B.E.

3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 1

List of Experiments

1. To determine the Initial and Final Setting Time of a given cement sample by vicat

apparatus.

2. To determine the Compressive Strength of Cement after 3 days and 7 days.

3. To determine Fineness Modulus and Grain Size Distribution and developing Grading

Curve of given:

(A) Coarse aggregates

(B) Fine aggregates

4. Determination of Bulking of Fine Aggregate (by field method) and to draw curve

between water content and bulking.

5. To determine the Tensile Strength of Cement sample.

6. To determine Specific Gravity and water absorption of an aggregate sample.

7. To determine the Fineness of the cement sample by Sieving through a 90-micron I.S.

sieve.

8. To determine the Specific Surface of cement by Blain's Variable Flow Air

Permeability Apparatus.

9. To determine Soundness of given Cement Sample by Le-Chatelier Method.

10. To determine the Specific Gravity of cement by Specific Gravity bottle.

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 2

Experiment No. 1
Setting Time of Cement
Object: To determine the Initial and Final setting time of a given cement sample by vicat
apparatus.
Theory: In order that the concrete may be placed in position conveniently it is necessary that
initial setting time of the cement is not too quick and after it has been laid, hardening should be
rapid so that the structure can be made to use as early as possible. The initial set is a stage in the
process of hardening after which crack that may appear will not re unite. The concrete is said to
be finally set when it has obtained sufficient strength and hardness.
Apparatus: Vicat apparatus, initial setting time and final setting time needle, beaker for water,
tray for mixing.
Procedure:
1. Prepare a neat cement paste by gauging he cement with 0.85p water, where
p = standard consistency as found before. The gauging time is kept again kept
between 3 to 5 min, start the stop watch at the instant water is added to the paste.
2. Fill the Vicat mould and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the
top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared is known as test block.
3. For the determination of initial setting time place the test block confined in the mould
& resting on non porous plate under the rod attached with the initial setting time
needle lower the needle gently release allowing it to penetrate in to the test block.
4. Repeat this procedure until the needle fails to pierce the block for about 5mm
measured from the bottom of the mould the period elapsed between the time at which
the needle fails to pierce the test block by about 5 mm is initial setting time.
5. For the determination of final setting replace the initial setting time needle with final
setting time needle of vicat apparatus by needle with annular attachment the cement is
considered finally set when ,upon applying this needle gently to the surface of the test
block, the needle makes an impression there on , while the attachment fails to do so.
In event of scum foundation on the surface of the block of the test block use the under
side of the block for the determination of the final setting time.
Observation & Calculation:
Weight of cement taken = 400 gms
Quantity of water taken = 0.85 p x 400 gms

Time in min

Initial Reading

Final Reading

Height not penetrated mm

Result: Initial Setting time = ______ min

Final Setting time = ______ min
Precautions:
1. The experiment should be conducted at room temperature at 25 to 30 C at relative
humidity of 90%.
2. After a half minute from the instant of adding water. It should be thoroughly mixed
with finger for at least one min. a ball of this paste is prepared and then it is pressed in
the test mould, mounted on the non porous plate.
3. The needle should be released quickly with out pressure or jerk after the rod is
brought down to touch the surface of the test block.
4. For each repetition of the experiment fresh cement is to be taken.

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 3

5. Needle should cleaned during every repetition and make sure that it moves freely that
there is no vibration.
Points for Discussion:
1. What do you understand with initial set and final set?
2. What should be the value of initial and final setting time for the OPC?
3. What will be the effect of atmospheric condition on initial and final setting time
experiment?
4. What do you under stand with consistency of cement?
5. What is the use of gypsum in setting of cement?

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 4

Experiment No. 2
Compressive Strength of Cement
Object: To determine the compressive strength of cement sand mortar cube after 3 days and 7
days curing.
Scope: The compressive strength of cement mortar is determined in order to verify whether the
cement confirms to IS specification (IS : 269-1976) and whether it will be able to develop the
required compressive strength of concrete. According to IS : 269-1976, the ultimate compressive
strength of cubes of cement sand mortar of ratio 1 : 3 containing p/4 + 3 % water should be as follows:
After 3 Days Not Less Than 16 N/mm2

After 7 Days Not Less Than 22 N/mm2

Apparatus: Universal testing machine or compression testing machine cube mould, vibrating
machine, crucible for mixing cement and sand, measuring cylinder, trowels, non- porous plate
and balance with weight box,
Description of Apparatus: Vibrating machine (12000 + 400 rpm ) amplitude of vibration 0.055
mm ,3 phase motor with automatic cutoff. It consists of a heavy frame on one side of which one
side is fixed and electric motor and on other side there is a set of four springs. Above these
springs is fixed a mould on other frame and this mould is removable. With the frame carrying
mould a pulley is attached and the belt runs on the pulley and the motor. The mould is fitted with
a detachable hooper at the top .through the hooper mortar or concrete can be put in to the mould
with out any loss of sample. A weight is attached to the frame to deep the mould balance when
motor is started the belt moves the pulley and give vibrations to the mould at the rate of
12000 ± 400 rpm these vibration are simple harmonic at 90 out of phase. The normal running
speed of simple harmonic at 90 out of phase. The normal running speed of electric motor is
12000 ± 400 rpm. Due to the load attached to the frame, the CG of m/c falls near the weight.
Moulds: The moulds are of special shape and dimensions. The cube mould for compression test
has 70.5 mm side 5000 sq. mm face. It is constructed in such a way that it can be split up in parts
in order to take out the cube with out any damage. The base plate is non porous and such a size
that there should be no leakage of water from the bottom.
The side of cube mould is 70.5 + 1.27 mm and angle between adjacent interfaces should be 90 +
0.5 degrees.
Procedure:
1. Calculation the material required. The material for each cube shall be separately and
the quantities of cement and standard sand shall be as follows.
Cement = 200 gms.
Standard sand = 600 gms
Water = p/4 + 3 = 84 gms
Where P is the percentage of water for standard consistency.
2. Place the mixture of cement and standard in the proportions of 1 : 3 by mass on a non
porous plate the china dish and mix it dry with a trowel for one min and then with
water until the mixture is of uniform colour the percentage of water to be used shall
be p/4 + 3. The time of mixing (gauging time) in any event shall not be less than 3
min. and if the time taken to obtain uniform colour exceeds 4 min, the mixture shall
be rejected and the operation is repeated with fresh quantity of cement, sand and
water.
3. Place the assembled mould on the table of the vibrating and firmly hold it in position
by means of suitable clamps. Securely attach the hopper at the top of the mould to
facilitate filling and this hopper shall not be removed until completion of vibration
period.

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 5

4. Immediately after mixing the mortar as explained above, fill the entire quantity of
mortar in the hopper of cube mould and compact by vibration. The period of vibration
shall be 2 min at the specified speed of 12000+400 cycle / min.
5. Remove the mould from the machine and keep it at a temperature of 27 ± 2 C in an
atmosphere of at least 90 % relative humidity for 24 hours after completions of
vibrations.
6. At the end of this period, remove the cube from the mould and immediately submerge
it in clean and fresh water and keep there until taken out just prior to breaking. The
water in which the cubes are submerged shall be renewed after 7 days and be
maintained at a temperature of 27 ± 2 C. Keep the cube wet till they are placed in the
testing machine.
7. Test the specimen at the required periods. Test three cubes at the period mentioned
below, the period being reckoned from the completion on vibration. The compressive
strength shall be the average of the strength of the three cubes for each period.
a. OPC 3 days & 7 days.
b. Rapid Hardening Portland Cement: 1 and 3 days
c. Low heat Portland cement 3, 7, 28 days
The cube shall be tested on their sides, the load being applied at the rate of 35 N/mm2 / min.
Observation & Calculation:

3 Day Strength 7 Day Strength

S. No.
Load, KN Strength N/mm2 Load, KN Strength N/mm2

Result: Average compressive strength of concrete cubes:

After 3 Days =
After 7 Days =
Precautions:
1. The mortar shall not be compressed into the mould with hand.
2. Neglect the results which fall out side by 15 % of the average results on either sides.
3. The cubes should be tested on their sides and not on their faces.
4. The insides of the cube mold should be oiled to prevent the mortar from adhering to
the sides of the mould.
5. The size of sand particles should be such that not more than 10% by mass shall pass a
60 micron IS sieve and shall completely pass through a 85 microns IS sieve.
6. The time of wet mixing shall not be less than 3 min. if the time of mixing exceeds 4
min to bring a uniform colour, the mixture shall be rejected and fresh mortar should
be prepared.
7. The cube shall not be allowed to dry until they are broken.
Discussion: The crushing strength test for cement has established itself as superior to tensile
strength test. Results are less variable between different laboratories. In addition there is good
correlation between the strength of cement mortar test cubes and strength of such a mortar is
nearly equal to that of concrete having a water- cement ratio of mass 045 by mass.

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 6

Questions:
1. What is the significance of this test?
2. What are ultimate strength of cement sand mortar cubes after 3 days and 7 days?
3. What is % age of water by mass of dry material added in preparation of 1:3 cement
standard sand mortar for compressive strength test?
4. How can you be sure that the cement sand are thoroughly mixed?
5. What is the rule of mixing water to the cement sand mix for preparing test specimen
for compressive strength g cement?
6. What are the requirements for the mould including base and cover plates?
7. What is the maximum number of specimens of a kind to be made for each age at test?
8. What are requirements concerning the removal of cubes from the moulds?
9. How is the curing of test specimens done?

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 7

Experiment No. 3
Fineness Modulus of Fine and Coarse Aggregate
Object: To determine Fineness Modulus and Grain Size Distribution and developing grading
curve in semi log sheet of given:
(A) Coarse aggregates
(B) Fine aggregates
Theory: Fine aggregate is the sand used in mortars ,coarse aggregate in the broken stone used in
concrete where as mixed aggregate is the combination of coarse & fine aggregate ,serves no
purpose in cement works .the size of the fine aggregate is limited to maximum of 4.75 mm gauge
beyond which it is known as coarse aggregate.
Fine ness modulus. Is only a numerical index of fineness, giving some idea of the mean size of
particles in the enter body of aggregate.” Determination of fineness modulus may be considered
as method of standardization of the grading of the aggregates. It is obtained by sieving a known
weight of given aggregate is a set of standard sieves & by adding the percentage weight of
material retained on all the sieves & dividing the total percentage by 100. If the test aggregate
gives higher Fine ness modulus the mix will be harsh and if on the other hand gives an
uneconomical mix.
Apparatus: Indian Standard test sieves, fine wire cloth & square hole perforated plate, i.e.,
80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 microns, 300 microns,
150 microns, weighing balance ,sieve shaker, trays ,rice plates, drying oven etc.
Procedure: (a) Coarse Aggregate:
1. Take 5kg of coarse aggregate (nominal size 20mm) from a sample of 50kg by
quartering.
2. Carry out sieving by sieve shaker; it can be done manually also.
3. Find the wt of aggregate retained on each sieve taken in order.
4. Calculate as per observation table.
Observation and Calculation:

S. No. Sieve No. Weight retained % retained % passing Cumulative % retained

1 80 mm
2 40 mm
3 20 mm
4 10 mm
5 4.75 mm
6 2.36 mm
7 1.18 mm
8 600 
9 300 
10 150 

Fineness Modulus = summation of C/100

(b) Fine Aggregates:
1. Take 1kg of sand from a laboratory sample of 10kg quartering &break clay lamps it any, in
the clean dry rice plate.

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 8

2. Arrange the sieves in order of I.S. sieve i.e, 4.75 mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600, 300, 150.
3. Fix them in the sieve shaking, m/c with the pan at the bottom & cover at the top.
4. Keep sand in top sieve, carry out the sieving in the set of sieves as arranged before for not
less than 10 minutes.
5. Find weight retained on each sieve.
Precautions:
1. The sample should be taken by quartering the sample is thoroughly mixed and
spread .out evenly on the clean surface; it is then cut in to four equal parts by a trowel.
Care being taken to include fines & dust two opposite quarters are taken & remix to
make the sample .if any further quantity of reduction is required .the process may be
repeated.
Brass I.S.I. Sieves:
80 mm

40 mm

20 mm

10 mm

4.75 mm

2.36 mm

1.18 mm

600 microns

300 microns

150 microns

PAN

The sieving must be done carefully to prevent & spilling the aggregate.
Discussion:
Result:
Points for Discussion:
1. What do you understand with Fineness modulus?
2. What is the physical interpretation of Fineness modulus?
3. What sieve analysis is requires for aggregate in M20 grade as per I.S. Codes.
4. Explain the various zone of F.A.
5. What do you mean with grading curve?
6. What is the zone of F.A. sample tested?
7. What is the advantages plotting grading curve.

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 9

Experiment No. 4
Bulking of Fine Aggregate
Object: Determination of fine aggregate (by field method) and to draw curve between water
content and bulking.
Theory and Scope: In concrete design the quantity of fine aggregate used in each batch should
be related to the know volume of cement the difficulty with measurement of fine aggregate by
volume is the tendency of sand to vary in bulk according to moisture contents , the extent of this
variation is given by this test.
If sand is measured by volume and no allowance is made for bulking the mix will be richer than
that specified because for given weight moist sand occupies a considerably larger volume than
the same weight of dry sand as the particles are less closely packed when the sand is moist, if as
is usual the sand is measured by loose volume it is necessary in such a case to increase the
measured volume of the sand in order that the amount of sand put in to concrete my be the
amount intended for the nominal mix used ( based on the dry sand ) it will be necessary to
increases the volume of sand by the percentage bulking the correction to be made is only a rough
method at the best but a correction of the right order can easily be determined and should be
applied in order to keep the concrete uniform this Experiment is intended to cover the field
method of determining the necessary adjustment for bulking of the aggregate
Apparatus: Balance, cylindrical container graduated cylinder beaker metal tray, steel rule, and
oven.
Procedure:
1. Put sufficient quantity of the oven dry sand loosely in to container until it is about two
third full level off the top of sand weigh the container calculate the weight of sand by
deducting the weight of container.
2. Push a steel rule vertically down through the sand at the middle to the bottom and
measure the height of sand let it be’ h’ cms.
3. Empty the sand out in to a clean metal tray without any loss.
4. Add 2 % percent of water by weight of sand mix the sand and water thoroughly by
hand.
5. Put the wet sand loosely in to the container without tamping it.
6. Smooth & level the top surface of the in undated sand & measure its depth at the
middle with a steel rule let be h’ cms.
7. Repeat the above procedure with 2 % of water by weight and so on go on including
the percentage by one till bulking is maximum and start falling down & ultimately
bulking is zero i.e. saturated.
Discussion: It is seen that bulking increases water content up to a certain point where it is
maximum and then it begins to decrease until when the sand is inundated, bulking is practically
nil with ordinary sand the bulking usually varies between 15% and 30%.
Observation and Calculation:

Material details

Wt. of container with oven dry sand

Wt. of empty container

Wt. of fine aggregate (sand) in gms.

Height of dry sand ‘ h ‘ cms.

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 10

Wt. of Wt. of added Total Height of sand in Bulking in percentage h’ –

sand water percentage cms h’ h/h x 100

Precaution:
1. There should not be any wastage of sample.
2. Water should be measured accurately.
3. Vessel should be clean & dry.
Points for discussions:
1. Define bulking of aggregate and discuss its significance. ?
2. Discuss the relative bulking tendencies of fine and coarse sands. ?
3. Why bulking takes place in sand and not in coarse aggregate.
4. What is the importance of this test for field?
5. If no allowance is made for bulking how it does affect the mix proportions?
6. What is the percentage range bulking for ordinary sand?
7. Are you getting the same result or different? Reason for difference?

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 11

Experiment No. 5
Tensile Strength of Cement
Object: To determine the tensile strength of cement.
Theory: The tensile strength of cement is measured indirectly by finding the tensile strength of
cement sand mortar (one part cement & 3 part sand) the samples are prepared in mould & tested
after a period of 3 days / 7 days etc.). To find out the tensile strength which the cement attains
after differing times. These samples are called briquettes. They have standard dimensions as
given in figure. The thickness of briquettes is 2.5 cms. & they have minimum sectional area of
6.25 sq. centimeters at the central section.
Apparatus: Cement testing m/c of the lead shot type, briquette mould 12 nos. Measuring
cylinder, porcelain crucible for mixing cement & sand, standard balance, trowel & a metal plate.
Description of Apparatus:
1. Tension testing m/c: It is used to test the tensile strength of briquettes. The m/c used
in laboratory has a compound lever system for applying tensile force. The briquette
under test is held vertically between two jaw these jaws are to be well greased before
filling the briquette. The machine is provided with a pan c containing lead shots these
shoots are used to load the briquette & just below this pan, another pan is hung for
reechoing the lead shots. As the lead shots fall in to this pan. The briquettes gets
loaded through the compound lever system. The rate of flow of lead shores from
upper pan to the lower pan could be controlled by operating the value E.A. Steelyard
F is also connected with lever system & this yard is used to weigh the lead shorts.
2. Briquette mould: These are brass mould of standard dimension as shown in figure
the mould with have 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm squares section at center. These moulds are used
to prepare test pieces of cement mortar for tension test.
3. Standard spatula: The spatula used for consolidating the cement mortar in briquette
mould will be of the standard shape & dimension.
Procedure:
1. Clear the moulds with wire brash oil them with mineral oil finally place them on the
metal plate.
2. Take about 1200 gms of standard sand mix with 400 gms of heat fresh Portland
cement (sieved through an 850 micron sieve) i.e. 1:3 cement sand mixture is prepared.
3. To it add a proportional percentage of water as determined by the formula
Pt = p / 5 + 2.5
Where Pt = percentage of water to be added to cement sand mixture.
p = percentage of water to be added to cement sand mixture.
4. Mix them well until it takes a uniform color.
5. Fill the briquette moulds as usual.
6. After filling a mould, place a small reap of paste onto & beat it down with a standard
spatula, until water appears on the surface.
7. Excess mortar is removed by a trowel and is leveled.
8. As soon as the setting of the briquette permits the mould is removed.
9. The briquette shall be kept in an atmosphere of 90% relative humidity for 24 hours
after which it is placed in a bath of fresh water at a temperature of 27 0 ± 20 C till the
time they are taken out for testing.
10. Prepare twelve brightens six of which are tested after three days and six after seven
days.
Method of Testing:
1. Grip the briquette in the specially shaped jaws, which are well greased & apply
sufficient tension by the hand wheel to raise the steelyard to the top of its movement.
2. Allow the lead shots to flow from the upper receptacle into the pan suspended from
the end of the steelyard thus causing tensile stress in the specimen. When fracture

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 12

occurs the steel yard thus causing tensile stress in the specimen. When fracture occurs
the steelyard falls automatically cuts off the supply of shots.
3. Weigh the shots in the pan on the steel yard by moving the counter load until balance
is obtained the steel yard being graduated in terms of breaking load. The rate of
application of the load affects the breaking load, the load increasing with the speed of
loading & it is laid down that the load should be applied at the standard rate of
7 kg/cm2 of section in 12 seconds. The orifice through which lead falls has been
rearranged to give this rate of flow.
Note: It is found in practice that the strength of 1 : 3 cement paste tested as above closely resembles the
strength of concrete 1:2:4 mix with the same w/c ratio.
S. No. Strength after 3 days Strength after 7 days

Average
Precautions:
1. The cement, sand and water should be mixed well until the mix takes uniform color.
The temperature of water and that of the test room at the time of gauging shall be with
270 ± 20 C.
2. After filling each mould a small heap of mortar is placed on each mould and is beaten
by the flat surface of standard spatula till the water appears on top. The mould should
be then turned upside down & small head of mortar is placed on the other side also &
beaten by spatula till water appears on top.
3. The flat surface of spatula only will be used & no other instrument is applied to
compact the mortar.
4. Particular care is needed when setting up the briquette in the testing m/c to minimize
the possibility of giving rise to localized stresses, liable to cause failure cross section
other than minimum only loose particles should be carefully removed from areas
likely to be in contact with the jaws of the m/c & the specimen should be designed
truly. The sides of the mould should be oiled to prevent adhesion of paste.
Result:
The tensile strength of cement sample
After 3 days = ……………
After 7 days = ……………
Points of Discussion:
1. What is the standard value of tensile strength for various types of cements?
2. Are you getting the same result or different? Reasons for difference.
3. What are the factors affecting the tensile strength of test sample.
4. What is the use of the tensile strength of a cement sample?
5. What is the amount of water required making the standard mix with dry mix.
6. What is the cross section of briquette at cement specimen?
7. What is the rate of application of load on specimen during tensile strength test?

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 13

Experiment No. 6
Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Tests
Object: To determine Specific Gravity and water absorption of an aggregate sample.
Theory: The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or quality
of the material. Stones having low specific gravity are generally weaker than those with higher
specific gravity values. The specific gravity test helps in identification of stone.
Water absorption gives an idea of strength of rock. Stones having more water absorption are
more porous in nature and are generally considered unsuitable unless they are found to be
acceptable based on strength, impact and hardness tests.
Apparatus: The apparatus consists of the following:
1. A balance of capacity about 3 kg, to weigh accurate to 0.5 g, and of such a type and
shape as to permit weighing of the sample container when suspended in water.
2. A thermostatically controlled oven to maintain temperature of 100C to 110C.
3. A wire basket of not more than 6.3 mm mesh or a perforated container of convenient
size with thin wire hangers for suspending it from the balance.
4. A container for filling water and suspending the basket.
5. An airtight container of capacity similar to that of the basket (referred to in ‘c’ above).
6. A shallow tray and two dry absorbent clothes, each not less than 75 x 45 cm.
Procedure:
1. About 2 kg of the aggregate sample is washed thoroughly to remove fines, drained
and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature
between 22 to 32 0C and a cover of at least 5 cm of water above the top of the basket.
2. Immediately after immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by lifting
the basket containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop 25
times at the rate of above one drop per second.
3. The basket and the aggregate should remain completely immersed in water for a
period of 24  ½ hour afterwards.
4. The basket and the sample are then weighed while suspended in water at a
temperature of 22 to 32oC in case it is necessary to transfer the basket and the sample
to a different tank for weighing, they should be jolted 25 times as described above in
the new tank to remove air before weighing. The weight is noted while suspended in
water = W1 g.
5. The basket and the aggregate are then removed from water and allowed to drain for a
few minutes, after which the aggregates are transferred to one of the dry absorbent
clothes. The empty basket is then returned to the tank of water, jolted 25 times and
weighed in water = W2 g.
6. The aggregates placed on the absorbent clothes are surface dried till no further
moisture could be removed by this cloth. Then the aggregates are transferred to the
second dry cloth spread in single layer, covered and allowed to dry for at least 10
minutes until the aggregates are completely surface dry. 10 to 60 minutes drying may
be needed.
7. The aggregate should not be exposed to the atmosphere, direct sunlight or any other
source of heat while surface drying. A gentle current of unheated air may be used
during the first ten minutes to accelerate the drying of aggregate surface. The surface
dried aggregate is then weighed = W3 g.
8. The aggregate is placed in a shallow tray and kept in an oven maintained at a
temperature of 110oC for 24 hours. It is then removed from the oven, cooled in an
airtight container and weighed = W4 g.
At least two tests should be carried out, but both concurrently.
Observation sheet:
1. Size of the aggregates =
2. Aggregate Type =
3. Weight of saturated aggregate and basket in water = W1 g

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 14

4. Weight of basket in water = W2 g

5. Weight of saturated surface dry aggregates in air = W3 g
6. Weight of oven dried aggregates in air = W4g
7. Specific gravity = W4 / W3 – (W1 – W2)
8. Apparent specific gravity = W4 / W4 – (W1 –W2)
9. Water absorption = (W3 – W4) 100 / W4 %
Calculations:
Weight of saturated aggregate suspended in water with the basket = W1 g
Weight of basket suspended in water = W2 g
Weight of saturated aggregate in water = (W1- W2) = Ws g
Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in air = W3 g
Weight of water equal to the volume of the aggregate = (W3 – Ws) g
1. Specific gravity = dry weight of aggregate / weight of equal volume of water = W 4 /
W3 – Ws = W4 / W3 – (W1 – W2)
2. Apparent specific gravity = dry weight of aggregate / (weight of equal volume of
water excluding air voids in aggregates) = W4 / W4 – Ws = W4 / w3 – (w1 – w2)
3. Water absorption = percent by weight of water absorbed in term oven dried weight of
aggregates = (W3 – W4) 100 / W4 %
Result:
Mean value of specific gravity =
Mean value of apparent specific gravity =
Mean value of water absorption =
Report on quality of stones =
Remark:
Discussion: The size of the aggregates and whether it has been artificially heated should be
indicated. ISI specifies three methods of testing for the determination of the specific gravity and
water absorption of aggregates, according to the size of aggregates. The three size ranges used
are:
1. Aggregates larger than 10 mm
2. Between 10 mm and 40 mm, and
3. Smaller than 10 mm
The water absorption test does not always give reproducible results with aggregates of high
porosity.
Application of Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test: The specific gravity of
aggregates normally used in road construction ranges from about 2.5 to 3.0 with an average value
of about 2.68. Though high specific gravity of an aggregate is considered as an indication of
high strength, it is not possible to judge the suitability of a sample of road aggregate without
finding the mechanical properties such as aggregate crushing, impact and abrasion values.
Water absorption of an aggregate is accepted as measure of its porosity. Some times this value is
even considered as a measure of its resistance to frost action, though this has not yet been
confirmed by adequate research.
Water absorption value ranges from 0.1 to about 2.0 percent for aggregate normally used in road
surfacings. Stones with water absorption upon 4.0 percent have been used in base course.
Generally a value of less than 0.6 percent is considered desirable for surface course though
slightly higher values are allowed in bituminous constructions. Indian Roads Congress has
specified the maximum water absorption values as 10 percent for aggregates in bituminous
surface dressing and built-up spray grout.
Problems:
1. Discuss the importance of specific gravity test on road aggregates?
2. Define true and apparent specific gravity of aggregates?
3. What is the significance of water absorption test on aggregates?
4. Define bulk density and specific gravity?

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 15

5. How does the specific gravity of the aggregates vary with the hardness of cement?
6. Average specific gravity of:
a. Gravel
b. Lime stone
c. Granite

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 16

Experiment No. 7
Fineness of Cement
Object: To determine the fineness of the cement sample by sieving through a 90-micron I.S.
sieve.
Theory and Scope: The degree of fineness of cement is a measure of the mean size of the grain
cement of the rate of hydration and hydrolysis and consequent development of the strength in
cement mortar depends upon the fineness of cement to have same rate of hardening in different
brands of cement the fineness has been standardised the finer cement has quicker action with
water and gains early strength though its ultimate strength remain the unaffected, however the
shrinkage and cracking of cement will increase with the fineness of cement. As all sieves are not
exactly alike and due to difference in performing tests, the specification provide that a correction
factor shall be obtained by sieving a cement standardised by Indian Standards Institution in the
manner here after provided for testing the cement the difference between the % age residue on
the sieve and that assigned to the standard sample, is the amount of correction and shall be added
or subtracted as necessary.
Apparatus: 90 micron IS sieve disc, weighing balance (sensitivity to 0.1 gms) bristle brush, the
sieve has mess openings of 0.087 mm
Procedure:
1. Weigh accurately 100 gms of cement in a plate & transfer it to a clean dry IS test
sieve, breakdown any air set lumps.
2. While holding the sieve and pan in both hands, sieve with gentle wrist motion until
most of the fine material has passed through and the residue looks fairly clean this
usually requires 3 to 4 min.
3. Place cover on the sieve and remove the pan, with sieve and cover held firmly in one
hand the other side of the sieve is topped with the handle of the brush, which is used
for cleaning the sieve. Sweep clean the under side of the sieve.
4. Empty the pan and wipe clean with a cloth replace the sieve in the pan and remove the
cover carefully return any excess material that had been caught in the cove during
tapping the sieve.
5. The sieving is continued as described above for 15 min rotating the sieve
continuously through out the sieving operation involving no danger of spilling the
cement.
6. Weigh the residue.
Result: Residue of cement is = ________________% age.
Precautions:
1. Any air set lump in the sample should be broken down with finger with rubbing the
sieve.
2. The sieve must be cleaned thoroughly before starting the practical.
3. The care should be taken to ensure that no cement is spilled. After sieving all residue
must be taken out carefully and weighed.
Discussion: This method only indicates the amount of grit retained on the sieve to have an idea
of particle sizes it is more common to specify the surface area of cement particles in 1 gm of
cement. Finer the cement more is the surface area. The object of this practical is to check the
proper grinding.

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 17

Experiment No. 8
Fineness of Cement by Blain Apparatus
Object: To determine the specific surface of cement by Blain's variable flow air permeability
apparatus.
Theory and Scope: The degree of fineness of cement is a measure of the mean size of the grains
in the cement. The rate of hydration and hydrolysis and consequent development of strength
depends upon the fineness of cement. To have the same rate of hardening indifferent brands of
cement, the fineness has been standardized. The finer cement has quicker action with water and
gains early strength though its ultimate strength remains unaffected. However, the shrinkage and
cracking of cement will increase with fineness of cement.
Apparatus: The Blaine's variable flow air permeability apparatus (IS: 5516 1969) shown in Fig.
consisting of permeability cell perforated disc, plunger, filter paper, manometer, weight box;
analytical balance: stop watch: mercury and crucible.
The Blaine air permeability apparatus is essentially a means of drawing a definite quantity of air
through a prepared bed of cement of definite porosity. The number and size of pores in a
prepared bed of cement of definite porosity is a function of the particles and determines the rate
of airflow thought the bed.
The permeability Cell consists of a rigid cylinder of 12.5 ± 1 mm inside diameter, constructed of
glass or non- corroding metal (like brass or stainless steel). The top of the cell should be at right
angles to the principal axis of the cell. The bottom of the cell shall form an airtight connection
with the top of manometer. The internal walls of the cell shall be smooth, true and vertical. A
ledge 0.5 to 1 mm in width shall be an integral part of the cell located at a depth of 50 ± 15 mm
from the top of the cell for supporting the perforated disc.
The bottom end of the permeability cell shall be flared downward from the ledge portion to a
length of 35 + 1 mm along the axis, if the cell is a female type the wall of the cell is flared
downward from the ledge level to a distance of 45 + 1 mm. The flaring shall be about 5C from
the axis of the eel!. The flaring ensures an airtight connection with the corresponding part of
manometer limb.
The perforated disc is constructed of non corroding metal and is 0.9 + 0.1 mm in thickness,
perforated with 30 to 40 circular holes each of one mm in diameter equally distributed over its
area and finished smooth. The disc fits the inside of the cell snugly and is supported on the ledge.
The plunger is of the same material as the cell and fits into the cell with a clearance of not more
than O. 1 mm. The bottom of plunger has square edges right angles to the principal axis. An air
vent is provided either in the centre or on one side of the3 plunger. The top of the plunge is
provided with a collar such that when plunger is placed in the cell and the collar brought in
contact with the top of the cell, the distance between the bottom of the plunger and the top of the
perforated disc is 15 ± 1 mm.
The filter paper corresponds to NO. 40 watman, and is circular with smooth edges with the same
diameter as the inside of the cell.
The U- tube manometer with arms vertical and mounted firmly on a well-seasoned hardwood is
made up of a standard glass tubing of high clarity having nominal 9 mm outside diameter. The
top of one arm of the manometer has coupling suitable to receive the cell and to ensure an airtight
connection with cell. The manometer is filled to the mid point with a non-volatile, non-
hydroscopic liquid of low 'viscosity and density such as dibutyphthalate.
The manometer arm to be connected to the cell has a line etched around the tube at 125 to 145
mm below the top of the side outlet and also others at distances of 15, 70 and 110 mm above that
line. A side outlet is provided at 2.50 to 305 mm above the bottom to the manometer for use in
evacuation of the manometer arm connected to the permeability cell. A + ve airtight valve
(petcock) or clamp is provided on the side outlet at not more than 50 mm from the manometer
arm.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 18

Procedure: (a) Calibration of the Blaine Apparatus:

1. Calculate the bulk volume of the compacted bed of cement v by the following
formula:
V = (Wa - Wb) / p
Where Wa = mass of the mercury required to fill the permeability cell,
Wb = mass of the mercury to fill the portion of the cell not occupied by the bed of
cement formed by 2.8 gm of the standard cement sample.
P = density of mercury at the temperature of test.
The masses Wa and Wb are obtained by weighing the mercury in the crucible.
2. Determine the mass of sample, w required producing a bed having porosity of 0.500
(= e) as follows W = 3.15 v (1-e)
3. Evacuate the air until the fluid moves above the upper line without pulling it over the
top of the side outlet. Close the valve and note the time Ts taken by manometer liquid
to tall from second mark (from top) to the third mark on the manometer when the air
is allowed to permeate though the compacted bed of standard cement sample. Note
the air temperature.
(b) Specific Surface Determination:
4. Weigh an amount of cement sample equal to the determined in step 2, in the
calibration.
5. Place the perforated disc in the permeability cell then add a filter paper, followed by
the sample and another filter paper. Compress the specimen with plunger remove the
plunge and couple the where permeability cell with the rnanometer.
6. Evacuate the air until the fluid moves above the upper line without pulling it over the
top of side tube. Lose the vale of manometer and note the time T it takes for the fluid
to drop from the second mark to the third mark on the manometer when the air is
allowed to permeate through the compacted bed of cement obtained in step 5. Note
the air temperature.
7. Calculate the specific surface S in square cm per gram of the tested cement by using
the following formula, /f the temperature at calibration and at the time of test are
within + 3 per cent of each other:
S =Ss T / Ts
Ss = specific surface of standard cement used in calibration in cm/gm,
Ts = measured time in seconds required for the fluid to fall the middle interval for
standard sample, and
T = measured time in seconds required for tJ7e fluid to drop over the middle interval.
8. Compare the test values with the specified values of the cement sample used.
Observations and calculations:
(a) Calibration data:
Apparatus identification
Mass of empty crucible, gm
Mass of mercury required to fill cell Wa, gm
Mass of crucible, + mercury required to fill the portion of cell above the
cement bed gm
Mass of mercury required to fill the portion of cell above the cement bed
Wb, gm
Bulk of sample w, gm
Average time taken by manometer liquid to fall from second to third line Ts,
sec.
Air temperature, 0 C
Specific Gravity of standard cement Ss, cm2 / g

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 19

(b) Fineness determination:

Material identification

Mass of sample w, gm

Air temperature [0C]

Time for liquid to fall through the middle interval

First Run

Second Run

Third Run

Average time T

Specific surface cm2/ gm

Precautions:
1. The weighing should be done to an accuracy of in 1000.
2. While evacuating the air from the manometer by moving the fluid above the upper
line, care should be taken not to pull the liquid above the side outlet.
Discussions and Comments: The method gives a thorough idea of particle sizes present in the
cement. The fineness is expressed in terms of surface area of c particles in one gram of cement
(cm2/gm). Finer the cement more is the surface area. The Bureau of Indian Standards has laid
down methods for finding the surface area.
1. Air permeability method
2. Wagner's Turbidimeter method.
The first method used here is more commonly recommended.
The object of this test is to check the proper grinding of cement. During the manufacture the
cement mast be properly ground to uniformly fine power, otherwise the concrete made of it will
be poor workability and will require large amount of mixing water. In such cases the solids settle
down even before initial setting of concrete and water will appear on the top surface. This is
called bleeding. The standard cements should comply with the following conditions of fineness
as per IS: 269-1976. The specific surface by air permeability method for different cements should
not be Jess than
1. Ordinary cements 2250 cm2/gm
2. Rapid hardening Cement 3250 cm2/gm
3. Low heat cement 3200 cm2/gm
Question:
1. What does the fineness of cement indicate?
2. What is the maximum or minimum value of fineness of cement?
3. What effect does additional fineness of grinding have upon the strength of concrete
and on the rate of development of strength?
4. Define specific surface of cement?
5. Explain the basic theory behind the air permeability method for determining the
fineness?
6. Why the fineness and important characteristic of is cements the Blain's apparatus
suitable for measuring the fineness of all types of particles?
7. What is the standard value of fineness in terms of specific surface of OPC?

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 20

Experiment No. 9
Soundness of Cement
Object: To determine Soundness of given Cement Sample by Le-Chatelier Method.
Theory: Excess of free lime & magnesia present in cement slake very slowly & cause, distortion
& disintegration. There by giving passage to water & atmospheric gases to reinforcement this
defect is known as unsoundness. The expansion is prevented by limiting the quantities of free
lime & magnesia in cement.
The test is designed to accelerate this slaking process by application of heat and to measure the
extent of expansion and to see if this expansion is less than the specified limit indirectly. This test
gives the extent of free time present in cement.
Le-Chatelier Method:
Apparatus Required: Le-Chatelier apparatus, two glass plate, temperature controlled, water
bath, scale, china dish to mix the paste counter balance, weigh box, graduated cylinder, trowel &
IS Sieve.
The apparatus used to determine the soundness of cement & lime by Le-chatelier method.
Consist of a small split cylinder of spring brass or some other suitable metal of 0.5 mm thickness,
30 mm internal diameter & 30 mm high on either side of the split are attached to indicator with
pointed ends the distance from these ends to centre of the cylinder being 165 mm the mould is
kept in good condition with the jaws not more than 0.5 mm apart.
Procedure:
1. Gauge 100 gm of cement with 0.78 times the water required to make a paste of
standard consistency (approximately 30%) in the method as consistency.
2. Place the Le-chatelier apparatus on a glass plate and fill it with the paste & level the
top surface.
3. Cover the mould with another piece of glass plate, place a small weight on this
covering glass sheet and immediately sub-merge the whole assembly in water at a
temperature of 29 ± 2o C and keep there for 24 hours.
4. Measure the distance D1 between the indicator points after 24 hours 7 again submerge
the mould in water at the temperature prescribed above.
5. Bring the water to boiling point in 25 to 30 minutes & keep it boiling for 3 hours.
6. Remove the mould from the water, allow it to cool and measure the distance D 2
between indicator points.
The difference (D2 – D1) between the two measurements gives the expansion of cement and it
should not be more than 10 mm according to IS specification.
Precaution:
1. The cement should be thoroughly mixed with fingers for at least one minute.
2. After filling the mould with cement paste and covering it with another glass plate the
mould with glass plate should be immediately placed in a water bath whose
temperature is between 29 ± 2o C.
3. The distance between the tips of pointers should be measured after cooling it
completely.
4. During boiling water level should not fall below the height of mould.
Discussion: The object of this test is to determine the extent of free uncombined lime present in
the cement. Hydration of this lime is accelerated by boiling causing expansion. It is this
expansion which is one of the causes of cracking of cement concrete & hence the importance of
this test. The shrinkage of this cement is kept to a minimum by immersing the paste in water.
When tested by this methods the unaerated ordinary, rapid hardening & low heat portland cement
shall not have an expansion of more than 10 mm. In the event of cement failing to comply with
above requirements a further test shall be made in the manner described above on another portion
of the same sample after aeration (done by spreading out to a depth of 75 mm at a relative
humidity of 80 to 90% for total period of seven days) the cement is tested and the expansion of
each of the three types of cement mentioned above shall not be more than 5 mm.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 21

Observation table for soundness of cement:

Initial distance between indicator ends D1, mm

Final distance between indicator ends D2, mm

Cement expansion (D2-D1) mm

Points for Discussions:

What do you meant by unsoundness of cement and what are its causes?
What is the importance of soundness of cement?
How is the hydration accelerated in this experiment?
What is the maximum expansion for ordinary Portland cement?
What precautions does the manufacture take to prevent unsound cement?

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Material Testing Lab [ Subject Code: 320323 (20) ] | 22

Experiment No. 10
Specific Gravity of Cement
Object: To determine the specific gravity of cement by specific gravity bottle.
Apparatus: Weighing balance, specific gravity bottle, kerosene free from constant temperature
water bath etc.
Theory: Specific gravity is normally defined as the ratio between the mass of a given volume of
material and of an equal volume of water. One of the methods of determining the specific gravity
of cement is by the use of a liquid such as water free kerosene which dose not react with cement.
a specific gravity bottle may be employed or standard Le – Chatelier flask may be used .
Procedure:
Weigh the specific gravity bottle dry. Let the mass of the empty bottle be – W1
Fill the bottle with distilled water and weigh the bottle filled with water. Let the mass be
W2
Wipe dry the specific gravity bottle and fill it with kerosene and weigh. Let this mass is
W3.
Pour some of the kerosene out and introduce a weighed quantity of cement (about 50
gms) in to the bottle. Roll the bottle gently in inclined position until no further air
bubbles rise to surface. Fill the surface. Fill the bottle to the top with kerosene and
weigh it. Let this mass be W4.
From these data calculate the specific gravity of cement.
Precaution:
Kerosene or Naphtha, which is used, should be free from water.
While introducing cement, care should be taken to avoid splashing and cement should not
adhere to the flask above the liquid.
Observation and Calculation:
S. No. Observations

1 Mass of empty bottle = W1

2 Mass of bottle + water = W2

3 Mass of bottle + kerosene = W3

4 Mass of cement = W5

5 Mass of bottle + cement + kerosene = W4

6 Sp. gravity of kerosene = W3-W1 / W2-W1

Sp. Gravity of cement =

7
(W5 (W3-W1) / (W5+W3-W4) (W2-W1)

Discussion and Comment: If the specific gravity bottle is used it is necessary to determine the
specific gravity of kerosene or other liquid used and measurements are entirely by mass. The
relative density of kerosene is 0. 80.
Points of Discussion:
1. Define specific gravity.
2. Is it permissible to use water in place of kerosene and why not?
3. What are the sources of error in this test?
4. Where the specific gravity of cement is needed?

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg