well as reduce the cost of process
degree of precision, strength or repetition, while implementation [7]. In addition, there are many
additionally allowing the worker to focus on more productivity benefits of human collaboration with
complex aspects of production [7]. Tasks per- artificial intelligence in knowledge-based work
formed “alongside” or “face-to-face” an operator [12]. With the current pace of AI technology de-
with a co-bot will be the future of the manufac- velopment, it is only a matter of time to create
turing industry. Adaptive co-bots combined with workplaces equipped with collaborative robots
“intelligent cognitive support” for the operator with an implemented artificial intelligence model
may be one solution to increase human-robot in- tailored to the job.
teraction. Adaptive co-bots will be able to dynam- Any change in an enterprise goes hand in hand
ically adapt to a human’s pace, stress level and with challenges and barriers, hindering the pro-
experience. This results in increased flexibility, cess of implementing new technologies or work
slightly reduced ergonomics, but increased qual- methods, among others. The literature identifies
ity (e.g. 100% complete and accurate assembly a number of barriers to implementing change in
tasks) [8]. With the development of co-bot tech- enterprises. Significant obstacles are industry
nology, we can expect to see more and more inte- and organizational barriers. These obstacles are
gration of these devices in a variety of industries. deeply rooted in the structures and organizational
Advances in areas such as artificial intelligence, culture of enterprises. They can include resistance
machine learning and sensorics will continue to to change among management, lack of adequate
enhance the capabilities of co-bots, making them resources and infrastructure, and limited flexibil-
even more versatile and safer [9]. ity of internal processes. Many enterprises, may
Despite their many advantages, co-bots also find it difficult to adapt modern technologies due
pose some challenges for the company. They re- to entrenched practices and procedures that are
quire ongoing research and development in terms difficult to modify [13]. The market can also be
of improving human-machine interaction, prepar- a barrier, especially for small businesses. Com-
ing the worker for the new environment, safety, petition, demand volatility and limited financial
and integration with existing production systems. resources can greatly complicate the implemen-
It is also important to train staff in the operation tation of new technologies, of which co-bots are
and programming of co-bots[10]. The ability of a component. In addition, small businesses often
collaborative robots to work with humans opens up struggle with a lack of economic scale, which can
new opportunities for sustainable manufacturing make investments in cutting-edge technologies
and increased productivity in various sectors of the too costly and risky. Additionally, the rapid pace
economy. On the other hand, it can generate new of technological change in the market can create
technical, social and organizational challenges. uncertainty and put investment decisions on hold
Artificial Intelligence technology is another [14]. Negative attitudes, including reluctance and
key element of Industry 5.0 – as it plays a key lack of productivity among employees can also

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hinder change. Aversion to new technologies, fear implementation of new technologies, for example,
of losing their jobs and lack of motivation can when there is a digitization of operations in pro-
lead to low productivity and resistance to change. duction, requiring changes in processes as well as
Employees may fear that new technologies such work methods [23]. Social barriers as well as tech-
as AI and co-bots will replace their jobs, which nical barriers have been identified in the literature
creates fear and uncertainty. In addition, a lack of as important in terms of impediments during the
adequate training, information transfer and sup- implementation of change in companies [24].
port from management can exacerbate these neg- In the context of implementing AI-based co-
ative attitudes, making it difficult to successfully bots in a manufacturing enterprise, effective man-
implement new solutions in the company [15]. agement, strategic planning and flexibility towards
Implementing modern technology in an enter- the problems encountered is crucial to ensure
prise is a complex process that is affected by a a smooth implementation process. To this end,
number of factors. It is important to make careful the use of advanced analytical methods can sig-
and thoughtful decisions, taking into account fac- nificantly facilitate the identification of potential
tors such as investment costs, maintenance and challenges and the planning of appropriate coun-
safety [16]. A systematic approach to change is termeasures. The decision to implement changes
also important, especially in the context of com- in the company’s processes belongs to executives,
plex systems such as artificial intelligence. Lack who make it based on their experience, relevant
of systematicity when implementing new tech- indicators or the current situation of the company.
nologies can result in further unexpected chal- As decision-making processes are implemented
lenges [17]. In turn, high initial costs can be a by people, they contain a subjective component.
barrier, particularly for smaller companies [18]. The literature indicates that fuzzy logic sys-
Both internal and external factors can create ob- tems, among others, can be used to support such
stacles and challenges [19]. The literature on the decision-making activities [25]. Fuzzy sets were
subject emphasizes the multifaceted nature of the introduced by Zadeh in 1965, and their use al-
challenges of implementing modern technologies lows working with data where we are dealing
in enterprises and the need for a strategic and sys- with imprecise boundaries [26]. One definition
tematic approach to solving them. says that fuzzy logic is a tool that is user-friendly
The social barriers that occur during the im- and allows flexibility in decision-making pro-
plementation of change in an enterprise can be cesses [27]. In addition, the tool is able to work
a significant problem in the functioning of the with complex data and solve complex problems
enterprise and can be detrimental to the changes without mathematical modeling if there is not a
themselves. Understanding and overcoming these lot of data to process. In fuzzy logic systems, a
barriers is key to maintaining the proper health set of membership functions and decision rules is
and growth of the enterprise. Developing strate- necessary, which is obtained, among other things,
gies that take into account the specifics of the in- from experts in the field [28].
dustry, the market and the needs of employees can The fuzzy logic system is used in many fields
help mitigate resistance and increase acceptance and areas. In energy companies, it has been used
of new technologies. Thoughtful communication, to evaluate production rates and support real-time
investment in training and involvement of all lev- decision-making [29]. The financial sector has
els of the organization are essential to effectively used fuzzy logic to predict financial indicators,
manage the implementation of change and maxi- demonstrating high performance in various geo-
mize the benefits of modern technology [20]. graphic regions [30]. In addition, fuzzy sets have
The process of implementing change in an been used to improve decision-making processes
enterprise is also technically complex. A dynamic by creating summaries of production states [31].
and uncertain business environment further com- Due to the wide range of possibilities for the
plicates the process [21]. The narrow frame of application of fuzzy logic, as evidenced by the
reference of the company’s current situation vis- mentioned examples from various fields, it was
à-vis the changes being implemented, inadequate also decided to apply it to the ongoing research.
quality standards, the ability to maintain the new The purpose of this article is to propose a fuzzy
infrastructure and the cost of implementation logic system solution as a tool for automated risk
are other factors rooted in the business paradigm identification of potential technical challenges
[22]. Technical challenges often arise during the and social barriers during the implementation of

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AI-based co-bots into workstations in manufac- deployed artificial intelligence to perform at least
turing enterprises. Taking into account the funda- one function [35]. Thus, the fuzzy logic model is
mental challenges and barriers of enterprises, oc- well grounded in the practical and theoretical con-
curring during the implementation of changes in text, which increases its effectiveness and reliabil-
enterprises, especially during the implementation ity in predicting potential challenges in the imple-
of the latest technologies. mentation of the latest technologies in enterprises,
The use of the fuzzy logic model in this area including AI-based co-bots.
will be a novelty, as well as an important contri-
bution to the scientific discussion of the complex- Characteristics of the fuzzy logic model
ity and dynamics of modern technology integra-
tion processes in the industrial context. To carry out the study, the authors proposed
using fuzzy logic, implemented in Matlab - Simu-
link, version 2023a, using the Fuzzy Logic De-
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY signer toolbox. The scheme of the conducted re-
search is shown in Figure 1.
Selection of input parameters for fuzzy logic Based on the previous analysis, nine key cri-
model teria were selected (Table 1) as input variables
for this study. Each input variable can take values
The input parameters of the fuzzy logic model from 1 to 5 (five-point Likert scale). The output
were carefully selected based on a literature re- variable, defined as the Risk of barriers to imple-
view, analysis of industry reports and consultation mentation of AI-based co-bots, determines wheth-
with experts and business practitioners. The litera- er such a risk exists or not. A Mamdani-type con-
ture review identified key factors affecting the in- troller was chosen. The fuzzy logic-based model
troduction of new technologies into the manufac- illustrating this concept is shown in Figure 2.
turing environment. Table 1 shows the formulated With expert judgment, knowledge, and ex-
factors that may predict the occurrence of impedi- perience, fuzziness was applied to both input and
ments and technical and social challenges associ- output variables. For the input data, a Gaussian
ated with the implementation of co-bots with ar- function was used, while for the output data, a tri-
tificial intelligence into the enterprise, along with angular function was used. The Gaussian function
the literature sources described in the introduc- was chosen for the input data to provide a smooth,
tion. Industry reports provided up-to-date data and gradual transition between different membership
trends on the challenges of adapting modern tech- levels. Often, data from CRM systems can show
nological solutions, while consultations with ex- dispersion without clear category boundaries. The
perts provided practical insights into problems en- Gaussian function provides flexibility, resulting in
countered in real business scenarios [32, 33, 34]. a more accurate representation of real-world data.
In addition, one of the reports analyzed is based on The mathematical form of the Gaussian function is:
an online questionnaire conducted in early 2024, (𝑥𝑥−𝑐𝑐) 2
−
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 2𝜎𝜎2 (1) (1)
with 1.363 respondents representing a wide range
of industries, business sizes and specializations. where: c represents the center of the function,
Of which, some 980 said their companies had and σ denotes. 0 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥−𝑎𝑎
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑏𝑏
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥; 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐) = 𝑏𝑏−𝑎𝑎
𝑐𝑐−𝑥𝑥 (2)
Table 1. Summary of factors with confirmation in the literature 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐−𝑏𝑏
No. Factors {Literature position
0 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 𝑐𝑐
1 Adequacy of quality indicators (for a specific production system) [22], [36]
2 Fear and uncertainty about replacing humans with robots on the job site [17], [21]
3 Ability to maintain co-bot infrastructure [15], [22]
4 Level of research on enterprise production systems [13], [21]
5 Compatibility with existing systems [13], [23]
6 Experience from previous implementations/changes in the enterprisec [19], [24]
7 Level of understanding of the technology (Clarity and comprehensibility) [19], [20]
8 Cost of implementation [18], [22]
9 The level of training and support for employees during and after the changes are implemented [15], [24]

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Figure 1. Research scheme

Figure 2. Fuzzy logic model – risk of barriers to implementation of AI-based co-bots

The scale used has three categories. The crite- 7. Level of understanding of the technology (clar-
ria used for the input variable are as follows: ity and comprehensibility) – scale: low (1–2),
1. Adequacy of quality indicators (for a specific medium (3), high (4–5),
production system) – scale: low (1–2), medium 8. Cost of implementation – scale: low (1–2), me-
(3), high (4–5), dium (3), high (4–5),
2. Fear and uncertainty about replacing humans 9. The level of training and support for employees
with robots on the job site – scale: small (1–2), during and after the changes are implemented –
medium (3), large (4–5), scale: low (1–2), medium (3), high (4–5).
3. Ability to maintain co-bot infrastructure – sca-
le: low (1–2), medium (3), high (4–5), The triangular function was selected for its
4. Level of research on enterprise production sys- straightforward nature and ease of understanding.
tems – scale: low (1–2), medium (3), high (4–5), When evaluating the risk of barriers to implemen-
5. Compatibility with existing systems – scale: tation of AI-based co-bots, the primary focus is on
weak (1–2), medium (3), strong (4–5), categorizing the risk into two distinct groups: ex-
6. Experience from previous implementations/ ist or not exist. The triangular function offers clear
changes in the enterprise – scale: negative (1– demarcations between these groups and is user-
2), neutral (3), positive (4–5), friendly for individuals without a background in

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(𝑥𝑥−𝑐𝑐)2
fuzzy𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
logic.= The
− mathematical
𝑒𝑒 2𝜎𝜎 2
(1) formula for the tri- low THEN “Risk of barriers to implementation
angular function is provided as follows: of AI-based co-bots” is exist; weight: 1;
0 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑎𝑎 2. IF “Fear and uncertainty about replacing hu-
𝑥𝑥−𝑎𝑎
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑏𝑏 mans with robots on the job site” is small AND
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥; 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐) = 𝑏𝑏−𝑎𝑎
𝑐𝑐−𝑥𝑥 (2) (2) “Ability to maintain co-bot infrastructure” is
𝑐𝑐−𝑏𝑏
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑐𝑐 high AND “Level of research on enterprise
{ 0 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 𝑐𝑐 production systems” is high AND “Cost of
where: a, b, and c respectively represent the left, implementation” is low AND “The level of
middle, and right vertices of the triangu- training and support for employees during and
lar function. after the changes are implemented” is medium
THEN “Risk of barriers to implementation of
An example membership function for the AI-based co-bots” is not exist; weight: 0.7;
variable_4 “ Level of research on enterprise pro- 3. IF “Fear and uncertainty about replacing hu-
duction systems “ is shown in Figure 3. The cen- mans with robots on the job site” is medium
troid-centre of gravity method was chosen for AND “Compatibility with existing systems” is
defuzzification, which converts the fuzzy results weak AND “Cost of implementation” is high
obtained from the fuzzy logic system back into THEN “Risk of barriers to implementation of
precise scalar values. AI-based co-bots” is not exist; weight: 0.9;
By compiling sets of fuzzy rules, the risk of 4. IF “Adequacy of quality indicators (for a spe-
barriers to implementation of AI-based co-bots is cific production system)” is high AND “Fear
evaluated. The impact of specific criteria on this and uncertainty about replacing humans with
risk is analyzed using a series of fuzzy IF-THEN robots on the job site” is small AND “Ability
rules. These rules are based on the subjective judg- to maintain co-bot infrastructure” is high AND
ment, knowledge, and expertise of specialists. “Experience from previous implementations/
They are designed to consider significant interde- changes in the enterprise” is neutral AND
pendencies among the input criteria. A total of 39 “Level of understanding of the technology
fuzzy rules have been established. Below are four (Clarity and comprehensibility)” is high AND
examples of these fuzzy rules along with their cor- “Cost of implementation” is low THEN “Risk
responding weights from the knowledge base: of barriers to implementation of AI-based co-
1. IF “Fear and uncertainty about replacing hu- bots” is not exist; weight: 0.5.
mans with robots on the job site” is large AND
“Level of research on enterprise production sys-
tems “ is high AND “Experience from previous RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
implementations/changes in the enterprise” is
neutral AND “Level of understanding of the Figure 4 illustrates the operation of a fuzzy
technology (Clarity and comprehensibility)” is logic controller for a selected enterprise. The figure

Figure 3. Membership function example for variable Level of research on enterprise production systems

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Figure 4. Sample window fragment from the program on how the rules work

organizes inference rules in rows and model vari- The model generates a binary decision: “1” indi-
ables in columns. The first nine columns represent cates the presence of risk, while “0” indicates no
the input variables, and the last column represents risk. A key component of the model is the func-
the output variable. Due to the limitations of dis- tion fcn, which processes the output data from
playing long names in the toolbox in the figure, the Mamdani system. If the output value is great-
the variables have been renamed as – Variable_1, er than or equal to 0.5, the function returns “1”;
Variable_2, and so on. Only the first 16 of the 56 for values below 0.5, it returns “0”. The input to
rules fit in the figure due to the limitations of the the model is a vector of data characterizing each
rule viewer. The overall estimated result is shown firm. The schematic representation of the model
in the upper right corner. This interface allows us- is shown in Figure 5, and its performance is de-
ers to visualize and analyze the performance of in- tailed in Table 2. Table 2 shows sample responses
dividual fuzzy logic rules by interacting with the for seven selected enterprises in the study.
membership functions based on the input param- Based on subjective assessments, expert
eters. In this particular case, the output value was knowledge, and experience, when compared with
determined to be 0.435. Experts, based on their the outcomes produced by the developed model, it
knowledge, experience, and subjective evaluation, can be concluded that the model operates correctly.
have concluded that a value above 0.5 indicates a The implementation of advanced technolo-
risk of barriers to implementation of AI-based co- gies such as artificial intelligence and collabora-
bots, while a value below 0.5 indicates no such tive robots (co-bots) in intelligent manufacturing
risk. Therefore, for the company shown in Figure systems is increasingly prevalent. However, this
4, the conclusion is that there is no risk. process encounters numerous barriers, particular-
Developed and implemented in the Simulink ly social and technical, that can significantly af-
environment, the Mamdani fuzzy inference sys- fect the success of these technologies’ integration.
tem is designed to help enterprises decide whether Understanding and identifying these barriers is
there are barriers to deploying AI-based co-bots. crucial for the effective adoption of technologies

Figure 5. Decision model with implemented fuzzy logic model

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Table 2. Model performance based on selected responses

Enterprises
No. Variable
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7
Adequacy of quality indicators (for a specific production
1 3 2 1 1 4 3 3
system)
Fear and uncertainty about replacing humans with robots
2 4 5 4 3 3 2 2
on the job site
3 Ability to maintain co-bot infrastructure 2 1 1 1 3 3 4
4 Level of research on enterprise production systems 1 1 1 1 4 3 4
5 Compatibility with existing systems 2 2 2 2 4 4 4
Experience from previous implementations/changes in the
6 1 1 1 1 5 5 5
enterprisec
Level of understanding of the technology (clarity and
7 2 3 3 2 2 2 2
comprehensibility)
8 Cost of implementation 5 5 4 3 3 3 1
The level of training and support for employees during and
9 4 3 0 2 2 5 5
after the changes are implemented
Results of the fuzzy logic driver 0.4351 0.5519 0.8132 0.7644 0.1996 0.1988 0.1918
Output – Is there a risk that there are barriers to the implementation
0 1 1 1 0 0 0
of AI-based co-bots? (1- risk exists, 0 - risk not exists)
Note: Own elaboration.

that can enhance the efficiency and competitive- of impediments to enterprises during the deploy-
ness of enterprises. Despite extensive research on ment of co-bots in production positions has yield-
the technical aspects of AI and co-bots, there is ed promising results. The results indicate that the
a limited focus on the social and technical chal- use of the model, implemented in Matlab - Simu-
lenges associated with their implementation. link, can effectively support enterprises in identi-
Fuzzy logic has proven to be a valuable tool fying and managing risks associated with techni-
in implementing advanced technologies in en- cal and social challenges during the integration of
terprises, particularly for decision-making under new technologies. Thanks to the model’s ability
uncertainty. It has been applied to assess organi- to dynamically analyze and adapt to changing op-
zational readiness for technological changes in erational conditions, companies can proactively
industrial enterprises and to analyze cause-and- respond to potential problems, minimizing dis-
effect relationships in enterprise architecture ruptions to the production process and increasing
[37, 38]. Fuzzy logic techniques have also been the efficiency of co-bot deployment.
utilized to evaluate the efficiency of IT usage in The approach used in the article, by relating it
industrial environments and to forecast financial to past scientific developments, has the potential
indicators for various types of enterprises [30, for further development and adaptation in vari-
39]. These applications demonstrate the capabil- ous management contexts. The model represents
ity of fuzzy logic to handle imprecise and am- a novel approach that contributes to the scientific
biguous data, making it well-suited for complex debate on the complexity and dynamics of inte-
business environments. grating modern technologies into the industrial
The study opens the prospect of practical environment, highlighting its practical utility and
application of the model in a real business envi- potential for broad application in various sectors
ronment. The possibility of using the solution to of the economy. This could include not only man-
support management decisions in enterprise pro- ufacturing, but also other sectors such as logistics,
cesses can contribute to more effective adaptation healthcare or services, where the integration of
of enterprises to changing conditions. advanced technologies requires effective change
management. Further research could focus on ex-
tending the model to include new variables and
CONCLUSIONS parameters, as well as on its practical application
to different types of enterprises, allowing for even
In conclusion, the study on the application of more precise and effective management of tech-
fuzzy logic in the process of identifying the risk nological and social risks.

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