Chapter - 8: The Cooling Load

Design Conditions
 It is not reasonable to design for worst conditions on record because a
great excess of capacity will result.
 The heat storage capacity of the structure also plays an important role.
A massive structure will reduce the effect of overload from short
intervals of outdoor temperatures above the design value.
 The daily range of temperature given in Table 8-1 is the difference
between average max. and average min. for the warmest month. The
daily range has an effect on the energy stored by the structure. The
daily range is usually larger for the higher elevations and desert
climates, where temperatures may be quite low late at night and during
the early morning hours.
 Table 8-1 gives the mean wind speed and wind direction coincident
with the 0.4% design condition. The local wind velocity for summer -

conditions is often taken to be about 7.5 mph (3.4 m/s)

The differe "with double this!

Betwe Ars-Max and Ay mini is ten daily ray "
Design conditions (cont…)

L
Heat gain, cooling load and heat
extraction rate
 It is important to differentiate between the three.
 Heat gain is the rate at which energy is transferred to or generated within
a space. It has two components, sensible heat and latent heat, which must
be computed and tabulated separately. Heat gains usually occur in the
following forms:
(i) solar radiation through openings, (ii) heat conduction through
boundaries with convection and radiation from the inner surface into the
space, (iii) sensible heat convection and radiation from internal objects,
(iv) ventilation and infiltration air, and (v) latent heat gains generated
within the space.
 Cooling Load is the rate at which energy must be removed from a space to
maintain the temperature and humidity at the design values.
 Heat extraction rate is the rate at which energy is removed from the
space by the cooling and dehumidifying equipment. This rate is equal to
the cooling load when the space conditions are constant and the
equipment is operating.
heatload us canipload
Sources of internal heat gains
 People: The heat gain from people has two components, sensible and
latent. The proportions of each and the total vary depending on the
level of activity. The following Table gives heat gain data from
occupants in conditioned spaces:
As
Sources (cont…)
 Lights: The primary source of lighting comes from the light emitting elements or lamps.
The instantaneous rate of heat gain from electric lighting may be calculated from:

 The total light wattage is obtained from the ratings of all lamps installed, both for general
illumination and for display use.
 The use-factor is the ratio of the wattage in use to the total installed wattage.
so white light
 The heat gain to the space from fluorescent fixtures is often assumed to be 59% radiative
and 41% convective. The heat gain from incandescent fixtures is typically assumed to be
80% radiative and 20% convective. Yellow list
Sources (cont…)
 Miscellaneous Equipment
Sources (cont…)
Sources (cont…)
 Direct fuel-fired cooking appliances require more energy input than electric or
steam equipment of the same type and size. Use of gas fuel increases the heat
gain by about 60%. It is therefore, necessary to adjust Eq. 8.6 for use with
hooded fuel fired appliances, to compensate for the 60% higher input ratings,
since the appliance surface temperatures are the same and the extra heat input
from the combustions products is exhausted outdoors. This correction is made
by the introduction of a flue-loss factor of 1.60. Then, for hooded fuel fired
appliances,
 Cooling Load calculation methods
1. Heat Balance Method (HBM):
More detailed. It involves a rigorous treatment of the
building physics.
*2. Radiant time series method (RTSM):
The RTSM is a simplified approximation of the HBM.
This is the method that we will study in this course.
3. Transfer Function Method (TFM):
This is a simplified method like the RTSM which
uses conduction transfer functions instead of the
periodic response factors.
Heat Balance for a double-pane
windowDirect xide
~

als
abso &

tee
Space
-
Radiant Time Series Method
(RTSM) A

 The method may be organized around the following steps:

*
RTSM – Flow Chart

Fraue
Step-1: Calculation of hourly solar
intensity for exterior surfaces
-T
= 0

 Exterior boundary conditions – Opaque surfaces

The effects of solar radiation, thermal radiation, and convection are all
combined into a single calculation by the following equation:

where
to = outside air temperature
=>

tes, j, θ = exterior surface temp. for the jth surface

-

α = surface absorptivity ; Є = surface emissivity

=>

Gt = total incident irradiation

-

BRSU
-
-

-
&
Step 2: Calculation of Sol-air
temperature
interme of sol air Tap
s
of ,
radicon-
-Equi
- , -
Te

Dy
Example: Calculation of sol-air
temperature

SOLUTION

- > 8 -
63
-
 Tel
woo
Last be
8

DR = 21
calculate To fir -

1 -2)YP

72/YDo
( -

17
78

727D3
7 7 744015
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.

99 - 7
Solution of Example 8-13
Step-3: Calculation of heat gains
 Heat gain through fenestrations

 Conduction heat gains

Calculation of heat gains (cont…)
Several sample walls are described in Tables 8-16 and 8-17; their
periodic responses are given in Table 8-18.
Since windows generally contain negligible thermal mass, conduction
heat gains for windows are estimated with

outside , inside

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in
ever
,
 yp ... -
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Spo : Secti tim

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Example 8-14 (cont…)

ou

in
Calculation of heat gains (cont…)
 Internal heat gains
Internal heat gains due to lights, people and equipment are estimated
based on methods described previously (section 8-4). They must be
split into radiative and convective portions.

 Infiltration heat gain (zero radiation)

Infiltration heat gain is estimated using Eqs. 8-54 and 8-55. All the
infiltration heat gain is convective (in that it is transferred by the air
and is assumed to instantaneously become part of cooling load)
Step-4: Splitting of heat gains into
convective and radiative portions

Seleget
Step-5: Application of the radiant
Applied only To ten

time series radiative portion

-
.
Step-5: (cont…)
The radiant time factors for several sample zones are presented in Table
8-21. These are intended only as samples for teaching purposes. For
actual design load calculations, radiant time factors should be
generated for the specific zone in question. The sample zones are a
light weight zone (LW), a medium weight zone-1, (MW1), a medium
weight zone-2 (MW2) and a heavy weight zone (HW)
 wi
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if the radiative Heat gain is Zero
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o
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2000 500
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suspanded Forcet
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