DZS 791-1: 2013

Public Comment Draft

Zambian Standard

WIRING OF PREMISES – CODE OF PRACTICE

Part 1: Fundamental Principles and Assessment of General Characteristics

This draft Zambian standard is for Public Comment only.

It must not be used or referred to as a Zambian Standard.

ZAMBIA BUREAU OF STANDARD

DATE OF PUBLICATION

This Zambian Standard has been published under the authority of the Standards Council of the
Zambia Bureau of Standards on ……………...

ZAMBIA BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The Zambia Bureau of Standards is the Statutory National Standards Body for Zambia
established under an act of Parliament, the Standards Act, Cap 416 of 1994 of the Laws of
Zambia for the preparation and promulgation of Zambian Standards.

REVISION OF ZAMBIAN STANDARDS

Zambian Standards are revised, when necessary, by the issue of either amendments or of revised
editions. It is important that users of Zambian standards should ascertain that they are in
possession of the latest amendments or editions.

CONTRACT REQUIREMENTS

A Zambian standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users
of Zambian standards are responsible for their correct application.

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE RESPONSIBLE

This Zambian standard was prepared by the Technical Committee (TC 5/3) upon which the
following organisations were represented:

Copperbelt Energy Corporation Plc

Energy Regulation Board
Engineering Institution of Zambia
Lunsemfwa Hydroelectric Power Station
The University of Zambia, School of Engineering
Zambia Bureau of Standards
ZESCO Limited

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SCOPE ................................................................................................................................... 5

2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 7

3. DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................................................... 7

4. OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................... 33

5. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES...................................................................................... 33

5.1 Protection for Safety....................................................................................................... 33

5.2 Design, Selection and Erection of Equipment ............................................................... 35

5.3 Inspection and Testing ................................................................................................... 41

6. ASSESSMENT OF GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS................................................. 42

6.1 Purpose, Supplies and Structure..................................................................................... 42

6.2 Classification of External Influences ............................................................................. 48

6.3 Compatibility.................................................................................................................. 49

6.4 Maintainability ............................................................................................................... 49

6.5 Safety Services ............................................................................................................... 50

6.6 Continuity of Service ..................................................................................................... 50

Appendix 1 Definitions - Multiple Source, DC and Other Sources................................... 51

Appendix 5 Classification of External Sources ................................................................... 59

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FOREWORD

The Zambia Bureau of Standards (ZABS) is the Statutory Organization established by an Act of
Parliament. ZABS is responsible for the preparation of national standards through its various
Technical committees composed of representation from government departments, the industry,
academia, regulators, consumer associations and non- governmental organisations.

This National Standard has been prepared in accordance with the procedures of the ZABS. All
users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication as standards are revised
from time to time.

No liability shall attach to ZABS or its Director, Employees, servants or agents including
individual experts and members of its Technical Committees for any personal injury, property
damage or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs
(Including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon this
ZABS publication or any other ZABS publication.

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COMPLIANCE WITH A ZAMBIAN STANDARD DOES NOT OF ITSELF CONFER
IMMUNITY FROM LEGAL OBLIGATIONS.

4
ZAMBIA BUREAU OF STANDARDS

ZAMBIAN STANDARD

WIRING OF PREMISES - CODE OF PRACTICE

Part 1: Fundamental principles and assessment of general characteristics

1. SCOPE

The Zambian Code of Practice for Wiring of Premises gives the rules for the design, selection,
erection, inspection and testing of electrical installations. The rules are intended to provide for
the safety of persons, livestock and property against dangers and damage which may arise in the
reasonable use of electrical installations and to provide for the proper functioning of these
installations.

1.1 This standard applies to electrical installations such as those of:

a). residential premises;

b). commercial premises;

c). public premises;

d). industrial premises;

e). agricultural and horticultural premises;

f). prefabricated buildings;

g). caravans, caravan sites and similar sites;

h). construction sites, exhibitions, fairs and other installations for temporary purposes;

i). marinas;

j). external lighting and similar installations;

k). medical locations;

l). mobile or transportable units;

m). photovoltaic systems; and

n). low - voltage generating sets.

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1.2 These rules include requirements for:

a). circuits supplied at nominal voltages up to and including 1000 V a.c. or 1500 V d.c.;

For a.c., the preferred frequency which is taken into account in this standard is 50 Hz. The
use of other frequencies for special purposes is not excluded.

b). circuits, other than the internal wiring of equipment, operating at voltages exceeding 1000
V and derived from an installation having a voltage not exceeding 1000 V a.c., e.g.
discharge lighting, electrostatic precipitators;

c). wiring systems and cables not specifically covered by the standards for appliances;

d). all consumer installations external to buildings;

e). fixed wiring for information and communication technology, signalling, control and the
like (excluding internal wiring of equipment); and

f). additions and alterations to installations and also parts of the existing installation affected
by an addition or alteration.

1.3 The rules are intended to be applied to electrical installations generally but, in certain
cases, they may need to be supplemented by the requirements or recommendations of other
Zambian and applicable International Standards or by the requirements of the person ordering
the work.

Such cases include the following:

a). Electric signs and high voltage luminous discharge tube installations
b). Emergency lighting
c). Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres
d). Electrical apparatus for use in the presence of combustible dust
e). Fire detection and fire alarm systems in buildings
f). Telecommunications systems
g). Electric surface heating systems
h). Electrical installations for open-cast mines and quarries
i). Code of practice for temporary electrical systems for entertainment and related purposes -
j). Life safety and fire fighting applications

1.4 These rules do not apply to the following installations:

a). Systems for the distribution of electricity to the public

b). Railway traction equipment, rolling stock and signaling equipment
c). Equipment of motor vehicles, except those to which the requirements of the Regulations
concerning caravans or mobile units are applicable
d). Equipment of mobile and fixed offshore installations

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e). Equipment of aircraft
f). Those aspects of mines and quarries specifically covered by Statutory Regulations
g). Radio interference suppression equipment, except so far as it affects safety of the electrical
installation
h). Lightning protection systems for buildings and structures covered by IEC 62305
i). Certain aspects of lift installations
j). Electrical equipment of machines
k). Electric fences

1.5 The rules apply to items of electrical equipment only so far as selection and application of
the equipment in the installation are concerned. They do not deal with requirements for the
construction of assemblies of electrical equipment, which are required to comply with
appropriate standards.

1.6 For installations in premises over which a licensing or other authority exercises a statutory
control, the requirements of that authority shall be ascertained and complied with in the design
and execution of the installation.

2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES

The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of DZS 791-1. All standards are subject to revision and, since any reference to a
standard is deemed to be a reference to the latest edition of that standard, parties to agreements
based on DZS 791-1 are encouraged to take steps to ensure the use of the most recent editions of
the standards indicated below. Information on currently valid national and international standards
can be obtained from the Zambia Bureau of Standards.

The Electricity Act

ZS 588: Plugs, socket-outlets and couplers for industrial purposes.

3. DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of these Rules, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1. 8/20 Current Impulse: A current impulse with a virtual front time of 8 µs and a time
to half value of 20 µs where:

i). the front time is defined as 1.25(t 90-t10), where t90 and t10 are the 90% and 10%
points on the leading edge of the waveform
ii). the time to half value is defined as the time between the virtual origin and the 50%
point on the tail. The virtual origin is the point where a straight line drawn through
the 90% and 10% points on the leading edge of the waveform intersects the I=0
line.

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3.2. Accessible: Not permanently closed in by the structure or finish of the building.

3.3. Accessory: Any device, other than a lighting fitting, associated with the wiring and
appliances of an installation; for example a switch, a fuse, a plug, a socket-outlet, a
lamp-holder or a ceiling rose.

3.4. Agricultural and horticultural premises: Rooms, locations or areas where:

- Livestock are kept or

- Feed, fertilisers, vegetable and animal products are produced, stored, prepared or
processed or
- Plants are grown, such as greenhouses.

3.5. Ambient Temperature: The temperature of the air or other medium where the
equipment is to be used.

3.6. Amusement device: Ride, stand, textile or membrane building, side stall, show, tent,
booth or grandstand intended for the entertainment of the public.

3.7. Appliance: An item of current-using equipment other than a luminaire or an

independent motor.

3.8. Arm's Reach: A zone of accessibility to touch, extending from any point on a surface
where persons usually stand or move about, to the limits which a person can reach with
his hand in any direction without assistance.

This zone of accessibility is illustrated by Figure 3-1 in which the values refer to bare
hands without any assistance, e.g. from tools or ladder.

Figure 3-1: Zone of accessibility

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3.9. Arrangements for livestock keeping: Buildings and rooms (housing for animals),
cages, runs or other containers used for continuous accommodation of livestock.

3.10. Backup protection: Protection which is intended to operate when the a system fault is
not cleared, or abnormal conditions not detected, in the required time because of failure
or inability of other protection to operate or failure of the appropriate circuit breaker(s)
to trip.

3.11. Barrier: A part providing a defined degree of protection against contact with live parts
from any usual direction of access.

3.12. Basic Insulation: Insulation applied to live parts to provide basic protection and which
does not necessarily include insulation used exclusively for functional purposes.

3.13. Basic Protection: Protection against electric shock under fault-free conditions.

NOTE: For low voltage installations, systems and equipment, generally corresponds to protection against
direct contact, that is “contact of persons or livestock with live parts”.

3.14. Basin of fountain: A basin not intended to be occupied by persons and which cannot
be accessed (reached by persons) without the use of ladders or similar means. For basins
of fountains which maybe occupied by persons, the requirements of swimming pools
apply.

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3.15. Bathroom: A room or part of a room which contains a bath, a shower or spa or any
combination of these, each installed as a fixture.

3.16. Bonding Conductor: A protective conductor providing equipotential bonding.

3.17. Bonding network (BN): A set of interconnected conductive parts that provide a path
for currents at frequencies from direct current (d.c.) to radio frequency (RF) intended to
impede the passage of electromagnetic energy.

3.18. Bonding ring conductor (BRC): A bus earthing conductor in the form of a closed
ring.

NOTE: Normally the bonding ring conductor, as part of the bonding network has multiple connections to
the common bonding network that improves its performance.

3.19. Booth: Non-stationary unit intended to accommodate equipment generally for pleasure
or demonstration purposes.

3.20. Building Void, accessible: A space within the structure or the components of a
building accessible only at certain points. Such voids include the space within partitions,
suspended floors, ceilings and certain types of window frames, door frames and
architraves.

3.21. Building Void, non-accessible: A space within the structure or the components of a
building which has no ready means of access.

3.22. Bunched: Cables are said to be bunched when two or more are contained within a
single conduit, duct, ducting, or trunking or, if not enclosed, are not separated from each
other by a specified distance.

3.23. Busbar trunking system: A type tested assembly, in the form of an enclosed
conductor system comprising solid conductors separated by insulating material. The
assembly may consist of units such as:

- Busbar trunking units, with or without off tap facilities

- Tap-off units where applicable
- Phase transposition, expansion, building movement, flexible, end-feeder and
adaptor units.

NOTE: Other system components may include tap-off units

3.24. Cable: A length of conductor having one or more cores that are assembled together
during manufacture and that may or may not have an overall mechanical covering.

3.25. Cable: armoured. A cable provided with a metallic covering of wires or tapes as a
protection against mechanical damage.

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3.26. Cable bracket: A cable support system spaced at intervals along the length of the cable
and to which the cable is fixed or on which it rests.

3.27. Cable channel : An enclosure situated above or in the ground, ventilated or closed, and
having dimensions which do not permit the access of persons but allows access to the
conduits and/or cables throughout their length during and after installation. A cable
channel may or may not form part of the building construction.

3.28. Cable cleat: A component of a cable support system, which consists of elements
spaced at intervals along the length of the cable or conduit and which mechanically
retains the cable or conduit.

3.29. Cable coupler: A means of enabling the connection or disconnection, at will, of two
flexible cables. It consists of a connector and a plug.

3.30. Cable ducting: An enclosure of metal or insulating material, other than conduit or
cable trunking, intended for the protection of cables which are drawn-in after erection of
the ducting.

3.31. Cable ladder: A cable support consisting of a series of transverse supporting elements
rigidly fixed to the main longitudinal supporting members.

3.32. Cable tray: A cable support consisting of a continuous base with raised edges and no
covering. The tray shall be perforated and the holes shall occupy 30% or more of the
base surface area (this includes wire mesh trays).

3.33. Cable trunking: A closed enclosure normally of rectangular cross-section, of which

one side is removable or hinged, used for the protection of cables and for the
accommodation of other electrical equipment.

3.34. Cable tunnel: A corridor containing supporting structures for cables and joints and/or
other elements of wiring systems and whose dimensions allow persons to pass freely
throughout the entire length.

3.35. Caravan: A trailer accommodation vehicle, used for touring, designed to meet the
requirements of legislation for road vehicles.

3.36. Caravan park/ camping park: An area of land which contains two or more caravan
pitches and/or tents.

3.37. Caravan pitch: A plot of ground intended to be occupied by a leisure accommodation

vehicle.

3.38. Cartridge fuse link: a device comprising a fuse element or two or more fuse elements
connected in parallel enclosed in a cartridge usually filled with arc extinguishing
medium and connected to terminations (see fuse link)

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3.39. Central power supply system: A system supplying the required emergency power to
essential safety equipment.

3.40. Central power supply system (low power output): Central power supply system with
a limitation of the power output of the system at 500W for 3h or 1 500W for 1h.

NOTE: A low power supply system comprises a maintenance-free battery and a charging and testing
unit.

3.41. Circuit: An assembly of electrical equipment supplied from the same origin and
protected against overcurrent by the same protective device(s).

3.42. Circuit-breaker: A device capable of making, carrying and breaking normal load
currents and also making and automatically breaking, under pre-determined conditions,
abnormal currents such as short-circuit currents. It is usually required to operate
infrequently although some types are suitable for frequent operation.

3.43. Circuit-breaker, linked: A circuit-breaker, the contacts of which are arranged

mechanically to make or break all poles simultaneously or in a definite sequence.

3.44. Circuit protective conductor (CPC): A protective conductor connecting exposed

conductive parts of equipment to the main earthing terminal.

3.45. Class I Equipment: Equipment in which protection against electric shock does not
rely on basic insulation only, but which includes means for the connection of exposed
conductive parts to a protective conductor in the fixed wiring of the installation.

3.46. Class II Equipment: Equipment in which protection against electric shock does not
rely on basic insulation only, but in which additional safety precautions such as
supplementary insulation are provided i.e. double insulation, there being no provision
for the connection of exposed metal work of the equipment to a protective conductor,
and no reliance upon precautions to be taken in the fixed wiring of the installation.

3.47. Class III Equipment: Equipment in which protection against electric shock relies on
supply at separated extra-low voltage (SELV) and in which voltages higher than those
of SELV are not generated.

3.48. Cold tail: the interface between the fixed installation and a heating unit.

3.49. Common equipotential bonding system, common bonding network (CBN):

Equipotential bonding system providing both protective equipotential bonding and
functional equipotential bonding

3.50. Competent person: A person who possesses sufficient technical knowledge, relevant
practical skills and experience for the nature of the electrical work undertaken and is
able at all times to prevent danger and, where appropriate injury to him/herself and
others

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3.51. Complementary floor heating: Direct heating system integrated into the floor
construction, for example, in the border zones closer to outer walls, which complements
the heat dissipation of a thermal storage floor heating system.

3.52. Conducting location with restricted movement: A location comprised mainly of

metallic or conductive surrounding parts, within which it is likely that a person will
come into contact through a substantial portion of their body with the conductive
surrounding parts and where the possibility of preventing the contact is limited.

3.53. Conduit: A part of a closed wiring system for cables in electrical installations,
allowing them to be drawn in and/or replaced, but not inserted laterally.

3.54. Connector: The part of a cable coupler or of an appliance coupler which is provided
with female contacts and is intended to be attached to the end of the flexible cable
remote from the supply.

3.55. Consumer unit: (may also be known as a consumer control unit or electricity control
unit). A particular type of distribution board comprising a type tested co-ordinated
assembly for the control and distribution of electrical energy, principally in domestic
premises, incorporating manual means of double-pole isolation on the incoming
circuit(s) and an assembly of one or more fuses, circuit-breakers, residual current
operated devices or signalling and other devices proven during the type-test of the
assembly as suitable for such use.

3.56. Continuous operating voltage (Uc): Maximum r.m.s voltage which maybe
continuously applied to an SPD’s mode of protection. This is equal to the rated voltage.

3.57. Controlgear: (see Switchgear)

3.58. Conventional impulse withstand voltage: The peak value of an impulse test voltage
at which insulation does not show any disruptive discharge when subjected to a
specified number of applications of impulses of this value, under specified conditions.

3.59. Current-carrying Capacity of a Conductor: The maximum current which can be

carried by a conductor under specified conditions without its steady state temperature
exceeding a specified value.

3.60. Current using equipment: the maximum current which can be carried by a conductor
under specified conditions without its steady state temperature exceeding a specified
value.

3.61. d.c. system: - see Appendix 1.

3.62. Danger: Risk of injury to persons (and livestock where expected to be present) from:

i) fire, electric shock and burns arising from the use of electrical energy, and

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 ii) mechanical movement of electrically controlled equipment, in so far as such
danger is intended to be prevented by electrical emergency switching or by
electrical switching for mechanical maintenance of non-electrical parts of such
equipment.

3.63. Design Current (of a Circuit): The magnitude of the current (r.m.s value for a.c.) to
be carried by the circuit in normal service.

3.64. Device for connecting a luminaire (DCL): System comprising an outlet and a
connector providing a fixed luminaire with electrical connection to and disconnection
from a fixed installation but not providing mechanical support for a luminaire.

3.65. Discrimination: Ability of a protective device to operate in preference to another

protective device in series.

3.66. Distribution Board: An assembly containing switching and/or protective devices (e.g.
fuses, circuit-breakers, residual current operated devices) associated with one or more
outgoing circuits fed from one or more incoming circuits, together with terminals for the
neutral, where applicable and protective circuit conductors. It may also include
signalling and other control devices. Means of isolation shall be included in the board or
may be provided separately.

3.67. Distribution circuit: A circuit supplying a distribution board or switchgear.

A distribution circuit may also connect the origin of an installation to an outlying

building or separate installation, when it is sometimes called a sub-main

3.68. Distributor: A person who distributes electricity to consumers using electrical lines
and equipment that he/she owns or operates.

3.69. Double Insulation: Insulation comprising both basic insulation and supplementary
insulation.

3.70. Duct, ducting: (see Cable ducting)

3.71. Earth: The conductive mass of the earth, whose electric potential at any point is
conventionally taken as zero.

3.72. Earth electrode: Conductive part which may be embedded in the soil or in a specific
conductive medium, e.g. concrete or coke, in electrical contact with the Earth.

3.73. Earth electrode network: Part of an earthing arrangement comprising only the earth
electrodes and their interconnections.

3.74. Earth electrode resistance: The resistance of an earth electrode to Earth.

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3.75. Earth fault current: A current resulting from a fault of negligible impedance
between a line conductor and an exposed conductive part or a protective conductor.

3.76. Earth fault loop impedance: The impedance of the earth fault current loop starting
and ending at the point of earth fault. The impedance is denoted by the symbol Z s.

The earth fault loop impedance comprises the following, starting at the point of fault:

- the circuit protective conductor;

- the consumer's earthing terminal and earthing conductor;
- for TN systems, the metallic return path;
- for TT and IT systems, the earth return path;
- the path through the earthed neutral point of the transformer;
- the transformer winding; and
- the line conductor from the transformer to the point of fault.

3.77. Earth leakage current: (see Protective conductor current)

3.78. Earthed concentric wiring: A wiring system in which one or more insulated
conductors are completely surrounded throughout their length by a conductor, for
example a metallic sheath which acts as a PEN conductor.

3.79. Earthing: Connection of the exposed conductive parts of an installation to the main
earthing terminal of that installation.

3.80. Earthing conductor: A protective conductor connecting the main earthing terminal of
an installation to an earth electrode or to other means of earthing.

3.81. Electric shock: A dangerous physiological effect resulting from the passing of an
electric current through a human body or livestock.

3.82. Electrical circuit for safety services: Electrical source intended to be used as part of
an electrical supply system for safety services

3.83. Electrical Equipment (abbr. Equipment): Any item for such purposes as generation,
conversion, transmission, distribution or utilization of electrical energy, such as
machines, transformers, apparatus, measuring instruments, protective devices, wiring
systems, accessories, appliances and luminaires.

3.84. Electrical Installation (abbr: Installation): An assembly of associated electrical

equipment supplied from a common origin to fulfil a specific purpose and having
certain co-ordinated characteristics.

3.85. Electrical supply system for safety services: A supply system intended to maintain
the operation of essential parts of an electrical installation and equipment:

For the health and safety of persons and livestock, and

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 To avoid damage to the environment and to

NOTE: The supply system includes the source and the circuit(s) up to the terminals of the electrical
equipment

3.86. Electrically independent earth electrodes: Earth electrodes located at such a

distance from one another that the maximum current likely to flow through one of them
does not significantly affect the potential of the other(s).

3.87. Electrode boiler (or Electrode water heater): Equipment for the electrical heating
of water or electrolyte by the passage of electrical current between electrodes immersed
in the water or electrolyte.

3.88. Electronic convertor (static convertor): A convertor having no moving parts and
notably using semiconductor rectifiers.

3.89. Emergency stopping: An emergency switching operation intended to stop an

operation.

3.90. Emergency switching: An operation intended to remove, as quickly as possible,

which may have occurred unexpectedly.

3.91. Enclosure: A part providing protection of equipment against certain external influences
and in any direction protection against direct contact.

3.92. Equipment: (see electrical equipment in 3.98).

3.93. Equipotential Bonding: Electrical connection maintaining various exposed conductive

parts and extraneous conductive parts at substantially the same potential.(see also
Protective equipotential bonding).

3.94. Escape route: Path to follow for access to a safe area in the event of an emergency.

3.95. Exhibition: Event intended for the purpose of displaying and/or selling products etc.,
which can take place in any suitable location, either a room, building or temporary
structure.

3.96. Exposed Conductive Part: A conductive part of equipment which can be touched
and which is not a live part but which may become live under fault conditions.

3.97. External influence: Any influence external to an electrical installation which affects
the design and safe operation of that installation.

3.98. Extra-low voltage: (see voltage, nominal)

3.99. Extraneous conductive part: A conductive part liable to introduce a potential,

generally Earth potential, and not forming part of the electrical installation.

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3.100. Fairground: Area where one or more stands, amusement devices or booths are
erected for leisure.

3.101. Fault: A circuit condition in which current flows through an abnormal or unintended
path. This may result from an insulation failure or a bridging of insulation.
Conventionally the impedance between live conductors or between live conductors and
exposed or extraneous conductive parts at the fault position is considered negligible.

3.102. Fault current: A current resulting from a fault.

3.103. Fault protection: Protection against electric shock under single fault conditions.

NOTE: For low voltage installations, systems and equipment, fault protection generally corresponds to
protection against indirect contact, mainly with regard to failure of basic insulation. Indirect
contact is contact of persons or livestock with exposed conductive parts which have become live
under fault conditions.

3.104. Final Circuit: A circuit connected directly to current-using equipment, or to one or

more socket outlets, or other outlet points for the connection of such equipment.

3.105. Fixed equipment: Equipment designed to be fastened to a support or otherwise

secured in a specified location.

3.106. Flexible cable: A cable whose structure and materials make it suitable to be flexed
while in service.

3.107. Flexible sheet heating element: Heating element consisting of sheets of electrical
insulation laminated with electrical resistance material or a base material on which
electrically insulated heating wires are fixed.

3.108. Flexible wiring system: A wiring system designed to provide mechanical flexibility
in use without degradation of the electrical components.

3.109. Follow-current interrupting rating: The level of prospective short-circuit current

that an SPD IS able to interrupt without back-up protection.

3.110. Functional bonding conductor: Conductor provided for functional equipotential

bonding.

3.111. Functional earth: Earthing of a point or points in a system or in an installation or in

equipment for purposes other than electrical safety such as for proper functioning of
electrical equipment.

3.112. Functional extra-low voltage (FELV): An extra-low voltage system in which not
all of the protective measures required for SELV or PELV have been applied.

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3.113. Functional switching: An operation intended to switch ‘on’ or ‘off’ or vary the supply
of electrical energy to all or part of an installation for normal operating purposes.

3.114. Fuse: A device for the purpose of protecting a circuit against damage from an
excessive current flowing in it, by opening the circuit on the melting of a fuse-element
by such excessive current. The fuse comprises all the parts that form the complete
device.

3.115. Fuse carrier: The movable part of a fuse designed to carry a fuse link.

3.116. Fuse element: A part of a fuse designed to melt when the fuse operates.

3.117. Fuse link: A part of a fuse including the fuse element(s) which requires replacement by
a new or renewable fuse link after the fuse has operated and before the fuse is put back
into service.

3.118. Fused connection unit: A device associated with the fixed wiring of an installation
by which appliances may be connected and having provision for a replaceable cartridge
fuse link.

3.119. Gas installation pipe: Any pipe not being a service pipe (other than any part of a
service pipe comprised in a primary meter installation) or a pipe comprised in a gas
appliance for conveying gas for a particular consumer and including any associated
valve or other gas lilting.

3.120. Harmonized Standard: A standard which has been drawn up by common agreement
between national standards bodies notified to the relevant regional/continental bodies by
all member states and published under national procedures

3.121. Hazardous Live Part: A live part which can give, under certain conditions of external
influence, an electric shock.

3.122. Hazardous Situation: A situation where a serious accident may occur due to even a
slight leakage of current or, where an arc being established in any switchgear, appliance
or accessory or the heat naturally generated by an appliance or conductor, may cause
ignition or explosion.

3.123. Heating cable: Cable with or without a shield or a metallic sheath intended to give off
heat for heating purposes.

3.124. Heating-free area: Unheated floor or ceiling area which is completely covered when
placing pieces of furniture or kept free fix built-in furniture.

3.125. Heating unit: Heating cable or flexible sheet heating element with rigidly fixed cold
tails or terminal fittings which are connected to the terminals of the electrical
installation.

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3.126. High-density livestock rearing: Breeding and rearing of livestock for which the use
of automatic systems for life support is necessary.

NOTE: Examples of automatic life support systems are those for ventilation, feeding and air
conditioning.

3.127. High voltage: (see Voltage, nominal).

3.128. Highway: A highway means any way (other than a waterway) over which there is
public passage and includes the highway verge and any bridge over which or tunnel
through which the highway passes.

3.129. Highway distribution board: A fixed structure or underground chamber located on a

highway used as a distribution point for connecting more than one highway distribution
circuit to a common origin. Street furniture which supplies more than one circuit is
defined as a highway distribution board. The connection of a single temporary load to
an item of street furniture shall not in itself make that item of street furniture into a
highway distribution board.

3.130. Highway distribution circuit: A Band II circuit connecting the origin of the
installation to a remote highway distribution board or items of street furniture. It may
also connect a highway distribution board to street furniture.

3.131. Highway power supply: An electrical installation comprising an assembly of

associated highway distribution circuits highway distribution boards and street furniture
supplied from a common origin.

3.132. Houseboat: Floating decked structure which is designed or adapted for use as a place
of permanent residence often kept in one place on inland water.

3.133. Impulse current (Iimp): A parameter used for the classification test for SPDs; it is
defined by three elements: a current peak value, a charge Q and a specific energy W/R.

3.134. Impulse withstand voltage: The highest peak value of impulse voltage of prescribed
form and polarity which does not cause breakdown of insulation under specified
conditions.

3.135. Inspection: Examination of an electrical installation using all the senses as

appropriate.

3.136. Installation: (see electrical installation)

3.137. Instructed person: A person adequately advised or supervised by skilled persons to

enable him/her to avoid dangers which electricity may create.

3.138. Insulation: Suitable non-conductive material enclosing, surrounding or supporting a

conductor.

19
3.139. Insulation co-ordination: The selection of the electric strength of equipment in
relation to the voltages which can appear on the system for which the equipment is
intended taking into account the service environment and the characteristics of the
available protective devices

3.140. Isolation: A function intended to cut off for reasons of safety the supply from all, or a
discrete section, of the installation by separating the installation or section from every
source of electrical energy.

3.141. Isolator: A mechanical switching device which, in the open position, complies with the
requirements specified for isolation. An isolator is otherwise known as a disconnector.

3.142. Ladder: (see Cable ladder)

3.143. Leakage current: Electric current in an unwanted conductive path under normal
operating conditions.

3.144. Leisure accommodation vehicle: Unit of living accommodation for temporary or

seasonal occupation which may meet requirements for construction and use of road
vehicles.

3.145. Lightning protection zone (LPZ): Zone where the lightning electromagnetic
environment is defined.

3.146. Line conductor: A conductor of an a.c. system for the transmission of electrical
energy other than a neutral conductor, a protective conductor or a PEN conductor. The
term also means the equivalent conductor of a d.c. system unless otherwise specified in
the Regulations.

3.147. Live (alive): Energized or electrically charged.

3.148. Live conductor: (see Live part)

3.149. Live part: A conductor or conductive part intended to be energized in normal use,
including a neutral conductor but, by convention, not a PEN conductor.

3.150. Low voltage: (see voltage, nominal)

3.151. Luminaire: Equipment which distributes, filters or transforms the light from one or
more lamps, and which includes any parts necessary for supporting, fixing and
protecting the lamps, but not the lamps themselves, and, where necessary, circuit
auxiliaries together with the means for connecting them to the supply.

NOTE: Lamps includes devices such as light emitting diodes.

20
3.152. Low voltage switchgear and control gear assembly: A combination of one or more
low voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling,
protective, regulating equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of
the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnection and
structural parts. The components of the assembly may be electromechanical or
electronic. The assembly may be either type-tested or partially type-tested.

3.153. Main earthing terminal: The terminal or bar provided for the connection of
protective conductors, including equipotential bonding conductors, and conductors for
functional earthing, if any, to the means of earthing.

3.154. Maintenance: Combination of all technical and administrative actions including

supervision actions intended to retain an item in. or restore it to a state in which it can
perform a required function.

3.155. Marina: Facility for mooring and servicing of pleasure craft with fixed wharves,
jetties, piers or pontoon arrangements capable of berthing one or more pleasure craft.

3.156. Mechanical Maintenance: The replacement, refurbishment, repair, adjustment or

cleaning of lamps and non-electrical parts of equipment, plant and machinery.

3.157. Medical location: Location intended for purposes of diagnosis treatment including
cosmetic treatment. monitoring and care of patients

• Applied part - Part of medical electrical equipment that in normal use necessarily
comes into physical contact with the patient for ME equipment or an ME system
to perform its function.

• Group O - Medical location where no applied parts arc intended to be used and
where discontinuity (failure) of the supply cannot cause danger to life.

• Group 1 - Medical location where discontinuity of the electrical supply does not
represent a threat to the safety of the patient and applied parts arc intended to be
used:
• externally
• invasively to any part of the body except where group:2 applies.

• Group 2 - Medical location where applied parts arc intended to be used, and
where discontinuity (failure) of the supply can cause danger to life. in applications
such as:
• intra-cardiac procedures
• vital treatments and surgical operations.

NOTE: An intracardiac procedure is a procedure whereby an electrical conductor is placed

within the heart of a patient or is likely to come into contact with the heart, such
conductor being accessible outside the patient’s body. In this context, an electrical
conductor includes insulated wires such as cardiac pacing electrodes or intracardiac
ECG electrodes. or insulated tubes filled with conducting fluids.

21
  Medical electrical equipment (ME equipment): Electrical equipment having
an applied part or transferring energy to or from the patient or detecting. such
energy transfer to or from the patient and which is
a). provided with not more than one connection to a particular supply mains.
and
b). intended by the manufacturer to be used;
- in the diagnosis, treatment or monitoring of a patient or
- for compensation or alleviation of disease, injury or disability.

NOTE: ME equipment includes those accessories as defined by the manufacturer that are
necessary to enable the normal use of the ME equipment

 Medical electrical system (ME system): Combination as specified by the

manufacturer of items of equipment at least one of which is medical electrical
equipment to be interconnected by functional connection or by use of a multiple
socket-outlet.

NOTE: The system includes-, those accessories which are needed for operating the system and are
specified by the manufacturer.

 Medical IT system: IT electrical system fulfilling specific requirements for

medical applications.

NOTE: These supplies are also known as isolated power supply systems.

 Patient: Living being (person or animal) undergoing a medical, surgical or

dental procedure.

NOTE: A person under treatment for cosmetic purposes may be considered a patient.

 Patient environment: Any volume in which intentional or unintentional contact

can occur between a patient and part of the medical electrical equipment or
medical electrical system or between a patient and other persons touching parts of
the medical electrical equipment or medical electrical system.

NOTE: This applies when the patient's position is predetermined; if not, all possible patient
positions should he considered.

3.158. Meshed bonding network (MESH-BN): Bonding network in which all associated
equipment frames, racks and cabinets and usually the d.c. power return conductor are
bonded together as well as at multiple points to the CBN and may have the form of a
mesh.

NOTE: MESH-BN improves the performance of a common bonding network.

3.159. Minimum illuminance: Illuminance for emergency lighting at the end of the rated
operating time.

22
3.160. Minor works: Additions and alterations to an installation that do not extend to the
provision of a new circuit.

NOTE: Examples include the additional socket-outlet or lighting point to an existing circuit, the
relocation of a light switch etc.

3.161. Mobile and offshore installations: Installations used for the exploration or
development of liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon resources.

3.162. Mobile equipment (portable equipment (deprecated)): Electrical equipment which

is moved while in operation or which can easily be moved from one place to another
while connected to the supply.

3.163. Mobile home: A transportable leisure accommodation vehicle which includes means
of mobility but does not meet the requirements for construction and use of road
vehicles.

3.164. Monitoring: Observation of the operation of a system or part of a system to verity

correct functioning or detect incorrect functioning by measuring system variables and
comparing the measured values with specified values.

3.165. Motor Caravan: Self-propelled leisure accommodation vehicle used for touring that
meets the requirements for the construction and use of road vehicles.

NOTE: It is either adapted from a series production vehicle or designed and built on an existing chassis,
with or without the driving cab, the accommodation being either fixed or dismountable.

3.166. Neutral Conductor: A conductor connected to the neutral point of a system and
contributing to the transmission of electrical energy. The term also means the equivalent
conductor of an IT or d.c. system unless otherwise specified and also identifies either
the mi-wire of a three wire d.c. circuit or the earthed conductor of a two wire earthed
d.c. circuit.

3.167. Nominal discharge current (Inspd): A parameter used for the classification test for
Class I SPDs and for preconditioning of an SPD tor Class I and Class II tests: it is
defined by the crest value of current through an SPD. having a current II waveform of
8/20.

3.168. Nominal Voltage: (see voltage, nominal).

3.169. Obstacle: A part preventing unintentional contact with live parts but not preventing
deliberate contact.

3.170. Open-circuit voltage under standard test conditions line Uoc STC : Voltage under
standard test conditions across an unloaded (open) generator or on the d.c. side of the
convertor.

23
3.171. Operating and maintenance gangway: Gangway providing access to facilitate
operations such as switching, controlling, setting, observation and maintenance of
electrical equipment.

3.172. Open Wiring: The system of installing uncased insulated conductors.

3.173. Ordinary Person: A person who is neither a skilled person nor an instructed person.

3.174. Origin of an Installation: The position at which the electrical energy is delivered to
an electrical installation.

3.175. Origin of the temporary electrical installation: Point on the permanent installation
or other source of supply from which electrical energy is delivered to the temporary
electrical installation.

3.176. Overcurrent: A current exceeding the rated value. For conductors the rated value is
the current-carrying capacity.

3.177. Overcurrent Detection: A method of establishing that the value of current exceeds a
predetermined value for a specified length of time.

3.178. Overload Current: An overcurrent occurring in a circuit which is electrically sound.

3.179. PEL: A conductor combining the functions of both a protective earthing conductor
and a line conductor.

3.180. PELV (protective extra-low voltage): An extra-low voltage system which is not
electrically separated from Earth but which otherwise satisfies all the requirements for
SELV.

3.181. PEM A conductor combining the functions of both a protective earthing conductor
and a midpoint conductor.

3.182. PEN Conductor: A conductor combining the functions of both protective conductor
and neutral conductor.

3.183. Phase Conductor: (see Line conductor)

3.184. Pleasure craft: Any boat vessel, yacht, motor launch, houseboat or other floating craft
used exclusively fix sport or leisure.

3.185. Plug: A device, provided with contact pins, which is intended to be attached to a
flexible cable, and which can be engaged with a socket-outlet or with a connector.

3.186. Point (in Wiring): A termination of the fixed wiring intended for the connection of
current-using equipment.

24
3.187. Portable Equipment: (see Mobile equipment).

3.188. Powertrack: A system component, which is generally a linear assembly of spaced

and supported busbars, providing electrical connection of accessories.

3.189. Powertrack system (PT system): An assembly of system components including a

powertrack b) which accessories may be connected to an electrical supply at one or
more points (predetermined or otherwise) along the powertrack.

NOTE: The maximum current rating of a powertrack system is 63A.

3.190. Prefabricated wiring system: Wiring system consisting of wiring sections

incorporating the means of interconnection designed to allow sections to be connected
together to form a given system and incorporating installation couplers conforming to
IEC 61535.

3.191. Prospective Fault Current: The value of overcurrent at a given point in a circuit
resulting from a fault of negligible impedance between live conductors having a
difference of potential under normal operating conditions, or between a live conductor
and an exposed-conductive-part.

3.192. Protective bonding conductor: Protective conductor provided for protective

equipotential bonding

3.193. Protective Extra-low Voltage (PELV): An extra low voltage system which is not
electrically separated from earth.

3.194. Protective conductor: A conductor used for some measure of protection against
electric shock and intended for connecting together any of the following parts:

i). exposed conductive parts;

ii). extraneous conductive parts;
iii). the main earthing terminal;
iv). earth electrodes; and
v). the earthed point of the source.

3.195. Protective conductor current: Electric current appearing in a protective conductor

such as leakage current or electric current resulting from an insulation fault.

3.196. Protective equipotential bonding: Equipotential bonding for the purposes of safety.

3.197. Protective multiple earthing (PME): An earthing arrangement found in TN-C-S

systems. in which the supply neutral conductor is used to connect the earthing conductor
of an installation with Earth.

3.198. Protective separation: Separation or one electric circuit from another by means of:

25
 i). double insulation. or
ii). basic insulation and electrically protective screening (shielding). or
iii). reinforced insulation.

3.199. PV: Solar photovoltaic

• PV a.c. module: Integrated module convertor assembly where the electrical

interface terminals arc a.c. only, No access is provided to the d.c. side.

• PV array: Mechanically and electrically integrated assembly or PV modules,

and other necessary components. to form a d.c. power supply unit.

• PV array cable: Output cable of a PV array.

• PV array junction box: Enclosure where J>V strings or any PV array arc
electrically connected and where devices can be located.

• PV cell: Basic PV device which can generate electricity when exposed to light
such as solar radiation.

• PV convertor: Device which converts d.c. voltage and d.c. current into a.c,
voltage and a.c, current.

• PV d.c. main cable: Cable connecting the I'V generator junction box to the d.c.
terminals or the PV convertor,

• PV generator: Assembly or PV arrays.

• PV generator junction box: Enclosure where PV arrays arc electrically

connected and where devices can be located.

• PV installation: Erected equipment or a PV power supply system.

• PV module: Smallest completely environmentally protected assembly or

interconnected PV cells.

• PV string: Circuit in which PV modules are connected in series in order for a

PV array to generate the required output voltage.

• PV string cable: Cable connecting PV modules to form a PV string.

• PV supply cable: Cable connecting the a.c. terminals or the PV convertor to a

distribution circuit or the electrical installation.

3.200. Rated current: Value of current used for specification purposes established for a
specified set of operating conditions of a component, device, equipment or system.

26
3.201. Rated impulse withstand voltage level (Uw): The level or impulse withstand
voltage assigned by the manufacturer to the equipment. or to part or it characterizing the
specified withstand capability or its insulation against overvoltages.

3.202. Reduced low voltage system: A system in which the nominal line-to-line voltage does
not exceed 110 volts and the nominal line to Earth voltage docs not exceed 63.5 volts.

3.203. Reinforced insulation: Single insulation applied to live parts, which provides a
degree or protection against electric shock equivalent to double insulation under the
conditions specified in the relevant standard. The term ‘single insulation’ does not
imply that the insulation must be one homogeneous piece. It may comprise two or more
layers which cannot be tested singly as supplementary or basic insulation.

3.204. Reporting: Communicating the results of periodic inspection and testing or an

electrical installation to the person ordering the work.

3.205. Residences and other locations belonging to agricultural and horticultural

premises: Residences and other locations which have a conductive connection to the
agricultural and horticultural premises by either protective conductors or the same
installation or by extraneous-conductive-pans.

NOTE: Examples of other locations include offices, social rooms, machine halls, workrooms, garages
and shops.

3.206. Residential park home: A factory produced relocatable dwelling designed for
permanent residence which may be used for leisure purposes

3.207. Residual current: Algebraic sum of the currents in the live conductors or a circuit at a
point in the electrical

3.208. Residual Current: The vector sum of the instantaneous values of current flowing
through all live conductors of a circuit at a point in the electrical installation

3.209. Residual Current Device (RCD): A switching device or association of devices

intended to cause the opening of the contacts when the residual current attains a given
value under specified conditions.

3.210. Residual current operated circuit-breaker with integral overcurrent protection

(RCBO): A residual current operated switching device designed to perform the
functions of protection against overload and/or short-circuit.

3.211. Residual current operated circuit-breaker without integral overcurrent protection

(RCCB): A residual current operated switching device not designed to perform the
functions of protection against overload and/or short-circuit.

3.212. Residual operating current: Residual current which causes the RCD to operate
under specified conditions.

27
3.213. Resistance area (for an earth electrode only): The surface area of ground (around
an earth electrode) on which a significant voltage gradient may exist.

3.214. Response time: The time that elapses between the failure of the normal power supply
and the ability of the auxiliary power supply to energize the equipment.

3.215. Restrictive conductive location: (see Conductive location with restricted movement)

3.216. Ring Final Circuit: A final circuit arranged in the form of a ring and connected to a
single point of supply.

3.217. Safety service: An electrical system for electrical equipment provided to protect or
warn persons in the event of a hazard or essential to their evacuation from a location.

3.218. Sauna: A room or location in which air is heated, in service to high temperatures
where the relative humidity is normally low rising only for a short period of time when
water is poured over the heater.

3.219. Separated Extra-low Voltage (SELV): An extra-low voltage system which is

electrically separated from earth and from other systems in such a way that a single fault
cannot give rise to the risk of electric shock.

3.220. Selectivity: (see Discrimination).

3.221. Shock: (see Electric shock).

3.222. Shock current: A current passing through the body of a person or livestock such as to
cause electric shock and having characteristics likely to cause dangerous effects.

3.223. Short-circuit current: An overcurrent resulting from a fault of negligible impedance

between live conductors having a difference in potential under normal operating
conditions.

3.224. Short-circuit current under standard test conditions (I scTC): Short-circuit current
of a PV module, PV string, PV array or PV generator under standard test conditions.

3.225. Show: Display or presentation in any suitable location either a room, building or
temporary structure.

3.226. Simple separation: Separation between circuits or between a circuit and Earth by
means of basic insulation.

3.227. Simultaneously Accessible Parts: Conductors or conductive parts which can be

touched simultaneously by a person or, in locations specifically intended for them, by
livestock.

28
 NOTE: Simultaneously accessible parts may be live parts, exposed conductive parts, extraneous
conductive parts, protective conductors or earth electrodes.

3.228. Skilled Person: A person with technical knowledge or sufficient experience to enable
him/her to avoid dangers which electricity may create.

3.229. Socket-outlet: A device, provided with female contacts, which is intended to be

installed with the fixed wiring, and intended to receive a plug. A luminaire track system
is not regarded as a socket-outlet system.

3.230. Spur: A branch from a ring final circuit.

3.231. Stand: Area or temporary structure used for display, marketing or sales.

3.232. Standard test conditions (STC): Test conditions specified in IEC 60904-3 for PV
cells and PV modules.

3.233. Standby electrical source: Electrical source intended to maintain for reasons other
than safety the supply to an electrical installation or a part or parts thereof, in case of
interruption of the normal supply.

3.234. Standby electrical supply system: Supply system intended to maintain, for reasons
other than safety the functioning of an electrical installation or a part or parts thereof, in
case of interruption of the normal supply.

3.235. Static convertor: A convertor having no moving parts and notably using
semiconductor rectifiers.

3.236. Stationary Equipment: Electrical equipment which is either fixed, or equipment

having a mass exceeding 18 kg and not provided with a carrying handle or castors.

3.237. Street Furniture: Fixed equipment, located on a highway.

NOTE: Street furniture includes street located equipment.

3.238. Street located equipment: Fixed equipment located on a highway, the purpose of
which is not directly associated with the use of the highway.

3.239. Supplementary Insulation: Independent insulation applied in addition to basic

insulation for fault protection.

3.240. Surge current: A transient wave appearing as an overcurrent caused by a lightning

electromagnetic impulse.

3.241. Surge protective device (SPD): A device that is intended to limit transient
overvoltages and divert surge currents. It contains non-linear components.

29
3.242. Switch: A mechanical device capable of making, carrying and breaking current under
normal circuit conditions.

3.243. Switch, linked: A switch, the contacts of which are so arranged as to make or break all
poles simultaneously or in a definite sequence.

3.244. Switch-disconnector: A switch which, in the open position satisfies the isolating
requirement specified for a location.

NOTE: A switch disconnector is otherwise known as an isolating switch

3.245. Switchboard: An assembly of switchgear with or without instruments. The term does
not apply to groups of local switches in final circuits.

3.246. Switchgear: An assembly of main and auxiliary switching apparatus for operation,
regulation, protection or other control of an electrical machine or system.

3.247. System: An electrical system consisting of a single source of electrical energy and an
installation. For purposes of these Rules, types of systems are identified as follows,
depending upon the relationship of the source and of exposed conductive parts of the
installation to the earth:

a). TN system: A system having one or more points of the source of energy directly
earthed, the exposed conductive parts of the installation being connected to that
point by protective conductors.
b). TN-C system: A system in which neutral and protective functions are combined
in a single conductor throughout the system
c). TN-S system: A system having separate neutral and protective conductors
throughout the system (see Figure 6-9).
d). TN-C-S system: A system in which neutral and protective functions are
combined in a single conductor in part of the system (see Figure 6-10).
e). TT system: A system having one point of the source of energy directly earthed,
the exposed-conductive-parts of the installation being connected to earth
electrodes which are electrically independent of the earth electrodes of the source
(see Figure 6-11).
f). IT system: A system having no direct connection between live parts and
Earth, the exposed-conductive parts of the electrical installation being earthed
g). Multiple source and d.c. systems – see Appendix 1

3.248. Temporary electrical installation: Electrical installation erected for a particular

purpose and dismantled when no longer required for that purpose.

3.249. Temporary overvoltage (UTOV): A fundamental frequency overvoltage occurring

on the network at a given location of relatively long duration.

30
 NOTE 1: TOVs may be caused by faults inside the LV system (UTOV,LV) or inside the HV
system(UTOV,HV)

NOTE 2: Temporary overvoltages, typically lasting up to several seconds usually originate from
switching operations or faults (for example, sudden load rejection, single phase faults etc.)
and/ or from non-linearity (ferroresonance effects, harmonics etc.).

3.250. Temporary structure: A unit or part of a unit, including mobile portable units situated
indoors or outdoors designed and intended to be assembled and dismantled

3.251. Temporary supply unit: An enclosure containing equipment for the purpose of taking
a temporary electrical supply safely from an item of street furniture.

3.252. Testing: Implementation of measures to assess an electrical installation by means of

which its effectiveness is proved. This includes ascertaining values by means of
appropriate measuring instruments. where measured values are not detectable by
inspection

3.253. Thermal storage floor heating system: Heating system in which due to a limited
charging period, a restricted availability of electrical energy is converted into heat and
dissipated mainly through the surface of the floor to the room to be heated with an
intended time delay.

3.254. Triplen harmonics: The odd multiples of the 3rd harmonic of the fundamental
frequency (e.g 3rd 9th 15th 21st )

3.255. Trunking: (see Cable trunking).

3.256. Verification: All measures by means of which compliance of the electrical

installation with the relevant requirements of this standard are checked comprising
inspection, testing and certification.

3.257. Voltage, Nominal: Voltage by which an installation or part of an installation is

designated. The following ranges of nominal voltage (r.m.s. values for a.c.) are defined:

- Extra low (ELV) - Normally not exceeding 50 V a.c. or 120 V ripple free d.c.,
whether between conductors or to earth.
- Low (LV) - Normally exceeding extra-low voltage but not exceeding 1 000 V a.c.
or 1 500 V d.c. between conductors, or 600 V a.c. or 900 V d.c. between
conductors and earth.
- High (HV) - Normally exceeding low voltage.

NOTE: The actual voltage of the installation may differ from the nominal value by a quantity within normal
tolerances.

3.258. Voltage, reduced: (see Reduced low voltage system)

3.259. Voltage band

31
 Band I
Band I covers:
- installations where protection against electric shock is provided under certain
conditions by the value of voltage:
- installations where the voltage is limited for operational reasons (e.g.
telecommunications, signalling bell, control and alarm installations).
Extra-low voltage (ELV) will normally fall within voltage Band I.

Band II
Band II contains the voltages for supplies to household and most commercial and
industrial installations, Low voltage (LV) will normally fall within voltage Band II.

NOTE: Band II voltages do not exceed 1000V a.c. r.m.s or 1500V d.c.

3.260. Voltage protection level (Up): A parameter that characterises the performance of an
SPD in limiting the voltage across its terminals which is selected from a list of preferred
values; this value is greater than the highest value of the measured limiting voltages.

3.261. Wiring System: An assembly made up of cables or busbars and parts which secure
and, if necessary, enclose the cables or busbars.

32
4. OBJECTIVE

This standard contains the rules for the design and erection of electrical installations so as to
provide for safety and proper functioning for the intended use. Section 5 states the fundamental
principles. It does not include detailed technical requirements, which may be subject to
modification because of technical developments.

This Standard sets out technical requirements intended to ensure that electrical installations
conform to the fundamental principles of Section 5, as follows:

 Part 2: Protection for safety

 Part 3: Design, selection and erection of equipment
 Part 4: Inspection and testing
 Part 5: Special installations or locations

Any intended departure from these Parts requires special consideration by the designer of the
installation and shall be noted on the Electrical Installation Certificate specified in DZS 791 Part
4. The resulting degree of safety of the installation shall be not less than that obtained by
compliance with the Rules.

5. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

5.1 Protection for Safety

The requirements of DZS 791 Part 2 are intended to provide for the safety of persons, livestock
and property against dangers and damage which may arise in the reasonable use of electrical
installations. The requirements to provide for the safety of livestock are applicable in locations
intended for them.

In electrical installations, risk of injury may result from:

i). shock currents
ii). excessive temperatures likely to cause burns, fires and other injurious effects
iii). ignition of a potentially explosive atmosphere
iv). under voltages, over voltages and electromagnetic disturbances likely to cause or result in
injury or damage
v). mechanical movement of electrically actuated equipment, in so far as such injury is
intended to be prevented by electrical emergency switching or by electrical switching for
mechanical maintenance of non-electrical parts of such equipment
vi). power supply interruptions and/or interruption of safety services
vii). arcing or burning, likely to cause blinding effects, excessive pressure and/or toxic gases.

5.1.1 Protection against electric shock

5.1.1.1 Basic protection (protection against direct contact)

NOTE: For low voltage installations, systems and equipment, 'basic protection' generally corresponds to
protection against 'direct contact'.

33
Persons and livestock shall be protected against dangers that may arise from contact with live
parts of the installation. This protection can be achieved by one of the following methods:

i). Preventing a current from passing through the body of any person or any livestock
ii). Limiting the current which can pass through a body to a non-hazardous value.

5.1.1.2 Fault protection (protection against indirect contact)

NOTE: For low voltage installations, systems and equipment, 'fault protection' generally corresponds to
protection against 'indirect contact', mainly with regard to failure of basic insulation.

Persons and livestock shall be protected against dangers that may arise from contact with
exposed-conductive-parts during a fault.

This protection can be achieved by one of the following methods:

i). Preventing a current resulting from a fault from passing through the body of any person or
any livestock
i). Limiting the magnitude of a current resulting from a fault, which can pass through a body,
to a non-hazardous value
ii). Limiting the duration of a current resulting from a fault, which can pass through a body, to
a non-hazardous time period.

In connection with fault protection, the application of the method of protective equipotential
bonding is one of the important principles for safety.

5.1.2 Protection against thermal effects

5.1.2.1 The electrical installation shall be so arranged that the risk of ignition of flammable
materials due to high temperature or electric arc is minimized. In addition, during normal
operation of the electrical equipment, there shall be minimal risk of burns to persons or livestock.

5.1.2.2 Persons, livestock, fixed equipment and fixed materials adjacent to electrical equipment
shall be protected against harmful effects of heat or thermal radiation emitted by electrical
equipment, and in particular the following:

i). Combustion, ignition, or degradation of materials

ii). Risk of burns
iii). Impairment of the safe function of installed equipment.

Electrical equipment shall not present a fire hazard to adjacent materials.

5.1.3 Protection against overcurrent

Persons and livestock shall be protected against injury, and property shall be protected against
damage, due to excessive temperatures or electromechanical stresses caused by any over currents
likely to arise in live conductors.

34
NOTE: Protection can be achieved by limiting the overcurrent to a safe value and/or duration.

5.1.4 Protection against fault current

Conductors other than live conductors, and any other parts intended to carry a fault current, shall
be capable of carrying that current without attaining an excessive temperature. Electrical
equipment, including conductors, shall be provided with mechanical protection against
electromechanical stresses of fault currents as necessary to prevent injury or damage to persons,
livestock or property.

5.1.5 Protection against voltage disturbances and measures against electromagnetic

disturbances

5.1.5.1 Persons and livestock shall be protected against injury, and property shall be protected
against any harmful effects, as a consequence of a fault between live parts of circuits supplied at
different voltages, in accordance with Section 6.3 of DZS 791 Part 2.

5.1.5.2 Persons and livestock shall be protected against injury, and property shall be protected
against damage, as a consequence of over voltages such as those originating from atmospheric
events or from switching, in accordance with Section 6.4 of DZS 791 Part 2.

NOTE: For protection against lightning strikes, refer to the IEC 62305 series.

5.1.5.3 Persons and livestock shall be protected against injury, and property shall be protected
against damage, as a consequence of under voltage and any subsequent voltage recovery, in
accordance with Section 6.5 of DZS 791 Part 2.

5.1.5.4 The installation shall have an adequate level of immunity against electromagnetic
disturbances so as to function correctly in the specified environment, in accordance Section 6.5
of DZS 791 Part 2. The installation design shall take into consideration the anticipated
electromagnetic emissions, generated by the installation or the installed equipment, which shall
be suitable for the current-using equipment used with, or connected to, the installation.

5.1.6 Protection against power supply interruption

Where danger or damage is expected to arise due to an interruption of supply, suitable provisions
shall be made in the installation or installed equipment.

5.2 Design, Selection and Erection of Equipment

5.2.1 Design of Installations

The electrical installation shall be designed to provide for:

i). the protection of persons, livestock and property in accordance with Section 5.1
ii). the proper functioning of the electrical installation for the intended use.

35
The information required as a basis for design is stated in 5.2.1.1 to 4. The requirements with
which the design shall comply are stated in 5.2.1.5 to 14.

5.2.1.1 Characteristics of available supply or supplies

Information on the characteristics of the available supply or supplies shall be determined by

calculation, measurement, enquiry or inspection. The following characteristics shall be included
in the documentation referred to in Clause 5.2.1.12 to show conformity with the Rules:

i). Nature of current: a.c. and/or d.c.

ii). Purpose and number of conductors:
- for a.c.: line conductor(s)
neutral conductor
protective conductor

- for d.c.: line conductors

midpoint conductor
protective conductor

NOTE: The function of some conductors may be combined in a single conductor

iii). Values and tolerances:
- nominal voltage and voltage tolerances
- nominal frequency and frequency tolerances
- maximum current allowable
- prospective short-circuit current
- external earth fault loop impedance

iv). Protective measures inherent in the supply, e.g. earthed neutral or mid-wire

v). Particular requirements of the distributor.

NOTE: If the distributor changes the characteristics of the power supply this may affect the safety of the
installation.

5.2.1.2 Nature of demand

The number and type of circuits required for lighting, heating, power, control, signalling,
communication and information technology, etc shall be determined from knowledge of:

i). location of points of power demand

ii). loads to be expected on the various circuits
iii). daily and yearly variation of demand
iv). any special conditions, such as harmonics
v). requirements for control, signalling, communication and information technology, etc.
vi). anticipated future demand if specified.

36
5.2.1.3 Electrical supply systems for safety services or standby electrical supply systems

Where a supply for safety services or standby electrical supply systems is specified the following
shall be determined:

i). Characteristics of the supply

ii). Circuits to be supplied by the safety source.

5.2.1.4 Environmental conditions

5.2.1.4.1 The design of the electrical installation shall take into account the environmental
conditions to which it will be subjected.

5.2.1.4.2 Equipment in surroundings susceptible to risk of fire or explosion shall be so

constructed or protected, and such other special precautions shall be taken, as to prevent danger

5.2.1.5 Cross-sectional area of conductors

The cross-sectional area of conductors shall be determined for both normal operating conditions
and, where appropriate, for fault conditions according to:

i). the admissible maximum temperature

ii). the admissible voltage drop
iii). the electromechanical stresses likely to occur due to short-circuit and earth fault currents
iv). other mechanical stresses to which the conductors are likely to be exposed
v). the maximum impedance for correct operation of short-circuit and earth fault protection
vi). the method of installation
vii). harmonics
viii). thermal insulation.

5.2.1.6 Type of wiring and method of installation

The choice of the type of wiring system and the method of installation shall include
consideration of the following:

i). The nature of the location

ii). The nature of the structure supporting the wiring
iii). Accessibility of wiring to persons and livestock
iv). Voltage
v). The electromechanical stresses likely to occur due to short-circuit and earth fault currents
vi). Electromagnetic interference
vii). Other external influences (e.g. mechanical, thermal and those associated with fire) to
which the wiring is likely to be exposed during the erection of the electrical installation or
in service.

37
5.2.1.7 Protective equipment

The characteristics of protective equipment shall be determined with respect to their function,
including protection against the effects of:

i). overcurrent (overload and/or short-circuit)

ii). earth fault current
iii). overvoltage
iv). under voltage and no-voltage.
The protective devices shall operate at values of current, voltage and time which are suitably
related to the characteristics of the circuits and to the possibilities of danger.

5.2.1.8 Emergency control

An interrupting device shall be installed in such a way that it can be easily recognised and
effectively and rapidly operated where, in the case of danger, there is a necessity for immediate
interruption of the supply.

5.2.1.9 Disconnecting devices

Disconnecting devices shall be provided so as to permit switching and/or isolation of the

electrical installation, circuits or individual items of equipment as required for operation,
inspection, testing, fault detection, maintenance and repair.

5.2.1.10 Prevention of mutual detrimental influence

The electrical installation shall be arranged in such a way that no mutual detrimental influence
will occur between electrical installations and non-electrical installations.
Electromagnetic interference shall be taken into account.

5.2.1.11 Accessibility of electrical equipment

Electrical equipment shall be arranged so as to afford as may be necessary:

i). sufficient space for the initial installation and later replacement of individual items of
electrical equipment
ii). accessibility for operation, inspection, testing, fault detection, maintenance and repair.

5.2.1.12 Documentation for the electrical installation

Every electrical installation shall be provided with appropriate documentation, including that
required by section 2.5.7 of DZS 791 Part 3 and where applicable Part 5.

5.2.1.13 Protective devices and switches

5.2.1.13.1 A single-pole fuse, switch or circuit-breaker shall be inserted in the line conductor
only

38
5.2.1.13.2 No switch or circuit-breaker, except where linked, or fuse, shall be inserted in an
earthed neutral conductor. Any linked switch or linked circuit-breaker inserted in an earthed
neutral conductor shall be arranged to break all the related line conductors.

5.2.1.14 Isolation and switching

5.2.1.14.1 Effective means, suitably placed for ready operation, shall be provided so that all
voltage may be cut off from every installation, from every circuit thereof and from all
equipment, as may be necessary to prevent or remove danger.

5.2.1.14.2 Every fixed electric motor shall be provided with an efficient means of switching off,
readily accessible, easily operated and so placed as to prevent danger.

5.2.1.15 Additions and alterations to an installation

No addition or alteration, temporary or permanent, shall be made to an existing installation,

unless it has been ascertained that the rating and the condition of any existing equipment,
including that of the distributor, will be adequate for the altered circumstances. Furthermore, the
earthing and bonding arrangements, if necessary for the protective measure applied for the safety
of the addition or alteration, shall be adequate.

5.2.2 Selection of Electrical Equipment

5.2.2.1 General

5.2.2.1.1 Every item of equipment shall comply with the appropriate Zambian or International
Standard.

5.2.2.1.2 Where there are no applicable standards, the item of equipment concerned shall be
selected by special agreement between the person specifying the installation and the installer.

Where equipment to be used is not in accordance with Clause 5.2.2.1 or is used outside the scope
of its standard, the designer or other person responsible for specifying the installation shall
confirm that the equipment provides at least the same degree of safety as that afforded by
compliance with the Rules.

5.2.2.2 Characteristics

Every item of electrical equipment selected shall have suitable characteristics appropriate to the
values and conditions on which the design of the electrical installation (see Section 5.2.1) is
based and shall in particular fulfil the requirements of 5.2.2.2.1 to 4

5.2.2.2.1 Voltage

Electrical equipment shall he suitable with respect to the maximum steady-state voltage (r.m.s
value for a.c.) likely to be applied as well as overvoltages likely to occur.

39
NOTE: For certain equipment, it may also be necessary to take into account the lowest voltage likely to occur.

5.2.2.2.2 Current

Electrical equipment shall be selected with respect to the maximum steady current (r.m.s value
for a.c.) which it has to carry in normal service and with respect to the current likely to be carried
in abnormal conditions and the period (e.g. operating time of protective devices, if any) during
which it may be expected to flow.

5.2.2.2.3 Frequency

Equipment shall be suitable for the frequencies likely to occur in the circuit.

5.2.2.2.4 Power

Electrical equipment which is selected on the basis or its power characteristics shall be suitable
for the duty demanded of the equipment taking into account the load factor and the normal
service conditions.

5.2.2.3 Conditions of installation

Electrical equipment shall be selected so as to withstand safely the stresses, the environmental
conditions (see clause 5.2.1.4) and the characteristics of its location. An item of equipment which
does not by design have the properties corresponding to its location may be used where adequate
further protection is provided as part of the completed electrical installation.

5.2.2.4 Prevention of harmful effects

All electrical equipment shall be selected so that it will not cause harmful effects on other
equipment or impair the supply during normal service. Including switching operations.

NOTE: Examples of characteristic which are likely to have harmful effects are given in section 6.3

5.2.2.5 New materials and inventions

Where the use of a new material or invention leads to departures from these requirements, the
resulting degree or safety of the installation shall be not less than that obtained by compliance
with the requirements. Such use is to be noted on the Electrical Installation Certificate specified
in DZS 791 Part 4.

5.2.3 Erection and Initial Verification of Electrical Installations

5.2.3.1 Erection

5.2.3.1.1 Good workmanship by competent persons or persons under their supervision and
proper materials shall be used in the erection of the electrical installation. Electrical equipment

40
shall be installed in accordance with the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the
equipment.

5.2.3.1.2 The characteristics of the electrical equipment as determined in accordance with

Section 5.2.2 shall not be impaired by the process of erection.

5.2.3.1.3 Conductors shall be identified in accordance with Section 2.5 of DZS 791 Part 3.
Where identification of terminals is necessary they shall be identified in accordance with Section
2.5 of DZS 791 Part 3

5.2.3.1.4 Every electrical Joint and connection shall be of proper construction as regards
conductance, insulation, mechanical strength and protection.

5.2.3.1.5 Electrical equipment shall be installed in such a manner that the design requirements
are not exceeded

5.2.3.1.6 Electrical equipment likely to cause high temperatures or electric arcs shall be laced
or guarded so as to minimize the risk of ignition of flammable materials.

Where the temperature of an exposed part of electrical equipment is likely to cause injury to
persons or livestock, that part shall be so located or guarded as to prevent accidental contact
therewith.

5.2.3.1.7 Where necessary for safety purposes, suitable warning signs and/or notices shall be
provided.

5.3 Inspection and Testing

5.3.1 Initial verification

5.3.1.1 During erection and on completion of an installation or an addition or alteration to an

installation, and before it is put into service, appropriate inspection and testing shall be carried
out by competent persons to verify that the requirements of this Standard have been met.
Appropriate certification shall be issued in accordance with Sections 4.1 and 4.2 of DZS 791 Part
4.

5.3.1.2 The designer of the installation shall make a recommendation for the interval to the first
periodic inspection and test as detailed in DZS 791 Part4.

NOTE: The requirements of Chapter 34 (maintainability) should be taken into consideration.

5.3.2 Periodic Inspection and Testing

It is recommended that every electrical installation is subjected to periodic inspection and testing,
in accordance with Chapter 3 of DZS 791 Part 4.

41
6. ASSESSMENT OF GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

An assessment shall be made of the following characteristics of the installation:

i). The purpose for which the installation is intended to be used, its general structure and its
supplies
ii). The external influences to which it is to be exposed
iii). The compatibility of its equipment
iv). Its maintainability
v). Recognized safety services
vi). Assessment for continuity of service

These characteristics shall be taken into account in the choice of methods of protection for safety
(DZS 791 Part 2) and the selection and erection of equipment (DZS 791 Part 3).

6.1 Purpose, Supplies and Structure

6.1.1 Maximum Demand and Diversity

For economic and reliable design of an installation within thermal limits and admissible voltage
drop, the maximum demand shall be determined. In determining the maximum demand of an
installation or part thereof, diversity may be taken into account.

6.1.2 Conductor Arrangement and System Earthing

The following characteristics shall be assessed:

i). Arrangement of current-carrying conductors under normal operating conditions
ii). Type of system earthing.

6.1.2.1 General

The following arrangements of current-carrying conductors under normal operating conditions

are taken into account in this standard:

6.1.2.1.1 Current-carrying conductors in a.c. circuits

Figure 6-1: Single phase 2-wire

42
 Figure 6-2: Single phase 3-wire

Figure 6-3: Two phase 3-wire

Figure 6-4: Three-phase 3-wire

Figure 6-5: Three-phase 4-wire

Three-phase, 4-wire with neutral conductor or PEN conductor. By definition the PEN conductor
is not a live conductor but a conductor carrying an operating current.

43
NOTE 1: In the case of a single phase 2 wire arrangement which is derived from a three phase 4-wire
arrangement, the two conductors are either two line conductors or a line conductor and a neutral
conductor or a line conductor and a PEN conductor.

NOTE 2: In installations with loads connected between phases, the installation of the neutral conductor may not
be necessary.

6.1.2.1.2 Current carrying conductors in dc circuits

Figure 6-6: 2-wire Figure 6-7: 3-wire

NOTE: PEL and PEM conductors are not live conductors although they carry operating current. Therefore, the
designation 2-wire arrangement or 3-wire arrangement applies.

6.1.2.2 Types of system earthing

The following types of system earthing are taken into account in this standard:

TN-C, TN-S, TN-C-S, TT and IT

NOTE 1: Figures 6-9 to 11 show examples of commonly used three-phase systems. For IT, multiple source, d.c.
and other systems see Appendix 1.
NOTE 2: For private systems, the source and/or the distribution system may be considered as part of the installation
within the meaning of this standard.
NOTE 3: The codes used have the following meanings:

First letter - Relationship of the power system to Earth:

T = direct connection of one point to Earth;
I = all live parts isolated from Earth, or one point connected to Earth through a high impedance.

Second letter - Relationship of the exposed-conductive-parts of the installation to Earth:

T = direct electrical connection of exposed-conductive-parts to Earth, independently of the
earthing of any point of the power system;
N = direct electrical connection of the exposed-conductive-parts to the earthed point of the power
system (in a.c. systems, the earthed point of the power system is normally the neutral point
or, if a neutral point is not available, a line conductor).

Subsequent letter(s) (if any) - Arrangement of neutral and protective conductors:

44
S = protective function provided by a conductor separate from the neutral conductor or from the
earthed line (or, in a.c. systems, earthed phase) conductor.
C = neutral and protective functions combined in a single conductor (PEN conductor).

6.1.2.2.1 TN systems

6.1.2.2.1.1 Single-source systems

TN systems have one point directly earthed at the source, the exposed-conductive parts of the
installation(s) being connected to that point by protective conductors. Two types of TN system
are considered according to the arrangement of neutral and protective conductors, i.e. the TN-S
and TN-C-S.

Figure 6-8: TN-S system

45
Figure 6-9: TN-C-S (PME) system

6.1.2.2.2 TT system

6.1.2.2.2.1 Single-source system

A TT system has only one point directly earthed at the source, the exposed-conductive-parts of
the installation(s) being connected to earth electrodes electrically independent of the earth
electrode of the supply system (the source earth). [See figure 6-11]

46
Figure 6-10: TT system

6.1.2.3 IT, multiple source, d.c. and other systems

See Appendix 1.

6.1.3 Supplies

6.1.3.1 General

The following characteristics of the supply or supplies, from whatever source, and the normal
range of those characteristics where appropriate, shall be determined by calculation,
measurement, enquiry or inspection:

i). The nominal voltage(s) and its characteristics including harmonic distortion
ii). The nature of the current and frequency
iii). The prospective short-circuit current at the origin of the installation
iv). The earth fault loop impedance of that part of the system external to the installation, Z e
v). The suitability for the requirements of the installation, including the maximum demand
vi). The type and rating of the overcurrent protective device(s) acting at the origin of the
installation.
These characteristics shall be ascertained for an external supply and shall be determined for a
private source. These requirements are equally applicable to main supplies and to safety services
and standby supplies.

NOTE: The above information should be provided by distributors on request.

47
6.1.3.2 Supplies for safety services and standby systems

Where the provision of safety services is required, for example, by the authorities concerned with
fire precautions and other conditions for emergency evacuation of the premises, and/or where the
provision of standby supplies is required by the person specifying the installation, the
characteristics of the source or sources of supply for safety services and/or standby systems shall
be separately assessed. Such supplies shall have adequate capacity, reliability and rating and
appropriate changeover time for the operation specified.

NOTE 1: For further requirements for supplies for safety services, see section 6.5 of this standard and
hereafter Chapter 7 of DZS 791 Part 3.
NOTE 2: For standby systems, there are no particular requirements in this standard

6.1.4 Division of Installation

6.1.4.1 Every installation shall be divided into circuits, as necessary, to:

i). avoid danger and minimize inconvenience in the event of a fault;

ii). facilitate safe inspection, testing and maintenance
iii). take account of hazards that may arise from the failure of a single circuit such as a lighting
circuit
iv). reduce the possibility of unwanted tripping of RCDs due to excessive protective conductor
(PE) currents not due to a fault
v). mitigate the effects of electromagnetic disturbances
vi). prevent the indirect energizing of a circuit intended to be isolated.

6.1.4.2 Separate circuits shall be provided for parts of the installation which need to be
separately controlled, in such a way that those circuits are not affected by the failure of other
circuits, and due account shall be taken of the consequences of the operation of any single
protective device.

6.1.4.3 The number of final circuits required, and the number of points supplied by any final
circuit, shall be such as to facilitate compliance with the requirements of Chapter 5 of DZS 791
Part 2 for overcurrent protection, Section 4.8 of DZS 791 Part 3 for isolation and switching and
Chapter 3 of DZS 791 Part 3 as regards current-carrying capacities of conductors.

6.1.4.4 Where an installation comprises more than one final circuit, each final circuit shall be
connected to a separate way in a distribution board. The wiring of each final circuit shall be
electrically separate from that of every other final circuit, so as to prevent the indirect energizing
of a final circuit intended to be isolated.

6.2 Classification of External Influences

Refer to Chapter 2 of DZS 791 Part 3 and Appendix 2 of this standard.

48
6.3 Compatibility

6.3.1 Compatibility of Characteristics

6.3.1.1 An assessment shall be made of any characteristics of equipment likely to have harmful
effects upon other electrical equipment or other services or likely to impair the supply, for
example, for co-ordination with concerned parties e.g. petrol stations, kiosks and shops within
shops. Those characteristics include, for example:
i). transient overvoltages
ii). undervoltage
iii). unbalanced loads
iv). rapidly fluctuating loads
v). starting currents
vi). harmonic currents
vii). earth leakage current
viii). excessive PE conductor current not due to a fault
ix). d.c. feedback
x). high-frequency oscillations
xi). necessity for additional connections to Earth
xii). power factor.

For an external source of energy the distributor shall be consulted regarding any equipment of
the installation having a characteristic likely to have significant influence on the supply.

6.3.2 Electromagnetic Compatibility

6.3.2.1 All electrical installations and equipment shall be in accordance with the EMC
regulations and with the relevant EMC standard.

6.3.2.2 Consideration shall be given by the designer of the electrical installation to measures
reducing the effect of induced voltage disturbances and electromagnetic interferences (EMI).
Measures are given in Chapter 6 of DZS 791 Part 2.

6.4 Maintainability

6.4.1 General

6.4.1.1 An assessment shall be made of the frequency and quality of maintenance the installation
can reasonably be expected to receive during its intended life. The person or body responsible for
the operation and/or maintenance of the installation shall be consulted. Those characteristics are
to be taken into account in applying the requirements of DZS 791 Parts 2 to 5 so that, having
regard to the frequency and quality of maintenance expected:
i). any periodic inspection and testing, maintenance and repairs likely to be necessary during
the intended life can be readily and safely carried out, and
ii). the effectiveness of the protective measures for safety during the intended life shall
not diminish, and

49
iii). the reliability of equipment for proper functioning of the installation is appropriate to
the intended life.

NOTE: There may be particular statutory requirements relating to maintenance .

6.5 Safety Services

6.5.1 General

NOTE 1: The need for safety services and their nature are frequently regulated by statutory authorities whose
requirements have to be observed.
NOTE 2: Examples of safety services are: emergency escape lighting, fire detection and fire alarm systems,
installations for fire pumps, fire rescue service lifts, smoke and heat extraction equipment.

6.5.1.1 The following electrical sources for safety services are recognized:
i). Storage batteries
ii). Primary cells
iii). Generator sets independent of the normal supply
iv). A separate feeder of the supply network that is effectively independent of the normal
feeder (see Clause 7.3.5 of DZS 791 Part 3).

6.5.2 Classification

Refer to Section 7.2 of DZS 791 Part 3.

6.6 Continuity of Service

6.6.1 An assessment shall be made for each circuit of any need for continuity of service
considered necessary during the intended life of the installation e.g. life-support systems. The
following characteristics shall be considered:

i). Selection of the system earthing

ii). Selection of the protective device in order to achieve discrimination
iii). Number of circuits
iv). Multiple power supplies
v). Use of monitoring devices.

50
Appendix 1 Definitions - Multiple Source, DC and Other Sources
(informative)

Fig A1 Explanation of symbols used in Appendix 1

NOTE 1: The dotted lines indicate the parts of the system that are not covered by the scope of this standard,
whereas the solid lines indicate the part covered

NOTE 2: For private systems, the source and/or the distribution system may be considered as part of the
installation within the meaning of this standard. For this case, the figures may be completely shown in
solid lines.

Fig A1A – TN-C-S Multiple source system with separate protective conductor and neutral
conductor to current using equipment

51
Figure A1B – TN Multiple source system with protective conductor and no neutral conductor
throughout the system for 2 or 3 phase load

NOTES to Figures A1A and A1B

a). No direct connection from either the transformer neutral point or the generator star point to Earth permitted.
b). The interconnection conductor between either the neutral points of the transformers or the generator star
points is to be insulated. The function of this conductor is similar to a PEN; however, it must not be
connected to current using equipment.
c). Only one connection between the interconnected neutral points of the sources and the PE is to be provided.
This connection is to be located inside the main switchgear assembly
d). Additional earthing of the PE in the installation may be provided.

52
Figure A1C – IT system with exposed conductive parts earthed in groups or individually

NOTES
Additional earthing of the PE in the installation may be provided
1. The system may be connected to Earth via a sufficiently high impedance
2. The neutral conductor may or may not be distributed

Figure A1D – TN-S d.c system earthed line conductor L – separated from the protective conductor
throughout the installation

53
Figure A1E – TN-S d.c. system earthed midpoint conductor M separated from the protective
conductor throughout the installation

NOTE to Figures A1D and A1E

Additional earthing of the PE in the installation may be provided

Figure A1F - TN-C d.c. system earthed line conductor L – and protective conductor combined in
one single conductor throughout the installation

54
Figure A1G – TN-C d.c. system earthed midpoint conductor M and protective conductor combined
in one single PEM throughout the installation

NOTE to Figures A1F and A1G

Additional earthing of the PEL or PEM in the installation may be provided

Figure A1H – TN-C d.c. system earthed line conductor L- and protective conductor combined in
one single PEL in a part of the installation

55
Figure A1I – TN-C d.c. system earthed midpoint conductor M and protective conductor combined
in one single PEM in a part of the installation

NOTES to Figures A1H and A1I

Additional earthing of the PE in the installation may be provided
The neutral and protective functions shall not be combined in a single conductor in a consumer’s installation

Figure A1J – TT d.c. system

56
Figure A1K – TT d.c. system

NOTE to Figures A1J and A1K

Additional earthing of the PE in the installation may be provided

Figure A1L – IT d.c. system earthed line conductor L- and protective conductor

57
Figure A1M – IT d.c. system earthed midpoint conductor M and protective conductor

NOTES to Figures A1L and A1M

Additional earthing of the PE in the installation may be provided
The system may be connected to Earth via a sufficiently high impedance

58
Appendix 2 Classification of External Sources
(informative)

This appendix gives the classification and codification of external influences.

NOTE: The appendix is an extract from HD 60364-5-51.

Each condition of external influence is designated by a cock comprising a group or two capital
letters and number, as follows:

The: first letter relates to the general category of external influence:

A Environment

B Utilisation

C Construction of buildings

The second letter relates to the nature of the external influence:

...A

...B

...C

The number relates to the class within each external influence:

... ...1

... ...2

... ...3

For example, the code AA4 signifies:

A - Environment

AA - Environment - Ambient temperature

AA4 - Environment - Ambient temperature in the range -50C to +400C.

NOTE: The codification given in this appendix is not intended to be used for marking equipment

59
 CONCISE LIST OF EXTERNAL SOURCES
A AA Ambient (°C) AF Corrosion AM8 Radiated magnetic fields
AA1 -60°C +5°C AF1 Negligible AM9 Electric fields
AA2 -40°C +5°C AF2 Atmospheric AM21 High frequency
AA3 -25°C +5°C AF3 Intermittent AM22 Conducted … nano
AA4 -5°C +40°C AF4 Continuous AM23 Conducted .. micro
AA5 +5°C +40°C AM24 Conducted … oscillatory
AA6 +5°C +60°C AG Impact AM25 Radiated HF
AA7 -25°C +55°C AG1 Low AM31 Electrostatic discharges
AA8 -50°C +40°C AG2 Medium AM41 Ionisation
AG3 High
AB Temperature and Humidity AN Solar
AH Vibration AN1 Low
AC Altitude AH1 Low AN2 Medium
AC1 ≤ 2000 metres AH2 Medium AN3 High
AC2 > 2000 metres AH3 High
Environment

AP Seismic
AD Water AJ Other mechanical stresses AP1 Negligible
AD1 Negligible AP2 Low
AD2 Drops AK Flora AP3 Medium
AD3 Sprays AK1 No Hazard AP4 High
AD4 Splashes AK2 Hazard
AD5 Jets AQ Lightning
AD6 Waves AL Fauna AQ1 Negligible
AD7 Immersion AL1 No Hazard AQ2 Indirect
AD8 Submersion AL2 Hazard AQ3 Direct

AE Foreign bodies AM Electromagnetic … AR Movement of air

AE1 Negligible AM1 Level AR1 Low
AE2 Small AM2 Signalling voltages AR2 Medium
AE3 Very small AM3 Voltage amplitude variations AR3 High
AE4 Light dust AM4 Voltage unbalance
AE5 Moderate dust AM5 Power frequency variations AS Wind
AE6 Heavy dust AM6 Induced low frequency voltage AS1 Low
AM7 DC current in AC network AS2 Medium
AS3 High

B BA Capability BC Contact with Earth BE Materials

BA1 Ordinary BC1 None BE1 No risk
BA2 Children BC2 Low BE2 Fire risk
Utilisation

BA3 Handicapped BC3 Frequent BE3 Explosion risk

BA4 Instructed BC4 Continuous BE4 Contamination risk
BA5 Skilled
BD Evacuation
BB Resistance BD1 Normal
BD2 Difficult
BD3 Crowded
BD4 Difficult and crowded
Buildings

C CA Materials CB Structure
CA1 Non-combustible CB1 Negligible
CA2 Combustible CB2 Fire propagation
CB3 Structural movement
CB4 Flexible

60