King Khalid University

College of Computer Sciences

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

132CCE
Electrical Circuits
Lab Manual
Experiment No: ……………..
Lab Group Number: - (…………………..)
Your name:- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ID Number:- ……………………………………… Serial Number:-………………………………………………..

Subject Co-Ordinator
Dr. ABDULMAJID FAREA
Lab instructor signature (when complete):- ………………………………………….

Electrical Circuits Lab (132CCE)

List of experiments:

Week no. Title of Experiment Tools

1  Signal(Hardware)  Oscilloscope,Function
Generator
2  Ohm Law (Simulation)  Multisim software
 Ohm Law (Hardware)  Electrical Circuit Trainer(kit)
3  Power in DC (Simulation)  Multisim software
 Power in DC (Hardware)  Electrical Circuit Trainer(kit)

4  Series circuit (Simulation)  Multisim software

 Series circuit (Hardware)  Electrical Circuit Trainer(kit)
 Parallel Circuit (Simulation)
 Parallel Circuit (Hardware)

5  Kirchhoff current law  Multisim software

(Simulation)  Electrical Circuit Trainer(kit)

6  Kirchhoff voltage law  Multisim software

(Simulation)  Electrical Circuit Trainer(kit)
 Kirchhoff voltage law
(Hardware)

7  Superposition theorem  Multisim software

(Simulation)  Electrical Circuit Trainer(kit)
 Superposition theorem
(Hardware)
8 Thevenin’s Theorem (Simulation) Multisim software

9 Power in AC (Simulation) Multisim software

10 Norton Theorem (Simulation) Multisim software

 Experiment 1 SIGNAL

Objective: How to measure sine wave from oscilloscope.

Aim: Calculate the time period T in msec, Frequency f in Hz ,ω(omega) in radians,Vp,Vpp,Vavg

and Vrms.

WAVEFORM T Freq ω Vp Vpp Vavg Vrms

Calculations:

1. Time Period (T) : ________________________

2. Frequency (F) : 1 / T _____________________
3. Peak Voltage (Vp) : Vm___________________
Experiment 2. Components

2.1. RESISTOR

2.2. Capacitor
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component
used to store energy electro statically in an electric field. The SI unit of capacitance is the
farad, which is equal to one coulomb per volt.

Generally, the actual values of Capacitance, Voltage or Tolerance are marked onto the body of
the capacitors in the form of alphanumeric characters. However, when the value of the
capacitance is of a decimal value problems arise with the marking of the “Decimal Point” as it
could easily not be noticed resulting in a misreading of the actual capacitance value. Instead
letters such as p (pico) or n (nano) are used in place of the decimal point to identify its position
and the weight of the number.

For example, a capacitor can be labelled as, n47 = 0.47nF, 4n7 = 4.7nF or 47n = 47nF and so on.
Also, sometimes capacitors are marked with the capital letter K to signify a value of one
thousand pico-Farads, so for example, a capacitor with the markings of 100K would be 100 x
1000pF or100nF.
To reduce the confusion regarding letters, numbers and decimal points, an International colour
coding scheme was developed many years ago as a simple way of identifying capacitor values
and tolerances. It consists of coloured bands (in spectral order) known commonly as
the Capacitor Colour Code system and whose meanings are illustrated below:

Capacitor Colour Code Table

Temperature
Band Digit Digit Multiplier Tolerance Tolerance
Coefficient
Colour A B D (T) > 10pf (T) < 10pf
(TC)

Black 0 0 x1 ± 20% ± 2.0pF

Brown 1 1 x10 ± 1% ± 0.1pF -33×10-6

Red 2 2 x100 ± 2% ± 0.25pF -75×10-6

Orange 3 3 x1,000 ± 3% -150×10-6

Yellow 4 4 x10,000 ± 4% -220×10-6

Green 5 5 x100,000 ± 5% ± 0.5pF -330×10-6

Blue 6 6 x1,000,000 -470×10-6

Violet 7 7 -750×10-6

Grey 8 8 x0.01 +80%,-20%

White 9 9 x0.1 ± 10% ± 1.0pF

Gold x0.1 ± 5%

Silver x0.01 ± 10%

Capacitor Voltage Colour Code Table

Voltage Rating (V)

Band
Colour
Type J Type K Type L Type M Type N

Black 4 100 10 10

Brown 6 200 100 1.6

Red 10 300 250 4 35

Orange 15 400 40

Yellow 20 500 400 6.3 6

Green 25 600 16 15

Blue 35 700 630 20

Violet 50 800

Grey 900 25 25

White 3 1000 2.5 3

Gold 2000

Silver

Capacitor Voltage Reference

 Type J – Dipped Tantalum Capacitors.

 Type K – Mica Capacitors.

 Type L – Polyester/Polystyrene Capacitors.

 Type M – Electrolytic 4 Band Capacitors.

 Type N – Electrolytic 3 Band Capacitors.

An example of the use of capacitor colour codes is given as:

Metalised Polyester Capacitor

Disc & Ceramic Capacitor

The Capacitor Colour Code system was used for many years on unpolarised polyester and mica
moulded capacitors. This system of colour coding is now obsolete but there are still many “old” capacitors
around. Nowadays, Small Capacitors such as film or disk types conform to the BS1852 Standard and its
new replacement, BS EN 60062, were the colours have been replaced by a letter or number coded
system.

Generally the code consists of 2 or 3 numbers and an optional tolerance letter code to identify the
tolerance. Where a two number code is used the value of the capacitor only is given in picofarads, for
example, 47 = 47 pF and 100 = 100pF etc. A three letter code consists of the two value digits and a
multiplier much like the resistor colour codes in the resistors section.

For example, the digits 471 = 47*10 = 470pF. Three digit codes are often accompanied by an additional
tolerance letter code as given below.
Capacitor Tolerance Letter Codes Table

Letter B C D F G J K M Z

C <10pF ±pF 0.1 0.25 0.5 1 2

Tolerance
C >10pF ±% 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 +80-20

Consider the capacitor below:

The capacitor on the left is of a ceramic disc type capacitor that has the
code473J printed onto its body. Then the 4 = 1st digit, the 7 = 2nd digit, the 3 is the
multiplier in pico-Farads, pF and the letter J is the tolerance and this translates
to: 47pF * 1,000 (3 zero’s) = 47,000 pF , 47nF or 0.047 uF

the J indicates a tolerance of +/- 5%

Then by just using numbers and letters as codes on the body of the capacitor we can easily determine
the value of its capacitance either in Pico-farad’s, Nano-farads or Micro-farads and a list of these
“international” codes is given in the following table along with their equivalent capacitances.

Capacitor Letter Codes Table

Picofarad Nanofarad Microfarad Picofarad Nanofarad Microfarad

Code Code
(pF) (nF) (uF) (pF) (nF) (uF)

10 0.01 0.00001 100 4700 4.7 0.0047 472

15 0.015 0.000015 150 5000 5.0 0.005 502

22 0.022 0.000022 220 5600 5.6 0.0056 562

33 0.033 0.000033 330 6800 6.8 0.0068 682

47 0.047 0.000047 470 10000 10 0.01 103

100 0.1 0.0001 101 15000 15 0.015 153

120 0.12 0.00012 121 22000 22 0.022 223

130 0.13 0.00013 131 33000 33 0.033 333

150 0.15 0.00015 151 47000 47 0.047 473

180 0.18 0.00018 181 68000 68 0.068 683

220 0.22 0.00022 221 100000 100 0.1 104

330 0.33 0.00033 331 150000 150 0.15 154

470 0.47 0.00047 471 200000 200 0.2 254

560 0.56 0.00056 561 220000 220 0.22 224

680 0.68 0.00068 681 330000 330 0.33 334

750 0.75 0.00075 751 470000 470 0.47 474

820 0.82 0.00082 821 680000 680 0.68 684

1000 1.0 0.001 102 1000000 1000 1.0 105

1500 1.5 0.0015 152 1500000 1500 1.5 155

2000 2.0 0.002 202 2000000 2000 2.0 205

2200 2.2 0.0022 222 2200000 2200 2.2 225

3300 3.3 0.0033 332 3300000 3300 3.3 335

2.3. Inductor
An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component which
resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire,
usually wound into a coil. When a current flows through it, energy is stored temporarily in a
magnetic field in the coil.
Component V Precision Type Voltage
a
l
u
e
 Experiment No. 2
Ohms Law
OBJECT: Verification of Ohm’s Law

RESOURCES REQUIRED: Multisim software, carbon resistances (1kΩ, 500Ω),

ammeters (MC), voltmeters (MC), Variable DC power supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

U1
+ -
1 A
4
0.000

DC 1e-009 W

6
R3 J1 J2
+ U2 Key = A Key = A
0.000 V DC 10M W
-
V1 1kΩ
12 V 50% 3 2
Key=A
R1 R2
1kΩ 500Ω

GND
GND

Observations
A. SIMULATION:
Selected values of Resistance ( R )= 1k

S.No Potentiometer Voltmeter Ammeter Resistance

Reading(V)
Setting Reading(I) R=V/I Ω
1 0%

2 20%

3 40%

4 60%

5 80%

6 100%
 Selected values of Resistance ( R )= 500 Ω

S.No Potentiometer Voltmeter Ammeter Resistance

Reading(V)
Setting Reading(I) R=V/I Ω
1 0%

2 20%

3 40%

4 60%

5 80%

6 100%

B. Implementation(using Electrical Circuit Trainer).

Selected values of Resistance ( R )= 1k

S.No Applied Voltage Voltmeter Ammeter Resistance

(Volts) Reading(V) Reading(I) R=V/I

Volts A (Ohm)

1 3

2 5

3 10

4 15

Calculations and Result:

 Experiment No. 3
Power in DC Circuit

OBJECT: Measurement of Electrical power in DC circuit.

RESOURCES REQUIRED: Multisim software, carbon resistor 1kΩ

Ammeters (MC), voltmeters (MC), Variable DC power supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

XWM1

V I

3 1

R3

V1 1kΩ + U1
12 V 50% 0.000 V DC 10M W R1
Key=A - 1kΩ

U2
- +
GND A
5
0.000
GND
DC 1e-009 W

Observations
A. SIMULATION:
Selected values of Resistance ( R )= 1k Calculated value of electrical power(W)

S.No Potentiometer Voltmeter Ammeter V*I I*I*R (V*V)/R

Reading(V) Reading(I)
Setting (W) (W) (W)
(Volts) (A)

1 0%

2 20%

3 40%

4 60%
5 80%

6 100%

B. Implementation(using Electrical Circuit Trainer).

Selected value of Resistance R = Calculated value of electrical power(W)

S.No Applied Voltmeter

Ammeter
Voltage Reading(V)
Reading(I)
V*I I*I*R (V*V)/R
(Volts) (Volts)
(A)
(W) (W) (W)

1 3

2 5

3 10

4 15

Calculations and Result:

 Experiment No. 4
Series Parallel Circuits

OBJECT: To identify series, parallel resistive circuits.

RESOURCES REQUIRED: Multisim software, carbon resistances (1kΩ, 1kΩ, 500Ω),

ammeters (MC), voltmeters (MC), Variable DC power supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Series Circuit

Parallel Circuit
Observations
A. SIMULATION:

Series Circuit:
S.No Potentiometer Ammeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Calculated Total
Reading Reading Reading Reading Value of VT Equivalent
Reading Resistance
IT V1 V2 V3 = V1+V2
R T = VT/IT 
(A) (V) (V) (V)

1 20%

2 40%

3 60%

4 80%

Average RT=

Parallel circuit:
S.No Potentiometer Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Ammeter Calculated Total
Reading Reading(I1) Reading (I2) Reading (IT) Value of IT Equivalent
Reading Resistance
(V) (A) (A) (A) = I1+I2
R T = V/IT 

1 20%

2 40%

3 60%

4 80%

Average RT=

Calculations and Result:

B. Implementation(using Electrical Circuit Trainer).

Series Circuit:

S.No Applied Ammeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Calculated Total Equivalent

Voltage Reading Reading Reading Reading Value of VT Resistance

(V) IT V1 V2 V3 = V1+V2 R T = VT/IT 

(A) (V) (V) (V)

1 3

2 6

3 9

4 12

Average RT=

Parallel circuit:
S.No Applied Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Ammeter Calculated Total
Voltage Reading Reading(I1) Reading (I2) Reading (IT) Value of IT Equivalent
Resistance
(V) (V) (A) (A) (A) = I1+I2
R T = V/IT 

1 3

2 6

3 9

4 12

Average RT=

Calculations and Result:

 Experiment No. 5
Kirchhoff’s Current Law

OBJECT: Kirchhoff’s current law verification.

RESOURCES REQUIRED: Multisim software, carbon resistances (1kΩ, 1kΩ, 500Ω),

ammeters (MC), voltmeter (MC), DC power supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Observations
A. SIMULATION:
S.No Potentiometer Voltmeter Ammeter1 Ammeter 2 Ammeter 3 Calculated
Reading Reading(I1) Reading (I2) Reading (IT) Value of IT
Reading
(V) (A) (A) (A) = I1+I2

1 20%

2 40%

3 60%

4 80%
B. Implementation(using Electrical Circuit Trainer).

S.No Applied Voltmeter Ammeter1 Ammeter 2 Ammeter 3 Calculated Value

Reading Reading(I1) Reading (I2) Reading (IT) of IT
Voltage
(V) (A) (A) (A) = I1+I2
(V)

1 3

2 6

3 10

4 15

Calculations and Result:

 Experiment No. 6
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

OBJECT: Kirchhoff’s volage law verification.

RESOURCES REQUIRED: Multisim software, carbon resistances (1kΩ, 1kΩ, 500Ω),

voltmeter (MC), variable DC power supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

S.No Potentiometer Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Around Around

Reading Reading Reading Reading
Reading Loop1 Loop2
(VT) (V1) (V2) (V3)
-VT+V1+V2 -V2+V3

1 20%

2 40%

3 60%

4 80%
B. Implementation(using Electrical Circuit Trainer).

S.No Applied Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Around Around

Reading Reading Reading Reading
Voltage Loop1 Loop2
(VT) (V1) (V2) (V3)
(V) -VT+V1+V2 -V2+V3

1 3

2 6

3 10

4 15

Calculations and Result:

 Experiment No. 7
Superposition Theorem

OBJECT: Verification of Superposition Theorem.

RESOURCES REQUIRED: Multisim software, carbon resistances (1kΩ, 1kΩ, 1kΩ),

ammeter(MC), variable DC power supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS:
A. Simulation:

Ammeter Reading Ammeter Ammeter Reading I1 = I11 + (-I12)

with Source V1 Reading with with Sources V1 (A)
I11 Source V2 and V2
(A) I12 I1
(A) (A)

B. Implementation:

Ammeter Reading Ammeter Ammeter Reading I1 = I11 + (-I12)

with Source V1 Reading with with Sources V1 (A)
I11 Source V2 and V2
(A) I12 I1
(A) (A)

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:
 Experiment No. 8
Thevenin’s Theorem

OBJECT: Thevenin’s theorem verification.

RESOURCES REQUIRED: Multisim software, carbon resistances, Voltmeter, DC power

supply.

The original circuit:

R4 R1
A
2kΩ 1kΩ

R2
1kΩ
V1
15 V
R3
1kΩ

B
GND

Step 1: Calculating the equivalent output voltage (Vth)

R4 R1

2kΩ 1kΩ

R2
1kΩ
+ U1
V1 0.000 V DC 10M W
15 V -

R3
1kΩ

GND
Step 2: Calculating the equivalent resistance (Rth):

R4 R1

2kΩ 1kΩ
XMM1
R2
1kΩ

R3
1kΩ

GND

Thevenin Equivalent circuit:

Rth

1Ω

Vth
12 V

GND

CALCULATIONS:
 Experiment No. 9
Power in AC Circuit
OBJECT: Measurement of power Factor and power in AC circuit.

RESOURCES REQUIRED: Multisim software, carbon resistor 1kΩ, inductance ,Capacitance

,Wattmeter, Ammeters (MC), voltmeters (MC), Variable AC power supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
XWM1

V I

U2 1
2 + -
3 R1 4
0.000 A
1kΩ
AC 1e-009 W

V1

9 Vrms + U1 L1
60 Hz 0.000 V AC 10M W 26.54mH
-
0°

C1
0 5

530.8uF

OBSERVATIONS:

XL =

XC=

ZT

Voltmeter Ammeter Power

Power
Reading Reading Factor Wattmeter
P = VT IT Cosθ
VT IT Reading
(Watt)
(V) (A) (Watt)
 Experiment No. 10
Norton Theorem
OBJECT: Norton theorem verification.

Resourced required: Multisim software, carbon resistances, Ammeter, DC power supply.

The original circuit:

R2

1kΩ

R5 R1

2kΩ 1kΩ

R4
1kΩ
V1
15 V
R3
1kΩ

GND

Step 1: Calculating the equivalent output Current

R2

1kΩ

I total R5 R1

2kΩ 1kΩ

R4
1kΩ + U1
V1 0.000 A DC 1e-009 W
15 V -

R3
1kΩ I No

GND
 Step 2: Calculating the equivalent resistance:

R2

1kΩ

R5 R1

2kΩ 1kΩ

R4 XMM1
1kΩ

R3
1kΩ

GND

Step 3: The equivalent circuit:

I No
I R No
R
0A 0Ω

CALCULATIONS: