jSf[kd vlfedk,¡ 95

vè;k; 5

jSf[kd vlfedk,¡
(Linear Inequalities)

vMathematics is the art of saying many things in many

different ways. — MAXWELLv

5.1 Hkwfedk (Introduction)

fiNyh d{kkvksa esa ge ,d pj vkSj nks pj jkf'k;ksa osQ lehdj.kksa rFkk 'kkfCnd iz'uksa dks lehdj.kksa
esa ifjo£rr djosQ gy djuk lh[k pqosQ gSaA vc gekjs efLr"d esa LoHkkor% ;g iz'u mBrk gS fd
¶D;k 'kkfCnd iz'uksa dks lnSo ,d lehdj.k osQ :i esa ifjo£rr djuk laHko gS\¸ mnkgj.kr%
vkidh d{kk osQ lHkh fo|k£Fk;ksa dh Å¡pkbZ 106 lseh- ls de gS] vkidh d{kk esa vfèkdre
60 es”ksa ;k oqQ£l;k¡ ;k nksuksa lek ldrh gSaA ;gk¡ gesa ,sls dFku feyrs gSa ftuesa ‘<’ (ls de)]
‘>’ (ls vf/d), ‘≤’ (ls de ;k cjkcj) ‘≥’ (ls vf/d ;k cjkcj) fpÉ iz;qDr gksrs gSaA bUgsa ge
vlfedk,¡ (Inequalities) dgrs gSaA
bl vè;k; esa] ge ,d ;k nks pj jkf'k;ksa dh jSf[kd vlfedkvksa dk vè;;u djsaxsA
vlfedkvksa dk vè;;u foKku] xf.kr] lkaf[;dh] b"Vredkjh leL;kvksa (optimisation problems),
vFkZ'kkL=k] euksfoKku bR;kfn ls lacafèkr leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa vR;ar mi;ksxh gSA
5.2 vlfedk,¡ (Inequalities)
ge fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa ij fopkj djrs gSa%
(i) jfo 200 #i;s ysdj pkoy [kjhnus osQ fy, ck”kkj tkrk gS] pkoy 1 fdxzkñ osQ iSosQVksa esa
miyCèk gSaA ,d fdyks pkoy osQ iSosQV dk ewY; 30 #i;s gSA ;fn x mlosQ }kjk [kjhns x, pkoy
osQ iSosQVksa dh la[;k dks O;Dr djrk gks] rks mlosQ }kjk [kpZ dh xbZ èkujkf'k 30 x #i;s gksxhA
D;ksafd mls pkoy dks iSosQVksa esa gh [kjhnuk gS blfy, og 200 #i;s dh iwjh èkujkf'k dks [kpZ
ugha dj ik,xk (D;ksa\)A vr%
30x < 200 ... (1)

Reprint 2025-26
96 xf.kr

Li"Vr% dFku (i) lehdj.k ugha gS] D;ksafd blesa lerk (equality) dk fpÉ (=) ugha gSA
(ii) js'kek osQ ikl 120 #i;s gSa ftlls og dqN jftLVj o isu [kjhnuk pkgrh gSA jftLVj dk
ewY; 40 #i;s vkSj isu dk ewY; 20 #i;s gSA bl fLFkfr esa ;fn js'kek }kjk [kjhns x, jftLVj dh
la[;k x rFkk isu dh la[;k y gks rks mlosQ }kjk O;; dh x;h dqy èkujkf'k (40x +20y) #i;s
gSA bl izdkj ge ikrs gSa fd
40x + 20y ≤ 120 ... (2)
D;ksafd bl fLFkfr esa [kpZ dh x;h dqy èkujkf'k vfèkdre 120 #i;s gSA è;ku nhft, dFku (2)
osQ nks Hkkx gSaA
40x + 20y < 120 ... (3)
vkSj 40x + 20y = 120 ... (4)
dFku (3) lehdj.k ugha gS] tcfd dFku (4) lehdj.k gSA mijksDr dFku tSls (1)] (2) rFkk
(3) vlfedk dgykrs gSaA
ifjHkk"kk 1 ,d vlfedk] nks okLrfod la[;kvksa ;k nks chth; O;atdksa esa ‘<’, ‘>’, ‘≤’ ;k ‘≥’
osQ fpÉ osQ iz;ksx ls curh gSaA
3 < 5; 7 > 5 vkfn la[;kad vlfedk osQ mnkgj.k gSaA tcfd
x < 5; y > 2; x ≥ 3, y ≤ 4 bR;kfn 'kkfCnd (pjkad) vlfedk osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
3 < 5 < 7 (bls i<+rs gSa 5] 3 ls cM+k o 7 ls NksVk gS), 3 < x < 5 (bls i<+rs gSa x, 3 ls cM+k ;k
cjkcj gS o 5 ls NksVk gS) vkSj 2 < y < 4 f}&vlfedk osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
vlfedkvksa osQ dq N vU; mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %
ax + b < 0 ... (5)
ax + b > 0 ... (6)
ax + b ≤ 0 ... (7)
ax + b ≥ 0 ... (8)
ax + by < c ... (9)
ax + by > c ... (10)
ax + by ≤ c ... (11)
ax + by ≥ c ... (12)
ax2 + bx + c ≤ 0 ... (13)
ax2 + bx + c > 0 ... (14)
Øekad (5)] (6)] (9)] (10) vkSj (14) lqfuf'pr vlfedk,¡ rFkk Øekad (7)] (8)]
(11)] (12) vkSj (13) vlfedk,¡ dgykrh gSaA ;fn a ≠ 0 gks rks Øekad (5) ls (8) rd
dh vlfedk,¡ ,d pj jkf'k x osQ jSf[kd vlfedk,¡ gSa vkSj ;fn a ≠ 0 rFkk b ≠ 0 gks rks Øekad
(9) ls (12) rd dh vlfedk,¡ nks pj jkf'k;ksa x rFkk y osQ jSf[kd vlfedk,a¡ gSaA
Øekad (13) vkSj (14) dh vlfedk,¡ jSf[kd ugha gSaA okLro esa ;g ,d pj jkf'k x osQ
f}?kkrh; vlfedk,¡ gSa] tc a ≠ 0.

Reprint 2025-26
 jSf[kd vlfedk,¡ 97

bl vè;k; esa ge osQoy ,d pj vkSj nks pj jkf'k;ksa osQ jSf[kd vlfedkvksa dk

vè;;u djsaxsA
5-3 ,d pj jkf'k osQ jSf[kd vlfedkvksa dk chtxf.krh; gy vkSj mudk
vkys[kh; fu:i.k (Algebraic Solutions of Linear Inequalities in One
Variable and their Graphical Representation)
vuqHkkx 5-2 osQ vlfedk (1) vFkkZr~ 30x < 200 ij fopkj dhft,A è;ku nsa] fd ;gk¡ x pkoy
osQ iSosQVksa dh la[;k dks O;Dr djrk gSA
Li"Vr% x ,d ½.kkRed iw.kk±d vFkok fHkUu ugha gks ldrk gSA
bl vlfedk dk ck;k¡ i{k 30x vkSj nk;k¡ i{k 200 gSA
x = 0 osQ fy,] ck;k¡ i{k = 30 (0) = 0 < 200 (nk;k¡ i{k)] tksfd lR; gSA
x = 1 osQ fy,] ck;k¡ i{k = 30 (1) = 30 < 200 nk;k¡ i{k)] tksfd lR; gSA
x = 2 osQ fy,] ck;k¡ i{k = 30 (2) = 60 < 200, tks fd lR; gSA
x = 3 osQ fy,] ck;k¡ i{k = 30 (3) = 90 < 200, tks fd lR; gSA
x = 4 osQ fy,] ck;k¡ i{k = 30 (4) = 120 < 200, tks fd lR; gSA
x = 5 osQ fy,] ck;k¡ i{k = 30 (5) = 150 < 200, tks fd lR; gSA
x = 6 osQ fy,] ck;k¡ i{k = 30 (6) = 180 < 200, tks fd lR; gSA
x = 7 osQ fy,] ck;k¡ i{k = 30 (7) = 210 < 200, tks fd vlR; gSA
mi;qZDr fLFkfr esa ge ikrs gSa fd mi;qZDr vlfedk dks lR; dFku djus okys x osQ eku
osQoy 0] 1] 2] 3] 4] 5 vkSj 6 gSaA x osQ mu ekuksa dks tks fn, vlfedk dks ,d lR; dFku
cukrs gksa] mUgsa vlfedk dk gy dgrs gSaA vkSj leqPp; {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} dks gy leqPp;
dgrs gSaA
bl izdkj] ,d pj jkf'k osQ fdlh vlfedk dk gy] pj jkf'k dk og eku gS] tks bls ,d
lR; dFku cukrk gksA
geus mi;qZDr vlfedk dk gy ^iz;kl vkSj Hkwy fofèk* (trial and error method) ls izkIr
fd;k gSA tks vf/d lqfo/ktud ugha gSA Li"Vr% ;g fofèk vfèkd le; ysus okyh rFkk
dHkh&dHkh laHkkO; ugha gksrh gSA gesa vlfedkvksa osQ gy osQ fy, vfèkd vPNh ;k Øec¼
rduhd dh vko';drk gSA blls igys gesa la[;kad vlfedkvksa osQ dqN vkSj xq.kèkeZ lh[kus pkfg,
vkSj vlfedkvksa dks gy djrs le; mudk fu;eksa dh rjg ikyu djuk pkfg,A
vkidks Lej.k gksxk fd jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dks gy djrs le; ge fuEufyf[kr fu;eksa dk ikyu
djrs gSa%
fu;e 1 ,d lehdj.k osQ nksuksa i{kksa esa leku la[;k,¡ tksM+h (vFkok ?kVkbZ) tk ldrh gSaA

Reprint 2025-26
98 xf.kr

fu;e 2 ,d lehdj.k osQ nksuksa i{kksa esa leku 'kwU;srj la[;kvksa ls xq.kk (vFkok Hkkx) fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
vlfedkvksa dks gy djrs le; ge iqu% bUgha fu;eksa dk ikyu rFkk fu;e 2 esa dqN la'kks/u osQ
lkFk djrs gSaA varj ek=k bruk gS fd ½.kkRed la[;kvksa ls vlfedk osQ nksuksa i{kksa dks xq.kk (;k
Hkkx) djus ij vlfedk osQ fpÉ foijhr gks tkrs gSa (vFkkZr~ ‘<’ dks >, ‘≤’ dks ‘≥’ bR;kfn dj
fn;k tkrk gS)A bldk dkj.k fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa ls Li"V gS%
3 > 2 tcfd – 3 < – 2
– 8 < – 7 tcfd (–8) (–2) > (–7) (–2), vFkkZr~ 16 > 14
bl izdkj vlfedkvksa dks gy djus osQ fy, ge fuEufyf[kr fu;eksa dk mYys[k djrs gSa%
fu;e 1 ,d vlfedk osQ nksuksa i{kksa esa] vlfedk osQ fpÉksa dks izHkkfor fd, fcuk leku la[;k,¡
tksM+h (vFkok ?kVkbZ) tk ldrh gSaA
fu;e 2 fdlh vlfedk osQ nksuksa i{kksa dks leku èkukRed la[;kvksa ls xq.kk (;k Hkkx) fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ijarq nksuksa i{kksa dks leku ½.kkRed la[;kvksa ls xq.kk (;k Hkkx] djrs le; vlfedk osQ
fpÉ rnuqlkj ifjo£rr dj fn, tkrs gSaA
vkb, vc ge dqN mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj djrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 1 30 x < 200, dks gy Kkr dhft, tc
(i) x ,d izko`Qr la[;k gSA
(ii) x ,d iw.kk±d gSA

gy Kkr gS fd 30 x < 200

30 x 200
vFkok < (fu;e 2)
30 2030
vFkok x < 3
(i) tc x ,d izko`Qr la[;k gSA
Li"Vr% bl fLFkfr esa x osQ fuEufyf[kr eku dFku dks lR; djrs gSaA
x = 1] 2] 3] 4] 5] 6
vlfedk dk gy leqPp; {1] 2] 3] 4] 5] 6} gS
(ii) tc x ,d iw.kk±d gS
Li"Vr% bl fLFkfr esa fn, x, vlfedk osQ gy gSa%
..., – 3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
vlfedk dk gy leqPp; {...,–3, –2,–1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} gS

Reprint 2025-26
 jSf[kd vlfedk,¡ 99

mnkgj.k 2 gy dhft,% 5x&3< 3x+1] tc

(i) x ,d iw.kk±d gSA (ii) x ,d okLrfod la[;k gSA
gy fn;k gS] fd 5x –3 < 3x + 1
vFkok 5x –3 + 3 < 3x +1 +3 (fu;e 1)
vFkok 5x < 3x +4
vFkok 5x – 3x < 3x + 4 – 3x (fu;e 1)
vFkok 2x < 4
vFkok x < 2 (fu;e 2)
(i) tc x ,d iw.kk±d gSA bl fLFkfr esa fn, x, vlfedk osQ gy
..., – 4, – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1
vr% gy leqPp; {..., &4] &3] &2] &1] 0] 1}

(ii) tc x ,d okLrfod la[;k gSA bl fLFkfr esa vlfedk dk gy x < 2 ls O;Dr gSA bldk
vFkZ gS fd 2 ls NksVh leLr okLrfod la[;k,¡ vlfedk osQ gy gSaA vr% vlfedk dk gy
leqPp; (– ∞, 2). gSA
geus vlfedkvksa osQ gy izko`Qr la[;kvksa] iw.kkZdksa rFkk okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ leqPp;ksa ij
fopkj djosQ Kkr fd, gSaA vkxs tc rd vU;Fkk o£.kr u gks] ge bl vè;k; esa vlfedkvksa dk
gy okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ leqPp; esa gh Kkr djsaxsA
mnkgj.k 3 gy dhft, 4x + 3 < 6x +7.
gy Kkr gS fd 4x + 3 < 6x + 7
vFkok 4x – 6x < 6x + 4 – 6x
vFkok – 2x < 4 vFkok x > – 2
vFkkZr~ –2 ls cM+h leLr okLrfod la[;k,¡] fn, x, vlfedk osQ gy gSaA vr% gy leqPp;
(–2] ∞) gSA
5 – 2x x
mnkgj.k 4 gy dhft, ≤ –5
3 6
5 – 2x x
gy gesa Kkr gS fd ≤ –5
3 6
;k 2 (5 – 2x) ≤ x – 30
;k 10 – 4x ≤ x – 30
;k – 5x ≤ – 40,
;k x ≥ 8

Reprint 2025-26
100 xf.kr

vFkkZr~ ,slh leLr okLrfod la[;k,¡ tks 8 ls cM+h ;k cjkcj gSA vr% bl vlfedk osQ gy
x ∈ [8] ∞)
mnkgj.k 5 gy dhft, 7x + 3 < 5x + 9 rFkk bl gy dks la[;k js[kk ij vkysf[kr dhft,A
gy gesa Kkr gS 7x + 3 < 5x + 9
;k 2x < 6 ;k x < 3
la[;k js[kk ij bUgsa ge fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls izn£'kr dj ldrs gSa (vko`Qfr 5-1)A

vko`Qfr 5.1
3x − 4 x + 1
mnkgj.k 6 gy dhft, ≥ −1 rFkk bl gy dks la[;k js[kk ij vkysf[kr dhft,A
2 4
3x − 4 x + 1
gy ≥ −1
2 4
3x − 4 x − 3
;k ≥
2 4
;k 2 (3x – 4) ≥ (x – 3)
;k 6x – 8 ≥ x – 3
;k 5x ≥ 5 or x ≥ 1
la[;k js[kk ij bUgsa ge fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls izn£'kr dj ldrs gSa (vko`Qfr 5-2)%

vko`Qfr 5.2
mnkgj.k 7 d{kk XI osQ izFke l=k o f}rh; l=k dh ijh{kkvksa esa ,d Nk=k osQ izkIrkad 62 vkSj
48 gSaA og U;wure vad Kkr dhft,] ftls ok£"kd ijh{kk esa ikdj og Nk=k 60 vad dk U;wure
vkSlr izkIr dj losQA
gy eku yhft, fd Nk=k ok£"kd ijh{kk esa x vad izkIr djrk gSA
62 + 48 + x
rc ≥ 60
3
;k 110 + x ≥ 180 ;k x ≥ 70
bl izdkj ml Nk=k dks ok£"kd ijh{kk esa U;wure 70 vad izkIr djus pkfg,A

Reprint 2025-26
 jSf[kd vlfedk,¡ 101

mnkgj.k 8 Øekxr fo"ke la[;kvksa osQ ,sls ;qXe Kkr dhft,] ftuesa nksuksa la[;k,¡ 10 ls cM+h
gksa] vkSj mudk ;ksxiQy 40 ls de gksaA
gy eku fy;k fd nks Øekxr fo"ke izko`Qr la[;kvksa esa NksVh fo"ke la[;k x gSA bl izdkj nwljh
fo"ke la[;k x + 2 gSA iz'ukuqlkj
x > 10 ... (1)
rFkk x + ( x + 2) < 40 ... (2)
(2) dks gy djus ij ge ikrs gSa fd
2 x + 2 < 40
;k x < 19 ... (3)
(1) vkSj (3) ls fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd
10< x <19
bl izdkj fo"ke la[;k x osQ vHkh"V eku 10 vkSj 19 osQ chp gSaA blfy, lHkh laHko vHkh"V tksM+s
(11, 13), (13, 15) (15, 17), (17, 19) gksaxsA

iz'ukoyh 5-1
1 - gy dhft, % 24x < 100] tc
(i) x ,d izko`Qr la[;k gSA (ii) x ,d iw.kk±d gSA
2 - gy dhft,% &12x > 30] tc
(i) x ,d izko`Qr la[;k gSA (ii) x ,d iw.kk±d gSA
3 - gy dhft,% 5x&3 < 7] tc
(i) x ,d iw.kk±d (ii) x ,d okLrfod la[;k gSA
4. gy dhft, % 3x + 8 > 2, tc
(i) x ,d iw.kk±d (ii) x ,d okLrfod la[;k gSA

fuEufyf[kr iz'u 5 ls 16 rd okLrfod la[;k x osQ fy, gy dhft,%

5. 4x + 3 < 6x + 7 6. 3x – 7 > 5x – 1
7. 3(x – 1) ≤ 2 (x – 3) 8. 3 (2 – x) ≥ 2 (1 – x)
x x x x
9. x + + < 11 10. > +1
2 3 3 2

Reprint 2025-26
102 xf.kr

3( x − 2) 5(2 − x) 1  3x  1
11. ≤ 12.  + 4  ≥ ( x − 6)
5 3 2 5  3
13. 2 (2x + 3) – 10 < 6 (x – 2) 14. 37 – (3x + 5) > 9x – 8 (x – 3)
x (5 x − 2) (7 x − 3) (2 x −1) (3 x − 2) (2 − x)
15. < − 16. ≥ −
4 3 5 3 4 5
iz'u 17 ls 20 rd dh vlfedkvksa dk gy Kkr dhft, rFkk mUgsa la[;k js[kk ij vkysf[kr
dhft,A
17. 3x – 2 < 2x + 1 18. 5x – 3 > 3x – 5
x (5 x − 2) (7 x − 3)
19. 3 (1 – x) < 2 (x + 4) 20. ≥ −
2 3 5
21 - jfo us igyh nks ,dd ijh{kk esa 70 vkSj 75 vad izkIr fd, gSAa og U;wure vad Kkr dhft,]
ftls og rhljh ,dd ijh{kk esa ikdj 60 vad dk U;wure vkSlr izkIr dj losQA
22 - fdlh ikB~;Øe esa xzsM 'A' ikus osQ fy, ,d O;fDr dks lHkh ik¡p ijh{kkvksa (izR;sd 100
esa ls) esa 90 vad ;k vfèkd vad dk vkSlr izkIr djuk pkfg,A ;fn lquhrk osQ izFke pkj
ijh{kkvksa osQ izkIrkad 87] 92] 94 vkSj 95 gksa rks og U;wure vad Kkr dhft, ftlas ikapoha
ijh{kk esa izkIr djosQ lquhrk ml ikB~;Øe esa xzsM 'A' ik,xhA
23 - 10 ls de Øekxr fo"ke la[;kvksa osQ ,sls ;qXe Kkr dhft, ftuosQ ;ksxiQy 11 ls vfèkd
gksAa
24 - Øekxr le la[;kvksa osQ ,sls ;qXe Kkr dhft,] ftuesa ls izR;sd 5 ls cM+s gksa] rFkk mudk
;ksxiQy 23 ls de gksA
25 - ,d f=kHkqt dh lcls cM+h Hkqtk lcls NksVh Hkqtk dh rhu xquh gS rFkk f=kHkqt dh rhljh Hkqtk
lcls cM+h Hkqtk ls 2 lseh de gSA rhljh Hkqtk dh U;wure yackbZ Kkr dhft, tcfd f=kHkqt
dk ifjeki U;wure 61 lseh gSA
26 - ,d O;fDr 91 lseh yacs cksMZ esa ls rhu yackbZ;k¡ dkVuk pkgrk gSA nwljh yackbZ lcls NksVh
yackbZ ls 3 lseh vfèkd vkSj rhljh yackbZ lcls NksVh yackbZ dh nwuh gSA lcls NksVs cksMZ
dh laHkkfor yackbZ;k¡ D;k gSa] ;fn rhljk VqdM+k nwljs VqdM+s ls de ls de 5 lseh vfèkd
yack gks\
[laosQr ;fn lcls NksVs cksMZ dh yackbZ x lseh gks] rc (x + 3) lseh vkSj 2x lseh Øe'k% nwljs
vkS j rhljs Vq d M+ k s a dh ya c kbZ ; k¡ gS a A bl iz d kj x + (x + 3) + 2x ≤ 91 vkS j
2x ≥ (x + 3) + 5]

Reprint 2025-26
 jSf[kd vlfedk,¡ 103

fofoèk mnkgj.k

mnkgj.k 9 gy dhft, – 8 ≤ 5x – 3 < 7.

gy bl fLFkfr esa gekjs ikl nks vlfedk,¡ – 8 ≤ 5x – 3 vkSj 5x – 3 < 7 gSaA bUgsa ge lkFk&lkFk
gy djuk pkgrs gSaA ge fn, x, vlfedk osQ eè; esa pj jkf'k x dk xq.kkad ,d cukuk
pkgrs gSaA
gesa Kkr gS fd – 8 ≤ 5x –3 < 7
;k –5 ≤ 5x < 10 ;k –1 ≤ x < 2

5 − 3x
mnkgj.k 10 gy dhft, – 5 ≤ ≤ 8.
2

5 − 3x
gy Kkr gS fd – 5 ≤ ≤8
2
;k –10 ≤ 5 – 3x ≤ 16 ;k – 15 ≤ – 3x ≤ 11
11
;k 5≥x≥–
3
−11
ftls ge ≤ x ≤ 5 osQ :i esa Hkh fy[k ldrs gSaA
3

mnkgj.k 11 fuEufyf[kr vlfedk&fudk; dks gy dhft,%

3x – 7 < 5 + x ... (1)
11 – 5 x ≤ 1 ... (2)
vkSj mUgsa la[;k js[kk ij vkysf[kr dhft,A
gy vlfedk (1) ls ge izkIr djrs gSa
3x – 7 < 5 + x
;k x<6 ... (3)
vlfedk (2) ls Hkh ge izkIr djrs gSa
11 – 5 x ≤ 1
;k – 5 x ≤ – 10
;k x≥2 ... (4)

Reprint 2025-26
104 xf.kr

;fn la[;k js[kk ij (3) rFkk (4) dks vkysf[kr djsa rks ge ikrs gSa fd x osQ mHk;fu"B eku
2 osQ cjkcj ;k 2 ls cM+s o 6 ls NksVs gSa tks vko`Qfr 5-3 esa xgjh dkyh js[kk }kjk izn£'kr fd,
x, gSaA

vko`Qfr 5.3
vr% vlfedk fudk; dk gy okLrfod la[;k x] 2 osQ cjkcj ;k 2 ls cM+k vkSj 6 ls NksVh gSA
bl izdkj 2 ≤ x < 6.
mnkgj.k 12 fdlh iz;ksx esa ued osQ vEy osQ ,d foy;u dk rkieku 30o lsfYl;l vkSj
35 lsfYl;l osQ chp gh j[kuk gSA iQkjsugkbV iSekus ij rkieku dk ifjlj Kkr dhft,] ;fn
o

lsaVhxzsM ls iQkjsugkbV iSekus ij ifjorZu lw=k

5
C= (F – 32)
9
gS] tgk¡ C vkSj F Øe'k% rkieku dks va'k lsfYl;l rFkk va'k iQkjsugkbV esa fu:fir djrs gSaA
gy Kkr gS fd 30 < C < 35
5
C= (F – 32), j[kus ij ge ikrs gSa]
9
5
30 < (F – 32) < 35,
9
9 9
;k × 30 < (F – 32) < × 35
5 5
;k 54 < (F – 32) < 63
;k 86 < F < 95.
bl izdkj rkieku dk vHkh"V ifjlj 86° F ls 95° F gSA
mnkgj.k 13 ,d fuekZrk osQ ikl vEy osQ 12% foy;u osQ 600 fyVj gSaA Kkr dhft, fd
30% vEy okys foy;u osQ fdrus fyVj mlesa feyk, tk,¡ rkfd ifj.kkeh feJ.k esa vEy dh
ek=kk 15% ls vfèkd ijarq 18% ls de gksA

Reprint 2025-26
 jSf[kd vlfedk,¡ 105

gy eku yhft, fd 30% vEy osQ foy;u dh ek=kk x fyVj gSA

rc laiw.kZ feJ.k = (x + 600) fyVj
blfy, 30% x + 12% dk 600 > 15% dk (x + 600)
vkSj 30% x + 12% dk 600 < 18% dk (x + 600)
30 x 12 15
;k + (600) > (x + 600)
100 100 100
30 x 12 18
vkSj + (600) < (x + 600)
100 100 100
;k 30x + 7200 > 15x + 9000
vkSj 30x + 7200 < 18x + 10800
;k 15x > 1800 vkSj 12x < 3600
;k x > 120 vkSj x < 300,
vFkkZr 120 < x < 300
bl izdkj 30% vEy osQ foy;u dh vHkh"V ek=kk 120 fyVj ls vfèkd rFkk 300 fyVj ls de
gksuh pkfg,A

vè;k; 5 ij fofoèk iz'ukoyh

iz'u 1 ls 6 rd dh vlfedkvksa dks gy dhft,%
1. 2 ≤ 3x – 4 ≤ 5 2. 6 ≤ – 3 (2x – 4) < 12
7x 3(x − 2)
3. –3≤4− ≤ 18 4. −15 < ≤0
2 5
3x (3 x + 11)
5. −12 < 4 − ≤2 6. 7 ≤ ≤ 11 .
−5 2
iz'u 7 ls 10 rd dh vlfedkvksa dks gy dhft, vkSj muosQ gy dks la[;k js[kk ij fu:fir
dhft,A
7. 5x + 1 > – 24, 5x – 1 < 24
8. 2 (x – 1) < x + 5, 3 (x + 2) > 2 – x
9. 3x – 7 > 2 (x – 6) , 6 – x > 11 – 2x
10. 5 (2x – 7) – 3 (2x + 3) ≤ 0 , 2x + 19 ≤ 6x + 47 .
11. ,d foy;u dks 68o F vkSj 77o F osQ eè; j[kuk gSA lsfYl;l iSekus ij foy;u osQ rkieku
9
dk ifjlj Kkr dhft,] tgk¡ lsfYl;l iQkjsugkbV ifjorZu lw=k F = C + 32 gSA
5

Reprint 2025-26
106 xf.kr

12 - 8% cksfjd ,flM osQ foy;u esa 2% cksfjd ,flM dk foy;u feykdj ruq (dilute) fd;k
tkrk gSA ifj.kkeh feJ.k esa cksfjd ,flM 4% ls vfèkd rFkk 6% ls de gksuk pkfg,A ;fn
gekjs ikl 8% foy;u dh ek=kk 640 fyVj gks rks Kkr dhft, fd 2% foy;u osQ fdrus
fyVj blesa feykus gksaxs\
13 - 45% vEy osQ 1125 fyVj foy;u esa fdruk ikuh feyk;k tk, fd ifj.kkeh feJ.k esa vEy
25% ls vfèkd ijarq 30% ls de gks tk,\
14 - ,d O;fDr osQ ckSf¼d&yfCèk (IQ) ekiu dk lw=k fuEufyf[kr gS%
MA
IQ = × 100,
CA
tgk¡ MA ekufld vk;q vkSj CA dkykuqØeh vk;q gSA ;fn 12 o"kZ dh vk;q osQ cPpksa osQ
,d lewg dh IQ] vlfedk 80 ≤ IQ ≤ 140 }kjk O;Dr gks] rks ml lewg osQ cPpksa dh
ekufld vk;q dk ifjlj Kkr dhft,A

lkjka'k
® ,d vlfedk] nks okLrfod la[;kvksa ;k nks chth; O;atdksa esa <, >, ≤ ;k ≥ osQ fpÉ
osQ iz;ksx ls curh gSA
® ,d vlfedk osQ nksuksa i{kksa esa leku la[;k tksM+h ;k ?kVk;h tk ldrh gSA
® fdlh vlfedk osQ nksuksa i{kksa dks leku èkukRed] la[;k ls xq.kk (;k Hkkx) fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ijarq nksuksa i{kksa dks leku ½.kkRed la[;kvksa ls xq.kk (;k Hkkx) djus ij
vlfedk osQ fpÉ rnuqlkj cny tkrs gSaA
® x osQ mu ekuksa (Values) dks tks fn,s x, vlfedk dks ,d lR; dFku cukrs gksa] mUgsa
vlfedk dk gy dgrs gSaA
® x < a (;k x > a) dk la[;k js[kk ij vkys[k [khapus osQ fy, la[;k js[kk ij la[;k
a ij ,d NksVk lk o`Ùk cukdj] a ls ckb± (;k nkb±) vksj dh la[;k js[kk dks xgjk dkyk
dj nsrs gSaA
® x ≤ a (;k x ≥ a) dk la[;k js[kk ij vkys[k [khapus osQ fy, la[;k js[kk ij la[;k
a ij ,d NksVk dkyk o`Ùk cukdj a ls ckb± (;k nkb±) vksj dh la[;k js[kk dks xgjk
dkyk dj nsrs gSaA

—v —

Reprint 2025-26