FLUOROSCAN III IMAGING SYSTEM SERVICE MANUAL FluoroScan Imaging Systems, Ine. 650 B Anthony Trail, Northbrook, Illinois 60062 U.S.A. Telephone (1) 800 233-5400 International Telephone (1) 847 564-5400 TeleFax (1) 847 564-5647INTRODUCTION GENERAL INITIAL START-UP WARM-UP CONTROLS / KEYBOARD KEYBOARD IMAGE CONTROL OPERATION SHUT-DOWN ADVANCED FEATURES NOISE SUPPRESSION FREEZE FRAME EDGE ENHANCEMENT VIDEO PRINTER VIDEO OUTPUTS AND ACCESSORIES PATIENT ID MODE SUPERUSER MODE STORAGE SYSTEM OPERATIONS SETUP MODE COMMANDS: NON SETUP MODE COMMANDS TROUBLESHOOTING GENERAL ERROR CODES CAUTION NOTES STORAGE VARIANCE CONSOLE FLEX-ARM & ARTICULATION C-ARM, OPERATIONAL CHECKS GENERAL KILOVOLTAGE MILLIAMPERAGE AUTO MODE BLOCK DIAGRAM C-ARM MOUNTING C-ARM AND LOW VOLTAGE SUPPLY PINOUTSTABLE OF CONTENTS THEORY OF OPERATION - SYSTEM CONTROL PCB THEORY OF OPERATION - KV/FILAMENT DRIVER PCB IMAGE PROCESSING PCB DESCRIPTION THEORY OF OPERATION - SOFT-START PCB SCHEMATICS - SERVICE INFORMATION TIME & DATE SET PROCEDURE SYSTEM CONTROL PCB REPLACEMENT IMAGE PROCESSING PCB REPLACEMENT BRAKE REPLACEMENT. SPECIFICATIONS WARRANTY POLICYThis Manual has been designed to be a helpful aid to the Service Technician in using and troubleshooting the FluoroScan Imaging System The operational sections of this Manual contain a brief explanation of the directions required in order to use the System. The portions containing these step by step directions are preceded by an asterisk (*) and should be followed in the order presented. It is the Service Technician’s responsibility to observe all electrical safety precautions and to keep radiation exposures As Low As Reasonably Achievable. The printed circuit boards (PCB's) in the FluoroScan IIL interact with one another and are tuned at the factory to operate within specific parameters. The user should not attempt to repair, adjust or replace any components on any PCB's. The High Voltage Power Supply, Part No. 210060, is encapsulated and cannot be repaired. The kV/Filament Driver PCB is tuned to the Power Supply. The Image Processing PCB, Part No. 210108, the System Control PCB, Part No. 210100, the Soft Start PCB, Part No. 210158, the Hard Disk Interface PCB, Part No. 210151 and the Switching Power Supply, Part No. 600049 are not repairable and should be considered as replacement or exchange items.GENERAL ‘The directions included in this Manual do not assume that the Technician is familiar with the operation of the System. Each of the operational sections contain a brief explanation of any required technical information plus the directions required in order to use the System. It is the Technician’s responsibility to observe all electrical safety precautions and to keep radiation exposures As Low As Reasonably Achievable. ‘Many problems which at first appear to be serious may readily be corrected in the field. In many instances, re-reading the applicable portions of the Operator's Manual to confirm proper operating procedures will resolve the problem. The sudden loss of video (no image on the Monitor) or the indication of Error Code 002 may indicate a loose or pinched cable. A local, or in-house X-ray Service Technician or Electronics Specialist will likely be able to correct a majority of the problems encountered through phone consultation with a FluoroScan Service ‘Technician. The FluoroScan III Imaging System is a highly compact, mobile C-arm specifically designed for X-ray imaging of the extremities. It is capable of imaging distally from the shoulder and the knee. The FluoroSean is comprised of three major components, each of which must be thoroughly understood by the user. ‘The Console contains the Keyboard Assembly, the Image Viewing Monitors, the Video Graphic Printer, and the supporting systems for other peripheral devices. The Console is readily moved about on four pivoting, lockable wheels. Readouts are provided on the Primary Viewing Monitor and a convenient storage drawer has been provided. ‘The C-Arm contains the X-ray Generator, the Tube Housing Assembly, the X-ray Detector and the Video Camera System. The C-Arm assembly is suspended from the Console by means of the Flex-Arm and its associated Articulation, ‘The Flex-Arm employs a Primary Arm which provides horizontal extension and a Secondary Arm which provides a securable means of vertical positioning. The Articulation is a friction locking, universally jointed knuckle which provides rotational positioning through three axes: This unique combination of components will control, support and lock the C-Arm in any position throughout its usable range. The FluoroScan Imaging System will ably perform many of the duties previously requiring the use of a conventional, full size, mobile C-Arm. Page 1INITIAL START-UP The FluoroScan HI operates on either 115 Volt, 60 Hertz ac power or 240 Volt, 50 Hertz ac power and may be plugged into any properly grounded three wire wall outlet. A special dedicated outlet is not required. Never cut the third (grounding) pin from the power cord in order to plug the unit into an ungrounded two wire outlet, and never use a three wire to two wire adapter, * The power cord for the unit is plugged into the rear of the Console. ‘The opposing end is plugged into an appropriate three wire grounded outlet. * ‘The foot pedal is used to turn the X-ray beam on and off and must be plugged into the phono plug jack which is located on the lower left side of the Console. * When actuated, the Power switch will supply power to the electronics and the System will begin the initialization process. Press the Power switch to the ON, or lighted position. * The System may require you to enter your Password. See Advanced Features, Superuser Mode. WARM-UP When operating any new FluoroScan TI, or one which has been idle for over twenty four hours, allow a minimum of two to four minutes warm-up in order for the X-Ray tube to reach its normal operating temperature. DO NOT SWITCH ON MAXIMUM KILO-VOLTAGE SUDDENLY. Even with a System in daily use, switch the System ON and allow a minimum of 30 seconds warm-up prior to use. CONTROLS / KEYBOARD ‘When the Power switch is pressed to the ON or lighted position, the FluoroScan II] is powered up, or initializes, and the default, or pre-programmed operating parameters are displayed on the Primary Viewing Monitor, ‘These are noted below in Figure 1. Pressing the foot pedal prior to or during this initialization process will not cause the generation of X-rays, a beeper will sound and the high voltage will be disabled until the foot pedal is released. In order to modify the selected System defaults, or start-up conditions, refer to the Setup Mode Commands portion of this manual. These parameters should be changed only after having gained familiarity with the Controls, their function, and any potential interactions. Page 2The default operating parameters are: NOISE SUPPRESS Level 8 TIME: 5:00 minutes KV: 000 kilo-Volts MA: 0.000 milli-Amps Figure | Several of the default parameters may be temporarily modified or changed. These changes may be entered via the System's integral computer style Keyboard utilizing the Function, or F keys. The Operator is able to exercise total control over the manner in which the System will operate. The Function keys have the ability to control the features noted in Figure 2. F1- Access to on screen Help (an on-line Operator’s Manual) F2 - Continuous rotation of the four image memory buffers for the left Monitor F3 - Continuous rotation of the four image memory buffers for the right Monitor F4 - Save image on the left monitor to the hard disk drive FS - Restore image from the hard disk drive to the left Monitor F6 - Options - Other Image Storage and Image Transfer Methods F7- Patient Identification Mode F8 - Playback Mode F9 - Noise Suppression Level F10 - Elapsed Beam ON Time FI1 - X-Ray Power Up F12 - X-Ray Power Down Figure 2 * Key FI presents the contents of the Operator's Manual on the screen. * Keys F2 through F6 control the array of image storage, image transfer and other image handling capabilities of the System. See Advanced Features, Storage System Operations for additional information. * Key F7 presents the Patient ID Screen, See Advanced Features, Patient ID Mode. + Key F8 implements the Playback Mode of operation. Pre-recorded VCR images may be jewed on the Primary Viewing Monitor in this Mode. Page 3KEYBOARD IMAGE CONTROL, ‘The FluoroScan I] utilizes four image memory buffers, each of which may be displayed on either of the Viewing Monitors. The image buffer number in the lower right corner of each Viewing Monitor represents the image buffer that is currently active for that monitor. The Primary ‘Viewing Monitor's index will always indicate the buffer that an operation will take place on, i. any images that are captured, printed, output on auxiliary channels, saved to drives, or retrieved from drives will be based on the Primary Monitor's image index. Controlling the FluoroScan III's image storage capabilities will involve utilization of keys F2 - F6. Auto incrementing of the video buffers is the default condition. After an initial image is generated, this image is presented on both Viewing Monitors. Upon each successive foot pedal depression, the video buffer is incremented and the new image is stored in a new memory buffer. This image is presented on the Primary Viewing Monitor while the previous image is transferred to the second monitor. In a like manner, each additional image increments the memory buffers. Utilizing these four memory buffers, the last four images are retained in memory. Images may be recalled to the screens, saved, etc., using keys F2 - FS. If auto incrementing of the video buffers is disabled, (See Advanced Features, Setup Mode Commands) the initial image is again presented on both Viewing Monitors. By pressing the F2 key, the initial image is retained in buffer 1 and remains on the secondary monitor. Successive new images are then captured and retained in buffer 2. These new images are presented on the Primary Viewing Monitor. By using this method, visual comparisons may readily be made with respect to the screen presentations being observed on each monitor, i.e., before and after reduction, etc. Additional image save and restore information is provided under Storage System Operations, The remaining function keys, F9 through F12, relate directly to the use and operation of the System. A thorough understanding of these features is required in order to utilize the FluoroSean III safely and to its maximum capabilities * — F9- NOISE SUPPRESSION LEVEL: Noise Suppression may be changed using the Noise Suppression Level Key. There are five available selections, OFF, Level 2, Level 4, Level 8 and Level 16. As noted in Figure 1, the default value is Level 8. These levels may be changed at any time by pressing F9. T highlight the current selection on the Primary ‘Viewing Monitor. Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to select the desired level of Noise Suppression, The selection of Level 2, 4, 8, of 16 determines the number of frames of video which will be computer averaged before being presented to the Primary Viewing Monitor for examination. Utilization of the higher levels of Noise Suppression will result in the virtual elimination of any video noise or scintillation effects. Motion artifacting, which appears as a"'slow motion" effect, will generally be increased. Additional information is presented under Advanced Features. Page 4F10- ELAPSED BEAM ON TIME: The fluoroscopic timer may be adjusted in ten second increments ranging from five minutes to ten seconds. As noted, the default time is pre-set to five minutes, A shorter time interval may be selected by pressing the Elapsed Time Key (F10). This will highlight the current selection on the Primary Viewing Monitor. Use the DOWN arrow key to pre-select the desired elapsed time at which the beeper will sound. Pressing and holding this key down will rapidly decrease the time in ten second increments. The timer may not be set to a time greater than five minutes. Depressing the foot pedal will cause the "set time” to be replaced on the Primary Viewing Monitor by the elapsed time. Thereafter, the counter will display only total elapsed time, even when the FluoroScan is not generating X-rays. Starting at 0:00 the timer will count up only when X-rays are being generated, ‘The sounding of the beeper indicates that the elapsed time has exceeded the set time. The message "Preset Time has been exceeded!" is displayed on the Primary Viewing Monitor if a time other than the five minute default has been set. If the F10 Key is pressed again, a new set time may be selected. The new set time will be displayed if X-rays are not being generated. If X-rays are being generated, only the elapsed time is displayed. If the set time is reduced to less than the elapsed time, the beeper will be silenced. The beeper will always sound at 5 minutes no matter what the preset time The elapsed time display, after reaching 5:00 minutes, will revert to 0:00 and begin to count up again, The beeper will continue to sound. The beeper may be silenced after reaching 5 minutes by depressing F10 with the foot pedal up. FI1-X-RAY POWER UP: When operating under the System's normal default conditions, the milli-Amperage, or tube current, will auto-adjust in 0036 mA increments ranging from 020 to .095 mA. As noted, the default setting is 0.000 mA. The milli-Amperage being used is displayed on the Primary Viewing Monitor. See Advanced Features, Setup Mode Commands, FI will also control mA. F12- X-RAY POWER DOWN: When operating under the System's normal default conditions, the kilo-Voltage will auto-adjust in 2.15 kV increments ranging from 40 to 70 KV. As noted, the default setting is 000 kV. The kilo-Voltage being used is displayed on the Primary Viewing Monitor. See Advanced Features, Setup Mode Commands, F12 will also control kV. Note: When the utilization of specific fixed Power Settings is desired, as in imaging the lateral wrist, the desired settings may be preselected by repeatedly pressing F11 and/or F12 (See Note below). Following generation of the desired image, the normal defaults will again be implemented. The normal defaults are 000 kV and 0.000 mA. Pressing either FI1 ot F12 prior to depressing the foot pedal again will reinstate the preselected Power Settings. ‘The operator may select either simultaneous or independent kV and/or mA selections when operation in the SETMAKV mode is desired (See Advanced Features, Setup Mode ‘Commands ). Page 5* X-RAY ON: The X-RAY ON indicator is located on the front panel adjacent to the POWER switch, This is an indicator and not control. Whenever the foot pedal is depressed, and X-rays are being generated, this indicator will be lit. X-RAY ON may be controlied only by depressing the foot pedal. OPERATION Depressing the foot pedal will activate and maintain the X-Ray beam. The Primary Viewing Monitor will display the power settings, and the X-RAY ON light will be lit. The fluoroscopic Timer will register the accumulated fluoroscopic time. If the Timer reaches the pre-set time, the beeper will sound, The System does not shut down when the Timer reaches the pre-set time, While the beeper is sounding, the Timer will continue to accumulate the Elapsed Beam On Time * Depressing and holding the foot pedal down will cause X-rays to be generated and a real-time fluoroscopic image will appear on the Primary Viewing Monitor. Quickly depressing and releasing the foot pedal will allow a "snapshot" image to be obtained. te Adjust the CONTRAST and BRIGHTNESS controls on each Viewing Monitor for ‘optimum viewing under the prevailing ambient lighting conditions. The Viewing Monitors may be rotated and/or tilted approximately 15 degrees in each direction for ease of viewing. “The real-time image being viewed on the Primary Viewing Monitor may be rotated by tuming the large, black knob located at the distal end of the X-Ray Detector Housing. This control rotates the video camera, thus reorienting the image, * The Timer continuously updates the accumulated fluoroscopic time and a beeping tone will indicate having exceeded the "set" time. Please read the sections on Controls and Advanced Features for additional information. SHUT-DOWN ‘You will greatly extend the life of your FluoroScan IIT through thoughtful utilization and proper maintenance. Leaving the unit on all day when it is only to be used for a short period of time will shorten its useful life, When finished using the unit, press the Power switch to OFF. * Release the foot pedal, then press the Power switch to the OPF (unlit) position. + If-desired, the power cord and the foot pedal may be detached and stored within the Console’s storage drawer. Placing the C-Arm in its most compact, or storage position, will allow for ease of movement, help to insure that itis not exposed to mechanical impact and that the System will take up a minimal amount of floor space. Page 6ADVANCED FEATURES NOISE SUPPRESSION Video images are displayed as scanned lines of information which refresh the Primary Viewing Monitor every 1/30th of a second. The eye is therefore integrating a great number of screen. scans while an image is being »wed in real-time. Either two, four, eight, or sixteen frames of video averaging, or Noise Suppression may be selected, Averaging more than four frames may cause noticeable motion artifacting (blurring) as the object is moved in the X-Ray beam. Operator preference is readily established by trial and error, Releasing the foot pedal while the object being viewed is in movement will result in an unacceptable frozen image. FREEZE FRAME Real-time images offer many diagnostic advantages when the injured or diseased subject is dynamically exposed. An example would be the closed fracture line which opens up under stress, or the joint which impinges when moved to its limits. Most often, the subject is best viewed when it js static. The human eye is able to resolve static images far better than dynamic images. More importantly, the longer you view a fluoroscopic image, the greater the radiation dose to the patient Freeze Frame is always enabled, releasing the foot pedal tums the X-Ray beam OFF and displays the frozen image on the Primary Viewing Monitor. X-rays are not produced while an image is frozen on the screen. The foot pedal must be depressed in order to generate a new frozen image EDGE ENHANCEMENT Just as real-time images offer many diagnostic advantages, a static image may not always be capable of properly resolving extremely fine detail. The Edge Enhancement feature which has been designed for the FluoroScan III aids in the definition of structural detail which may not be apparent under normal conditions. This feature digitally accentuates the contrast of the edges of structure upon release of the foot pedal Edge Enhancement may be enabled or disabled as desired (See Setup Mode Commands, Edge). ‘This feature, when enabled, is only in effect when utilizing Noise Suppression Level 4 and above. * Quickly depressing and releasing the foot pedal will capture an enhanced, frozen image on the screen. The X-Ray beam is automatically turned OFF, thus allowing a thorough examination of the image without increasing the dose to the patient. Page 7* Actuating the foot pedal again will erase the frozen image. Afier the foot pedal is depressed, releasing it will capture a new, enhanced, frozen image. VIDEO PRINTER ‘The ability to produce hard copy gives the user a semi-permanent record of an image which may readily be referred to at any time. Detailed directions for using, adjusting and maintaining the printer have been included in a separate Operator's Manual. It should be noted that the ideal settings for the Contrast and Brightness controls are partially determined by the X-Ray power settings being used. The highest quality hard copy will be obtained using a frozen image captured at Noise Suppression level sixteen. When not in use, set the lever on the left hand side of the Printer to the "UP" position. This will serve to prevent flattening or indentation of the print roller. To print, re-set the lever to the "PRINT" position. One roll of paper will yield approximately 200 prints. VIDEO OUTPUTS AND ACCESSORIES With the exception of the output to the System's Viewing Monitors, the intemal video signals utilized by the FluoroScan III are standard RS170 format. All models will interface with either NTSC (sometimes called VHS) or CCIR (sometimes called PAL) video accessories. Any video monitor, video cassette recorder or video printing device which meets either of these video standards may utilize the video output from the FluoroSean IIL ‘The user is cautioned that no video accessories are approved for use with any FluoroSean Imaging System except those which are sold and installed by the manufacturer. Use of any other video device or accessory may cause a hazard and should be avoided. The Underwriters Laboratory mark, the CSA mark and/or the TUV Essen mark are not applicable if any unauthorized video accessories are attached to and powered by the FluoroScan IIL PATIENT ID MODE ‘The Patient ID Mode has been designed to readily allow the visual screen input of ps information. This information and any desired image may be printed out on the System's Video Printer, recorded to disk, or recorded to video tape via a Video Cassette Recorder. The Patient ID Mode input screen is accessed via the Keyboard utilizing key F7. The data to be entered is typed in utilizing the Keyboard. The input screen is presented as Figure 3. Three headings are presented, these refer to the items which may be input, These items, Name First, Name Last and View are called fields. Each of these ficlds may contain a maximum of twenty characters. An underline character, or cursor, marks the location on the screen where a character will be printed when the desired key is pressed. Using the shift key to enter capital letters, carefully type in the patient's FIRST name. Press the [ENTER] key when finished. In a like manner, type in the data for each remaining field, pressing Page 8[ENTER] until the VIEW field has been typed. Press the ESC key following entry of the VIEW field. Note that numbers may also be entered in this field so long as they do not exceed the maximum field length of twenty characters, Pressing the ESC key will automatically switch the System into the Auto, or default mode of operation. The four arrow keys, DELETE and BACKSPACE allow corrections to be made at any time prior to pressing the FSC key. If the FSC key has been depressed and a correction must be made. or perhaps a new VIEW must be entered, return to the Patient ID Mode input screen using the F7 key ‘The arrow keys allow repositioning of the cursor, i., pressing the UP arrow key will move the cursor up one line on the screen, pressing the RIGHT arrow key will move the cursor one character to the right Corrections may be made in several ways: TYPE-OVER - Move the cursor to the first screen position to be changed. then type over the existing text. DELETE - Move the cursor one character to the left of the screen position to be changed, repeatedly pressing the DELETE key removes all text to the right of the cursor. HOME - Pressing the HOME. key erases all data from the screen, positions the cursor at the beginning of the Name First field and allows new data entries to be made. The Backspace key may be used to erase characters to the left of the cursor. When printing with the Video Printer, recording to the hard disk, or to video tape, it should be noted that the field names are not presented, only the data which were entered within each field. ‘Turning the FluoroScan III OFF will erase all of the previously entered data. FluoroScan Imaging Systems, Inc. *** Patient Identification Mode *** Name First Name Last: Date: Jan 01, 1996 Time: 09:20:09 am Press ESCAPE when done. Figure 3 Page 9SUPERUSER MODE As a means of preventing unauthorized operation and/or in order to compile a log of System usage by specific individuals, a Superuser Mode has been provided. This feature must be enabled by your FluoroScan Representative. The person(s) selected as a Superuser will then have the ability to enter and/or delete Passwords as noted below. The System has the capability of storing and maintaining usage data for a maximum of 81 twelve character (or less) user Passwords, The Superuser Mode has been provided with the capability to maintain a log of System operation. The usage history and vital statistics for each authorized operator using the System are maintained within the System Upon entering the appropriate System Password from the Password input screen, the Superuser is presented with a screen which allows the following operations: ‘Normal usage of the FluoroScan (under Superuser control) Enter new passwords Delete single passwords Delete ALL passwords Display machine usage data weepe Option one disables the necessity for using Passwords until re-initialized. ‘The System may be utilized by anyone, at any time. If this type of operation is desired, as where total control of the System is always under a single individual, select option 1. This is the manner in which the unit is shipped. Option two allows the Superuser to enter new Passwords. As noted previously. the System will accommodate 81 twelve character Passwords, These are entered in lower case letters. Please note that numbers may also be a part of the entry. Option three allows the Superuser to delete existing single Passwords one at a time. Ifa single user is transferred to another department or leaves a facility, this single user's Password may be eliminated without affecting any of the other Passwords in the System. Option four allows the Superuser to delete ALL existing Passwords, If the System were to be ‘moved to another department on a permanent basis, this would allow the more efficient entry of any new Password requirements. Option five allows the Superuser to gain access to the machine usage data. The initial data which is presented identifies the characteristics of the System's software and memory configurations. Following the presentation of this information, the same screen displays the following data for each user: Page 101. Total 'X-Ray ON' time minutes. 2. Last date used 3, Total time Power ON’ minutes. 4. Number of footswitch activations 5. Maximum single exposure minutes, 6. Maximum single 'Power ON' time, minutes. Exit this sereen by pressing ESC. STORAGE SYSTEM OPERATIONS Saving and restoring an image to the Primary Viewing Monitor are the two basie operations which can be performed by the Storage System. The storing of an image is performed by pressing the F4 function key on the keyboard. The image file will automatically be named using aname denoted by the current date. ‘This is followed by a numerical suffix denoting the image number. To restore an image file to the Primary Viewing Monitor the FS function key must be pressed. A listing of the current directory of files will be displayed on screen along with the remaining capacity (empty file slots) for this directory. The UP and DOWN arrow keys are used to select the desired file. Pressing [ENTER] will display the file in the current buffer on the Primary Viewing Monitor. In addition to the above operations, there is an Option Menu which allows performing additional operations. The Storage Options Menu consists of the following functions. These functions may he selected by pressing the 6 function key Select Hard Drive Group Override Auto-Name Feature Import Floppy Drive Image File Copy Image To Floppy Rename Hard Drive File Delete Hard Drive File Rename Hard Drive Group 1. Select Hard Drive Group - Selects one of a number of different groups which have been preformatted on the hard drive, this is based upon the size of the hard drive. Once this option is selected, a listing of the different groups on the hard drive is displayed. Hard disk statistics are also calculated and the number of remaining empty file slots is displayed on the monitor in addition to the current selected group's remaining capacity. Fach group may contain up to 50 different image files. The UP and DOWN arrow keys are used to select the desired directory Pressing [ENTER] will make the highlighted directory the current active directory. At any time during this sequence the ESC key may be pressed, This will bring the user back to the previous ment Page 112, Override Auto-Name Feature - Utilized to override the date prefix which is automatically saved with a file. Once this option is selected, the user is prompted for an eight character prefix name to store with the file. Upon saving a new image, a numerical suffix will automatically be appended to the filename denoting the file number. This prefix is used until otherwise changed or the System is tuned off. At any time during this sequence the ESC key may be pressed. This will bring the user back to the previous menu 3. Import Floppy Drive Image File - This function is used to import any file which has been saved on a floppy disk in the FluoroSean binary image format. This file must be located in the root directory of the floppy disk. ‘When this command is selected, list of all the files in the root directory of the floppy is displayed. The UP and DOWN arrow keys are used to highlight the desired file. Pressing [ENTER] will import the desired image file into the current image buffer. ‘This is the Primary Viewing Monitor. 4. Copy Image To Floppy - A file may be exported to a floppy disk. ‘This file may be saved in a FluoroScan binary image format or a PCX file format. Upon Selecting this option a second sereen will appear which allows the user to select one of two file formats in which to save the image. After the file format is selected a listing of the current directory will be displayed. The user then selects which of the files to store to the floppy by highlighting the requied name. The selected image will be displayed along with the filename being used to store the file. At this time the user may press [ENTER] or may over-type the name with which to store the fil. The filename structure is similar to DOS in that the prefix may consist of 8 characters, the suffix may be 3 characters in length. If a PCX file format is chosen, the file suffix is automatically named to PCX. The file will be copied if the name does not already exist. At any time during this sequence, the ESC key may be pressed. This will bring the user back to the previous menu. Note: Ifa file is stored in a PCX file format, it may not be imported back into the FluoroScan. 5. Rename Hard Drive File - This function may be used to rename any file stored to the hard drive, Once this option is selected, a listing of the current directory is displayed on the screen Upon selecting the highlighted filename, the image is displayed on the screen and the user is prompted for a new filename, ‘The name will be changed so long as it does not already exist. At any time during this sequence the ESC key may be pressed. This will bring the user back to the previous menu. 6. Delete Hard Drive File - Utilized in order to delete a file stored to the hard drive, Once this option has been selected a listing of the current directory is displayed on the sereen. Upon selection of the highlighted filename, the image is displayed on the screen and the user is prompted to press Y(Yes) or N(No) to indicate if this is the image file to be deleted. At any time during this sequence the ESC key may he pressed to bring the user back to the previous menu. Page 127. Rename Hard Drive Group - This function may be used to rename the hard drive group. The FluoroScan’s storage system is set up with prenamed groups/directories. With the exception of the root directory, all other directories may be renamed to an individual's preference. ‘The group name structure is similar to DOS in that the prefix may be 8 characters long, the suffix may contain 3 characters. Upon selecting this option the user will be prompted for a new group name. If the name already exists, the entry will not be accepted. At any time during this sequence the ESC key may be pressed to bring the user back to the previous menu. SET JP MODE COMMANDS ‘The following list of simple commands enhance user control of the System and allow the customizing of various functions of the FluoroScan III The commands may be utilized through the following directions (Example, see Appendix A) 1, Type the word SETUP utilizing the Keyboard, then press the [ENTER] key. You will not see these letters on the screen. Ifa typing error is made, press [ENTER] and begin again. A long beep indicates rejected input, a short beep indicates that the entry is valid. Having accepted your entry. you will hear three short beeps, the screen will clear and you will see a flashing cursor (_) on the sereen. You are now in Setup Mode. 2. Typing any of the commands noted below, and again pressing [ENTER] will bring up a custom screen designed to allow the modification of several System parameters. You may now make changes to these parameters. Highlight the item you wish to change by pressing the UP or DOWN arrow keys. 3. When the final line of text on the screen is highlighted, "TO EXIT .", press [ENTER], this will clear the screen and you will see only a flashing cursor. If you wish to make any additional changes, type one of the commands noted below and continue from number 2 above. 4, When you have finished making changes, type EXIT and then press [ENTER]. You will hear a short beep and the System will reboot, thus incorporating all of the changes which have been made. These modifications will be retained by the System. They need not be made more than once unless additional changes are desired. BWELIP [ENTER] - Enables or disables the real-time control of Reverse Video. BUFFERS [ENTER] - Enables or disables auto incrementing of the video buffers. DEFAULT [ENTER] - Allows the default operating parameters (kV, mA, ete.) of any of the allowable modes of the System to be changed. DISK [ENTER] - Enables or disables the disk drive image storage options. Page 13EDGE [ENTER] - Enables or disables the Edge Enhancement feature. Always disabled below Noise Suppression Level 4. IMAGE [ENTER] - Allows the horizontal position of the presented image to be changed in 16 pixel increments. LANGUAGE [ENTER] - Allows the date format and the text displayed on the monitors and/or Printer to be changed, Implements any unique Country requirements. LRFLIP [ENTER] - Enables or disables the real-time control of image flipping. MODE [ENTER] - Enables or disables any allowable operating mode of the System. PASSWORD [ENTER] - Enables or disables the Password function, RESET {ENTER} - Enables or disables the ability to use the Control/Al/Delete key combination in order to reset the System, When enabled, two beeps indicate acceptance of the keystrokes. SETKYMA [ENTER] - Allows the selection of simultaneous or separate control of the kV and mA settings, temporarily overrides the default Auto Mode feature, Note: Where the ability to set specific kV and mA levels may be helpful, as in periodically checking the System, the separate control of these parameters may readily be accomplished. By using F11 for mA control and F12 for kV control, use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to preselect the approximate technique factors. Depress the foot pedal as in the normal mode of operation. Upon releasing the foot pedal, normal operation is restored. Pressing either F11 or F12 prior to depressing the foot pedal again will re-instate the desired technique factors, TIMEDATE [ENTER] -Allows the time and the date of the Real-time clock to be changed. The utilization of TIMEDATE is shown as an example. See Time & Date Set Procedure.. NON SETUP MODE COMMANDS, EDGEOFF [ENTER] - Disables Edge Enhancement of the image. Not a permanent setting. EDGEON [ENTER] :nables Edge Enhancement of the image. Not a permanent setting. FLIPOFF [ENTER] - Disables flipping of the image. Not a permanent setting. FLIPON [ENTER] - Enables flipping of the image. Not a permanent setting, REVERSEOFF [ENTER] - Disables reverse video. Not a permanent setting. REVERSEON [ENTER] - Enables reverse video of the image. Not a permanent setting. Page 14Note: Enabling or disabling any of the non setup features noted above is only temporary. These changes will remain in effect until either changed by the appropriate command, RESET is enabled and utilized, or until the System is powered OFF. ‘TROUBLESHOOTING GENERAL ‘The FluoroScan ITI Imaging System has been designed with System reliability and ease of use being the primary design criteria, As noted previously, the System is comprised of three major components, the Console, the C-arm, and the Flex-Arm. Each of these components and their sub-components will be discussed separately. Where required, directions for servicing in the field have been provided. A System Block Diagram is included in this manual. It should be noted that the majority of any failures within the C-arm assembly will require factory service. During the initial warranty period, and as detailed in the Fluoro$can Loaner C-arm Agreement, the availability of Loaner C-arms will insure a minimal amount of down-time. FluoroScan Service Hotline (1) 800-233-5400 ‘Outside the United States call (1) 847-564-5400 ‘Most failures will be found to be of one of two types, either a total ot partial lack of video or the inability to produce X-rays. Unfortunately, many of the symptoms noted will be the same. Upon determining the type of failure, appropriate action may then be taken. This will normally entail the replacement of an entire printed circuit board assembly (PCB), a cable assembly or factory service of the C-arm. ERROR CODES In the event of a System fault, the following error codes may be displayed on the Viewing Monitor, or may sound on the beeper. Error scription 001 Defective EEPROM default memory 002 KV or mA readback observed without foot pedal depression 003, Foot pedal depressed (generating X-rays) without kV or mA readback 004 Not used 005 Defective internal RAM 006 Defective external RAM 007 Not used 008 Alpha-numeric processor will not accept data 009 Camera control voltage is required but not detected o10 No response from video processor on Real-time clock battery is exhausted 012 VCR tumed OFF or defective 013 Defective digital to analog converters on Control PCB Page 15‘Non Alpha-numerie fautt indication One tong beep every second - RS-232 video processor port defective CAUTION ‘The printed circuit boards (PCB's) in the FluoroSean interact with one another and are tuned at the factory to operate within specific parameters. The user should not attempt to repair, adjust or replace any components on any PCB's. The High Voltage Power Supply, Part No. 210060, is encapsulated and cannot be repaired. The kV/Filament Driver PCB is tuned to the Power Supply. The Image Processing PCB, Part No. 210108, the System Control PCB, Part No. 210100, The Soft Start PCB, Part No, 210158, the Hard Disk Interface PCB, Part No. 210151 and the Switching Power Supply, Part No. 600049 are not repairable and should be considered as replacement or exchange items. NOTES Troubleshooting the FluoroScan III Imaging System must be approached differently than all prior System configurations. First, is there any lettering on the screen? If so, then press and hold down the foot switch. If the Timer does not count up and the Beam On indicator is not lit the problem probably lies within the foot switch or its cabling. If proper function of these parameters is observed, note the displayed KV and mA readings with the foot switch depressed. ‘The steady indication of normal kV and mA readings generally indicates that X-rays are being generated, With lettering present on the screen we know that the Primary Viewing Monitor is functioning, Using a known good 4 to 5' BNC/BNC cable, jumper from the video camera output to the printer's video input. With the foot switch depressed press the print button, The presence of a printed image indicates that the enfire C-arm is functional and that the problem involves either the video wiring or the Image Processing PCB. No image under these conditions generally indicates a problem within the C-arm. Connect the jumper from the video camera output to J14 (left rear comer) on the video PCB, then depress the footswitch. The presence of an image indicates an open or shorted video input cable between the video camera and J14. ‘With totally blank screens, make note of whether the System beeps upon being tumed ON. If not, try another outlet, then check the two fuses within the power receptacle. It may also be worthwhile to check the major components on the two main PCB's. Ifa unit has been transported frequently there is a possibility that one of the integrated circuits or a microprocessor has become loose in its socket. If the System beeps, docs the Beam On indicator light when the foot switch is depressed? Insure that all of the cabling connections have been properly secured and that none of the connector pins or wiring has been damaged. Are the monitor's power indicators lit? Ifnot, make sure that the monitors are plugged in properly, that the 15 pin D-Sub ‘monitor connectors are properly secured and that the power switches are ON. While somewhat ‘time consuming, it may be worthwhile to gain visual access to the four C-arm cable connectors which either mount or are part of the C-arm control cable. Check each wire for broken Page 16connections and for pushed in or bent pins. Again, the final possibility would most likely wolve the video PCB. See Setup Mode Commands, SETKVMA. While operating the System under mid-range Power Settings, note the indicated kV and mA readings. Generally speaking, a low kV reading indicates a high voltage power supply problem where a low mA reading indicates an X-ray tube problem. These conditions should be observed with the foot switch depressed, Always be on the alert as to whether or not an are may have occurred during operation, This usually sounds like a sharp, muffled snap which may occur only once or may repeat. Do nol operate the System under an arcing condition. The usual cause of an arc is a tube coolant leak which has allowed air to gain access to the X-ray tube housing. These symptoms all indicate problems which must be serviced at the factory and will require retum of the C-arm. STORAGE Any X-ray system or tube which has been left inactive for an extended period of time should be operated periodically, It is recommended that great care be taken when bringing inactive tubes Lup to their fall rated voltage and that the tube be brought to full power monthly. ‘The following run-up times should be used for a system which has not been used for an extended period of time. Increase the kV and mA settings slowly. These increases should be spread out cover the Run-up times listed below. While it is unlikely that the tube will arc, if it does, reduce the voltage by 5 kV or until any arcing stops, then wait at least 30 seconds before raising the voltage to the next higher level. Off Time Run-up Time 1 Week 20 Minutes 1 Month 60 Minutes 2 Months 90 Minutes 2-6 Months 2 Hours > 6 Months 3 Hours VARIANCE The FluoroScan Imaging System has been granted a variance from the federal requirement for image intensified, mobile fluoroscopes to have a minimum source-to-skin distance of not less than 20 cM. The initial variance, number 84V-0380, has been extended and remains in effect until April 12, 2000. The FluoroScan is allowed a minimum source-to-skin distance of 9 eM. If required, single copies of this variance will be supplied upon request. Page 17CONSOLE The Console consists of seven major components, the Video Monitors, the Video Printer, the Keyboard, the System Control PCB, the Image Processing PCB, the Soft Start PCB and a low voltage Switching Power Supply. Line voltage is supplied to the Console via the line cord which plugs into a double fused receptacle on the rear of the Console. Removing the line cord will allow access to the fuse holder recess located within the receptacle. All fuses must be replaced with the same type and rating. Power from the receptacle is switched by the Power switch / Soft Start PCB. Referring to the Block Diagram, note that all ac loads are supplied their power through the built-in isolation transformer. Video Monitors: The Video Monitor power switches should be left ON at all times. Power to the Monitors is controlled through the Power switch. With the Power ON, the pilot lights on the Monitors should be lit. Insure that the CONTRAST and BRIGHTNESS controls on the Monitors have not been set too low for proper viewing. Video Printer: The Printer is not wired in series with the video chain and will not, therefore, affect the video signal beyond the possibility of being improperly terminated, i.e. set to the incorrect impedance. Operation of the Printer is covered in a separate Manual. There are 19 settings available for Contrast and for Brightness. Past experience has shown that best results are obtained if these settings are kept within 2-4 units of each other. It has been noted that the settings are occasionally reset. Refer to the Printer Manual if operational difficulties are noted. Keyboard: The System's integral computer style Keyboard controls many of the System operating parameters. These have been noted in the preceding section titled Controls / Keyboard. Access to the following components may be made by removing the System's lower front panel, System Control PCB: This circuitry is controlled via an 80C52 microprocessor. This board consists of circuits which perform nine major functions, and will usually be replaced as a unit. This board controls the X-ray output, accepts input from the keyboard ‘and, in conjunction with the Image Processing PCB, controls the image storage buffers. Image Processing PCB: This circuitry constitutes a real-time video noise reduction and temporary image storage system which is ideal for the elimination of noise from low light level video cameras such as the video camera which is utilized in the FluoreScan. The built in storage buffers allows for freezing the current image and for storing the four most recent images. The video signal which is input from the camera is converted to digital data which is then stored in video memory. A running average calculation algorithm is implemented in high speed hardware which is dedicated only to this function. This allows for the real-time processing of the input video image as well as a continuous video output of the result. Page 18The Soft Start PCB incorporates a low voltage power circuit which is controlled by the Power switch to switch the ac line power ON and/or OFP. Jumper wires allow the selection of either 120 or 240 Vac operation, (Note: Additional changes may be incorporated as noted in Schematies- Service Information.) Switching Power Supply: As noted on the Block Diagram, this power supply provides all of the de operating voltage levels required by the FluoroScan, The 24V output is utilized only by the C-arm, the -5V output is not used in the System, The +5V output must be set within =05V (adjust R-48) to insure accurate kV and mA calibrations, The primary of the supply is fused at 3A. This fuse is located on the power supply board. With the exception of the 24V output, the remaining power supply outputs may most readily be checked at the System Control PCB test points. The supply's barrier terminal strip output connections are shown on page 25. The entire power supply may be replaced asa unit. The three retums being utilized by the System are all common. FLEX-ARM & ARTICULATION The C-arm is suspended from the Console by means of two movable arms. The horizontal, or primary arm pivots about the Console. Stops are incorporated into its mounting in order to limit the lateral movement of the arm. These stops, as well as the Monitor stops, should not be modified. The secondary arm pivots vertically on the end of the primary arm and utilizes @ built-in counter balancing system for ease in positioning of the C-arm. A friction lock Jever fixes this arm in any position within its range of motion. Each of these pivot points contain oil-lite bronze bushings which will not require any lubrication. A knuckle provides vertical, horizontal and tilting rotation for the C-arm. This articulating, knuckle incorporates three friction locks which fix the C-arm at any position throughout its range of motion, These Jocks are simple clamp mechanisms. The large vertical clamp contains an adjustable friction brake which helps to prevent a sudden drop of the C-arm when released. The horizontal clamp consists of a brass stop riding against a pin. ‘This part will tend to wear with use. The brass stop may be removed, rotated 180", and reinstalled in order to provide a new braking surface. See drawing 200261 Do not lubricate any of the Flex-Arm's bushings or any part of the articulating knuckle. Lubrication will only reduce friction and therefore, the locking capabilities of the assembly. It is extremely important that the Articulation and C-arm Assembly not rotate about item 14, Figure 4, drawing 200261. If this bolt has loosened, remove item 15 which is a locking set screw, properly secure item 14 and resecure item 15. Do not disassemble this assembly without first removing the C-arm from the Articulation. If this is a recurrent problem, apply Loctite to both screws. Page 19C-ARM. ‘The C-arm Assembly is usually serviced as a complete unit in lieu of field disassembly and service. The C-arm is connected to the Console through its’ main cable. The C-arm contains the high voltage and filament supplies, the X-ray tube and its housing, the beam limiting device, the image intensifier, and the video camera module. ‘The sheet metal panel which is mounted on the side of the C-arm with six screws contains the circuit board for the X-ray tube filament and high voltage control circuitry. Many problems may readily be traced to a loose or damaged cable or an inoperative foot pedal The location of functional problems should entail checking of the C-arm Cable. The C-arm may readily be removed or replaced: 1. Position the C-arm such that the four #10-32 x 1/2" screws which mount the C-arm to the rectangular Articulation mounting plate are facing upwards. 2. Disconnect the cable from the C-arm and position the Console such that the C-arm is resting on a table top or similar flat surface. 3, Securely tighten the Flex-Arm’s vertical lock handle to prevent the Flex-Arm from moving vertically when the weight of the C-arm is removed, then, remove the four C-arm mounting screws. 4, Remount the C-arm by reversing the steps noted above. In the event that a C-arm must be returned to the factory for service, custom made shipping containers are available through the manufacturer. OPERATIONAL CHECKS GENERAL Due to the manner in which the High Voltage Power Supply and Tube Housing are assembled it is not possible to measure either the tube current or the kilovoltage directly. The kV and mA values are both controlled by predetermined DC control voltages which are taken from a table in ROM. Many of these control voltages may readily be checked. 110, mounted near the front edge of the System Control PCB consists of test points where the operating voltages within the System may be measured. From left to right the test points are identified as follows: (+12V), (+5V), (Gnd.), (-12V), (KV read) and (mA read). Page 20Note: System Control Board, Model 5C cannot be checked at all output levels without additional software. The minimum and maximum levels may be checked in the SETKVMA mode of operation Under these conditions, the readings displayed on the Primary Video Monitor will generally indicate low. KILOVOLTAGE Connect a digital voltmeter between J10 (Gnd.} and J10 (kV out). Depress the foot pedal, then select kilovolt settings with the kilovolt-up key, one at a time, and note the following approximate measurements: At 45 KV, the meter should read 2.25 VDC. ALSO kV, the meter should read 2.50 VDC. ALS5 KV, the meter should read 2.75 VDC. At 60 kV, the meter should read 3.00 VDC. AL65 KV, the meter should read 3.25 VDC. AC 70 kY, the meter should read 3.50 VDC. pages Release the foot pedal and note that the meter reads 0 VDC. MILLIAMPERAGE Connect a digital voltmeter between J10 (Gnd.} and J10 (mA out). Depress the foot pedal, then select milliampere settings one at a time with the milliampere-up key, and note the following approximate measurements: a, At 025 mA, the meter should read 1.25 VDC. b. At .035 mA, the meter should read 1.75 VDC. ¢. At 045 mA. the meter should read 2.25 VDC. d. At.055 mA, the meter should read 2.75 VDC. e. At.065 mA, the meter should read 3.25 VDC. f. At.075 mA, the meter should read 3.75 VDC. g. At.085 mA, the meter should read 4.25 VDC. h. At.095 mA, the meter should read 4.75 VDC. Release the foot pedal and note that the meter reads 0 VDC. Page 21AUTO MODE AUTO is the default mode of operation, Connect a digital voltmeter between J10 (Gnd.) and J10 (kV out), The normal kV and ma indications of 00 should be noted on the Video Monitor and the meter will read 0 VDC. With an open beam, depress the foot pedal. ‘The Video Monitor indications will normally lie between 40 and 45 kV and .023 t0 .029 mA. With the foot pedal depressed, slowly insert an object such as lead sheeting or a thick aluminum block into the primary beam. A steady increase in both kV and mA will be noted. With the beam fully blocked the Video Monitor indications will normally lie between 67 and 70 kV and ,093 to .095 mA. The (KV out) and (mA out) readings at J10 will show a like increase on the meter. Page 22Powen svaron sorr Sar 5 OHM 200 708 1 a eo so U ‘so, Montron a ae 4 swrcaine + POWER + Super #500 vic Taav Be se70 a PRINTER ¢- eee Boron wet oc ourpurs FOOT SWITCH - oss MAGE x Sonre. ||_>2> PRs. a Poe 2 = we fl« 12 |[_woeo. BOARD be = bie VIDEO TO PRINTER AND/OR VOR | === VIDEO To MONITORS, Block Diagram Page 23,ram can ~ Seana ET C-ARM MOUNTING Figure 4 Page 24C-ARM & LOW VOLTAGE SUPPLY PINOUTS C-ARM CABLE PIN OUTS 28 Pin Conn, Function 1) Black 2) WhvGry 4) Org 6)Red 7) Bm 8) Yel 9) Wht 10) Gm 11) Vio 12) Blu 13) Gry 14) WhvBlk 22) Coax 23) Gr’Yel 26) Coax de Return de Return 24V Supply (+) SV Supply (+) 12V Supply (+) - Camera X-ray Enable (HI = Off) Intensifier Enable (HI = ON) KV Control (50 mV/kV) mA Control (50 mV/uA) kV Readbac mA Readback de Return Video Signal Chassis Ground Video Shield DC POWER SUPPLY CONNECTIONS eae wruan as yutput/Funetion No Connection No Connection +24 VDC Output 24 V Retun| +12 VDC Output +5 VDC Output +5 VDC Output 5 & 12 V Return 5 & 12 V Retum, -5 VDC Output -12 VDC Output i NA NA 24V 45% NIA 12V£3% SET SET NIA NA ‘Not Used -12V+3% NOTE: All System returns are common, terminals 4, 8 and 9 PageTHEORY OF OPERATION - SYSTEM CONTROL PCB This circuit board consists of nine major sections: 1. The microprocessor section functions as follows: ‘The microprocessor is configured to access external program memory. U9 contains the program software, U7, U8 and associated logic forms an address decoding scheme which provides chip selects for the PIA’S, Real-Time clock, EEPROM, RAM, RS-232 serial port. and the Analog to Digital converter Indicator lights, Beeper, Footswitch input, X-Ray enable, and intensifier enable are controlled dircetly from microprocessor ports for speed and simplicity. ‘The current version of this PCB contains 65,536 bytes of program memory, 32,768 bytes of EEPROM, 256 byte of internal RAM, 32,768 bytes of external RAM, and a Real-Time clock 2. ‘The IBM keyboard buffer functions as follows: ‘The data from the IBM keyboard is received in a 11-bit, two-wire serial format. ‘This data is applied to a 16-bit shift register consisting of U22, U24 and associated components. The 8 relevant parallel output hits are extracted and applied to First-In-First-Out memory, U21. U27B. and associated components are utilized to generate a WR pulse for this FIFO. Up to 1024 codes representing characters or graphics may be stored in this buffer. A software algorithm interprets the codes for utilization by the System. Once these codes are stored, the microprocessor is then able to read the characters at its’ leisure. By this means, the microprocessor is not interrupted at critical times by extraneous keyboard inputs. 3. The Reference Voltage Generator functions as follows: Reference Control Voltages for kV and ma are generated by US4, U1, Ul4, U16A, U16D and associated components. A 12-bit binary number is output on PLA US4 ports A and C0-C3, ‘This number is applied to the inputs of Digital-to-Analog converter U13. The resulting output current is buffered and converted to a voltage by UI6A. This provides the mA control voltage A 12-bit binary number is output on PIA US4 ports B and C4-C7. This number is applied to the inputs of Digital-to-Analog converter U14. The resulting output current is buffered and converted to a voltage by UI6D. This provides the kV control voltage. 4. The RS-232 serial port functions as follows: Serial port transmission is accomplished through the use of U18, US3, and associated components. UI8 is a dual serial port IC which can be programmed for a wide variety of modes. In this instance, it is programmed for 19,600 baud, 1 start bit, 1 stop bit, no parity, and no control lines. U53 is a RS-232 level converter, which, by means of several intemal charge-pump Page 26circuits, and external capacitors C71 through C74, generates the required +12V and -12V signals from the SV output of U18. 5. The KV and mA readback circuit operates as follows: Readback of mA, kV, and calibration mA and KV is provided by U6B, U6C, U16B, U16C and associated components. Voltages generated by U13 and U14 are input to U16B and U16C These J-Bifet input operational amplifiers are configured as voltage followers, and simply isolate, filter and buffer the voltage from the external connections to the C-Arm. These voltages are then converted by A-to-D converter U19 to binary numbers. These numbers are then compared t0 calculated theoretical numbers in software to determine accuracy If the program determines that the accuracy is not sufficient, due to normal tolerances, then it will adjust the voltage until it is. The resulting corrected number is then stored permanently in the EEPROM, and all further accesses to Control Voltage numbers will be made from this EEPROM. Thus, hardware tolerances are compensated for by actual measurement, and averaged out. Although this calibration is performed automatically the first time the Controller PCB is powered up. this calibration procedure may be performed any time it is deemed necessary by authorized FluoroScan personnel 6. The Analog-to-Digital converter functions as follows: ‘As mentioned previously, voltages are received from the high-voltage power supply at JS pins 7 and 8. These voltages are scaled, filtered and buffered by U6B and U6C and associated components. ‘The resulting signal is inputted to Analog-to-Digital converter U19. Selection of calibration voltage or current, readback voltage or current, or Auto-Dose control voltage accomplished by applying a 3-bit address to pins 25, 24, and 23 of U19. Logical 0 address calibration input, and a logical 1 address = kV calibration input. Logical 2 address ~ mA readback input, a logical 3 address = kV readback, and a logical 4 address = Auto Dose camera input. mA Once an address has been applied, the microprocessor sends a logic 1, and then a logic 0 several microseconds afier, to the START and ALE pins of U7. This simultaneously latches the address for the above named functions and starts the analog conversion. Approximately 80 microseconds later, the microprocessor applies a logic 1 to the OF (output enable) pin of the A to D converter enabling the data to be read at its’ outputs. The number received by the microprocessor is binary, and must therefore be decoded and converted in a software algorithm to ASCII codes which are then sent via the RS-232 serial port to the Video Processor. From there, they are displayed on the video monitor. This A to D converter requires a clock for it's operation. This clock is provided by means of a simple relaxation oscillator consisting of C34, R45 and U23C. This clock operates ata frequency of | MHz. Page 277. The Auto-Dose rate circuit operates as follows: The live video signal from the camera is applied to U4A and associated components. This circuit is a diode clipper which serves to strip off the syne signals, leaving only video. This signal is then over-range limited by U4B, U4C, U6A and associated components, and is then averaged into a DC voltage by U4D and associated components. The output voltage follows the averaze video (image) output. This output voltage is then applied to Analog to Digital Converter U19 and is converted to a binary number. A software algorithm then utilizes the binary number to select kV and mA control voltages (i.e. kV and mA settings) which are appropriate to the imaging application. 8. The Watchdog timer functions as follows’ Refiesh pulses are provided to U2S by the WR line from the microprocessor. Since, under normal circumstances, external devices are being accessed frequently, this provides a reliable means of determining if the System is functioning correctly. The WR line continually resets an internal time-constant in U25, thereby preventing it from generating a reset. If the WR pulse train stops for a period of 1.0 seconds, a 140ms reset pulse will be issued every 1.6 seconds, thus resetting the microprocessor. 9, Footswitch control is accomplished as follows: When the footswitch is depressed, the signal is debounced by U23B and associated components. These components also provide static protection for U23B. This is desirable as the Footswitch cable is relatively long, and essentially, isa static collector. The logic 1 appearing at U23B pin 4 is input to microprocessor port P1.1. Software determines whether the X-Rays will be strobed or continuous. In either case, a logic 0 will appear at J6 pin | to enable X-Rays for the appropriate period of time. ‘When the footswitch is released, or strobe times out (1.0 second), a logic | will be reapplied to J6 pin | to disable X-Rays. The circuit consisting of U23B and associated components provides a 33 millisecond time delay on X-Ray disable. This allows the Video Processor PCB sufficient, time to store a valid frame before X-Rays cease. Several safety features should be noted. First, when the System is first tumed on, the microprocessor immediately disables X-Rays. Initialization of the hardware is then begun. When this task has been accomplished, the microprocessor checks the footswitch to see if it is already depressed, damaged ctc.. If the footswitch is depressed, the microprocessor will not allow X-Rays to be enabled. ‘The buzzer will also sound, and the message "Please release footswitch to start machine" will appear on the video monitor to wam the user of the problem, Page 28THEORY OF OPERATION - KV/FILAMENT DRIVER PCB This circuit consists of the following sections 1. A Kilovolt switching power supply which is in turn made up of the following parts: a. An operational amplifier generating an output voltage which is proportional to an input Control voltage and a Read-back voltage. b. A low-voltage variable frequency oscillator generating two 50% duty cycle square waves 180 degrees out of phase. c. A Read-back cite Kilovoltage. providing a low-voltage representative of the X-Ray tube d. A power section to drive the potted transformer and multiplier assembly ¢. A high-level limiter to clamp the oscillator frequency in case of a fault. 2. A Filament switching power supply which is in turn made up of the following parts: a, An operational amplifier generating an output voltage which proportional to an input Control voltage and a Read-back voltage. b. A low-voltage variable frequency oscillator generating two 50% duty square waves 180 degrees out of phase. c. A Read-back circuit providing a low-voltage reading indicative of the current being conducted through the X-Ray tube. 4. A power section to drive the potted step-down isolation transformer assembly, which in tum drives the X-Ray tube filament e. A high-level limiter to limit the amount of tube filament current which can be delivered to the tube in case of a fault, 3. A Switch/Driver cireuit to provide power for the Image Intensifier. Beginning with the Kilovolt switching power supply, the circuit functions as follows: ‘A Control Voltage, which is representative of the desired Kilovollage, enters the PCB at J1-5. It is then scaled by P2, filtered to remove any unwanted noise by C11, and applied to the non-inverting input of U3A. This scaled, buffered voltage is then applied to a voltage limiter consisting of R26 and D8, D9, and D10. The operation of this limiter will described later. Page 29The Control Voltage is then applied to Q3 and associated components. Q3 functions as a voltage-controlled variable resistor which directly controls the frequency of oscillator U2 $G3525. U2 generates two 50% duty cycle square waves 180 degrees out of phase. These square waves are applied to power Fets QI and Q2. These Fets drive the primary of a center-tapped step-up transformer located in the potted assembly ‘The secondary of this transformer drives a diode-capacitor multiplier which boosts the possible transformer voltage to greater than 70KV. Also wound on the secondary is a sinall subsidiary coil which produces a low voltage signal which directly tracks the Kilovoltage, This signal is rectified and filkered by C15 and associated components, scaled by P3, buffered by U3D and associated components to produce the KV Read-back voltage. This signal is then input to U3A inverting input It should be noted that if the Kilovoltage is too high, the corresponding KV Read-back voltage will also be too high. This Read-back feedback voltage will then force U3A to lower it's output voltage, lowering the impedance of Q3, and raising the frequency of oscillator U2. Because this circuit drives an inductor, raising the frequency to that inductor lowers its output voltage, thus restoring the correct original output kilovoltage setting. ‘The reverse process occurs should the Kilovoltage drop too low. By this means, it will be seen that the output kilovoltage is regulated against changing loads, to approximately 2%. In addition, if'a changing load should raise or lower the output kilovoltage by that 2%, the Controller PCB, which supplies this circuit with control voltages. will see this change indicated in the Readback voltage present at J1-6, and boost or lower the KV Control Voltage until the setting is exactly correct. Thus, it will be seen that extremely tight regulation is obtained by this method. If, because of a fault, the Kilovoltage should drop too low, U3A output may try to rise too high to regulate the output. In this case, diodes D8, D9, D10 will conduct and clamp the voltage delivered to Q3. thus limiting the lower frequency produced by U2, in tum limiting the Kilovoltage produced by the high-voltage transformer and multiplier. Q8, Q9 and associated components serve to clamp the oscillator at a logic 1 on powerup, this being done to prevent KV from being generated at that time. The Filament Power Supply functions as follows: ‘A Control Voltage, which is representative of the desired uAmperage, enters the PCB at J1-7. It is then scaled by P§, filtered by C5 to remove any unwanted noise, and applied to the noninverting input of U3C. This buffered voltage is then applied to a high-level clamp formed by R8, D1, D12, and D13. This clamp will be discussed later. ‘The output of the clamp is applied to Q6, which acts as a voltage controlled variable resistor which controls the frequency of Ul SG3525. UI generates two 50% duty cycle square waves 180 degrees out of phase. These square waves are applied to power Fets Q4 and QS. These Fets drive the primary of a center-tapped, step-down, isolation transformer located in the potted assembly. Page 30The secondary of this transformer drives the X-Ray tube filament, Current drawn through the multiplier (X-Ray Tube current) through a 100 megohm resistor connected to the input end of the multiplier. This low-voltage signal is then scaled by PS, filtered by C6 and associated components. [tis then buffered and applied to the inverting input of U3C. Thus it will be seen that if the tube tube current rises too high, the corresponding mA Read-back voltage will also be too high. This Read-back feedback voltage will then force U3C to lower it’s output voltage, lowering the impedance of Q6, and raising the frequency of oscillator U1 Because this circuit drives an inductor, raising the frequency to that inductor lowers it's output voltage, and therefore it's output current through the filament, thus restoring the correct original output uAmperage setting by changing the tube filament current. The reverse process occurs if the wAmperage drops too low. By this means, it will be seen that the output tube wAmperage is regulated against changing Kilovoltage across the tube, to approximately 2%. In addition, if'a changing Kilovoltage should raise or lower the output tube wAmperage by that 2%, the Controller PCB, which supplies this circuit with control voltages, will see this change indicated in the Readback voltage present at J1-8, and boost or lower the mA Control Voltage until the setting is exactly correct. Thus, it will be seen that extremely tight regulation is obtained by this method, If. because of a fault, the tube current should drop too low, U3C output may try to tise too high to regulate the output filament current, and thus regulate the tube current, In this case, diodes DI, D2, DI3 will conduct and clamp the voltage delivered to Q6, thus limiting the lower frequency produced by U3C, and in so doing, limit the filament current produced by the filament step-down isolation transformer. This process will then also limit the wAmaperage through the X-Ray tube. Zener diode clamps D17. D18, and D19, D20 serve the same function on both switching supplies. When any of the PowerFets turn off, an inductive ringing is produced at their Drains. If left undamped, this ringing will produce excessive heat in these Powerfets. This heat must, of course, be dissipated, resulting in larger heatsinks. The Zener diodes (Zidactors) conduct current at the voltage level of the ringing, and therefore damp that ringing. Since the period of time that the Zener diodes conduct current is short, and since that time is not constant, the Zener diodes themselves do not produce any appreciable heat, and therefore do not need to be heat-sinked, Diodes D6 , D14, and D15, D16, and resistors R17, R18, R31, R32, and R1, R2, R3, R19 serve to eliminate overlapping edges on the two output square waves from each oscillator. The resistors reduce the drive voltage to the Powerfets, thus slowing their turn-on time. The diodes rapidly discharge the Gate capacitance of the PowerFets, thus reducing their tum-off time. Overlapping edges on these square waves causes both PowerFets (Q1 and Q2, or Q4 and Q5) to switch "on" simultaneously for a short interval. This causes a great amount of excess heat to be produced in the PowerFets, which in turn increases the heat-sinking requirements for those PowerFets. Page 31‘The Image Intensifier Switch/Driver functions as follows: An open-Collector transistor located on the aforementioned Controller PCB switches off, allowing R12 and C19 to charge to ~SV with a time constant determined by their values. Q7 functions as an Emitter-Follower and smoothly follows this voltage rise. The voltage drop across the Emitter-Base junction of Q7, and the diode junction drop across D7, reduces the +5V supply to approximately +3V for proper Image Intensifier operation, IMAGE PROCESSING PCB DESCRIPTION “The image processing board consists 15 different sections of circuitry. The Figure below gives a generalized break down of these sections with an approximate location. The 15 sections are labeled A.B....O. ane ot otolo tes aco go 6€«O }}90 2 = O00 % 00 coud 0000 Na M a | ihe | “000 Image Board | al Lf] OO omc eee l q i Co 1. Input Power Connector - +5 Vde and return. (A) 2. Capture Section - Contains input video multiplexer, analog video buffers, and analog to digital conversion of the video signal. (B) 3. Clock Generation - Based on the vertical and horizontal synes of the video board, a pixel clock is derived and the clock is distributed. (C) Page 324, Recursive Averaging - Based on control signals, the video is stored and recursively averaged with previous frames of video. (D) 5. VGA conversion - Interlaced video is converted to non-interlaced video. (E) 6. Edge Enhancement - Based on control signals, the incoming video frame can be edge enhanced in real time. (F) 7. Image Flip - Based on control signals, the image can be mirrored. (G) 8. Buffer Storage - Four frames of VGA buffer storage, along with digital video switches which direct a particular frame to a selected VGA sereen. (H) 9. VGA to RS170 conversion - Non-interlaced to interlaced digital conversion. (1) 10. VGAL output - Digital to analog conversion of the main VGA output. (J) 11. VGA2 output - Digital to analog conversion of the secondary VGA output. (K) 12. RS170 outputs - Digital to analog conversion of interlaced video signal. Three video drivers, each of which output the same video signal. (L) 13. Character Generation - Character generation and storage for three distinct character streams One for each video output channel. (M) 14. Video Timing - Timing base for VGA and RS170 video outputs. (N) 15. Central Processing and I/O - Control of the whole board through the CPU operating system, The section also contains /O ports for the disk drive and RS232 serial communication to the system control board. (O) THEORY OF OPERATION - SOFT-START PCB ‘The FluoroScan Imaging System incorporates an electronic AC power circuit to turn the System on or off. The circuit contains two main sections, these are described as follows: 1. The High-Voltage AC power section functions as follows: The AC line voltage is switched on or off by triacs Q1 and Q2. JP4 is not used. Since the load for these triaes is inductive (a toroidal isolation transformer of high Q), the voltage and current components are not in phase. Since the triacs tum off at zero current, they may be trying to turn off when the applied current is zero, but the applied voltage is close to maximum. This situation is avoided by employing components R3, RS, C9, and C10 as a snubber to reduce the rate of voltage rise seen by the triacs. Page 33Gate current for Q1 and Q2 is provided by Ul and U2. These components are opto-isolator/trise drivers, basically lower-current triacs optically coupled to an internal LED. When voltage is applied across the LED's, the resulting infrared output optically exeites the detector. This detector (small current triac) then provides gate excitation current for the main triacs. 2. The Low-Voltage section functions as follows’ Triac Driver LED current drive is provided by Q3, with base current driver for Q3 being provided by U3A. U3A isa flip-flop which "memorizes" the On/Off switch position. U4A, U4B and associated components debounce the On/Off power switch with a 47ms debounce time. ‘Current drive for the Power-On lamp is provided by Q4, Q5 and associated components. Power for the low-voltage section is provided by transformer T1, rectifier D1, US and associated ‘components. This Low-Voltage power supply may be configured for either 120 Vac or 240 Vac by means of jumpers JP1, JP2, and JP3. Earth ground connections are provided on J2, pin 1, and J3, pin S JP must be in place for 240 V operation. JP2 and JP3 must be in place for 120 V operation. JP4 is not used as both sides of the line are switched in either mode of operation, Page 34SCHEMATICS - SERVICE INFORMATION ‘The following schematics and wiring diagrams are part of this Service Manual: ‘System Control PCB Schematic - Document No. 210100 kV Driver / Filament Driver PCB Schematic - Document No. 210051 Soft Start PCB Schematic - Document No. 210158 Articulation Assembly - Document No. 200261 Service Information for the Video Printer, Model P67U_may be obtained from: Mitsubishi Electronics America, Inc. 5757 Plaza Drive Cypress, CA 90630 Phone: 714-220-2500 (Return Authorization is required for service - Call prior to any return) Service Information for the SVGA Video Monitors may be obtained from: Tatung Company 2850 El Presidio Street Long Beach, CA 90810 Phone: 310-637-2105 (Return Authorization is required for service - Call prior to any retum) The major differences between domestic and export Systems are outlined below. Some of these differences may not be present on all export Systems, therefore, this listing should be considered as Reference Only. ‘The toroidal isolation transformer is 1:1, 220 Vac ‘The Input voltage jumper on the Switching Power Supply is set to 230 Vac ‘The internal auxilliary power outlets are changed ‘The Mains fuses are changed and an additional surge resistor is added The Video Printer is 220 Vac. ‘The jumper wires on the Soft-Start PCB are changed. ayauye Page 35TIME & DATE SET PROCEDURE ‘The simple instructions which immediately follow will allow changing the System's default, or built-in, Time and Date presentation. ‘These instructions will also allow the operator 10 conveniently change between Daylight Savings Time and Standard Time when necessary 1. Type the word SETUP utilizing the Keyboard, then press the [ENTER] key. You will not s¢¢ these letters on the screen. Ifa typing error is made, press [ENTER] and begin again. Having accepted your entry, you will hear three short beeps, the screen will clear and you will see a flashing cursor (_ ) on the screen. You are now in Setup Mode, 2. Typing TIMEDATE and again pressing [ENTER] will bring up the screen noted in Figure 4. You may now make changes to the parameters noted below, items 3-5. The Current Time and Current Date are for reference only. Highlight the item you wish to change by pressing the UP or DOWN arrow keys. 3. When FORMAT is highlighted, you may select either 12 or 24 hour time presentation, This is done by pressing [ENTER]. You will note that the format toggles, or switches back and forth, from 12 t0 24 each time the key is pressed. Leave the time format set to the desired type of presentation, then press the DOWN arrow key. 4. When TIME is highlighted you may enter the correct time using two digits for each entry box. You must use the following format, HH:MMSS, the final entry is either am or pm. For example, 09:20:09 pm, or. if using the 24 hour format, 21:20:09 pm. Having set the time, press the DOWN arrow key. 5. When DATE is highlighted you may enter the correct date, again using two digits for each entry box in the following format, MM/DD/YY. For example, 01/01/96. Press the DOWN arrow key to continue. 6. When the final line of text on the screen is highlighted, "TO EXIT...", press [ENTER], this will clear the screen and you will see only the flashing cursor. If you wish to make any additional changes, (See Setup Mode Commands) type the appropriate ‘command from this screen. 7. When you have finished making changes, type EXIT and then press [ENTER]. You will hear three short beeps and the System will reboot, thus incorporating all of the changes which have been made, These modifications will be retained by the System. ‘They need not be made more than once unless additional changes are desired. Page 36