Dr. V.

Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

Unit V: Z Transforms

• Introduction of Z -Transforms

• Properties of Z -transforms

• Z -Transforms-problems

• Inverse Z -Transforms

– Long division method

– Partial fraction method
– Residue theorem method

• Convolution Theorem

• Application of Z -transform
(Solutions of difference equations with constant coefficients using Z -transform)

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

Introduction

Z -transforms play an important role in Communication Engineering and Control

Systems. It is a discrete analogue of Laplace transforms. The two basic types of
signals in communication Engineering are continuous time signals and discrete time signals.
Continuous time signals are defined for a continuum of values of the independent variable
(that is) time denoted by [f (t)] . Discrete time signals are defined only at a discrete set of
values of the independent variable and are denoted by a sequence {f (n)} .
Laplace and Fourier transforms play an important role in the study of continuous time
signals, while Z -transforms plays an important role in the study of discrete time signals.
Z -transforms can be applied to solve difference equations which occur in systems with
digital filters, found in Digital Signal Processing.

Definition: Two sided Z -transform

If {f (n)} is a sequence defined for n = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, . . . then the two sided Z -transform
of {f (n)} is defined as
X∞
Z {f (n)} = F (z) = f (n)z −n (1)
n=−∞

where z is a complex variable in general.

Definition: One sided Z -transform

If {f (n)} is a causal sequence (that is) defined only for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . and f (n) = 0 for
n < 0 then the one sided Z -transform is defined as
∞
X
Z {f (n)} = F (z) = f (n)z −n (2)
n=0

Note:

• The infinite series on the right hand side of (1) and (2) will be converge only for certain
values of z depending on the sequence f (n).

• This unit deals with one sided Z -transforms which shall be referred hereafter as Z -
transform.

• The inverse Z -transform of Z {f (n)} = F (z) is defined as Z −1 [F (z)] = {f (n)} .

Definition: Conversion of a continuous signal to a discrete signal

If f (t) is a continuous function defines for discrete values of t where t = nT, n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

T being the sampling period, then Z -transform of f (t) is defined as

∞
X ∞
X
−n
Z [f (t)] = f (t)z = f (nT )z −n
n=0 n=0

Unit impluse function (or) Unit sample sequence

The unit sample sequence δ(n) is defined as
(
1 for n = 0
δ(n) =
0 for n 6= 0

Unit step sequence

The unit step sequence u(n) is defined as
(
1 for n ≥ 0
u(n) =
0 for n < 0

Relation between δ(n) and u(n)

P∞
u(n) = δ(n) and δ(n) = u(n) − u(n − 1)
n=−∞
We have (
1 for k = n
δ(n − k) =
0 for k 6= n
and (
1 for (n − k) ≥ 0 or n ≥ k
u(n − k) =
0 for (n − k) < 0 or n < k

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

∞
P
Also f (n) = f (k)δ(n − k)
k=−∞

Properties of Z -transform
Property 1: Linearity: Z -transform is linear
(i) Z [a {f (n)} + b {g(n)}] = aZ {f (n)} + bZ {g(n)}
(ii) Z [af (t) + bg(t)] = aZ [f (t)] + bZ [g(t)]
Proof:
∞
X
(i) Z [a {f (n)} + b {g(n)}] = [af (n) + bg(n)] z −n
n=0
X∞ ∞
X
−n
=a f (n)z +b g(n)z −n
n=0 n=0

= aZ {f (n)} + bZ {g(n)}
∞
X
(ii) Z [af (t) + bg(t)] = [af (nT ) + bg(nT )] z −n
n=0
X∞ ∞
X
−n
=a f (nT )z +b g(nT )z −n
n=0 n=0

= aZ [f (t)] + bZ [g(t)]

Property 2: Frequency Shifting: (Dampling ruleorscaling property)

z
(i) If Z {f (n)} = F (z) then (a) Z {an f (n)} = F (b) Z {a−n f (n)} = F (az)
 za
(ii) If If Z [f (t)] = F (z) then (a) Z[an f (t)] = F and (b) Z[a−n f (t)] = F (az)
a
Proof:
∞
X
(i) (a) n
Z {a f (n)} = an f (n)z −n
n=0
X∞
= f (n)(a−1 z)−n
n=0
z 
−1


=F a z =F
a
∞
X
Z a−n f (n) = a−n f (n)z −n

(b)
n=0
∞
X
= f (n)(az)−n
n=0

= F (az)

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

∞
X
(ii) (a) n
Z [a f (t)] = an f (nT )z −n
n=0
X∞
=a f (nT )(a−1 z)−n
n=0
z 
−1


=F a z =F
a
∞
X
Z a−n f (t) = a−n f (t)z −n
 
(b)
n=0
∞
X
= f (nT )(az)−n
n=0

= F (az)

Property 3: Differentiation in z domain or Multiplication by n

d
(i) If Z {f (n)} = F (z) then Z {nf (n)} = −z F (z)
dz
d
(ii) If Z [f (t)] = F (z) then Z [nf (t)] = −z F (z)
dz
Proof: ∞
f (n)z −n
P
(i) W.K.T. F (z) = Z {f (n)} =
n=0
Differentiating both sides with respect to z,
"∞ #
d d X
F (z) = f (n)z −n
dz dz n=0
∞
X
f (n) −nz −n−1
 
=
n=0
∞
X
−1
= −z nf (n)z −n
n=0
−1
= −z Z {nf (n)}

d
Therefore Z {nf (n)} = −z F (z)
dz ∞
f (nT )z −n
P
(ii) W.K.T. F (z) = Z {f (t)} =
n=0
Differentiating both sides with respect to z,

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

"∞ #
d d X
F (z) = f (nT )z −n
dz dz n=0
∞
X
f (nT ) −nz −n−1
 
=
n=0
∞
X
−1
= −z nf (nT )z −n
n=0
−1
= −z Z [nf (nT )]

d
Therefore Z [nf (t)] = −z F (z)
dz
Property 4: First shifting theorem
If Z[f (t)] = F (z) then (i) Z [e−at f (t)] = F (zeaT ) or Z [e−at f (t)] = [F (z)]z→zeaT
(ii) Z [eat f (t)] = F (ze−aT ) or Z [eat f (t)] = [F (z)]z→ze−aT
Proof:
∞
 X
(i) Z e−at f (t) = e−anT f (nT )z −n

n=0
∞
X
= f (nT )(eaT z)−n
n=0

= F [zeaT ] or [F (z)]z→zeaT
∞
 X
eanT f (nT )z −n
 at
(ii) Z e f (t) =
n=0
∞
X
= f (nT )(e−aT z)−n
n=0

= F [ze−aT ] or [F (z)]z→ze−aT

Property 5: Time shifting theorem

(i) Shifting to the right: If Z {f (n)} = F (z) then Z {f (n − k)} = z −k F (z) for k > 0.
(ii) Shifting to the left:  
k f (1) f (2) f (k − 1)
If Z {f (n)} = F (z) then Z {f (n + k)} = z F (z) − f (0) − − 2 − ... −
z z z k−1
for k > 0.
(iii) If Z[f (t)] = F (z) then 
f (1.T ) f (2.T ) f (k − 1).T
Z [f (t + kT )] = z k F (z) − f (0.T ) − − − ... −
z z2 z k−1

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

Proof: ∞
f (n − k)z −n
P
(i) Z {f (n − k)} =
n=0
Put m = n − k
When n = 0 ⇒ m = −k and n = ∞ ⇒ m = ∞
∞
X
Z {f (n − k)} = f (m)z −(m+k)
m=−k
∞
X
−k
=z f (m)z −m
m=−k
X∞
= z −k f (m)z −m since f (m) = 0 for m < 0
m=0
−k
=z F (z) if k > 0
∞
f (n + k)z −n
P
(ii) Z {f (n + k)} =
n=0
Put m = n + k
When n = 0 ⇒ m = k and n = ∞ ⇒ m = ∞
∞
X
Z {f (n + k)} = f (m)z −(m−k)
m=k
∞
X
=z k
f (m)z −m
m=k
" ∞ k−1
#
X X
= zk f (m)z −m − f (m)z −m
 m=0 m=0

k f (1) f (2) f (k − 1)
= z F (z) − f (0) − − 2 − ... −
z z z k−1
Corollary:

• Z {f (n + 1)} = z [F (z) − f (0)]

 
2 f (1)
• Z {f (n + 2)} = z F (z) − f (0) −
z
 
3 f (1) f (2)
• Z {f (n + 3)} = z F (z) − f (0) − − 2
z z
∞
f [(n + k)T ] z −n
P
(iii) Z [f (t + kT )] = Z {f [(n + k)T ]} =
n=0
Put m = n + k

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

When n = 0 ⇒ m = k and n = ∞ ⇒ m = ∞
∞
X
Z {f [(n + k)T ]} = f (mT )z −(m−k)
m=k
∞
X
=z k
f (mT )z −m
m=k
" ∞ k−1
#
X X
k −m −m
=z f (mT )z − f (mT )z
m=0 m=0
 
k f (1.T ) f (2.T ) f [(k − 1).T ]
=z F (z) − f (0.T ) − − 2
− ... −
z z z k−1

Corollary:

• Z [f (t + T )] = z [F (z) − f (0)]
 
f (1.T )
• Z [f (t + 2T )] = z 2 F (z) − f (0) −
z
 
f (1.T ) f (2.T )
• Z [f (t + 3T )] = z 3 F (z) − f (0) − −
z z2

Note:
If Z {f [(n + k)T ]} is denoted by fn+k then 
k f1 f2 fk−1
Z [f (t + kT )] = Z {fn+k } = z F (z) − f (0) − − 2 − . . . − k−1
z z z
Property 6: Second Shifting theorem
If Z [f (t)] = F (z) then Z [f (t + T )] = z [F (z) − f (0)]
Proof:
∞
X
Z [f (t + T )] = f (nT + T )z −n
n=0
X∞
= f [(n + 1)T ]z −n
n=0
X∞
=z f (mT )z −m put m = n + 1
m=1
" ∞ #
X
=z f (mT )z −m − f (0)
m=0

= z [F (z) − f (0)]

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

Property 7: Initial value theorem

(i) If Z {f (n)} = F (z) then f (0) = lim F (z)
z→∞
(ii) If Z [f (t)] = F (z) then f (0) = lim F (z)
z→∞
Proof:
∞
X
(i) F (z) = Z {f (n)} = f (n)z −n
n=0
f (1) f (2) f (3)
= f (0) + + 2 + 3 + ...
z z z
1
lim F (z) = f (0) since n → 0 as z → ∞ for any integer n
z→∞ z
X∞
(ii) F (z) = Z [f (t)] = f (nT )z −n
n=0
f (T ) f (2T ) f (3T )
= f (0) + + + + ...
z z2 z3
1
lim F (z) = f (0) since n → 0 as z → ∞ for any integer n
z→∞ z
Corollary:

• f (1) = lim z[F (z) − f (0)]

z→∞
 
2 f (1)
• f (2) = lim z F (z) − f (0) −
z→∞ z

Property 8: Final value theorem

(i) If Z {f (n)} = F (z) then lim f (n) = lim(z − 1)F (z)
n→∞ z→1
(ii) If Z [f (t)] = F (z) then lim f (t) = lim(z − 1)F (z)
t→∞ z→1
Proof:
(i) W.K.T. Z {f (n + 1)} = z [F (z) − f (0)]
⇒ z [F (z) − f (0)] = Z {f (n + 1)}
Subtracting Z {f (n)} on both sides

zF (z) − zf (0) − Z {f (n)} = Z {f (n + 1)} − Z {f (n)}

(z − 1)F (z) − zf (0) = Z {f (n + 1) − f (n)}
X∞
= [f (n + 1) − f (n)] z −n
n=0

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

∞
X
lim [(z − 1)F (z)] − f (0) = [f (n + 1) − f (n)]
z→1
n=0

= f (1) − f (0) + f (2) − f (1) + f (3) − f (2) + . . .

+ f (n + 1) − f (n) + . . . + f (∞)
= f (∞) − f (0)
lim [(z − 1)F (z)] = lim f (n)
z→1 n→∞

(ii) W.K.T. Z [f (t + T )] = z [F (z) − f (0)]

⇒ z [F (z) − f (0)] = Z [f (t + T )]
Subtracting Z [f (t)] on both sides

zF (z) − zf (0) − Z [f (t)] = Z [f (t + T )] − Z [f (t)]

(z − 1)F (z) − zf (0) = Z [f (t + T ) − f (t)]
X∞
= [f (nT + T ) − f (nT )] z −n
n=0
∞
X
lim [(z − 1)F (z)] − f (0) = [f [(n + 1)T ] − f (nT )]
z→1
n=0

= f (T ) − f (0) + f (2T ) − f (T ) + f (3T ) − f (2T ) + . . .

+ f [(n + 1)T ] − f (nT ) + . . . + f (∞)
= f (∞) − f (0)
lim [(z − 1)F (z)] = lim f (t)
z→1 t→∞

Problems

1. Z {k} where k is a constant.

∞
f (n)z −n
P
Sol: By definition Z {f (n)} =
n=0

∞
X
Z {k} = kz −n
n=0
"  2  3 #
1 1 1
=k 1+ + + + ...
z z z
 −1
1 1
=k 1− if <1
z z
 −1
z−1 kz
=k =
z z−1

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

z
Corollary: When k = 1 ⇒ Z {1} = , |z| > 1
z−1
z z
2. Z {an } = if |z| > |a| or Z {an u(n)} = if |z| > |a|
z−a z−a
∞
f (n)z −n
P
Proof: By definition Z {f (n)} =
n=0
∞ ∞
X
n −n
X
n
n
Z {a } = a z = az −1
n=0 n=0
a  a 2  a 3
=1+ + + + ...
z z z
 a −1 a
= 1− if <1
z z
 −1
z−a z
= =
z z−a
z z
Corollary: Z {1} = if a = 1, Z {(−1)n } = if a = −1.
z−1 z+1
1
3. Z {an−1 } = if |z| > |a|
z−a
Proof: We know that Z {f (n − k)} = z −k Z {f (n)} by property 5
Z an−1 = z −1 .Z {an }

 
−1 z
=z . by problem 2
z−a
1
=
z−a
z z
4. Z {n} = 2
if |z| > |1| or Z {nu(n)} = if |z| > |1|
(z − 1) (z − 1)2
∞
X
Z {n} = nz −n
n=0
1 2 3
= + 2 + 3 + ...
z z z 
1 2 3
= 1 + + 2 + ...
z z z
 −2
1 1 1
= 1− if <1
z z z
since (1 − x)−2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + . . .
z
= ; |z| > 1
(z − 1)2

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

   
1 z
5. Z = log if |z| > 1
n z−1
  X ∞
1 1 −n
Z = z
n n=1
n
1 1 1
= + 2 + 3 + ...
z 2z  3z
1 1
= − log 1 − if <1
z z
x2 x3
since − log(1 − x) = x + + + ...
  2 3
z
= log ; |z| > 1
z−1
 
1
6. Z = e1/z
n!
  ∞
1 X 1 −n
Z = z
n! n=0
n!
1 1 1
=1+ + 2
+ + ...
1!.z 2!.z 3!.z 3
x x2 x3
= e1/z ; since ex = 1 + + + + ...
1! 2! 3!
 
1

7. Z = z e1/z − 1
(n + 1)!
  ∞
1 X 1
Z = z −n
(n + 1)! n=0
(n + 1)
1 1 1
= + + + ...
1! 2!.z 3!.z 2 
1 1 1
=z + + + ...
1!.z 2!.z 2 3!.z 3
x x2 x3
= z(e1/z − 1); since ex = 1 + + + + ...
1! 2! 3!

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

z
8. Z {ean } =
z − ea
∞
X ∞
X
Z {ean } = ean z −n = (ea z −1 )n
n=0 n=0

= 1 + (e z ) + (e z ) + (ea z −1 )3 + . . .
a −1 a −1 2

−1
= 1 − ea z −1
z
=
z − ea

an
 
9. Z = ea/z
n!
∞
an an
  X
Z = z −n
n! n=0
n!
a a2 a3
=1+ + + + ...
1!.z 2!.z 2 3!.z 3
x x2 x3
= ea/z ; since ex = 1 + + + + ...
1! 2! 3!
   
1 z
10. Z = z log
n+1 z−1
  ∞
1 X 1 −n
Z = z
n+1 n=0
n+1
1 1 1
=1+ + 2 + 3 + ...
 2z 3z 4z 
1 1 1 1
=z + + + + ...
z 2z 2 3z 3 4z 4
    
1 z
= z − log 1 − = z log
z z−1
 
1
11. Z ,n ≥ 1
n(n + 1)
1 A B
Let = +
n(n + 1) n n+1
A(n + 1) + Bn = 1
put n = 0 ⇒ A = 1 and n = −1 ⇒ B = −1

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

1 1 1
Therefore = −
n(n + 1) n n+1
   
1 1 1
Z =Z −
n(n + 1) n n+1
   
1 1
=Z −Z
n n+1
X1∞ ∞
X 1
= z −n − z −n
n n + 1
n=1 n=1
  
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + ... − + + + ...
z 2z 2 3z 3 4z 4 2z 3z 2 4z 3
   
1 1 1 1
= − log 1 − −z + + + ...
z 2z 2 3z 3 4z 4
   
z 1 1 1 1 1
= log −z + + + + ... −
z−1 z 2z 2 3z 3 4z 4 z
     
z 1 1
= log − z − log 1 − −
z−1 z z
 
z
= (1 − z) log +1
z−1

12. Z {nan }
d
We know that Z {nf (n)} = −z f (z) by property 3
dz
d
Z {nan } = −z [Z {an }]
dz  
d z
= −z
dz z − a
az
=
(z − a)2

13. Z {n2 }

d
Z {n.n} = −z Z {n}
dz  
d z
= −z by problem 4
dz (z − 1)2
z(z + 1)
=
(z − 1)3

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

14. Z {n(n − 1)}

Z {n(n − 1)} = Z n2 − Z {n}



z(z + 1) z
= 3
− by problem 13 and 4
(z − 1) (z − 1)2
2z
=
(z − 1)3

15. Z {n2 + an+3 }

Z n2 + an+3 = Z n2 + Z an+3
  

z(z + 1)
= + a3 Z {an } by problem 13
(z − 1)3
z(z + 1) a3 z
= + by problem 2
(z − 1)3 z − a

16. Z {(n + 1)(n + 2)}

Z {(n + 1)(n + 2)} = Z n2 + 3n + 2



= Z n2 + 3Z {n} + Z {2}


z(z + 1) 3z 2z
= 3
+ 2
+ by problem 12, 4, 1
(z − 1) (z − 1) z−1
2z 3
(z − 1)3
 
2n + 3
17. Z
(n + 1)(n + 2)
2n + 3 A B
Let = +
(n + 1)(n + 2) n + 1 n + +2
A(n + 2) + B(n + 1) = 2n + 3
put n = −1 ⇒ A = 1 and n = −2 ⇒ B = 1
2n + 3 1 1
Therefore = +
(n + 1)(n + 2) n+1 n+2
   
2n + 3 1 1
Z =Z +
(n + 1)(n + 2) n+1 n+2
   
1 1
=Z +Z
n+1 n+2
   
z 1
= z log +Z by problem 10
z−1 n+2

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

Now
  ∞
1 X 1 −n
Z = z
n+2 n=0
n+2
1 1 1
=1+ + + 2 + ...
 2 3z 4z 
2 1 1 1
=z + + + ...
2z 2 3z 3 4z 4
 
2 1 1 1 1 1
=z + + + + ... −
z 2z 2 3z 3 4z 4 z
     
2 1 1 2 z
= z − log 1 − − = z log −z
z z z−1
   
2n + 3 2 z
Therefore Z = (z + z) log −z
(n + 1)(n + 2) z−1
 
1
18. Z
n(n − 1)
1 A B
Let = +
n(n − 1) n n−1
A(n − 1) + Bn = 1
put n = 0 ⇒ A = −1 and n = 1 ⇒ B = 1
1 1 1
Therefore =− +
n(n − 1) n n−1
   
1 1 1
Z =Z − +
n(n − 1) n n−1
   
1 1
=Z −Z
n−1 n
   
1 z
=Z − log by problem 5
n−1 z−1
  X ∞
1 1
Now Z = z −n
n−1 n=2
n−1
1 1 1 1
= 2
+ 3 + 4 + 5 + ...
z  2z 3z 4z 
1 1 1 1 1
= + + 2 + 3 + 4 + ...
z z 2z 3z 4z
  
1 1
= − log 1 −
z z
 
1 z
= log
z z−1

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

     
1 1−z z
Therefore Z = log
n(n − 1) z z−1

19. Z {rn cos nθ} and Z {rn sin nθ}

z
We know that Z {an } =
z−a
 iθ n z
Z (re ) = , |z| > |r|
z − reiθ
z
Z {rn (cos nθ + i sin nθ)} =
z − r(cos θ + i sin θ)
z [(z − r cos θ) + ir sin θ]
= ×
(z − r cos θ) − ir sin θ [(z − r cos θ) + ir sin θ]
z[(z − r cos θ) + ir sin θ]
=
[(z − r cos θ)2 + r2 sin2 θ)]
Equating real and imaginary part, we get
z(z − r cos θ) zr sin θ
Z {rn cos nθ} = 2 and Z {rn sin nθ} = 2
z − 2z cos θ + 1 z − 2z cos θ + 1
Corollary
(1) Put r = 1 in above problem, we get
z(z − cos θ) z sin θ
Z {cos nθ} = 2 and Z {sin nθ} = 2
z − 2z cos θ + 1 z − 2z cos θ + 1
π
(2) Put θ = in above corollary
2
n nπ o z2 n nπ o z
Z cos = 2 and Z sin = 2
2 z +1 2 z +1
nπ
20. Find the Z - transform of sin3
4o  
n
3 nπ o 3 n nπ 1 3nπ
Sol.: Z sin = Z sin − Z sin
4 4 4 4 4
z sin θ
We know that Z {sin nθ} = 2
z − 2z cos θ + 1
π 3π
3 z sin 1 z sin
Z {sin nθ} = . 4 − . 4
π
4 z 2 − 2z cos + 1 4 2 3π
4 z − 2z cos +1
4
z z
√ √
3 2√ 1 2√
= . √ − . √
4 4 2(z 2 − 2z + 1) 4 4 2(z 2 + 2z + 1)
3z z
= √ √ − √ √
4 2(z 2 − 2z + 1) 4 2(z 2 − 2z + 1)

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

n  nπ π o
21. Z cos +
2 4
n  nπ π o n nπ π nπ πo
Z cos + = Z cos cos − sin sin
2 4  2 2 2 2
nπ 1 nπ 1
= Z cos . √ − sin .√
2 2 2 2
1 h n nπ o n nπ oi
= √ Z cos − Z sin
2 2 2
 2 
1 z z 1 z(z − 1)
=√ 2
− 2 =√
2 z +1 z +1 2 z2 + 1
22. Z {u(n)}
∞
X
Z [{u(n)}] = u(n)z −n
n=0
1 1 1
= 1 + + 2 + 3 + ...
z z z
 −1
1 z
= 1− = if |z| > 1
z z−1
23. Z {δ(n)}
∞
δ(n)z −n = 1.z 0 = 1
P
Z [{δ(n)}] =
n=0

∞ 3
24. Z {3n δ(n − 1)} = 3n δ(n − 1)z −n =
P
n=1 z
∞ 1
u(n − 1)z −n =
P
25. Z {u(n − 1)} =
n=1 z−1
  z
26. Z {eat } = Z eanT = Z (eaT )n =
z − eaT
z
27. Z {e−at } = Z e−anT = Z (e−aT )n =
 
z − e−aT

28. Z {t}
∞
X
Z {t} = Z {nT } = (nT )z −n
n=0
∞  
X
−n d
=T (n)z = T −z Z {1}
n=0
dz
 
d z Tz
= −T z =
dz z − 1 (z − 1)2

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

29. Z {sin ωt} and Z {cos ωt}

Z {sin ωt} = Z {sin n(ωT )}
z sin θ
W.K.T. Z {sin nθ} =
z2
− 2z cos θ + 1
z sin ωT
Therefore Z {sin n(ωT )} = 2 if |z| > 1
z − 2z cos ωT + 1
Z {cos ωt} = Z {cos n(ωT )}
z(z − cos θ)
W.K.T. Z {cos nθ} = 2
z − 2z cos θ + 1
z(z − cos ωT )
Therefore Z {cos n(ωT )} = 2 if |z| > 1
z − 2z cos ωT + 1

30. Z {cos3 t}

cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ

Z cos3 t = Z cos3 nT
 
 
1
=Z (cos 3nT + 3 cos nT )
4
1 3
= Z {cos 3nT } + Z {cos nT }
4 4
1 z(z − cos 3T ) 3 z(z − cos T )
= . 2 + . 2
4 (z − 2z cos 3T + 1) 4 (z − 2z cos T + 1)

31. Z [e−at cos bt]

Z e−at cos bt = Z [cos bt]z→zeaT by property 4

 
 
z(z − cos bT )
=
z 2 − 2z cos bT + 1 z→zeaT
zeaT [zeaT − cos bT ]
= 2 2aT
z e − 2zeaT cos bT + 1
32. Z [e−at sin bt]

Z e−at sin bt = Z [sin bt]z→zeaT by property 4

 
 
z sin bT
=
z 2 − 2z cos bT + 1 z→zeaT
zeaT sin bT
= 2 2aT
z e − 2zeaT cos bT + 1

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

33. Find Z[teat ]

Z[teat ] = (Z[t])z→ze−aT
 
Tz
=
(z − 1)2 z→ze−aT
T ze−aT
=
(ze−aT − 1)2

34. Find Z[t2 et ]

Z[t2 et ] = Z[t2 ]


z→zeT
Now Z[t ] = Z[(nT ) ] = T 2 Z n2
2 2

 2 
2 t T z(z + 1)
Z[t e ] =
(z − 1)3 z→zeT
T zeT (zeT + 1)
=
(zeT − 1)3

35. Z [et sin 2t]

Z et sin 2t = Z [sin 2t]z→ze−T

 
 
z sin 2T
=
z 2 − 2z cos 2T + 1 z→ze−T
ze−T sin 2T
= 2 −2T
z e − 2ze−T cos 2T + 1

36. Z [e3t cos 3t]

Z e3t cos 3t = Z [cos t]z→ze−3T

 
 
z(z − cos T )
=
z 2 − 2z cos T + 1 z→ze−3T
ze−3T [ze−3T − cos T ]
= 2 −6T
z e − 2ze−3T cos T + 1

37. Z[e3t+7 ]
ze7
Z[e3t+7 ] = e7 Z(e3t ) =
z − e3T

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

38. Z[e−2t t3 ]
Z[e−2t t3 ] = [Z(t3 )]z→ze2T
Z(t3 ) = Z n3 T 3 = T 3 Z n3
 

= T 3 Z n.n2

 
3 z(z + 1)
= T −z
(z − 1)3
 2 
3 z(z + 4z + 1)
=T
()4
 3  T 3 ze2T [z 2 e4T + 4ze2T + 1]
Z(t ) z→ze2T =
(ze2T − 1)4

39. Find the Z -transform of (i) e2(t+T ) (ii) sin(t + T ) and (iii) (t + T )e−(t+T )
(i) Z e2(t+T ) = Z [f (t + T )] where f (t) = e2t
 

= z [F (z) − f (0)]
 
z
=z −1
z − e2T
ze2T
=
z − e2T
(ii) Z [sin(t + T )] = Z [f (t + T )] where f (t) = sin t
= z [F (z) − f (0)]
 
z sin T
=z 2 −0
z − 2z cos T + 1
z 2 sin T
= 2
z − 2z cos T + 1
−(t+T )
= Z [f (t + T )] where f (t) = te−t
 
(iii) Z (t + T )e
= z [F (z) − f (0)]
T zeT
 
=z −0
(zeT − 1)2
T z 2 eT
=
(zeT − 1)2

T zeaT
40. Use final value theorem to find f (∞) where F (z) =
(zeaT − 1)2
f (∞) = lim(z − 1)F (z) by final value theorem
z→1
T zeaT
 
= lim (z − 1). aT =0
z→1 (ze − 1)2

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

zeaT (zeaT − cos bT )

41. Use initial value theorem to find f (0) when F (z) =
z 2 e2aT − 2zeaT cos bT + 1
f (0) = lim F (z) by initial value theorem
z→∞
  
1

2 aT aT
 z e e − cos bT
z 
= lim   
z→∞  2 1 
z 2 e2aT − eaT cos bT + 2
z z
aT aT
e .e
= 2aT = 1
e

2n+1
42. Verify initial value theorem for f (n) =
n!
Initial value theorem: f (0) = lim F (z)
z→∞

20+1
L.H.S f (0) = =2
0!
2n+1
 
R.H.S F (z) = Z {f (n)} = Z
n!
 n  n
2 2/z a
= 2.Z = 2e since Z = ea/z
n! n!
lim F (z) = 2
z→∞

Therefore L.H.S=R.H.S.
Hence the initial value theorem is verified.

43. Verify initial value theorem for f (t) = t2

Initial value theorem: f (0) = lim Z [f (t)]
z→∞
Given f (t) = t2

L.H.S f (0) = 0
  T 2 z(z + 1)
R.H.S Z [f (t)] = Z t2 =
(z − 1)3
  
2 2 1
T z 1 + z 
lim Z [f (t)] = lim  3  = 0
 

z→∞ z→∞  1 
z3 1 −
z
Therefore L.H.S=R.H.S.
Hence the initial value theorem is verified.

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44. Verify final value theorem for f (t) = e−at cos bt

By final value theorem: f (∞) = limz→1 (z − 1)Z [f (t)]
Given f (t) = e−at cos bt

L.H.S f (∞) = 0
R.H.S Z [f (t)] = Z e−at cos bt
 

zeaT (zeaT − cos bT )

=
z 2 e2aT − 2zeaT cos bT + 1
(z − 1)zeaT (zeaT − cos bT )
 
lim (z − 1)Z [f (t)] = lim =0
z→1 z→1 z 2 e2aT − 2zeaT cos bT + 1

Therefore L.H.S=R.H.S.
Hence the final value theorem is verified.

Inverse Z -transform

As Z {f (n)} = F (z), the inverse Z -transform of F (z) is defined as

Z −1 [F (z)] = {f (n)}
 
n z −1 z
Examples: (i) Z {a } = ⇒Z = an
z −a  z − a
z z
(ii) Z {n} = ⇒ Z −1 =n
(z − 1)2 (z − 1)2
Methods to find {f (n)} given F (z)

1. Long division method

2. Partial fraction method

3. Residue method or Inverse integral method

4. Convolution method

1. Long division method

∞
f (n)z −n , to find the inverse Z -
P
Since Z -transform is defined by the series F (z) =
n=0
transform of F (z), expand F (z) in the proper power series and collect the coefficient of
z −n to get f (n).

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1 + 2z −1
1. Find the inverse Z -transform of by long division method
1 − z −1
1 + 2z −1
Let F (z) =
1 − z −1
By actual division,
1 +3z −1 +3z −2 +3z −2 + . . .
−1
√
1−z 1 +2z −1
1 −z −1
3z −1
3z −1 −3z −2
3z −2
3z −2 −3z −3
3z −3
Therefore F (z) = 1 + 3z −1 + 3z −2 + 3z −2 + . . .
∞
f (n)z −n = 1 + 3z −1 + 3z −2 + 3z −2 + . . .
P
⇒
n=0
⇒ f (0) + f (1)z −1 + f (2)z −2 + f (3)z −3 + . . . = 1 + 3z −1 + 3z −2 + 3z −2 + . . .
Equating the like terms, we get
f (0) = 1, f (1) = 3, f (2) = 3,(f (3) = 3, . . .
1, n = 0
Hence f (n) =
3, n ≥ 1

z2 + z
 
−1
2. Find Z by long division
(z − 1)3

z2 + z
Let F (z) =
(z − 1)3
z2 + z
= 3
z − 3z 2 + 3z − 1
z −1 + z −2
=
1 − 3z −1 + 3z −2 − z −3
By actual division,

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

z −1 +4z −2 +9z −3 +16z −4 +...

−1 −2 −3
√
1 − 3z + 3z −z z −1 +z −2
z −1 −3z −2 +3z −3 −z −4
4z −2 −3z −3 +z −4
4z −2 −12z −3 +12z −4 −4z −5
9z −3 −11z −4 +4z −5
9z −3 −27z −4 +27z −5 −9z −6
16z −4 −23z −5 +9z −6
16z −4 −48z −5 +48z −6 −16z −7
25z −5 −39z −6 +16z −7
Therefore F (z) = z −1 + 4z −2 + 9z −3 + 16z −4 + . . .
∞
f (n)z −n = z −1 + 4z −2 + 9z −3 + 16z −4 + . . .
P
⇒
n=0
⇒ f (0) + f (1)z −1 + f (2)z −2 + f (3)z −3 + . . . = z −1 + 4z −2 + 9z −3 + 16z −4 + . . .
Equating the like terms, we get
f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1, f (2) = 4, f (3) = 9, f (4) = 16, . . .
(
0, n = 0
Hence f (n) =
n2 , n ≥ 1
 
−1 1
3. Find Z by the long division method
1 + 4z −2
1
Let F (z) = By actual division,
1 + 4z −2
1 −4z −2 +16z −4 −64z −6 +256z −8 + . . .
−2
√
1 + 4z 1
1 +4z −2
−4z −2
−4z −2 −16z −4
16z −4
16z −4 +64z −6
−64z −6
−64z −6 −256z −8
256z −8
Therefore F (z) = 1 − 4z −2 + 16z −4 − 64z −6 + . . .
∞
f (n)z −n = 1 − 4z −2 + 16z −4 − 64z −6 + . . .
P
⇒
n=0
⇒ f (0) + f (1)z −1 + f (2)z −2 + f (3)z −3 + . . . = 1 − 4z −2 + 16z −4 − 64z −6 + . . .
Equating the like terms, we get

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

f (0) = 1, f (1) = 0, f (2) = −4, f (3) = 0, f (4) = 16, f (5) = 0, f (6) = −6, . . .
nπ
Hence f (n) = 2n cos
2
10z
4. Find the inverse Z -transform of by long division method
(z − 1)(z − 2)
10z 10z −1
Let F (z) = =
(z − 1)(z − 2) 1 − 3z −1 + 2z −2
By actual division
10z −1 +30z −2 +70z −3 +150z −4 +...
−1 −2
√
1 − 3z + 2z 10z −1
10z −1 −30z −2 +20z −3
30z −2 −20z −3
30z −2 −90z −3 +60z −4
70z −3 −60z −4
70z −3 −210z −4 +40z −5
150z −4 −140z −5
Therefore F (z) = 10z −1 + 30z −2 + 70z −3 + 150z −4 + . . .
∞
f (n)z −n = 10z −1 + 30z −2 + 70z −3 + 150z −4 + . . .
P
⇒
n=0
⇒ f (0) + f (1)z −1 + f (2)z −2 + f (3)z −3 + . . . = 10z −1 + 30z −2 + 70z −3 + . . .
Equating the like terms, we get
f (0) = 0, f (1) = 10, f (2) = 30, f (3) = 70, . . .
Hence f (n) = 10(2n − 1), n ≥ 0
 2 
−1 z + 2z
5. Find Z by long division
z 2 + 2z + 4

z 2 + 2z
Let F (z) =
z 2 + 2z + 4
2
1+
= z
2 4
1+ + 2
z z
1 + 2z −1
=
1 + 2z −1 + 4z −2
By actual division,

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1 −4z −2 +8z −3 −32z −5 +...

−1 −2
√
1 + 2z + 4z 1 +2z −1
1 +2z −1 +4z −2
−4z −2
−4z −2 −8z −3 −16z −4
8z −3 +16z −4
8z −3 +16z −4 +32z −5
−32z −5
Therefore F (z) = 1 − 4z −2 + 8z −3 − 32z −5 + . . .
∞
f (n)z −n = 1 − 4z −2 + 8z −3 − 32z −5 + . . .
P
⇒
n=0
⇒ f (0) + f (1)z −1 + f (2)z −2 + f (3)z −3 + . . . = 1 − 4z −2 + 8z −3 − 32z −5 + . . .
Equating the like terms, we get
f (0) = 1, f (1) = 0, f (2) = −4, f (3) = 8, f (4) = 0, f (5) = −32, . . .
Therefore the sequence is 1, 0, -4, 8, 0, -32, . . .

2. Partial fraction method

Step 1: When F (z) is a rational function in which the denominator can be factorized, resolve
F (z) into partial fractions.
Step 2: Z −1 [F (z)] is the sum of the inverse Z -transforms of the partial fractions declare
the result.
Note: (i) The degree of z in the numerator should be atleast one less than the degree of z
in the denominator of F (z)
F (z)
(ii) Wherever possible rewrite the given functions as and apply the above steps.
z

z z2 + z
1. Find the inverse Z -transform of (i) 2 (ii) and
z + 7z + 10 (z − 1)(z 2 + 1)
z
(iii)
(z − 1)2 (z + 1)
z
(i) Given F (z) = 2
z + 7z + 10
F (z) 1
⇒= 2
z z + 7z + 10
1
=
(z + 2)(z + 5)
1 A B
Now = +
(z + 2)(z + 5) z + 2 z + 5
1 =A(z + 5) + B(z + 2)

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

1 −1
put z = −2 ⇒ A = and z = −5 ⇒ B =
3 3
F (z) 1/3 −1/3
Therefore = +
z z+ 2 z+5 
1 z z
F (z) = −
3 z+2 z+5
Taking inverse on both sides, we have
    
−1 1 −1 z −1 z
Z [F (z)] =f (n) = Z −Z
3 z+2 z+5
1
= [(−2)n − (−5)n ], n = 0, 1, 2, ....
3
z2 + z
(ii) Given F (z) =
(z − 1)(z 2 + 1)
F (z) z+1 A (Bz + C)
⇒ = = +
z (z − 1)(z 2 + 1) z−1 z2 + 1
⇒ z + 1 =A(z 2 + 1) + (Bz + c)(z − 1)
Put z = 1 ⇒ A = 1
Equating the coefficients of z 2 and constant term, we have

0=A+B (3)
1=A−C (4)
A = 1 in equations (3) and (4) we get B = −1, C = 0
F (z) 1 z
Therefore = − 2
z z−1 z +1
z z2
⇒ F (z) = − 2
z−1 z +1
Taking inverse on both sides, we have
   2 
−1 −1 z −1 z
Z [F (z)] = f (n) = Z −Z 2
z−1 z +1
nπ
= 1n − cos
2
z
(iii) Let F (z) =
(z − 1)2 (z + 1)
F (z) 1 A B C
⇒ = = + +
z (z − 1)2 (z + 1) z − 1 (z − 1)2 z + 1
⇒ 1 = A(z − 1)(z + 1) + B(z + 1) + C(z − 1)2

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

1 1 1
Put z = 1 ⇒ B = , z = −1 ⇒ C = and z = 0 ⇒ A = −
2 4 4
F (z) −1/4 1/2 1/4
Therefore = + +
z z − 1 (z − 1)2 z + 1
1 z 1 z 1 z
⇒ F (z) = − . + . 2
+ .
4 z − 1 2 (z − 1) 4 z+1
Taking inverse on both sides, we get
1 1 1
f (n) = − .(1)n + .n + (−1)n
4 2 4
3z 2 − 18z + 26
 
−1
2. Find Z by the partial fraction method
(z − 2)(z − 3)(z − 4)
3z 2 − 18z + 26 A B C
Consider = + +
(z − 2)(z − 3)(z − 4) (z − 2) (z − 3) (z − 4)
⇒ 3z 2 − 18z + 26 = A(z − 3)(z − 4) + B(z − 2)(z − 4) + C(z − 2)(z − 3)
Put z = 2 ⇒ A = 1, z = 3 ⇒ B = 1 and z = 4 ⇒ C = 1

3z 2 − 18z + 26 1 1 1
= + +
(z − 2)(z − 3)(z − 4) (z − 2) (z − 3) (z − 4)
Taking inverse on both sides, we have
3z 2 − 18z + 26
       
−1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1
Z =Z +Z +Z
(z − 2)(z − 3)(z − 4) z−2 z−3 z−4
= 2n−1 + 3n−1 + 4n−1

4z 3
 
−1
3. Find Z by the method of partial fraction
(2z − 1)2 (z − 1)
4z 3
Let F (z) =
(2z − 1)2 (z − 1)
F (z) 4z 2 A B C
⇒ = 2
= + 2
+
z (2z − 1) (z − 1) (2z − 1) (2z − 1) ∗z − 1)
⇒ 4z 2 = A(2z − 1)(z − 1) + B(z − 1) + C(2z − 1)2
1
Put z = 1 ⇒ C = 4, z = ⇒ B = −2 and z = 0 ⇒ A = −6
2
F (z) −6 (−2) 4
Therefore = + 2
+
z 2z − 1 (2z − 1) (z − 1)
−6 z −2 z z
⇒ F (z) = − 2 + 4
2 1 4

1 z−1
z− z−
2 2

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

Taking inverse on both sides, we have

 
 
 
z −1 −1  z z
 
−1 −1 −1
Z [F (z)] = −3Z − Z  2  + 4Z
 
 1 2 1 z−1
z−
 
2 z −
2
 n  n
1 1
f (n) = −3 −n + 4(1)
2 2
 n
1
= 4 − (n + 3)
2

z2
 
−1
4. Find Z by method of partial fraction.
(z + 2)(z 2 + 4)
z2
Let F (z) =
(z + 2)(z 2 + 4)

F (z) z A (3z + C)
⇒ = 2
= + 2
z (z + 2)(z + 4) z+2 (z + 4)
⇒ z = A(z 2 + 4) + (Bz + 4) + (Bz + C)(z + 2)

1
Put z = −2 ⇒ A = −
4
Equating the coefficient of z 2 , constant term, we get

0=A+B (5)

0 = 4A + 2C (6)
1 1 1
Sub. A = in equations (5) and (6) we have B = , C=
4 4 2
F (z) −1/4 (1/4z + 1/2)
Therefore = +
z z+2 z2 + 4
1 z 1 z2 1 2z
⇒ F (z) = − + 2
+ 2+4
4 z + 2 4 z + 1 4 z
z2
  
−1 1 −1 z 1 −1 1 −1 2z
Z [F (z)] = − Z + Z + Z
4 z+2 4 z2 + 1 4 z2 + 4
1 1 nπ 1 n nπ
f (n) = − (−2)n + .2n cos + .2 sin
4 4 2 2 2

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4 − 8z −1 + 6z −2
 
−1
5. Find Z by method of partial fraction.
(1 + z −1 )(1 − 2z −1 )2

4 − 8z −1 + 6z −2
Let F (z) =
(1 + z −1 )(1 − 2z −1 )2
8 6
4− + 2
=  z z 2
1 2
1+ 1−
z z
 
1
(4z 2 − 8z + 6)
z2
=  
1
(z + 1)(z − 2)2
z3
4z 3 − 8z 2 + 6z
=
(z + 1)(z − 2)2
F (z) 4z 2 − 8z + 6 A B C
⇒ = 2
= + +
z (z + 1)(z − 2) z + 1 z − 2 (z − 2)2
⇒ 4z 2 − 8z + 6 = A(z − 2)2 + B(z − 2)(z + 1) + C(z + 1)

Put z = 2 ⇒ C = 2, z = −1 ⇒ A = 2
Equating the Coefficient of z 2 , we have
4=A+B ⇒B =2
F (z) 2 2 2
Therefore = + +
z z + 1 z − 2 (z − 2)2
 
z z z
⇒ F (z) = 2 + +
z + 1 z − 2 (z − 2)2
     
−1 −1 z −1 z −1 z
Z [F (z)] = 2Z + 2Z + 2Z
(z + 1) (z − 2) (z − 2)2
= 2(−1)n + 2.(2)n + n.2n

3. Residue method or Inverse integral method

By using the relation betweenZ the Z -transform and Fourier transform of a sequence, if can
1
be proved that f (n) = F (z)z n−1 dz where C is a circle whose centre is the origin
2πi
C
and radius is sufficiently large to include all the isolated singularities of F (z), C may also
be a closed contour including the origin and the isolated singularities of F (z).
By
Z Cauchy’s residue theorem
F (z)z n−1 dz = 2πi× sum of the residues of F (z)z n−1 at the isolated singularities.
C

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Therefore f (n) =Sum of the residues of F (z)z n−1 at the isolated singularities.
Calculation of residue:
(i) When z = a is a simple pole or a pole of order one, then the residue is given by
Res [F (z), z = a] = lim (z − a)F (z)
z→a
(ii) When z = a is a pole of order m, then the residue is given by
1 dm−1
Res [F (z), z = a] = lim m−1 [(z − a)F (z)]
(m − 1)! z→a dz

z(z 2 − z + 2)
 
−1
1. Find Z by using Residue theorem
(z + 1)(z − 1)2
z(z 2 − z + 2)
Let F (z) =
(z + 1)(z − 1)2
z n (z 2 − z + 2)
⇒ F (z)z n−1 =
(z + 1)(z − 1)2
The poles are given by z = −1, z = 1
z = −1 is a simple pole and z = 1 is a pole of order 2

R1 = Residue at z = −1
z n (z 2 − z + 2)
= lim (z + 1).
z→−1 (z + 1)(z − 1)2
z n (z 2 − z + 2)
= lim 2
= (−1)n
z→−1 (z − 1)
R2 = Residue at z = 1
n 2
 
1 d 2 (z + 1)z (z − z + 2)
= lim (z − 1) .
(2 − 1)! z→1 dz (z + 1)(z − 1)2
 n 2 
d z (z − z + 2)
= lim
z→1 dz (z + 1)
(z + 1)[nz n−1 (z 2 − z + 2) + z n (2z − 1)] − z n (z 2 − z + 2).1
 
= lim
z→1 (z + 1)2
2[n.1n−1 (1 − 1 + 2) + 1n (2 − 1)] − 1n (1 − 1 + 2)
=
4
2(2n + 2) − 2
= =n
4
Therefore f (n) =sum of the residues of F (z)z n−1 at poles
⇒ f (n) = R1 + R2 = (−1)n + n

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2z 2 + 4z
 
−1
2. Find Z by using Residue theorem
(z − 2)3
2z 2 + 4z
Let F (z) =
(z − 2)3
2z n+1 + 4z n
⇒ F (z)z n−1 =
(z − 2)3
The poles are z = 2 is pole of order 3

R = Residue at z = 3
d2 n+1
+ 4z n ]
 
1 3 [2z
= lim (z − 2) .
(3 − 1)! z→2 dz 2 (z − 2)3
1 d2
= lim 2 [2z n+1 + 4z n ]
2! z→2 dz
1 d
= lim [2(n + 1)z n + 4nz n−1 ]
2 z→2 dz
1
= lim [2(n + 1)nz n−1 + 4n(n − 1)z n−2 ]
2 z→2
1
= [2.(n + 1).n2n−1 + 4n(n − 1)2n−2 ]
2
1
= [(n + 1).n.2n + n(n − 1)2n ]
2
1
= .n2n [n + 1 + n − 1]
2
= n2n .

Hence f (n) = sum of the Residue of F (z)z n−1 at poles inside C = n2n
z
3. Find the inverse z -transform of
(z − 1)(z − 2)
z
Let F (z) =
(z − 1)(z − 2)
n−1 zn
⇒ F (z)z =
(z − 1)(z − 2)
The poles are z = 1, 2 , each simple pole

R1 = Residue at z = 1
zn
= lim(z − 1).
z→1 (z − 1)(z − 2)
zn
= lim = −1
z→1 (z − 2)

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R2 = Residue at z = 2
zn
= lim(z − 2).
z→2 (z − 1)(z − 2)
zn
= lim = 2n
z→2 (z − 1)

Hence f (n) = R1 + R2 = 2n − 1
z2
 
−1
4. Find Z by the method of residues.
(z + 2)(z 2 + 4)
z2
Let F (z) =
(z + 2)(z 2 + 4)
z n+1
⇒ z n−1 F (z) =
(z + 2)(z 2 + 4)
z n+1
=
(z + 2)(z + 2i)(z − 2i)
The poles are given by z = −1, −2i, 2i , each of simple poles.

R1 = Residue at z = −2
z n+1
= lim (z + 2)
z→−2 (z + 2)(z + 2i)(z − 2i)
z n+1
= lim
z→−2 (z + 2i)(z − 2i)

(−2)n+1
=
(z + 2i)(z − 2i)
(−2)n+1
=
8
R2 = Residue at z = −2i
z n+1
= lim (z + 2i)
z→−2i (z + 2)(z + 2i)(z − 2i)
z n+1
= lim
z→−2i (z + 2)(z − 2i)

(−2i)n+1
=
(−2i + 2)(−2i − 2i)
(−2)n (−2)(−i)(−i)n
=
2(1 − i)(−4i)
(−2)n (−1)(−i)n (1 + i) (2)n
= × = (−i)n (1 + i)
4(1 − i) (1 + i) 8

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R3 = Residue at z = 2i
z n+1
= lim (z − 2i)
z→2i (z + 2)(z + 2i)(z − 2i)
z n+1
= lim
z→2i (z + 2)(z + 2i)

(2i)n+1
=
(2i + 2)(4i)
(2)n (i)n (1 − i)
= ×
4(1 + i) (1 − i)
(2)n n
= (i) (1 − i)
8
P
Therefore f (n) = R = R1 + R2 + R3

(−2)n+1 (2)n (−2)n n

f (n) = + (−i)n (1 + i) + (i) (1 − i)
8 8 8
(−2)n+1 (2)n (1 + i)  nπ nπ 
= + cos − sin
8 8 2 2
(2)n (1 − i)  nπ nπ 
+ cos + sin
8 ( 2 2
n+1 n
(−2) 2 nπ nπ nπ nπ
= + cos − sin + i cos + sin
8 8 2 2 2 2
)
nπ nπ nπ nπ
+ cos + i sin − i cos + sin
2 2 2 2
(−2)n+1 2n  nπ nπ 
= + cos + i sin
8 4 2 2
 
−1 z
5. Find Z by the method of residues
z 2 + 2z + 2
z
Let F (z) = 2
z + 2z +n 2
n−1 z
⇒ z F (z) = 2
z + 2z + 2
The poles are given by z 2 + 2z + 2 = 0
√
−2 ± 4 − 8
⇒z=
2
−1 ± 2i
=
2
= −1 ± i which are simple

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R1 =Residue at z = −1 + i
zn
= lim [z − (−1 + i)].
z→(−1+i) z 2 + 2z + 2
zn
= lim [z − (−1 + i)].
z→(−1+i) [z − (−1 + i)][z − (−1 + i)]
zn
= lim
z→(−1+i) z − (−1 − i)

(−1 + i)n (−1 + i)n

= =
−1 + i + 1 + i 2i
R2 =Residue at z = −1 − i
zn
= lim [z − (−1 − i)].
z→(−1−i) [z − (−1 + i)][z − (−1 − i)]
zn
= lim
z→(−1−i) z − (−1 + i)

(−1 − i)n −(−1 − i)n

= =
−1 − i + 1 − i 2i
P
Therefore f (n) = R = R1 + R2
(−1 + i)n (−1 − i)n
f (n) = −
2i 2i
Let −1 + i = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
Equating real and imaginary parts, we have
r cos θ = −1, r sin θ = 1
r2 cos2 θ + r2 sin2 θ = 1 + 1
√
r2 = 2 =⇒ r = 2
1 1 3π
Therefore cos θ = − √ and sin θ = − √ ⇒ θ =
2 2 4
√ √
 
3π 3π 3π 3π
Therefore −1 + i = 2 cos + i sin and −1 − i = 2 cos − i sin
4 4 4 4
n n 
√ √
  
1 3π 3π 3π 3π
Hence f (n) = ( 2)n cos + i sin − ( 2)n cos − i sin
2i 4 4 4 4
√ n 
( 2) 3nπ 3nπ 3nπ 3nπ
= cos + i sin − cos + i sin
2i 4 4 4 4
√ n
( 2) 3nπ √ 3nπ
= .2i sin = ( 2)n sin ,n ≥ 0
2i 4 4

4. Convolution method
Convolution of sequence:
The Convolution of two sequence {f (n)} and {g(n)} is defined as
n
P
{f (n) ∗ g(n)} = f (r)g(n − r)
r=0

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Convolution theorem:
If Z {f (n)} = F (z) and Z {g(n)} = G(z) then

Z {f (n) ∗ g(n)} = Z {f (n)} .Z {g(n)}

= F (z).G(z)

That is Z -transform of Convolution of two sequence is equal to the product of the Z -

transform.
Note:

• If Z{f (n)} = F (z) and Z{g(n)} = G(z) then Z −1 [F (z)] = f (n),

n
Z −1 [G(z)] = g(n) and Z −1 [F (z)G(z)] = f (n) ∗ g(n) =
P
f (r)g(n − r)
r=0

• If Z[f (t)] = F (z) and Z[g(t)] = G(z) then

n
Z −1 [F (z)G(z)] = f (t) ∗ g(t) =
P
f (kT )g[(n − k)T ]
k=0

z2
 
−1
1. Find Z using convolution theorem
(z + a)2

z2
   
−1 −1 z z
Z =Z .
(z + a)2 (z + a) (z + a)
   
−1 z −1 z
=Z Z
z+a z+a
= (−a)n ∗ (−a)n
Xn
= (−a)r (−a)n−r
r=0
n
X
n
= (−a) 1 = (n + 1)(−a)n
r=0

z2
 
−1
2. Find Z using convolution theorem
(z − a)(z − b)

z2
   
−1 −1 z z
Z =Z .
(z − a)(z − b) z−a z−b
   
−1 z −1 z
=Z ∗Z
z−a z−b

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

n
z2
  X
−1 n n
Z =a ∗b = ar bn−r
(z − a)(z − b) r=0
n
X a r 
= bn
b
r=0      a n 
n a a 2
=b 1+ + + ........ +
b b b
a
  n+1 
−1
= bn  b a
 

−1
b
n+1
a − bn+1
= ,n ≥ 0
a−b
8z 2
 
−1
3. Find Z
(2z − 1)(4z + 1)
 
8z 2 8z 2
 
Z −1 = Z −1 
 
    
(2z − 1)(4z + 1)  1 1 
2 z− .4 z +
2 4
 
z2
= Z −1 
 
  
1 1 
z− z+
2 4
   
z z
= Z −1  ∗ Z −1 
   
1 1
z− z+
 n  2 n 4
1 1
= ∗ −
2 4
n
X 1   r  n−r
1
= ∗ −
r=0
2 4
 n X n
1
= − (−2)r
4
 n r=0
1
= [1 + (−2) + (−2)2 + ...... + (−2)n ]
4
 n
1 (−2)n+1 − 1
= [ ]
4 (−2) − 1
 n  
1 1
= − [(−2)n+1 − 1]
4 3

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z2
 
−1
4. Z
(z − 1)(z − 3)

z2
   
−1 −1 z z
Z =Z .
(z − 1)(z − 3) z−1 z−3
   
−1 z −1 z
=Z ∗Z
z−1 z−3
= 1n ∗ 3n
Xn
= 1r .3n−r
r=0
1
= (3n+1 − 1)
2

Application of Z -transform to solve linear difference equation

We know that: h y1 i
F (z) = Z {yn } , Z {yn+1 } = z[F (z) − y0 ], Z {yn+2 } = z 2 F (z) − y0 − and
z
h y1 y2 i
Z {yn+3 } = z 3 F (z) − y0 − − 2
z z

1. Solve yn+1 − 2yn = 0 given y0 = 3 . (OR) y(n + 1) − 2y(n) = 0 given y0 = 3 .

Solution:
Given yn+1 − 2yn = 0
Taking Z -transform on both sides, we have
Z {yn+1 } − 2Z {yn } = 0
z[F (z) − y0 ] − 2F (z) = 0
(z − 2)F (z) − z.y0 = 0
(z − 2)F (z) − 3z = 0
3z
⇒ F (z) =
z−2
Taking inverse Z -transform
  on both sides, we have
z
Z −1 [F (z)] = 3Z −1
z−2
n
⇒ f (n) = 3.2

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2. Solve yn+2 − 7yn+1 + 12yn = 2n , given y0 = y1 = 0.

Solution:
Given yn+2 − 7yn+1 + 12yn = 2n
Taking inverse Z -transform on both sides, we have
Z {yn+2 } − 7Z {yn+1 } + 12Z {yn } = Z {2n }
h y1 i z
z2 F (z) − y0 − − 7z[F (z) − y0 ] + 12F (z) =
z z−2
2 z
(z − 7z + 12)F (z) =
z−2
z
F (z) =
(z 2
− 7z + 12)(z − 2)
 
−1 −1 z
Z [F (z)] = Z
(z − 3)(z − 4)(z − 2)
 
−1 z
f (n) = Z
(z − 3)(z − 4)(z − 2)
= Z −1 [φ(z)]
z
where φ(z) =
(z − 3)(z − 4)(z − 2)
zn
⇒ z n−1 φ(z) =
(z − 3)(z − 4)(z − 2)
The poles are given by z = 2, 3, 4; each are simple pole
R1 = Residue at z = 2
zn
= lim(z − 2).
z→2 (z − 3)(z − 4)(z − 2)
n
z 2n 2n
= lim = =
z→2 (z − 3)(z − 4) (−1)(−2) 2
R2 = Residue at z = 3
zn
= lim(z − 3).
z→3 (z − 3)(z − 4)(z − 2)
n
z 3n
= lim = = 3n
z→3 (z − 2)(z − 4) (−1)(1)
R3 = Residue at z = 4
zn
= lim(z − 4).
z→4 (z − 3)(z − 4)(z − 2)
n
z 4n
= lim =
z→4 (z − 2)(z − 3) 2
2n 4n
Therefore f (n) = R1 + R2 + R3 = − 3n +
2 2
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3. Solve y(n + 2) + 4y(n + 1) + 4y(n) = n, given that y(0) = 0 and y(1) = 1

Solution:
Given y(n + 2) + 4y(n + 1) + 4y(n) = n
Taking Z -transform on both sides, we get

Z {y(n + 2)} + 4Z {y(n + 1)} + 4Z {yn } = Z {n}

 
y(1) z
z2 F (z) − y(0) − + 4z[F (z) − y(0)] + 4F (z) =
z (z − 1)2
z
(z 2 + 4z + 4)F (z) − z =
(z − 1)2
(z 3 − 2z 2 + 2z)
(z 2 + 4z + 4)F (z) =
(z − 1)2
(z 3 − 2z 2 + 2z)
F (z) =
(z − 1)2 (z 2 + 4z + 4)

Taking inverse on both sides, we have

(z 3 − 2z 2 + 2z)
 
−1 −1
Z [F (z)] = Z
(z − 1)2 (z 2 + 4z + 4)
 3
(z − 2z 2 + 2z)

−1
f (n) = Z
(z − 1)2 .(z + 2)2
= Z −1 [φ(z)]

(z 3 − 2z 2 + 2z) z(z 2 − 2z + 2)
where φ(z) = =
(z − 1)2 .(z + 2)2 (z − 1)2 .(z + 2)2
3 2
φ(z) (z − 2z + 2z) A B C D
⇒ = 2 2
= + 2
+ +
z (z − 1) .(z + 2) (z − 1) (z − 1) (z + 2) (z + 2)2
(z − 2z + 2z) = A(z − 1)(z + 2) + B(z + 2) + C(z + 2)(z − 1)2 + D(z − 1)2
3 2 2 2

1 10
Put z = 1 ⇒ B = , z = −2 ⇒ D =
9 9
Equating the coefficient of z 3 and constant term, we have
A + C = 0 and −4A + 4B + 2C + D = 2
2 −2
Solving above equations, we get C = and A =
27 27

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−2 1 2 10
φ(z)
Therefore = 27 + 9 + 27 + 9
z z − 1 (z − 1)2 (z + 2) (z + 2)2
−2 z 1 z 2 z 10 z
φ(z) = . + . 2
+ . + .
27 z − 1 9 (z − 1) 27 z + 2 9 (z + 2)2
     
−1 −2 −1 z 1 −1 z 2 −1 z
Z [φ(z)] = Z + Z + Z
27 z−1 9 (z − 1)2 27 (z + 2)
 
10 z
+ Z −1
9 (z + 2)2
 
−2 1 2 n 10 −1 n
f (n) = + .n + (−2) + .n(−2)
27 9 27 9 2
−2 1 2 5
= + .n + (−2)n − n(−2)n
27 9 27 9
4. Solve x(n + 1) − 2x(n) = 1, given x(0) = 0
Solution:
Given x(n + 1) − 2x(n) = 1
Taking Z -transform on both sides, we have

Z {x(n + 1)} − 2Z {x(n)} = Z {1}

z
z[X(z) − x(0)] − 2X(z) =
z−1
z
(z − 2)X(z) =
z−1
z
⇒ X(z) =
(z − 1)(z − 2)
 
−1 −1 z
⇒ Z {X(z)} = Z
(z − 1)(z − 2)
⇒ x(n) = Z −1 [φ(z)]
z
where φ(z) =
(z − 1)(z − 2)
zn
⇒ z n−1 φ(z) =
(z − 1)(z − 2)
The poles are given by z = 1, 2; each of simple poles.

R1 = Residue at z = 1
zn
= lim(z − 1).
z→1 (z − 1)(z − 2)
zn
= lim = −1
z→1 (z − 2)

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R2 = Residue at z = 2
zn
= lim(z − 2).
z→2 (z − 1)(z − 2)
zn
= lim = 2n
z→2 (z − 1)

Therefore x(n) = R1 + R2 = −1 + 2n

5. Solve yn+2 + yn = 2 given y0 = y1 = 0

Solution:
Given yn+2 + yn = 2
Taking Z -transform on both sides, we have Z[yn+2 ] + Z[yn ] = Z(2)
2
h y1 i 2z
z Y (z) − y0 − + Y (z) =
z (z − 1)
2z
z 2 [Y (z) − 0 − 0] + y(z) =
(z − 1)
2z
(z 2 + 1)Y (z) =
(z − 1)
2z
⇒ Y (z) =
(z − 1)(z 2 + 1)
Y (z) 2 A Bz + C
= 2
= + 2
z (z − 1)(z + 1) z−1 z +1
2
Now 2 = A(z + 1) + (Bz + C)(z − 1)
Put z = 1 ⇒ A = 1
Equating Co-efficient of z 2 and constant term.

A+B =0 (7)

A−C =2 (8)
A = 1 in equations (7) and (8), we have B = 1 and C = −1
Y (z) 1 z+1
Therefore = − 2
z z−1 z +1
z z2 z
Y (z) = − 2 − 2
z−1 z +1 z +1
Taking inverse on both sides, we get
nπ nπ
y(n) = 1 − cos − sin
2 2
6. Solve y(n) − ay(n − 1) = u(n)
Solution
Given y(n) − ay(n − 1) = u(n)
Taking Z -transform on both sides
Z[y(n)] − aZ[y(n − 1)] = Z[u(n)]

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z
Y (z) − a.z −1 Y (z) = since Z [x(n − m)] = z −m X(z)
z−1
z
(1 − az −1 )Y (z) =
z−1
z−a z
⇒ Y (z) =
z z−1
z2
Therefore Y (z) =
(z − a)(z − 1)
Y (z) z A B
⇒ = = +
z (z − a)(z − 1) z−a z−1
Therefore A(z − 1) + B(z − a) = z
1 −a
put z = 1 ⇒ B = and z = a ⇒ A =
1−a 1−a
−a 1
y(z)
Therefore = 1−a + 1−a
z z−a z− 1
1 −az z
y(z) = +
1−a z−a z−1
Taking inverse Z -transform, we have
    
1 −1 az −1 z
y(n) = −Z +Z
1−a z−a z−1
    
1 −1 z −1 z
= Z − aZ
1−a z−1 z−a
1
= [1 − a.an ]
1−a

7. Solve y(n) = y(n − 1) = u(n) + u(n − 1)

Solution:
Given y(n) = y(n − 1) = u(n) + u(n − 1)
Taking Z -Transform on both sides,
Z[y(n)] − Z[y(n − 1)] = Z[u(n)] + Z[u(n − 1)]
z z
Y (z) − z −1 Y (z) = + z −1 . since Z [x(n − m)] = z −m X(z)
z−1 z−1
z+1
(1 − z −1 )Y (z) =
z−1
z(z + 1)
⇒ Y (z) =
(z − 1)2
Y (z) (z + 1) A B
= 2
= +
z (z − 1) (z − 1) (z − 1)2
Now z + 1 = A(z − 1) + B
Put z = 1 ⇒ B = 2 and equating co.eff. of z, we get A = 1
Y (z) 1 2
Therefore = +
z (z − 1) (z − 1)2

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

z 2z
⇒ Y (z) = +
(z − 1) (z − 1)2
Taking inverse Z -transform on both
 sides,we get 
z z
y(n) = Z −1 [Y (z)] = Z −1 + 2Z −1 = 1 + 2n
z−1 (z − 1)2
8. Solve x(k + 2) − 3x(k + 1) + 2x(k) = u(k) given x(k) = 0 for k ≤ 0 and
u(0) = 1 , u(k) = 0 for k < 0 and k > 0 .
Solution:
Given x(k + 2) − 3x(k + 1) + 2x(k) = u(k)
Taking Z -transform on both sides, we have
Z[x(k + 2)] − 3Z[x(k + 1)] + 2Z[x(k)] = Z[u(k)]
 
2 x(1)
z X(z) − x(0) − − 3z[X(z) − x(0)] + 2X(z) = 1 (9)
z
putting k = −1 in given equation, we have
x(1) − 3x(0) + 2x(−1) = u(−1)
x(1) − 3.0 + 2.0 = 0 since x(0) = 0, x(−1) = 0, u(−1) = 0
Therefore x(1) = 0
From equation (9), becomes
z 2 X(z) − 3zX(z) + 2X(z) = 1
(z 2 − 3z + 2)X(z) = 1
1
⇒ X(z) = 2
z − 3z + 2
1
X(z) =
(z − 1)(z − 2)
Taking inverse Z -transform,  we have 
−1 −1 1
x(k) = Z [X(z)] = Z
(z − 1)(z − 2)
1
Let φ(z) =
(z − 1)(z − 2)
z k−1
⇒ φ(z)z k−1 =
(z − 1)(z − 2)
The poles are given by z = 1, 2; each are simple pole
R1 = Residue at z = 1
z k−1
= lim(z − 1). = −1
z→1 (z − 1)(z − 2)
R2 = Residue at z = 2
z k−1
= lim(z − 2). = 2k−1
z→2 (z − 1)(z − 2)
Hence x(k) = R1 + R2 = −1 + 2k+1

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9. Solve yn+2 − 4yn = 0 using z -transform.

Solution:
Here, the conditions y0 and y1 are not given.
Take y0 = A , y1 = B
Given yn+2 − 4yn = 0
Taking Z -Transform on both sides, we get
⇒ Z[yhn+2 ] − 4Z[yn ] =i0
y1
⇒ z 2 Y (z) − y0 − − 4Y (z) = 0
z
2 2
⇒ (z − 4)Y (z) − Az − Bz = 0
Az 2 + Bz
⇒ Y (z) =
z2 − 4
Y (z) Az B
= 2 + 2 (10)
z z −4 z −4
z z A B
Now 2 = = +
z −4 (z + 2)(z − 2) z+2 z−2
z = A(z − 2) + B(z + 2)
1 1
Put z = 2 ⇒ B = and z = −2 ⇒ A =
2 2
z 1 1 1 1
Therefore 2 = . + . (11)
z −4 2 z+2 2 z−2
1 1 A B
and 2 = = +
z −4 (z + 2)(z − 2) z+2 z−2
⇒ 1 = A(z − 2) + B(z + 2)
1 1
Put z = 2 ⇒ B = and z = −2 ⇒ A = −
4 4
1 −1 1 1 1
Therefore 2 = . + . (12)
z −4 4 z+2 4 z−2
Substituting (11) and (12) in (10), we get
   
Y (z) A 1 1 B 1 1
= + + −
z 2 z+2 z−2 4 z−2 z+2
   
A z z B z z
⇒ Y (z) = + + −
2 z+2 z−2 4 z−2 z+2
Taking inverse z -transform on both sides, we get
A B
y(n) = [(−2)n + 2n ] + [2n − (−2)n ]
2
  4 
A B n A B
= + 2 + − (−2)n
2 4 2 4
A B A B
= C.2n + D(−2)n where C = + and D = −
2 4 2 4

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

SHIFTING PROPERTY
We know that Z {x(n − m)} = z −m x(z)
Corollary: x(n − m) = Z −1 [z −m X(z)] = (Z −1 [X(z)])n→n−m
 
1
1. Find Z −1 
 
1
z−
2
Solution:
 
  
−1 1 −1 −1 1
Z =Z z z−
 
 1 2
z−
2  
−1 z
=Z
z − 1/2 n→n−1
 n−1  n−1
1 1
= or u(n − 1)
2 2
   
−1 1 −1 z
2. Evaluate Z given Z = (−1)n
z+1 z+1
Solution:
   
−1 1 −1 z
−1
Z =Z z
z+1 z+1
 
−1 z
=Z n→n−1
z+1
= (−1)n−1

4z 2 − 2z
3. Find Z −1 (X(z)) where X(z) =
z 3 − 5z 2 + 8z − 4
Solution:
4z 2 − 2z
Given X(z) =
z 3 − 5z 2 + 8z − 4

n−1 z n−1 .2z(2z − 1)

⇒ X(z)z = 3
z − 5z 2 + 8z − 4
2z n (2z − 1)
= 3
z − 5z 2 + 8z − 4
The poles are given by z 3 − 5z 2 + 8z − 4 = 0
⇒ (z − 1)(z 2 − 4z + 4) = 0

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

⇒ (z − 1)(z − 2)2 = 0
⇒ z = 1 is a simple pole and z = 2 is a pole of order 2

R1 = Residue at z = 1
2z n (2z − 1)
= lim(z − 1). =2
z→1 (z − 1)(z − 2)2
R2 = Residue at z = 2
2z n (2z − 1)
 
1 d 2
= lim (z − 2) .
(2 − 1)! z→2 dz (z − 1)(z − 22 )
 2 
d 2z (2z − 1)
= lim
z→2 dz z−1
(z − 1)[nz n−1 (2z − 1) + z n .2] − z n (2z − 1).1
 
= lim 2
z→2 (z − 1)2
 
n−1 n n n 3
= 2[n.2 .3 + 2.2 − 3.2 ] = 2.2 n−1
2
= 2n (3n − 2)

Hence x(n) = R1 + R2 = 2 + 2n (3n − 2)

z(z + 1)
4. Find the inverse Z -transform of
(z − 1)3
Solution:
z(z + 1)
Let F (z) =
(z − 1)3
z n (z + 1)
⇒ F (z).z n−1 =
(z − 1)3
⇒ z = 1 is a pole of order 3

R1 = Residue at z = 1
 2 n

1 d 3 z (z + 1)
= lim (z − 1) .
(3 − 1)! z→1 dz 2 (z − 1)3
1 d2
= lim 2 (z n (z + 1))
2! z→1 dz
1 d  n−1
nz (z + 1) + z n .1

= lim
2 z→1 dz
1 d 
n(n − 1)z n−2 (z + 1) + nz n−1 + nz n−1

= lim
2 z→1 dz
1
= [n(n − 1).2 + n + n] = n2
2
Hence f (n) = n2

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Dr. V. Suvitha, Department of Mathematics, SRMIST

 
1
5. If X(z) = (z − 1) log 1 − + 1, find x(n)
z
Solution:
   
−1 1
x(n) = Z (z − 1) log 1 − +1
z
   
−1 1 1 1
=Z (z − 1) − − 2 − 3 − ... + 1
z 2z 3z
     
−1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=Z z − − 2 − 3 − ... − 1 − − 2 − 3 − ... + 1
z 2z 3z z 2z 3z
    
−1 1 1 1 1 1
=Z −1 − 2 − 3 − ... + + + − ... + 1
2z 3z z 2z 2 3z 3
    
−1 1 1 1 1 1
=Z 1− + − + ...
2 z 2 3 z2
 
−1 1 1 1 1
=Z + + ...
1.2 z 2.3 z 2
"∞ #
X 1 1
= Z −1 .
n=1
n(n + 1) z n
1

 , if n = 0
= n(n + 1)
0, if n ≥ 1


6. If X(z) = (1 − az −1 )−2 , find x(n)

Solution:
1
X(z) = (1 − az −1 )−2 =
(1 − az −1 )2
z2
=
(z − a)2
z n+1
⇒ z n−1 X(z) =
(z − a)2
z = a is a pole of order 2
R = Residue at z = a
n+1
 
d 2 z
= lim (z − a)
z→a dz (z − a)2
d
= lim z n+1 = (n + 1)an
z→a dz

Hence f (n) = (n + 1)an

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