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The document discusses the Laplace transform method for solving differential equations, outlining a three-step process that simplifies complex problems into algebraic equations. It highlights the advantages of Laplace transforms in handling initial value problems and nonhomogeneous equations directly, and it introduces various properties and applications of the transform. Additionally, it covers the transforms of elementary functions, the method of partial fractions for inverse transforms, and the definitions of unit step and impulse functions.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views22 pagesSelfstudys Com File (28)
The document discusses the Laplace transform method for solving differential equations, outlining a three-step process that simplifies complex problems into algebraic equations. It highlights the advantages of Laplace transforms in handling initial value problems and nonhomogeneous equations directly, and it introduces various properties and applications of the transform. Additionally, it covers the transforms of elementary functions, the method of partial fractions for inverse transforms, and the definitions of unit step and impulse functions.
Uploaded by
Ram BabuCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 22
Transform Theory
7.1 Laplace Transform
The Laplace transform method solve differential equations and corresponding intial and boundary value
vroblems, The process of solution consists of three main steps:
1ststep: The given “hard” problem is transformed into a "simple" equation (subsidiary equation)
2nd step: The subsidiary equation is solved by puraly algebraic manipulations
*e solution of the subsidiary equation is transformed back to obtain the solution of the given
inthis way Laplace transforms reduce the problem solving aaiferential equation to an algebraic problem
[IS Process is made easier by tables of functions and ther transforms, whose ‘ole is similar to that of integral
ables in calculus.
This switching from operations of calculus to algebraic operations on transforms is called operational
alculus, a very important area of applied mathematics, and for the engineer, the Laplace transform method is
ractically the most important operation method. It is particularly useful in problems where the mechanical or
tectrical driving method. Its particularly useful in problems where the mechanical or electrical driving force has
'scontinuities, s impulsive or is a complicated periodic function, not merely a sineor cosine. Another operational
rethod is the Fourier transform,
The Laplace transform also has the advantage that it solve initial value problems directly, without fist
Gtermining @ general solution. also solves nonhomogeneous dferential equations directly without first solving
'e corresponding homogeneous equation.
System of ODES and partial differential equations can also be treated by Laplace transforms.
2 Defi
Let fit be a function oft defined for all postive values of Then the Laplace transforms of 1), clenoted by
AO} is defined by
ion
Una) = Je *A(pat 0
provided that the integral exists sis a parameter which may be a real or complex number
L{A2)| being clearly a function of sis bri iefly written as F(s) or as As).
ie. LAO) = Fs)
which canalsobe wrttenas 1) = C4F(s),
Then {is called the inverse Laplace transform of Fis). The
lied the Laplace transformation operator.
Example
Similarly Laplace transforms of other common functions can also be evaluated and is shown below 7.3 Transforms of Elementary Functions |
The direct application of the definition gives the following formulae: |
4 uayet (s>0)
5
2. [otnenwse pest 4
3. (s>a)
a
4 e <0
Usin a = 5 (s<0)
5. L(cos at) (s>0)
6 Lsinh af = (s>1al
7. Ucoshat) = (s>1al
7.4 Properties of Laplace Transforms
7.4.1 Linearity Property
Ia, b, cbe any constants and f, g, h any functions of f, then W
Latt) + bolt) - oho] = aL(Ad)] + BLfQ(O]~ CLIK) 7
_7A2 First Shifting Property eee _
IfL(AD) = F(s), then
Le") = Fis-a)
Application of this property leads us to the following useful results
bz
1. Wer
(elas
2 Uenn= 7 at {nis positive integer)
6-2)
.
3. Lettsin by = 2 _.
: 9° eae oul
4, L(ecos bt) = :
8 Hettsinh b=
(s- a? -0
where in each case S> @
6. Let cosh bt) = 4.3 Change of Scale Property
ILC) = Fs), then L{ap) = #3
"
Proof: Lif(at)} Speetanat
Putat =u
I> dt=du/a
f[ewuausa
freetajau = gilsia)
4.4 Existence Conditions
f x e"/(t)dt exists if f 2 "{(N)dt can actually be evaluated and its limit as A —» = exists Otherwise we
ly use the following theorem:
'V{(0 is continuous and lim|e"**(t)) is finite; then the Laplace transform of f(), ie. [lett exists for
{should however, be noted that the above conditions are sufficient rather than necessary
For example, (yf) exists, though 1/vF is infinite at t= 0. Similarly a function f(t) for which limle*Ao)
inite and having a finite discontinuity will have a Laplace transform for s > a.
15. Transforms of Derivatives
1. If (be continuous and L{f(9} = 7(6), then
LIF(} = SF(s)-#(0)
2. If F(0 and its first (n ~ 1) derivatives be continuous, then
UE} = s"F(s)— s"-4(0)~s"*P(0) —....- #710)
-5.1Differential Equations, Initial Value Problems
We shall now discuss how the Laplace transform method solved differential equations.
We begin with an initial value problem.
V+ ay+by= db) (
WO) = Ky ¥O)= Ky,
with constant aand b, Here (7) is the input (driving force) applied to the mechanical system and y(t) is the
Put (response of the system). In Laplace's method we do three steps.
‘Ist Step: Taking Laplace transform of LHS and RH of 1 we get
Uy) + ally) + BLY) = LUn,
Now substituting L(y) = st(y)~f(0) and Liy”) = s? L(y)— sf(0)-F(0). we get
[SLY ~ 50) ~ ¥(0)] + afsL(y) - 40)] + by = L(n.
Now writing Y= L(y) and R= (9). This gives
[S°¥(s) ~ 10) - ¥(O}] + als¥{s) - (0)] + by = Als)
‘This is called the subsidiary equation. Collecting Y-tetms, we have
(8+ as+ bMS) = (s+ a) AO) + (0) + As). 2nd Step: We solve the subsidiary equation algebraically for Y. Division by s* + as + band use of the so-
called transfer function
as)
+as+b
gives the solution
Vs) = [(s+a)y(O)+ y(O)JAs) + Als) As) ii)
IF (0) = (0) = 0, this is simply Y= RQ, thus Qs the quotient
= X, Houtput)
~ R° Lfinputy
and this explains the name of Q. Note that Q depends only on a and bb, but does not depend on either if)
or on the initial conditions,
3rd Step. We reduice (ii) (usually by partial fractions, as in calculus) to a sum of terms whose inverse can be
found from the table, so that the solution y(#) = L(Y) of (i) is obtained.
Initial problem: Explanation of the basic steps
Yry HO) = 1. ¥(0) = 1
By taking Laplace transform of LHS and RHS of y"- y = t, we get the following subsidiary equation
+ SLUy)— 80) - ¥(0)- Ly) = US, thus (@—1)Y¥= s+ 1+ Us
where Y= L(y)
2nd step.
The transfer function is Q= 1(s*= 1), and
s( 9
ard Step.
From this expression for Y, we obtain the solution by inverse Laplace transform as follows
c(h = ele sinhtt
J
‘The diagram in Fig. below summarizes our approach.
as —
a oon
ee |
—
‘Soluton of sibs esuation
Laplace transform method ‘Comparison with the usual method
‘The problem can also be solved by the usual method without using Laplace transforms as shown
below:
t MO) = 1, ¥(0)
0
‘Auxiliary equation
0
(0+ 1)(0-1)=0
m,= Vand m,=~1
Socomplementary functions y= oe! +0,6"
Now particular integral
‘So complete solution is,
2 c,e"
Putting initial conditions 40) = 1 and y(0) = 1, we get
+0, = 1andc,~6,
3 and o, = ~
= 4
344
oa a2|
Which is exactly the same solution as obtained by Laplace transform method.
Note: Laplace transform method has obtained the solution directly without any evaluation of constants
64, pete.
SoCS. is y
—2t)
3000 -
7.4.6 Transforms of integrals
7A7
748
a
1 LID) = F(s), then Ufirerau} ie
Multiplication By ¢"
WLIKO)=fs).then en) = er Laren where n= 1, 2,3
Division Byt
If L(A) = F{6). then feo} [[foas
provided the integral exists,
Evaluation of Integrals by Laplace Transforms
Example:
Evaluate
(@) [jte*sint at
A
off? ea] Solution:
@ Jfte*sint at = [Fe-(tsintjat where s = 2
= Utsin 9, by definition,
. cool ) 2s 2x2 4
alse et)” 4D Pea 26
(©). Since, Usin mt)
mis? +n?) = As), say
= po mdi
Nowsince, (22) = fers
t snr
feet = Botan S
i m
Now, Eytan"isim) = Oifm>Oorxitm <0
Thus taking limits as s—>0, we get
x
Zitm>00r -Zitm. Tho
laplace transform of e-*' cos(4t) is
s-2 St2
@ e-ar16 ©— ) GiaF ate
s-2 s+2
© wrote =O Grarate
(ME, GATE-2014 : 4 Mark]
3845
LAT Let X(s)= —S*? _ Ti
a
of a signal x(1). Then, x(0*) is
(ao (b) 3
5 (@) 21
(EE, GATE-2014 : 1 Mark]
Q.18 With initial values y(0) = y'(0) = 1, the solution
cf the differential equation 72. aXrayno
axe
at r= tis
IEC, GATE-2014 : 2 Marks}
Q.19 The Laplace transform of et where i= Vi, is
Si s+
5 ©) 25
s+5i 51
() Pras @ Fw
IME, GATE-2015 : 1 Mark]
Q.20 Laplace transform of the function ff) is given by
Fs) = Uft))= [5 eat. Laplace transform of
the function shown below is given by
no
@)
(ME, GATE-2015 : 2 Marks] Q.21 If Adis. function defined for all £2 0, its Laplace
transform F(s) is defined as
(@ foe"at — (o) Feta
© [pedo — @ [Fe*AHat
IME, GATE-201
Q.22 Consider the function f(x) = 23-31? in the domain
[+1, 2]. The global minimum of f(x) is.
IME, GATE-2016 : 2 Marks)
Mark]
Q.23 Laplace transform of cos (a) is.
s o
0) ZeaF
Fro
[ME, GATE-2016 : 1 Mark}
Q.24 Solutions of Laplace equation having continuous
second-order partial derivatives are called
(@) biharmonic fynctions
(6) harmonic functions
in the interval ae lis
08x cosax
eo 3
sinx , sindx | sindx
SOs SSE STE
1723
‘The convergence of the above Fourier series at
x= 0gives
x)=
ICE, GATE-2016 : 1 Mark]
Q.28 The Laplace transform of te‘ is
s 1
@ Gy OnP
os
[ME, GATE-2017 : 1 Mark]
Q.29 Forthe function
(c) conjugate harmonic functions 2, -n 0, is
1 1
Oa
(d) =
[CE, GATE-2018 : 2 Marks]
© >>
33 Fs) s the Laplace transform of the function
Ad = 286
F(A) is (correct to two decimal places).
[ME, GATE-2018 : 2 Marks]
.34 The Fourier cosine series for an even function fx)
is given by
fx) = + Fa, cos(nx)
The value of the coefficient a, for the function
Ax) = c0s*(x) in [0, Wis
(a) -05 ©) 00
(0) 05 (o) 10
(ME, GATE-2018 : 1 Mark]
SEER transfor thee
(Oy 22s (ba)
0. (d) 11. @) 12 ©) 13. () 14,
9. (b) 20. (©) 21. (by 22.
8. (6) 29. (©) 30. (b) 31. (@) 32,
Q.36 The position of a particle yt) is described by the
differential equation:
fy vy
Ciel teed
ay
The initial conditions are y(0) = 1 and 22
athe
The position (accurate to two decimal places) of
the particle at t= mis
{EC, GATE-2018 : 2 Marks)
~nexs0
nif
uf be a periodic
36 Let fx) =
O96 eT ocr
function of period 2m, The coefficient of sinSx in
the Fourier series expansion of f(x) in the interval
Ln, nis
4 8
@s oF
4 3
Og OF
[ESE Prelims-2018]
Oe (ate (0) 18s ac) Or a)
(d) 15. (©) 16. (d) 17, (b) 18. (0.77)
(a) 24. (b) 25. (@) 26. (d) 27.
(bo) 38. (05) 34. (c) 35. (-0.21)36. fa) (b)
Now Lt tar'(2 =0it m>Oornifm<0,
sso” (in
©
Lsinod = 3a Thus taking limits as s > 0, we get
- 10
‘sin mt im x
ssif -> it ).
a s fi pim>0or- itm<0.
tque-ay = for *ut-aet In this problem m= 1 which is > 0 therefore the
° x
° answers 5.
= fe*-O-ate fee tat
° : 7 ()
i \
= 0+ fo%dt = Itis a standard result that
a
L(cosh at) =
(a)
A(t) + 2x(f) = 8
Taking LT on both sides
SX(s) = x(0) + 2X(s) = 1
Xs)[s+2]=1
1
o42
a0) = U0)
Xs) =
= 1-6"(Using standard formulae]
ff jan a] - 1A) Standard formul
a's g e(2) a1
In this problem n= 1 5.
, af) _
$0, [ree] = tre) : (sta) a
0 _ 1
7 :
() “(sa)-«
Since, 9. (a)
Lsin md = wr = f(s), say. Kt) = ef
: (seat) =f 5 . 1
ee ie s+)
1 Ags + 1) + Als+)+Qs?)
(s+) F549
or by Definition, Matching coefficient of s, ¢ and constant in
numerator we get,
5 tart — A+
A+
(i)
jes inte»
ti Bat )
Solving we get A= ~1,
So, f= cl i ‘|
V+tretat-t+et
(d)
HAD Jn 0
Given that,
3s+1
8 lanes]
ed
= lim s| Ea =1
530° | 24 42 + (K-39).
fim |-;—38+1
» inlet
1
> eet
3 K-3=1 .
= K=4
d)
Neneed
(3) = F(0) and g(5) = (1)
Daly choice (4) satisfies both these conditions
3s seen below:
Shoice (d) is
ond
a= (3-2) = 0)
ind oo = (8-2 =((1)
c)
3y definition of Laplace transform,
Uno = [oe A) ot
U0) = Jers Ap at + [Se (nat
[fet toa
= fpe%.0.dt + few tat
+[fe*.0.ct
15.
(d)
ao era ce
= Ser" 8 *sei
_ As+ + As)
~ gs¥1)
= Als + 1) + Bls)=1
Put 520
and
=>
$0
Now At) = L(F(s)) =
A)=1-et
®
L2H en « 8)
taking Laplace transform on both the sides we
have
SY(8) + 28 + 25¥(5) + 4+ Ys) = 1
(8 + 28+ 1) Me) =-(28 +3)
~(25+3)
aera
2 1
(s+) (s+
> [2et + teat)
Leeteettequ(y
dy|
atlaram, “~F2* 1-0)
oy
Atherton
= si{0) - F(s)
F(9)~4 16.
17.
18,
SF(s)- 4+ AS) = 0 19,
(41) Fis) = 4
Fis) =
20.
aif
(d)
+2
Uetcos bt) = GaP abe
a=-2,0=4
sta
+ Ue*eos (401 = Gaye aie
(0)
Given, X(s) = [ ] 21.
Using intial value theorem,
(b)
5! = cos St+ isin St
160) = pS +
eet = #425 $7 +25
(c)
Fis) = [reat
1 E
= feat + fO-eat
0 1
(b)
LK) = fesnoot
}
0") = jm [oxIs)]
x(0") = Jim [A 22. Sol.
oe tee ee) = 28-39? in [-1, 2)
P(x) = 6-6
FRED
6x? - Gx = 0
Gx(x=1)=0
Sol. x=01
Given #"G) = 128-6
0) = y(0) = ¥(Q) =-6 Max
F(a) =6 Min
oy , Ady =
oat = fd G. Minima is -6 atx = 1
Taking the Laplace transform of equation (i), we 23. (a)
get
&Y(3)-s¥(0)— y(0) + 4[5¥(s)- iO] + 4¥(s) =0 Lcos at) =
[s? + 4s + 4](s) = s¥(0) (0) + 40)
[s+ 4544] Ms)= +144 24. (b)
Y= St Siento Solution of laplace equation having continuous
(se +4544) (S42 Second order partial derivating
-—1.,-3 V% = 0
(s+2) (s+2)° % a
Ve) = @% + x e% ae ay 7°
et 4 de
077
atx
ye)
is harmonic function. 25.
26,
27,
(a)
Laplace transform of sin 5¢ u(t) >
5
+25
5 5
e sin&t u(t) > —2—
(6-27 +28 545429
(d)
‘The differential equation,
CR lenpae
dt oes (0)
80, ¥(6)+ 2s) = 9 Xs)
Vie) = 3X0)
So, ft) = (S4eV 8 — Sher VF) ext)
(c)
‘The function is fix) = 0,
-pexs0
=p-xO