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Probability and Statistics

The document discusses sampling techniques, categorizing them into probability and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling ensures every individual has a known and equal chance of selection, while non-probability sampling relies on non-random criteria. Various methods under each category are outlined, along with a comparison of their characteristics and use cases.

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10 views2 pages

Probability and Statistics

The document discusses sampling techniques, categorizing them into probability and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling ensures every individual has a known and equal chance of selection, while non-probability sampling relies on non-random criteria. Various methods under each category are outlined, along with a comparison of their characteristics and use cases.

Uploaded by

owino24.ondigo
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Assignment 1: Probability and Non-Probability

Sampling Techniques
George Ondigo
Reg. No: CO24/405295/2024
April 29, 2025

Introduction
Sampling is a process of selecting a subset of individuals or items from a larger population
to estimate characteristics of the whole population. Sampling techniques are broadly
classified into two categories:

1. Probability Sampling

2. Non-Probability Sampling

1. Probability Sampling Techniques


Probability sampling is a sampling technique in which every individual in the population
has a known and equal chance of being selected. It is commonly used in scientific research
where accuracy and representation are important.

Types of Probability Sampling:


a) Simple Random Sampling
Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Example:
Drawing names from a hat.

b) Systematic Sampling
Every k th individual is selected from a list after choosing a random starting point. Ex-
ample: Selecting every 10th student on a class register.

c) Stratified Sampling
The population is divided into subgroups (strata) based on shared characteristics, and
samples are taken from each stratum proportionally or equally. Example: Dividing
students by year of study, then sampling from each year.

1
d) Cluster Sampling
The population is divided into clusters, usually based on location or other criteria, and
a few clusters are randomly selected. All individuals in chosen clusters are included.
Example: Randomly selecting 3 schools from a county and surveying all students in
those schools.

2. Non-Probability Sampling Techniques


Non-probability sampling involves selecting individuals based on non-random criteria,
and not every individual has a known chance of being included. It is often used when
time, cost, or access limitations exist.

Types of Non-Probability Sampling:


a) Convenience Sampling
Sampling individuals who are easiest to reach. Example: Interviewing people at a mall
entrance.

b) Judgmental or Purposive Sampling


The researcher selects participants based on their knowledge and judgment. Example:
Selecting experts for a panel discussion.

c) Snowball Sampling
Existing participants refer new participants. Example: Used in hard-to-reach popula-
tions like drug users.

d) Quota Sampling
The researcher ensures representation of specific characteristics but uses non-random
selection within each group. Example: Selecting 20 males and 20 females for a study,
but choosing them based on convenience.

Comparison of Sampling Techniques


Aspect Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling
Selection Method Random Non-random
Chance of Selection Known and equal Unknown and unequal
Bias Low High
Use Case Surveys, experiments Exploratory research, pilot studies

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