INTO IX

DAY-1
INTEGERS
Natural Numbers or Counting Numbers(N):
We use numbers like 1,2,3,4,....... for counting objects. These numbers are called
counting numbers or Natural numbers denoted by ‘N’.
Natural numbers on Number Line:

Whole Numbers(W): The Natural numbers including ‘0’ are called Whole numbers, denoted
by ‘W’.
Whole number on Number Line:

Negatives of Natural Numbers:

The Natural Numbers multiplied by ‘-1’, then the products obtained are called
Negatives of Natural Numbers.
Negatives of Natural Numbers on Number Line:

Integers (I or Z): The Whole numbers including negatives of Natural numbers together are
called Integers, denoted by ‘I’ or ‘Z’.
Integers on Number Line:

The letter ‘Z’ comes from the Latin word “Zahelen” which means ‘numbers’.
Z = {.............-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ............}

NOTE: Zero is neither positive nor negative.

OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS:
1) OPERATIONS WITH SAME SYMBOLS:
If there are numbers with same symbol, then add the numbers and keep the same
symbol.
Ex: (1) +2+4+10+19+11 = + 46
(2) +5 + 55 + 555 = + 615
(3) -9 - 19 - 21 - 18 = - 67
(4) - 1 - 11 - 111 - 9999 = -10122
2) OPERATIONS WITH OPPOSITE SYMBOLS:
If there are numbers with opposite symbols, then subtract the
smaller number from bigger by ignoring the symbols, now keep the
symbol of biggest number.
Ex: (1) + 97 - 79 = +18
(2) - 97 + 79 = - 18
(3) - 120 + 99 = - 21
(4) +101 - 909 = - 808
3) OPERATIONS WITH DIFFERENT SYMBOLS:
If there are more numbers with different symbols, first group the
numbers by separating all the positive numbers in one group and all
negative numbers in another group. Then simplify as per (A) and (B)
discussed.
Ex: (1) Simplify: + 22 - 33 + 44 - 55 + 66 - 77.
Step (1): +22+44+66 -33-55-77
Step (2): + 132 - 165
Step (3): - 33
The required answer is ‘-33’.
4) PRODUCT OR DIVISION OF SAME SIGNS:
If we multiply OR division of two numbers with same symbols, then
the product OR quotient is always positive.
Ex (1): (+2) (+3) = +6,
Ex (2): (-2) (-3) = +6,
5) PRODUCT OR DIVISION OF OPPOSITE SIGNS:
If we multiply OR division two numbers with opposite symbols, then
the product OR quotient is always negative.
Ex (1): (+2) (-3) = - 6,
Ex (2): (-2) (+3) = - 6,
6) PRODUCT OF NUMBERS WITH POSITIVE SIGN:
The product of even or odd number of numbers is always positive.
Ex: (+1) (+1) (+1) (+1) ............. (even number of times) = + 1
Ex: (+1) (+1) (+1) .....................(odd number of times) = + 1
7) PRODUCT OF NUMBER WITH NEGATIVE SIGN:
The product of even number of numbers is always positive.
Ex: (-1) (-1) (-1) (-1) .................(even number of times) = +1
Ex: (-1) (-1) (-1) .......................(odd number of times) = -1
8) REMOVAL OF BRACKET:
(i) While simplifying integers, at the time of removing bracket keep same
symbol number for which the number in the bracket, if positive sign is
before the bracket.
Ex (1): 4 + (-5) = 4 - 5
Ex (2): 2 + (+5) = 2 + 5
(ii) While simplifying integers, at the time of removing bracket keep
change the symbol for which the number in the bracket, if negative sign
is before the bracket.
Ex (1): 4 - (-5) = 4 + 5
Ex (2): 5 - (+7) = 5 – 7

WORK SHEET - 1
1. The number______ should be added to -3 to get 5 is________.
1) 8 2) -8 3) 7 4) 6

2. 40   50    2 =___________.
1) 88 2) 87 3) 84 4) 86

3. Find each of the following products:

(–12) × (–11) × (10)
4. Evaluate each of the following.
13 ÷ [(–2) + 1]
5.  5    14

1) +9 2) -9 3) 19 4) -7
 DAY – 2
ACTIVITY CORNER
Do you Know?

1. In a morning walk, three persons step off together. Their steps measure
80 cm, 85 cm and 90 cm respectively. What is the minimum distance each
should walk so that all can cover the same distance in complete steps?
2. In a morning walk, observe their ages the people who are participating in
morning walk and make their rough ages and what is the maximum age who
participated.
ACTIVITY:
 DAY-3
FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
a
1. Fractions: The numbers of the form , where a and b are whole numbers and b  0
b
a
are known as fractions. In , a is called the numerator and b is called the denominator.
b
2. Proper Fraction: A fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator is called a
proper fraction.
3. Improper Fraction: A fraction whose numerator is greater than the denominator is
called an improper fraction.
4. Mixed Fraction: A fraction consisting of an integral part and a proper fraction is called
a mixed fraction.
5. Decimal Fraction: A fraction whose denominator is 10 or highest power of 10 is called
a decimal fraction.
6. Equivalent Fractions: A given fraction and the fractions obtained by multiplying (or)
dividing it numerator and denominator by the same non-zero number, are called
equivalent fractions.
7. Like Fractions: Fractions having the same denominator and different numerators are
called like fractions.
8. Unlike Fractions: Fractions having the different denominators and Numerators are
called unlike fractions.
9. Decimals: The numbers expressed in decimal forms are called decimals.
A decimal has two parts, namely
i) Whole - number part
ii) Decimal part
These parts are separated by (.) called the decimal point.
The part on the left side of the decimal point is the whole number part and the part on
its right side of the decimal point is called decimal part.
10. Like Decimals: Decimals having the same number of decimal places are called like
decimals.
11. Unlike Decimals: Decimals having different number of decimal places are called unlike
decimals.
12. Comparing decimals: To compare the decimals, we follow the following steps.
i) Convert the given decimals into like decimals
ii) First compare the whole -number part of the decimal with the greater
whole - number part is greater
 iii) If the whole - number parts are equal, compare the tenths digits. The decimal
with the bigger in the tenths place is greater
iv) If the tenths digits are also equal, compare the hundredths digits, and so on.
EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS:
The fractions which multiplied both numerator and denominator by the same number,
then the product fractions are equivalent fractions.
2
Ex: Write 5 equivalent fractions for
3
Sol:
2 2 4
  ,
3 2 6
2 3 6
  ,
3 3 9
2 4 8
  ,
3 4 12
2 5 10
  ,
3 5 15
2 6 12
  .
3 6 18
2
The equivalent fractions for the given fraction as follows:
3
2 4 6 8 10 12
      .
3 6 9 12 15 18

SIMPLEST FORM OF A FRACTION:

If there is no common divisor between the numerator and the denominator other
than 1 or HCF of numerator and denominator is 1, then the fraction is said to be in
Simplest form or Standard form of the given fraction.
24
Ex: The simplest form of
72
HCF of 24 and 72 = 24.
Divide the numerator and denominator by 24(HCF), then
 24 
24  24  1
 
72  72  3
 
 24 

24 1
The simplest form of is .
72 3
A FRACTION BETWEEN THE GIVEN:
1
(1) If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are two fractions, then the fraction between ‘a’ and ‘b’ is  a  b
2
a c a c  ac 
(2) If , are two fractions, then the fraction between , is  .
b d b d bd 

WORK SHEET - 2
20 x
1. If is equivalent to then x=________.
25 5
1) 3 2) 6 3) 5 4) 4
19 2 4
2.   is equal to________.
5 5 5
17 13 21 24
1) 2) 3) 4)
5 5 5 5
13
3. is a number lies between_______.
4
1) 13 and 14 2) 1 and 2 3) 3 and 4 4) 4 and 5
4. The place value of 5 in 0.04532 is__________.
5 5 5
1) 5 2) 3) 4)
100 1000 10000
3 5
5. 2  is equal to__________.
10 100
1) 2.305 2) 2.3 3) 2.35 4) 0.235
 DAY – 4
ACTIVITY CORNER
Do you Know?
1. Do you know the name for which other than decimal fractions?
2. Do you the name of the fractions if numerator and the denominator are equal, then
name the such fraction.
3. Do you know the numerator of a unit fraction?
4. Can you find?

Activity:
 DAY-5
RATIONAL NUMBERS
SIMPLEST FORM OF A FRACTION:
If there is no common divisor between the numerator and the denominator other
than 1 or HCF of numerator and denominator is 1, then the fraction is said to be in
Simplest form or Standard form of the given fraction.
48
Ex: The simplest form of
36
HCF of 48 and 36 = 12.
Divide the numerator and denominator by 12(HCF), then
 48 
48  12  4
 
36  36  3
 
 12 
84 4
The simplest form of is
36 3
RATIONAL NUMBERS: Fractions and Integers together are called Rational Numbers.
OR
p
The numbers which are expressed in the form of , where q  0 , p and q are integers
q
are called 'Rational Numbers'.
NOTE: 1. Rational numbers are represented by 'Q'.
2. Rational numbers are also called Quotient numbers.
3. All Natural numbers, Whole numbers and Integers are also rational
numbers. N  W  Z  Q .
PROPERTIES OF RATIONAL NUMBERS:
1. Rational numbers are closed under the operations of addition, subtraction and
multiplication.
2. The operations addition and multiplication are
(i) Commutative for rational numbers.
(ii) Associative for rational numbers.
3. ‘0’ is the additive identity for rational numbers.
4. ‘1’ is the multiplicative identity for rational numbers.
5. A rational number and its additive inverse are opposite in their sign.
6. The multiplicative inverse of a rational number is its reciprocal.
7. Distributivity of rational numbers a, b and c such that
 a(b + c) = ab + ac and a(b – c) = ab – ac.

a c a c
Reciprocal: Reciprocal of a non-zero number  , if and only if   1 .
b d b d
a
From this, we can conclude the value of the reciprocal of as follows:
b
a c
Let the condition:  1
b d
c a b b
  1   1 
d b a a
a b
Reciprocal of a non – zero number  .
b a

COMPARISION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS:

We can compare Rational numbers by converting them in to decimals or by
doing cross multiplication or by converting them in to like rational
numbers.
1 2
Ex: Which is bigger or ?
2 3
Sol: Given
1 2
2 3
1 3  2  2,
3 4

1 2

2 3
2
is bigger.
3
3 5
Ex: Which is smaller or ?
5 7
3 5
Sol: Given , and LCM of 5, 7 = 35
5 7
3 7 5 5
  
5 7 7 5
21 25 3
 , is smaller.
35 35 5
 1 3 7
Ex: Arrange the rational numbers , , in ascending order.
2 5 10
1 3 7
Sol: Given , ,
2 5 10
LCM of 2, 5 and 10 = 10
1 1 5 5
   ,
2 2 5 10
3 3 1 3
   ,
5 5 2 10
7 7 1 7
  
10 10 1 10

3 5 7 3 1 7
Ascending order of given fractions : , ,  , ,
10 10 10 5 2 10

WORK SHEET - 3
5
1. What should be added to to get 1 ?
9
4 4 14 14
1) 2) 3) 4)
9 9 9 9
2. Standard form of 2.2 is_________.
11 22 10 5
1) 2) 3) 4)
5 10 22 11
 7   15 
3. The value of      is_________.
 15   7 
40 35 49 32
1) 2) 3) 4)
225 220 225 250
-3  -13 
4. What should be added to +  to get 2 ?
4  8 
5 15 35 40
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 4 8 15
9 5
5. The greater one among and is _________.
11 7
9 5
1) 2) 3) Both are Equal 4) None
11 7
 DAY – 6
ACTIVITY CORNER
MULTIPLES OF A NUMBER
If any Natural Number multiplied by all Natural Numbers, then the products obtained are Multiples
of the Natural Number.
Ex: Multiples of 3 = 3(1), 3(2), 3(3), 3(4), 3(5), 3(6), ………..
= 3, 6, 9, 15, 18, ………..
We can understand the multiples of 3 by following the activity:
1. Collect a number of wooden/paper strips of length 3 units each.
2. Join them end to end as shown in the following figure

The length of the strip at the top is 3 = 1 × 3 units.

The length of the strip below it is 3 + 3 = 6 units. Also, 6 = 2 × 3.
The length of the next strip is 3 + 3 + 3 = 9 units, and 9 = 3 × 3.
. Continuing this way we can express the other lengths as,
12 = 4 × 3 ; 15 = 5 × 3
We say that the numbers 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 are multiples of 3. The list of multiples of
3 can be continued as 18, 21, 24, ...
Note: 1. The Least multiple of any Number is the Number Itself.
2. The highest multiple of any Number is not defined.
3. Every Number is a Multiple of Itself.
4. Number of Multiples of a Number is Infinite.
5. Number of Factors of any Number is Finite
Question Corner:
1. Write the multiples of the following numbers.
i) 2 ii) 3 iii) 4 iv) 6 v) 8
 DAY - 7
PERIMETER AND AREAS & MENSURATION
PERIMETER:
The distance covered along the boundary forming a closed figure when you go round
the figure once is called Perimeter.
Perimeter of a square = 4 x side of a square
Perimeter of a rectangle  2   l  b  , where l , b are the length and breadth

Perimeter of a scalene triangle = The sum of all the three sides of it.
P = a + b + c. Where a, b & c and c are the sides.
Perimeter of an equilateral triangle =3a , Where ‘a’ is side of the triangle.
Perimeter of n sided polygon = na, Where ‘a’ is side of the polygon.
AREA: The amount of surface enclosed by a closed figure is called its "Area".
NOTE: (1) The area of a closed figure can be found by using a graph paper (or) a squared
paper.
(2) While measuring the area by a squared paper the following conventions to be
adopted.
i) The area of one full square is to be taken as 1 square unit.
ii) If the area occupied exactly half a square, it is to be taken as square
unit.
iii) If the area occupied more than half of a square, it is to be taken as 1
square unit.
iv) If the area occupied less than half of a square, we can ignore the portion
of that area.
v) The area of a rectangle = Length × Breadth
vi) The area of a square = Side × Side
vii) The circumference of a circle = 2 r
viii) The area of a circle =  r 2
3) 1 are =100 sq. m; 1 hectare =10,000 sq. m =100 Ares.
1 sq. km =100 Hectares.
 WORK SHEET - 4
1. Perimeter of a regular hexagon =________.
1) 3× length of a side 2) 4× length of a side
3) 5× length of a side 4) 6× length of a side
2. The breadth of rectangle, whose area is 600 sq. m and length 30 m. is____.
1) 20 m 2) 6 m 3) 15 m 4) 30 m
3. If each diagonal of a square is 12cm long. Then it’s area is________.

1) 144 cm2 2) 72cm2 3) 36cm2 4) 48cm2

4. The area of a square plot is 1600 sq. m. Then the side of the plot is________.
1) 40 m 2) 80 m 3) 120 m 4) 160 m
5. The perimeter of an isosceles triangles is 40 cm. If its unequal side measures
16 cm. then the length of equal sides is________.
1) 15 cm 2) 18 cm 3) 12 cm 4) 11 cm
 DAY – 8
ACTIVITY CORNER
Can you find?
1. Find the areas of the circles for the following:
(i) radius = 14 cm (ii) radius = 42 cm
2. Find the areas of the circles for the following:
(i) diameter = 7 cm (ii) diameter = 42 cm
 DAY - 9
ALGEBRA & ALGEBRIC EXPRESSIONS
Algebra: Algebra is a branch of mathematics in which arithmetic operations and other formal
manipulations are applied to abstract symbols rather than specific numbers.
The main feature of Algebra is the use of letters (or) alphabets to represent
numbers. Use of letters will allow us to write rules and formula in a general way.
Literals (or) Variables : The letters which are used to represent numbers are called "Literals"
(or) "Variables". The letters themselves as well as the combination of letters and
numbers obey all the rules of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of
numbers along with the properties of these operations.
The Idea of a Variable:
The word variable means something that can vary i.e., change. The value of a variable
is not fixed. It can take different values.
We may use any letter as m, l , p, x, y, z, etc., to show a variable.
A variable allows us to express relations in any practical situations.
Term: The combination of variables and constants connected by multiplication or division is
called a term.
Ex: 2  2 1  2  x0
Ex: x  1 x
Ex: 2 x  2  x
Note: From the above, we conclude that
(1) Every constant is a term.
(2) Every variable is a term.
Algebraic Expression: A number (or) a combination of numbers (including letters) using the
signs of fundamental operations, is called an Algebraic Expression.
We can form expressions with variables using different operations.
x
Example: 2, p, 7x, 9x + 5y, etc.,
5
Note: From the above, we conclude that
(1) Every constant is an Algebraic Expression.
(2) Every variable is an Algebraic Expression.
(3) Every term is an Algebraic Expression.
Types of Algebraic Expressions:
(1) Monomial: An Algebraic Expression contains only one term is called Monomial.
(2) Binomial: An Algebraic Expression contains two terms is called Binomial.
 (3) Trinomial: An Algebraic Expression contains three terms is called Trinomial.
(4) Multinomial: An Algebraic Expression contains three or more than three terms is
called Multinomial.
Degree of Monomial:
Sum of the powers of the variable terms in the Monomial is called degree of the
Monomial.
Ex: Degree of abc = 3 (1 + 1 + 1)

Degree of x2y3z4 = 9 (2 + 3 + 4)
Degree of an Algebraic Expression:
The highest degree or power of any monomial in an Algebraic Expression is called its
Degree.

Ex: Degree of a2 + b3 + c4 = 4
Polynomial: An Algebraic Expression contains non-negative integer powers of variables is
called a Polynomial.
Ex: a + b – c + d,
Constant Polynomial: The polynomial containing non variable terms is called
Constant polynomial.
Ex: 2, 391, .....
Zero Polynomial: The polynomial which contains zero as the coefficient for all
terms is called Zero polynomial.

Ex: 0x2+0x-0, 0a3+0a2-0a+0, .......

Note: (1) Degree of Constant polynomial.
(2) Degree of Zero polynomial is not defined.
Zero of a Polynomial: The value of the variable which makes the value of the
polynomial becomes zero is called zero of the polynomial.
Ex: (1) Zero of x - 5 is x = 5.
1
Ex: (2) Zero of 2x + 1 is x =  .
2
Value of the Polynomial: The value of the polynomial is not fixed, it is depending
on the value of the variable assigned by us.

Ex: (1) Value of x2-5x+6 at x = 1 is 2.

Ex: (2) Value of x2-5x+6 at x = 2 is 0.

Coefficient of a term in the Polynomial:

Ex: Coefficient of x in x2-5x+6 is ‘-5’.

Ex: Coefficient of x in 18xyz is 18yz.
Operations of Polynomials:
Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials: The addition and subtraction of
polynomials can do horizontally or vertically by simplifying like terms and
then keep unlike terms after that.

Ex: If A = x2+5x+6, B = x2-5x+6 then find A + B, A - B.

Sol: A + B = (x2+5x+6) + (x2-5x+6), A - B = (x2+5x+6) - (x2-5x+6)

= x2 + 5x + 6 + x2 - 5x + 6, = x2 + 5x + 6 - x2 + 5x -6

= x2 + 6 + x2 + 6, = 5x + 5x

= 2x2 + 12, = 10x

Multiplication of Polynomials using identities: Multiplication of Polynomials using the
following formulae.
1.  a  b  a  b   a 2  b2
a  b  a 2  2ab  b 2
2
2.

a  b  a 2  2ab  b 2
2
3.

4.  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab
5.  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab
6.  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab

7.  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab
WORK SHEET - 5
1. The number of terms in ax3  bx 2  cx  d is_______.
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
 4 2   3 2 2 
2.  5 l   2 l m  =________.

6 4 2 6 2 4 6 4 2 6 2 4
1) l m 2) l m 3) l m 4) l m
5 5 5 5
3. The value of x y when x  2, y  3 is________.
1) 5 2) 6 3) 7 4) 8
4. Which of the following is the expression for “3 added to the sum of 9 and
x”________.
1) 3x+9 2) 9x + 3 3) (x + 9) + 3 4) 3x + (3 × 9)
5. The value of a variable is________.
1) Fixed 2) Not fixed 3) Zero 4) None of these
 DAY – 10
ACTIVITY CORNER
Crossword Puzzle
Identify Solution among the following and fill
( Binomial, Term, Trinomial, Polynomial, GCF, Evaluate, Monomial,
Integers, Degree, Factors, Quadratic, Like)
DOWN
1. A Polynomial with two terms.
2. An expression containing one or more terms with non-zero coefficient (with
variables having non-negative exponents).
3. To find the value of a mathematical expression.
4. A _________ is formed by the product of variables and constants.
5. The abbreviation of the greatest no. (or expressions) that in a factor.
6. A Polynomial with three terms.
ACROSS
7. A polynomial with only one term.
8. An expression of the second degree.
9. Terms can be written as product of its ______.
10. The numbers -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 are known as ___________ numbers.
11. _______ terms are formed from the same variables and the powers of these
variables are the same term.
12. The highest power of a polynomial is called the ______ of the polynomial.
 DAY - 11
DATA HANDLING
1. Data: A collection of numerical figures giving some information is called data.
2. Raw Data: The data which is collected and put as it is without any arrangements is
called raw data.
3. Array: Arranging the numerical figures of a data in ascending (or) descending order is
called an array.
4. Tabulation of data: Arranging the data in a systematic form of a table is called
tabulation of data.
5. Observation of the data: Each numerical figure in a data is called an observation.
6. Frequency of an observation: The number of times an observation occurs in the given
data is called the frequency of the observation.
7. Frequency Distribution: Frequency table of frequency distribution is a method to
present raw data in the form which one can easily understand the information.
Note: In frequency distribution, we use tally marks to represent the frequency.
8. Arithmetic Mean: The arithmetic mean of a group of observations is defined as
Sum of all observations
Arithmetic mean 
Tota l no.of observations

Ex: If x1 , x2 ,......xn are the values of ‘n’ observations, then

x1  x2  ......  xn
Arithmetic mean = .
n
9. Range: The difference between the highest and the lowest observation of
the data is called as Range.
Ex: The Range of first 10 whole numbers = _____
Ans: Range = Max. Value - Min. Value = 9 - 0 = 9.
10. Mode: The mode of a set of observations is the observation that occurs most
often.
Ex: The Mode of 2, 4, 5, 2, 9, 2 is 2.
11. Median: Median of a group of observations is the value which divides the
group into two equal parts.
Ex: The Median of 5, 2, 9, 6, 1 is ______.
Ans: Ascending order of given observations: 1, 2 5 6, 9
Median = 5
12. Relation between Mean, Median and Mode: The mean, median and mode of
a group of observations are connected by the empirical relation.
 Mode = 3 Median -2 Mean.
13. Bar Graph: A bar graph is a pictorial representation of numerical data by
number of bars (rectangles) of uniform width erected horizontally (or) vertically
with equal spacing between them.
14. Picto Graph: The picture visually helps us to understand the data. It is called a
Pictograph.
A pictograph represents data through pictures of objects. It helps answer the questions
on the data at a glance.

WORK SHEET - 6
1. The data can be arranged in the _______to get information from data quickly.
1) Tabular form 2) Ascending order
3) Descending order 4) None
2. In a pictograph, if 1 picture = 80 car, then 240 cars is equal to_____ pictures.
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
3. The mean of first nine prime numbers is_______.
101 109 100 108
1) 2) 3) 4)
9 9 9 9
4. The mean of 12 , 22 ,32 , 42 ,52 , 62 , 7 2 is______.
1) 10 2) 20 3) 30 4) 40

5. Empirical formula for calculating Mode is______.

1) 2 (Median) - 3 (Mean) 2) 3 (Median) - 2 (Mean)
3) 4 (Median) - 3 (Mean) 4) Does not exists
 DAY – 12
ACTIVITY CORNER

Activity Corner:

Draw a Pie Graph or Circle Graph for the following data:

Time Spent by a Child during a day:
Home Work: 4 HOURS
School: 6 Hours
Sleep: 8 Hours
Play: 3 Hours
Others: 3 Hours
 DAY - 13
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
Expression: A symbol which expresses something is called an expression.
Example: The symbol 9 expresses the value nine.
Open Sentence: Sentence which cannot be verified either true or false are called
Open sentences.
Example: 2x + 9, 3x - y, 4x + 11, ............
Equation: An open sentence containing the sign “=” is called an equation.
Linear equation: An equation in which the highest index or degree of the variable
present is one is called a linear equation.
Simple Equation: A linear equation which involves in one variable is called a simple
equation or linear equation in one variable.
General form of a simple equation: The general form of a simple equation is
ax  b  0 , where  a  0  a, b are real numbers.

L.H.S and R.H.S notations: The sign of equality ‘=’ in an equation divides it into two
sides: namely, the left hand side and the right hand side, written as
L.H.S and R.H.S respectively.
Solution of an equation: A number which when substituted for the variable in an equation,
makes L.H.S = R.H.S, is said to satisfy the equation is called a solution or a root of the
equation.
Methods of solving simple equation:
a) Trial and error Method
b) Systematic Method
c) Transposition Method
a) Trial and Error Method: In this method, we guess the zero of the equation. The value of
the variable for which L.H.S = R.H.S is a root of the equation.
b) Systematic Method:
In this method, we balance the equation by using the following rules.
1. We can add the same number on both sides of the equation.
2. We can subtract the same number on both sides of the equation.
3. We can multiply both sides of the equation with the same number.
4. We can divide both sides of the equation by the same non-zero number.
ax  b p
5. If  , then q  ax  b   p  cx  d  .
cx  d q
 This process is called cross-multiplication.
c) Transposition Method: Any term of an equation may be taken to the other side with a
change in its sign, this process is called transposition.
Ex: If 9x - 10 = 2x + 4, then find the value of ‘x’.
Sol: Given, 9x - 10 = 2x + 4
9x - 2x = 4 + 10
14
7 x  14, x  2
7
Laws of cancellation: If ac  bc when c  0 then a  b a i.e., both sides of an equality can be
divided by the same non-zero number.

WORK SHEET - 7
1. An equation in one variable in which the highest index of the variable is one
is called ______.
1) Simple Equation 2) Linear Equation
3) Multi Equation 4) Quadratic Equation
x x 1
2. If  4   3 , then x = _______.
3 2 2
1
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4)3
2
3. If one third of a number plus 2 is 3, the equation of the given statement is
_________.
m m m m
1) 2 3 2) 23 3) 3  3 4) 3  3
3 3 3 2
4. The ages of A and B are in the ratio 5:3. After 6 years, their ages will be in the
ratio 7:5. Then the present age of A is ______.
1) 9 years 2) 10 years 3) 15 years 4 ) 20 years
5. A number has two digits whose sum is 9. If 27 is added to the number, its digits
get interchanged, then the number is_____.
1) 36 2) 63 3) 55 4 ) 45
 DAY – 14
ACTIVITY CORNER
1. Recognise and identify the names and properties of common 2-D shapes.

i)

ii)

iii)

iv)
2. Identify the 3-D shapes & objects from the given below:
 DAY - 15
EXPONENTS & POWERS
1. If a number multiplied again and again by the same number, then such presentation is
called product form.
Ex: Write 16 in product form.
16 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
2. If the product form is expressed in the form of base and power, then such
presentation is called exponent form.

16 = 24, Here base = 2 and exponent or index = 4

3. We need to know about negative exponent. We should not express the exponent
as negative in the final solution. The exponent in the solution must be positive.
1
Ex: 24 
24
4. While changing the terms from numerator to denominator or denominator to
numerator, the symbols of powers are changed from positive to negative or
negative to positive.
1
5. The notation of negative exponent: (i) a  n   a  0
an
an am
(ii)   a  0
am an
6. Observe the following Laws of exponents:
Where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are non- zero integers and ‘m’ , ‘n’ are any integers.

I. a m  a n  a m n II. a   a 
m n n m
 a mn

am
 a m n  m  n   ab   a mb m
m
III. n
IV.
a
m
1 a am
  n  m V.    m
a nm b b

am
VI.  1 m  n  VII. a 0  1 a  0 
an
7. Comparison of very large numbers and very small numbers are possible to
express with the help of Standard form and usual form.
8. Very small numbers can be expressed in standard form using negative exponents.
9. The general form of a standard form for any large or small number is in the form of
‘ k 10n ’ where 0 < k < 10 and ‘n’ is an Integer.
 WORK SHEET - 8
2 2 2
1 1 1
1.          _______.
2 3 4
61 144
1) 2) 29 3) 4) None of these
144 61
If x k   a  2  , then the value of x  a is_______.
k
2.

1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
3. If 2 x  32 , then 2 x 2  _______.
1) 64 2) 128 3) 16 4) 34

The value of   a     a     a 
24 17 521
4. (when a= 1) is______.

1) 1 2) 2 3) 4) -2
5. a + a + a + ...............(100 times) = ________.
1) 100a 2) 100a 3) a100 4) (100 + a)
 DAY – 16
ACTIVITY CORNER
MAGIC SQUARES:
USE DIGITS AS THEY DIRECTED MAKE EACH ROW, EACH COLUMN, TWO
DIAGONALS SUM DIRECTED:
 DAY - 17
SQUARES, SQUARE ROOTS, CUBES & CUBE ROOTS
1. If a number can be expressed as the product of two equal numbers, then the product is called
Square of the given number.
2. The Square Number cannot end with 2, 3, 7 or 8 in its Unit’s place.
3. Perfect Square Numbers can end with 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9. But a number ends with 0, 1,
4, 5, 6 or 9 need not be a perfect square.

4. If a number ends with ‘9’ or ‘1’ then its Square ends with ‘1’ in unit’s place.

5. If a number ends with ‘4’ or ‘6’ then its Square ends with ‘6’ in unit’s place.
n(n+1)
6. (i) Sum of first ‘n’ natural numbers: 1 + 2 + 3 + .... =
2
(ii) Sum of first ‘n’ odd natural numbers = ‘n2’.

1 + 3 + 5 = 32 = 9

1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 42 = 16

(iii) Sum of first ‘n’ even natural numbers = 2 + 4 + 6 + ...... = n(n+1)

n(n+1)(2n+1)
(iv) Sum of squares of first natural numbers = 12 + 22 + 32 + .....=
6
2
 n(n+1)  n2 (n+1)2
(v) Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers =13 + 23 + 33+...=  
 2  4

7. Every Perfect Square can be expressed as the sum of two consecutive natural numbers.

N2 can be expressed as the sum of two consecutive natural numbers,

N 2 1 N 2  1
They are &
2 2
32  1 32  1
Ex: 3  9  4  5 
2

2 2
5 1 5 1
2 2
52  25  12  13  
2 2
8. Triangular Numbers: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ……..

9. If there are ‘n’ digits in a number, then the number of digits in its Square is either ‘2n’ or ‘2n-1’
digits.

10. Number of Non-perfect square numbers between ‘n2’ and ‘(n+1)2’ is 2n.

11. Square root is the inverse operation of Square.

12. If a number can be expressed as the product of two equal numbers(factors), then each of the
number(factor) is called the Square root of the given number.

13. If a perfect Square is of ‘n’ digits, then its square root will have
n n 1
digits if n is even . digits if 'n' is odd
2 2
14. The products when a number is multiplied by itself three times, then such
products are called Perfect Cubes or Cube numbers.
15. The Perfect Cubes or Cube numbers are expressed as sum of pattern of sum of consecutive
odd numbers
1  13 ,
3  5  8  23 ,
7  9  11  27  33 ,
13  15  17  19  64  43

16. Observe the pattern:

We Conclude that, n3   n  1  1  n   n  1  3
3

23  13  1  2 1 3
33  23  1  3  2  3
43  33  1  4  3  3
From this the value of
513  503  1  51 50  3
513  503  1  7650  7651

17. Cube root of even number is always an even number.

Ex: 23  6, 3
82
18. Cube root of odd number is always an odd number.

Ex: 27  3
3

19. If a number is possible to express as the product of three equal factors, then each of the factor
or number is called cube root of the given number.
8 = 2 x 2 x 2, 23  6, 3
8  3 23  2
Therefore, Cube root of 8 = 2
20. If in the prime factorisation of any number each factor appears three times, then the number
is a perfect cube.
WORK SHEET - 9

1. Among the following, a correct statement is (where x > 0, y > 0)______. [ ]

1) xy  x y 2) x2  y2  x  y

x.y  x . y x2  y2  x  y
3) 4)

2. If 256  16 , then 0.000256 = ______. [ ]

1) 0.016 2) 0.0016 3) 0.00016 4) 0.000016
3. Among the following the Palindromic number is______. [ ]
1) 12721 2) 12345 3) 1009001 4) both 1 & 3
4. Cube of a number ending with ‘7’ ends with______. [ ]
1) 7 2) 6 3) 5 4) 3
5. The smallest number with which 2560 is to be multiplied to make it as
a perfect cube is______. [ ]
1) 12 2) 32 3) 25 4) 72
 DAY – 18
ACTIVITY CORNER
Do you Know?
1. Find the ratio of the following”
i) 45 km to 35 km ii) Rs. 3 to 60 paisa
2. Check whether the following ratios are in proportion?
i) 6 : 9 and 24 : 36 ii) 25 cm : 1 m and Rs.40 : Rs.160
3. There are 30 students in a class 20 of them are boys. What is the ratio of
i) Boys and Girls ii) Total Students to Girls
Activity Based Question:
4. Suppose a student was practiced 20 questions through an online test.

i) Find out the ratio of the total number of questions to correct answers when they
answered and came to know that she did 4 questions wrongly attempted.
ii) Also find out the ratio of number of questions wrongly attempted and correctly
attempted.
 DAY - 19
FACTORISATION
1. Factorisation is a process of writing the given expression as a product of its factors.
2. A factor which cannot be further expressed as product of factors is an irreducible factor.
3. Expressions which can be transformed into the form:
a 2  2ab  b2 ; a 2  2ab  b2 ; a 2  b2 can be factorised by using identities.
Factorisation of a 2  2ab  b 2  a  b   a  b a  b 
2
4.
5. Factorisation of a 2  2ab  b2  a  b a  b 
6. Factorisation of a 2  b 2  a  b a  b 

If the given expression is of the form x   a  b  x  ab , then its factorisation is

2
7. (x + a)
(x + b)
8. Division is the inverse of multiplication. This concept is also applicable to the division of
algebraic expressions.

WORK SHEET - 10

1. One of the factors of P 4 - 256 is _____. [ ]

1) P  4
4
2) P  2 4
3) P  16 2
4) P  16
2. The value, when m2-4m-12 divided by (m+2) is ______. [ ]
1) m-6 2) m+16 3) m-2 4) m-4
3. Among the following, a correct statement is _____. [ ]
1) 2x + 3x = 5x2 2) 3x + 2y = 5xy
3) 4x + 7y = 11xy 4) 9x + 2x = 11x
4. 3x 2 - 75  _____. [ ]
1)  3x  75  3 x  75  2)  x  50  x  25 

3) 3  x  5  x  5  4) 3  x  25  x  25 

5. 
The value, when 42 a 4 -13a 3  36a 2  divided by 7a  a - 4  is _____. [ ]

1) 4a  a  9  2) 9a  a  6  3) 6a  a  9  4) 3a  a  9 
 DAY – 20
ACTIVITY CORNER
Do you Know?
1. Rina made a table top of 100 different coloured tiles. She counted yellow, green,
red and blue tiles separately and filled the table below. Can you help her complete
the table?

2. Find the Percentage of Children of different heights for the following data.

Activity:
3. A shop has the following number of shoe pairs of different sizes.
Size 2 : 20 Size 3 : 30 Size 4 : 28
Size 5 : 14 Size 6 : 8
Prepare a table with the above information and find the percentage of each shoe
size available in the shop

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