BCS THE CHARTERED INSTITUTE FOR IT

BCS HIGHER EDUCATION QUALIFICATIONS

BCS Level 4 Certificate in IT

COMPUTER & NETWORK TECHNOLOGY

Tuesday 27th September 2016 - Morning

Time: TWO hours

Section A and Section B each carry 50% of the marks.

You are advised to spend about 1 hour on Section A (30 minutes per question)
and 1 hour on Section B (12 minutes per question).

Answer the Section A questions you attempt in Answer Book A

Answer the Section B questions you attempt in Answer Book B

The marks given in brackets are indicative of the weight given to each part of the question.

Calculators are NOT allowed in this examination.

General comments on candidates' performance

The standard of attempts has improved during this sitting. There were fewer blank answer
books. The most popular question A section questions were A1 and A3. The most popular
B section questions B5 and with B7 the least popular.

Note that the answer pointers contained in this report are examples only. Full marks were
given for alternative valid answers.

SECTION A
Answer 2 questions (out of 4). Each question carries 30 marks.

A1 A digital circuit has 4 inputs D, C, B, A representing the binary values 0000 to 1111 (0 to
15 decimal). The output F is true if the input falls in the range 8 to 10 (inclusive), or if the
input is divisible by 3, or if the input is divisible by 7. It is false otherwise. Zero is
considered as indivisible by 3 or 7.

a) Construct a truth table for this system

(7 marks)

b) From the truth table write down a Boolean equation for F in terms of D,C,B,A
(7 marks)

c) Using either Boolean algebra or Karnaugh maps, obtain a simplified expression for F.
(8 marks)

d) Draw a circuit to implement the circuit for F using NAND gates only.
(8 marks)
Answer Pointers

a)

D C B A Decimal Range 8-10 Divisible by 3 Divisible by 7 F

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 3 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 5 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 6 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 7 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 9 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 10 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 11 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 12 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 13 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 14 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 15 0 1 0 1

b) From the truth table

F = D!C!BA + D!CBA! + D!CBA + DC!B!A! + DC!B!A + DC!BA! + DCB!A! +DCBA! + DCBA

c)

F= D!C!BA + D!CBA! + D!CBA + DC!B!A! + DC!B!A + DC!BA! + DCB!A! +DCBA! + DCBA

F= D!C!BA + D!CB + DC!B! + DC!BA! + DCB!A! +DCB
F= D!B(C!A + C) + DC!(B! + BA!) + DC(B!A! + B)
F= D!B(A + C) + DC!(B! + A!) + DC(A! + B)
F= D!BA + D!CB + DC!B! + DC!A! + DCA! + DCB
F= D!BA + D!CB + DCB + DC!B! + DC!A! + DCA! = D!BA + CB + DC!B! + DC!A! + DCA!
F= CB + DC!B! + D!BA + DC!A! + DCA! = CB + DC!B! + D!BA + DA!(C! + C)
F= CB + DC!B! + D!BA + DA!

DC
00 01 11 10
BA

00 1 1

01 1

11 1 1 1

10 1 1 1

From K-Map F = CB + DA! + DC!B! + D!BA

d)
To convert to NAND logic, we need to remove the OR (+) operator. We can do this with
double negation and then apply deMorgan’s theorem. That is
NAND logic
F = C.B + D.A + D.C.B + D.B.A

F = C.B + D.A + D.C.B + D.B.A

F = C.B . D.A . D.C.B . D.B.A

Examiner’s comments

A number of candidates interpreted "Zero is considered as indivisible by 3 or 7" as zero is

divisible by 3 or 7. The equation for F given by the vast majority of candidates accurately
reflected their truth table. If the candidate's truth table was incorrect, candidates still gained
marks for correctly translating their truth table to the equation. A small number of candidates
used boolean algebra to simplify the equation for F. Those who used a Karnaugh map, the
majority, tended to get a more accurate answer than those via boolean algebra.

Section d), involving NAND gates was poorly answered.

A2

a) Draw the block diagram of a computer’s CPU at the level of registers, buses, and
functional units. Your diagram must include a Program Counter, PC.
(8 marks)

b) What is the purpose of a Program Counter (PC) in a computer?

(4 marks)
 c) Starting with the Program Counter (PC), explain how an instruction is fetched and
executed.
(10 marks)

d) Computer instructions at the machine level, or assembly language level, are

expressed in various ways depending on whether the computer has a RISC
architecture or a CISC architecture, and on the particular manufacturer of the
processor. Describe the structure of two different instruction set formats in terms of
the fields of an instruction.
(8 marks)

Answer Pointers

a)
The figure below gives the classic textbook structure of a PC. Many variations are
acceptable. There should be a clear flow of information from PC to memory to instruction
register; and data paths between memory, data register(s), and ALU,
PC MAR
Program counter Memory address register

Address
Incrementer

Memory

Data

IR Op-code Operand Memory buffer register

MBR

Literal to ALU
Clock Control Unit

Data register D0
.........

Control signals
A

f(A,B) ALU

CCR
Condition code register

b) The program counter is used to fetch an instruction from memory. After an instruction
has been fetched, the program counter is automatically incremented to point to the next
instruction. If the current instruction is a branch, the program counter is loaded with the
branch target address (assuming that the branch is taken).
c) The program counter is copied to the memory address register and used to access an
instruction. The PC is then incremented ready to fetch the next instruction.

The instruction in the instruction register is decoded into its operation and operand fields
(i.e., registers and constants).

The control unit interprets the instruction and uses the bus to move data between
registers and the ALU, and between the ALU and registers (or the memory buffer
register).

Branch operands are implemented by changing the contents of the PC either by loading it
from the instruction register or from a register.

d)
Many instruction formats are possible and no two computers are identical. In general,
CISC processors have variable length formats; for example, some CISC processors
support 16-bit, 32-bit and 48-bit instructions. This allows CISC instruction formats of:

Operation:address (e.g., clear location xyz)

Operation:address,literal (e.g., load literal into a memory location).
Operation:address1,address2 (e.g., add contents of address1 to address2 and put result
in address1)

In general CISC instructions allow register to memory operations (e.g., add contents of
D0 to memory location pointed at by A0).

CISC instructions can be very complicated with several operands. In general, their format
is not regular.

RISC instruction sets are invariably 32 bits or longer. Equally, all instructions are the
same size and there is relatively litter variation in instruction formats. In other words,
RISC architectures are very regular.

A key feature of RISC instruction sets is that they supports only register to register
operations; that is, you cannot use a location in memory as a source or destination
operand.

Data is loaded into a register usually by a pointer based operation (e.g. LDR r0,[r1]).
Similarly, data is stored in memory by a store register operation. For this reason, RISC
processors are also called load/.store machines because those are the only two memory
operations permitted.

Examiner’s comments

A disappointingly low number of candidates produced the classic textbook structure of a

PC.

Many candidates mixed up parts b) and c) and partially repeated in c) what was already
written in b).

Very few candidates attempted part d) and even less understood it.
A3

a) The ISO Open Systems Interconnection model, OSI, divides a communication

system into seven levels or layers. Briefly define each of these layers and explain its
function in the design of a network. Note that this is also called the OSI reference
model.
(14 marks)

b) Why was the ISO model for OSI developed, and how can it be used to aid the design
of networks?
(8 marks)

c) Briefly explain the difference between the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP
reference model used to implement the Internet.
(8 marks)

Answer Pointers

a)
These are the seven layers top-down beginning with the highest level of abstraction (the
user/application) and ending with the bottom layer (the layer that actually moves the bits
from point to point).

The Application Layer

The highest layer of the ISO reference model is the application layer that is concerned
with protocols for applications programs (e.g., file transfer, electronic mail). This layer
represents the interface with the end-user. It works with end applications such as domain
name service (DNS), file transfer protocol (FTP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP),
Internet message access protocol (IMAP), post office protocol (POP), simple mail transfer
protocol (SMTP), Telenet, and terminal emulation.
Layer 7 – application: This layer works with the application software to provide
communications functions as required. It verifies the availability of a communications
partner and the resources to support any data transfer.

The Presentation Layer

The application layer in one system passes information to the presentation layer below it
and receives information back from this layer. This layer checks the data to ensure that it
is compatible with the communications resources. The presentation layer's principal
function is the translation of data from one code to another. However, this layer performs
other important functions such as data encryption and text compression.

The Session Layer

The session layer (layer 5) organizes the dialogue between two presentation layers. It
establishes, manages and synchronizes the channel between two application processes.
It handles authentication and authorization functions. This layer provides dialogue control.
The session layer resolves collisions between synchronization requests and verifies that
the data is delivered.
 The Transport Layer
The transport layer isolates the session and higher layers from the network itself. The
transport layer is responsible for the reliable transmission of messages between two
application nodes of a network and for ensuring that the messages are received in the
order in which they were sent. The transport layer isolates higher layers from the
characteristics of the real networks by providing the reliable economic transmission
required by an application independent of the characteristics of the underlying facilities
(for example, error detection/correction, multiplexing to reduce cost, splitting to improve
throughput, and message reordering). The transport layer doesn't have to know anything
about how the network is organized. The transport layer must assemble packets in the
correct order, which involves storing the received out-of-sequence packets until the
system is ready for them.

The Network Layer

The network layer serves the transport layer above it by conveying data between the local
transport layer and the remote transport layer. The network layer is system-dependent
unlike the layers above it. Complex communications systems may have many paths
between two points. The network layer chooses the optimum path for a message to cross
the network or for the establishment of a virtual connection. As an analogy, consider the
postal system. Mail sent to a nearby sorting office might be directed to a more distant
sorting office if the local office is congested and cannot cope with the volume of traffic.
Similarly, in a data transmission network, transmission paths are chosen to minimize the
transit time of packets and the cost of transmission

The Data Link Layer

The data link layer establishes an error-free (to a given probability) connection between
two adjacent points in a network. Information may be transmitted from one end of a
network to the other end directly or via intermediate nodes in a series of hops. The data
link layer also detects faulty messages and automatically asks for their retransmission.

The Physical Layer

The lowest layer, the physical layer, is unique because it provides the only physical
connection between any two points in a network. The physical layer handles the physical
medium (e.g., wire, radio, and optical fibre) and ensures that a stream of bits gets from
one place to another.

b) The history of software engineering has been a history of top-down design, abstractions,
and compartmentalization. The OSI is a tool for network design and not a model. It allows
different designers to work on different layers. Each layer must perform the functions
required by the later above it using the functions provided by the layer below it. Just as
importantly, any layer can be replaced by a new layer (performing the same functions)
that uses more advanced technology.

For example, the data link layer that transports bits from point to point can replace a
wireless link by a fibre-optics link without the need to modify layers above it.

c) First, the OSI is a design tool. It is not an actual communications system. You can use it
to construct a practical system. The TCP/IP is an actual communications protocol (a
protocol that was designed independently of the OSI model and a protocol that does not
match exactly the OSI’s seven layers).
 The TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol) is a very widely used
communications protocol. It is a layered protocol but does not use all of the OSI layers,
though the layers are equivalent in operation and function (Fig. 2). The network access
layer is equivalent to OSI layers 1 and 2. The Internet Protocol layer is similar to layer 3 in
the OSI model. The host-to-host layer is equivalent to OSI layer 4. These are the TCP
and UDP (user datagram protocol) functions. Finally, the application layer is similar to
OSI layers 5, 6, and 7 combined. Note that several other key Internet protocols, such as
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the basic protocol of the Web, and the Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), the core email transfer protocol, are built on top of TCP.
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP), a companion to TCP, sacrifices the guarantees of
reliability that TCP makes in return for faster communications.

Examiner’s comments

Very few candidates produced the figure of the classic OSI/ISO 7-layer architecture with
two 7-layer end-hosts and two 3-layer middle nodes between them. Very many just
jumped to TCP/IP instead.

Very few candidates demonstrated understanding of importance of top-down design,

abstractions, and compartmentalization

Many candidates produced a figure similar to the above. Some candidates claimed that
OSI is a “better system than TCP/IP”, “faster”, “”has higher performance”, “better
security”, etc.

A4 A computer system has a wide variety of memory systems from cache to optical storage
and to magnetic tape. Each of these memory systems has its own characteristic, such
as speed, bit-size, cost-per-bit, and so on.

a) Explain why computers implement such a wide range of memory technologies.

(10 marks)

b) Briefly describe the basic operating principles and characteristics of any FOUR
memory technologies.
(16 marks)

c) What trends do you expect to see in memory technology over the next few years?
(4 marks)
Answer Pointers

a) Ideally, one single memory technology would be a great advantage. This would greatly
simplify the design of computers and reduce the cost of memory systems. Such a
memory would be:

Fast (low-access time). We need to access data from memory in approximately one
clock cycle. At the moment we use static RAM for this (in cache memories).

Non-volatile (retains data). Main store is composed of DRAM. This loses data when you
turn the power off. It cannot be used to archive data and programs.

Low-power. Memory should consume as little power as possible.

Density (number of bit stored). A physically small memory is required (especially for
portable applications). At the moment, magnetic memory offers the highest density
(bits/cm3)

Cost. Memory should be cheap. Magnetic memory is very cheap per bit whereas cache
memory is very expensive.

Today, we use static RAM for its speed, magnetic memory for it non-volatility and low
cost, DRAM for main store (compromise between price and performance), and flash
memory for firmware (bios) and portability (digital cameras, cell phones, tablets). No
single technology is able to provide an ideal memory system.

b) This was an open-ended question as candidates could choose any technology (magnetic,
optical, DRAM, static RAM, flash).

Candidates were expected to define its properties (access time, volatility, density, cost,
and significant characteristics) and provide a paragraph or two highlighting its means of
operation (but great depth was not necessary).

c) Again an open-ended, with candidates expected to be aware of significant trends. DRAM

is slowly increasing in speed, but not dramatically – DRAM performance has not kept step
with the increase in CPU performance. DISC drives are certainly not increasing in
performance (access time) but their density is still increasing with 8TB disks now
available.

One of the biggest changes has been the replacement of magnetic memory by flash
memory in the form of SSDs (solid state drives). It can be reasonably expected that this
will continue over the next few years with the hard drive gradually disappearing in the
laptop world.

Examiner’s comments

Some candidates produced a figure depicting hierarchy of the memory. The majority just
described all what they knew about memory.

Most students chose magnetic memory and static or dynamic memory. NOTE – although
cache memory is not a memory technology as such, it does use high-speed static RAM and
was accepted as an answer

Some candidates answered this question well, referred to various memory types, etc. Some
others partially repeated their (reworded)answers to part a).
Not too many candidates answered this part. Some repeated their answers to part a) and b)
(reworded). Candidates repeating their answers wastes their time and does not gain any
extra marks.

SECTION B
Answer 5 questions (out of 8). Each question carries 12 marks.

B5 When selecting a laptop computer, explain why each of the following is important:

a) Processor speed
b) RAM size
c) Wireless connection
d) Display resolution (4 x 3 marks)

Answer Pointers

a) The clock speed is the most common way to measure a processor's speed. It is
expressed as hertz, which is the number of times per second that the electrical voltage in
the processor switches back and forth between low and high. The processor uses these
oscillations to physically carry out the calculations - low and high peaks correspond to the
zeroes and ones that make up binary computer instructions. Most computers today have
a processor that works at several gigahertz: one gigahertz is a million hertz.

b) RAM size refers to the amount of data that can be stored in the Random Access Memory
(volatile memory) of the computer. It is expressed and measured in terms of Megabytes
or Gigabytes. The more RAM in a computer means more data can be stored and
processed by the CPU. With modern software and gaming, PCs (and laptops) are seen to
have large amount of RAM

c) Wireless is the term used to describe any computer network where there is no physical
wired connection between sender and receiver, but rather the network is connected by
radio waves and/or microwaves to maintain communications. Wireless connection is used
to connect a range of devices such as laptops, tablets, smart phones, etc.

d) In principle, the higher the maximum brightness spec the better, but people often set the
screen brightness too high, which causes eye strain and wastes power (and reduces
battery running time). The optimum screen brightness varies with the current level of
ambient lighting. Many displays have automatic brightness controls that should
appropriately adjust the screen

Examiner’s comments

Answers to this question were good. Candidates were able to provide detailed descriptions
of these basic computing terminologies.
B6 In the context of printing technology, differentiate between

a) 3D printer
b) Laser printer
c) Ink jet printer
d) Dot matrix printer (4 x 3 marks)

Answer Pointers

a) 3D printing (or additive manufacturing) is a process of making three dimensional solid

objects from a digital file. In an additive process an object is created by laying down
successive layers of material until the entire object is created.

b) Laser printer uses similar technology as a photocopier to produce output. Light and toner
are used to print images on plain paper. It is a non impact printer which has grown in
popularity.

c) Ink jet printer uses different print cartridges and a ‘nozzle’ type device to produce output.
It tends to be slower than a laser printer.

d) Dot matrix printing (or impact matrix printing) uses a print head that moves back-and-forth
across the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the
paper, much like the print mechanism on a typewriter. The printer uses columns of dot
hammers. The more hammers, the higher the resolution. For example, 9-pin heads produce
draft quality text, while 24-pin heads can produce typewriter quality output.

Examiner’s comments

Answers to this question were weak. Candidates were not able to fully appreciate these
output devices. Most candidates were not aware of dot matrix printers.

B7
a) Briefly explain how IP addressing is used in network connectivity. (8 marks)
b) Describe the purpose of a packet in the transfer of data in a computer network.
(4 marks)

Answer Pointers

a) An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device
(e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network
interface identification and location addressing. IP addressing enables devices to be
located and managed in a network.

b) Packet switching is a digital networking communications method that groups all

transmitted data into suitably sized blocks, called packets, which are transmitted via a
medium that may be shared by multiple simultaneous communication sessions.
Each packet is then transmitted individually and can even follow different routes to its
destination. Once all the packets forming a message arrive at the destination, they are
recompiled into the original message.
Examiner’s comments

Answers to this question varied between centres. Most candidates were able to describe IP
addressing in details with relevant examples. The second part of the question was poorly
attempted. Candidates did not fully describe the purpose of packets during data transfer.

B8
a) Describe FOUR types of malware products which affect computers. (8 marks)
b) Suggest suitable methods to protect against these malware products. (4 marks)

Answer Pointers

Typical malware products include:

Virus, Trojan horse, Worm, Adware

Protection methods include:

Up to date antivirus software, properly configured firewall, Updates/Patches of

software/OS, Regular change of passwords.

Examiner’s comments

Answers to this question were in general good. Candidates were able to describe a range of
malware. Some managed to relate their answers to their workplace or college.

B9 Explain the following the meaning and purpose of each of the following:

a) Executable file (3 marks)

b) PDF file (3 marks)
c) System file (3 marks)
d) Archive file (3 marks)

Answer Pointers

a) An executable file is a computer file that contains instructions in a form that a computer's
operating system or application can understand and follow. Computers must use
executable files to carry out the tasks that you give to them. Every application you run
starts off with an executable program.

b) Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format used to present documents in a manner
independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.

c) A system file in computing is a critical computer file without which a computer system may
not operate correctly. These files may come as part of the operating system, a third-party
device driver or other sources.

d) An archive file is a file that is composed of one or more computer files along with
metadata. Archive files are used to collect multiple data files together into a single file for
easier portability and storage, or simply to compress files to use less storage space.
Examiner’s comments

Answers to this question were weak. Candidates were not able to provide accurate
explanations to the different type of files. Answers were inaccurate and confusing.

B10

a) Explain the difference between an intranet and an extranet. (8 marks)

b) What is the purpose of a MAC address? (4 marks)

Answer Pointers

a) An intranet is a computer network that uses Internet Protocol technology to share

information, operational systems, or computing services within an organization. This term
is used in contrast to extranet, a network between organizations, and instead refers to a
network within an organization.

In a business-to-business context, an extranet can be viewed as an extension of an

organization's intranet that is extended to users outside the organization, usually partners,
vendors and suppliers, in isolation from all other Internet users.

b) MAC - short for Media Access Control address, a hardware address that uniquely
identifies each node of a network. A media access control address (MAC address), also
called physical address, is a unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for
communications on the physical network segment.

Examiner’s comments

Answers to the first part of the question were good. Most candidates were able to
differentiate between intranet and extranet. Some candidates referred to their own
organisation intranet services. Part b) was poorly attempted. Few candidates provided a
clear and accurate answer to MAC address.

B11 Differentiate between the following devices:

a) Switch (4 marks)
b) Router (4 marks)
c) Hub (4 marks)

Answer Pointers

a) A network switch (also called switching hub, bridging hub, officially MAC bridge) is a
computer networking device that connects devices together on a computer network, by
using packet switching to receive, process and forward data to the destination device.

b) A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks.
Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on the internet. A data packet is typically
forwarded from one router to another through the networks that constitute the internet
until it reaches its destination node.
c) A hub is a common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used
to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at
one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all
packets.

Examiner’s comments

Answers to this question were generally good. Candidates provided reasonable answers to
the different devices. Some candidates provided illustrations of the devices via diagrams.

B12 Describe FOUR functions of a typical operating system. (4 x 3 marks)

Answer Pointers

Resource Manager
Provides a user interface
Multi user services
Security services e.g. firewall

Examiner’s comments

Candidates provided varied answers to this questions. A range of functions were put
forward. Overall, these were relevant. Candidates showed a good understanding of these
functions.