Rhetorical Synthesis

Question 1
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 As engineered structures, many bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive.
 A research team led by Yashraj Bhosale wanted to better understand the
mechanics behind these structural properties.
 Bhosale’s team used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of
flexible sticks into nest-like structures.
 The researchers analyzed the points where sticks touched one another.
 When pressure was applied to the model nests, the number of contact points
between the sticks increased, making the structures stiffer.
The student wants to present the primary aim of the research study. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Bhosale’s team wanted to better understand the mechanics behind bird nests’
uniquely flexible yet cohesive structural properties.
B. The researchers used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of
flexible sticks and analyzed the points where sticks touched one another.
C. After analyzing the points where sticks touched, the researchers found that the
structures became stiffer when pressure was applied.
D. As analyzed by Bhosale’s team, bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive
engineered structures.

Question 2
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The Atlantic Monthly magazine was first published in 1857.
 The magazine focused on politics, art, and literature.
 In 2019, historian Cathryn Halverson published the book Faraway Women and
the “Atlantic Monthly.”
 Its subject is female authors whose autobiographies appeared in the magazine in
the early 1900s.
 One of the authors discussed is Juanita Harrison.
The student wants to introduce Cathryn Halverson’s book to an audience already
familiar with the Atlantic Monthly. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
 A. Cathryn Halverson’s Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly” discusses
female authors whose autobiographies appeared in the magazine in the early
1900s.
B. A magazine called the Atlantic Monthly, referred to in Cathryn Halverson’s book
title, was first published in 1857.
C. Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly” features contributors to the Atlantic
Monthly, first published in 1857 as a magazine focusing on politics, art, and
literature.
D. An author discussed by Cathryn Halverson is Juanita Harrison, whose
autobiography appeared in the Atlantic Monthly in the early 1900s.

Question 3
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Organisms release cellular material into their environment by shedding
substances such as hair or skin.
 The DNA in these substances is known as environmental DNA, or eDNA.
 Researchers collect and analyze eDNA to detect the presence of species that are
difficult to observe.
 Geneticist Sara Oyler-McCance’s research team analyzed eDNA in water samples
from the Florida Everglades to detect invasive constrictor snake species in the
area.
 The study determined a 91% probability of detecting Burmese python eDNA in a
given location.
The student wants to present the study to an audience already familiar with
environmental DNA. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Sara Oyler-McCance’s researchers analyzed eDNA in water samples from the
Florida Everglades for evidence of invasive constrictor snakes, which are difficult
to observe.
B. An analysis of eDNA can detect the presence of invasive species that are difficult
to observe, such as constrictor snakes.
C. Researchers found Burmese python eDNA, or environmental DNA, in water
samples; eDNA is the DNA in released cellular materials, such as shed skin cells.
D. Sara Oyler-McCance’s researchers analyzed environmental DNA (eDNA)—that is,
DNA from cellular materials released by organisms—in water samples from the
Florida Everglades.

Question 4
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Sam Maloof (1916–2009) was an American woodworker and furniture designer.
 He was the son of Lebanese immigrants.
 He received a “genius grant” from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur
Foundation in 1985.
  The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, owns a rocking chair that
Maloof made from walnut wood.
 The armrests and the seat of the chair are sleek and contoured, and the back
consists of seven spindle-like slats.
The student wants to describe the rocking chair to an audience unfamiliar with Sam
Maloof. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. With its sleek, contoured armrests and seat, the walnut rocking chair in Boston’s
Museum of Fine Arts is just one piece of furniture created by American
woodworker Sam Maloof.
B. Sam Maloof was born in 1916 and died in 2009, and during his life, he made a
chair that you can see if you visit the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.
C. Furniture designer Sam Maloof was a recipient of one of the John D. and
Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation’s “genius grants.”
D. The rocking chair is made from walnut, and it has been shaped such that its
armrests and seat are sleek and contoured.
Question 5
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Species belonging to the Orchidaceae (orchid) family can be found in both
tropical and temperate environments.
 Orchidaceae species diversity has not been well studied in temperate forests,
such as those in Oaxaca, Mexico.
 Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández led a study to determine how many different
Orchidaceae species are present in the forests of Oaxaca.
 Muñoz-Hernández and her team collected orchids each month for a year at a site
in Oaxaca.
 Seventy-four Orchidaceae species were present at the site.
The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. A study led by Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández identified a total of 74
Orchidaceae species in the temperate forests of Oaxaca, Mexico.
B. There are orchids in many environments, but there are 74 Orchidaceae species
in Oaxaca, Mexico.
C. Oaxaca, Mexico, is home to temperate forests containing 74 Orchidaceae
species.
D. Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández and her team wanted to know how many
different Orchidaceae species are present in the forests of Oaxaca, Mexico, so
they conducted a study to collect orchids.

Question 6
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was a road built between 1792 and
 1794.
 It was the first private turnpike in the United States.
 It connected the cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster in the state of Pennsylvania.
 It was sixty-two miles long.
The student wants to emphasize the distance covered by the Philadelphia and
Lancaster Turnpike. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The sixty-two-mile-long Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike connected the
Pennsylvania cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster.
B. The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was the first private turnpike in the
United States.
C. The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, which connected two Pennsylvania
cities, was built between 1792 and 1794.
D. A historic Pennsylvania road, the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was
completed in 1794.

Question 7
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The Million Song Dataset (MSD) includes main audio features and descriptive
tags for popular songs.
 Audio features include acoustic traits such as loudness and pitch intervals.
 Many algorithms use these audio features to predict a new song’s popularity.
 These algorithms may fail to accurately identify main audio features of a song
with varying acoustic traits.
 Algorithms based on descriptive tags that describe fixed traits such as genre are
more reliable predictors of song popularity.
The student wants to explain a disadvantage of relying on audio features to predict a
song’s popularity. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Many popularity-predicting algorithms are based on a song’s audio features,
such as loudness and pitch intervals.
B. Algorithms based on audio features may misidentify the main features of a
song with varying acoustic traits, making such algorithms less reliable
predictors of popularity than those based on fixed traits.
 C. Audio features describe acoustic traits such as pitch intervals, which may vary
within a song, whereas descriptive tags describe fixed traits such as genre,
which are reliable predictors of popularity.
D. The MSD’s descriptive tags are reliable predictors of a song’s popularity, as the
traits they describe are fixed.

Question 8
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Oracles of the Pink Universe was a 2021 exhibition at the Denver Museum of Art
in Colorado.
 It featured eight artworks by South African artist Simphiwe Ndzube.
 One of these works is a painting titled Assertion of Will.
 Assertion of Will depicts three standing figures.
 The figures wear clothing made of fabric pieces stitched to the painting’s canvas.
The student wants to describe how fabric is used in Assertion of Will. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In Assertion of Will, the figures’ clothing is made of fabric pieces stitched to the
painting’s canvas.
B. The exhibition Oracles of the Pink Universe featured artworks by artist Simphiwe
Ndzube.
C. Depicting three standing, clothed figures, Assertion of Will is a painting by
Simphiwe Ndzube.
D. Simphiwe Ndzube’s Assertion of Will was one of eight artworks exhibited
in Oracles of the Pink Universe at the Denver Museum of Art.
Question 9
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Platinum is a rare and expensive metal.
 It is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions.
 Platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.
 Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that
combines platinum with liquid gallium.
 Their catalyst was highly effective and required only trace amounts of platinum
(0.0001% of the atoms in the mixture).
The student wants to explain an advantage of the new platinum catalyst developed by
Jianbo Tang and his colleagues. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that
combines platinum, a rare and expensive metal, with liquid gallium.
 B. Like other platinum catalysts, the new platinum catalyst requires a particular
amount of the metal to be effective.
C. Platinum is a rare and expensive metal that is used as a catalyst for chemical
reactions; however, platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of
platinum to be effective.
D. While still highly effective, the new platinum catalyst requires far less of the rare
and expensive metal than do other platinum catalysts.

Question 10
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Muslins are woven cotton fabrics with a variety of uses.
 Dhaka muslin is a handmade fabric produced in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 It has an extremely fine weave and is primarily used to make luxury clothing.
 Sheeting muslin is a machine-made fabric produced in factories.
 It has a coarse weave and is primarily used to upholster furniture and create
backdrops for theater sets.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two muslins. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Dhaka muslin is a handmade fabric with an extremely fine weave, while sheeting
muslin is machine made with a coarse weave.
B. Dhaka muslin and sheeting muslin are two different types of woven cotton
fabrics.
C. Muslins can be used in a variety of ways, from making luxury clothing to
upholstering furniture and creating backdrops for theater sets.
D. Sheeting muslin is machine made, has a coarse weave, and is used for furniture
and theater sets.

Question 11
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Some powerful works of literature have so influenced readers that new
legislation has been passed as a result.
 The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) is the
autobiography of a man who endured slavery on both sides of the Atlantic.
 Equiano’s book contributed to the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.
 The Jungle (1906) is a fictional work by Upton Sinclair that describes unsanitary
conditions in US meatpacking plants.
 Sinclair’s book contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in
1906.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two books. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Although both are powerful works of literature that contributed to new
 legislation, Equiano’s book is an autobiography, while Sinclair’s is fictional.
B. They may have written about different topics, but Equiano and Sinclair both
influenced readers.
C. The 1807 Slave Trade Act resulted in part from a book by Equiano, while the
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act resulted in part from a book by Sinclair.
D. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano and The Jungle are two
works of literature that contributed to new legislation (concerning the slave trade
and food safety, respectively).
Question 12
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The Azores is a group of islands about 870 miles off the coast of Portugal.
 Historians have long believed that in the fifteenth century Portuguese mariners
were the first humans to populate the Azores.
 A 2015 study coauthored by Sofia Gabriel and Maria da Luz Mathias found that
Vikings from Scandinavia may have populated the Azores as early as the ninth
century.
 The researchers found a genetic connection between house mice in the Azores
and house mice in Scandinavia.
 House mice may have traveled from Scandinavia to the Azores on Viking ships.
The student wants to specify who may have first populated the Azores, according to the
2015 study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Historians have long believed that the first humans to populate the Azores, a
group of islands about 870 miles off the coast of Portugal, arrived in the fifteenth
century.
B. Portuguese mariners may not have been the first humans to populate the
Azores.
C. In their 2015 study, the researchers found a genetic connection between house
mice in the Azores and those in Scandinavia.
D. According to a 2015 study, the first humans to populate the Azores may have
been Vikings from Scandinavia, not mariners from Portugal as previously
believed.

Question 13
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Allan Houser was a Chiricahua Warm Springs Apache sculptor, illustrator, and
painter.
 Many of his sculptures featured Native American figures.
 He depicted this subject matter using abstract, modernist forms, developing a
distinctive style that influenced many other artists.
 His well-known sculpture Sacred Rain Arrow was pictured on the State of
Oklahoma license plate.
The student wants to describe the distinctive style of Houser’s sculptures. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. A sculptor, illustrator, and painter, Houser developed a distinctive style for
portraying Native American figures.
B. Houser’s sculptures employ abstract, modernist forms to depict Native American
figures.
C. Many other artists have been influenced by the style of Houser’s sculptures.
D. The sculpture Sacred Rain Arrow is a well-known example of Houser’s style.

Question 14
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In the midst of the US Civil War, Susie Taylor escaped slavery and fled to Union-
army-occupied St. Simons Island off the Georgia coast.
 She began working for an all-Black army regiment as a nurse and teacher.
 In 1902, she published a book about the time she spent with the regiment.
 Her book was the only Civil War memoir to be published by a Black woman.
 It is still available to readers in print and online.
The student wants to emphasize the uniqueness of Taylor’s accomplishment. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Taylor fled to St. Simons Island, which was then occupied by the Union army, for
whom she began working.
B. After escaping slavery, Taylor began working for an all-Black army regiment as a
nurse and teacher.
C. The book Taylor wrote about the time she spent with the regiment is still
available to readers in print and online.
D. Taylor was the only Black woman to publish a Civil War memoir.

Question 15
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 One of history’s greatest libraries was the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, Iraq.
 It was founded in the eighth century with the goal of preserving all the world’s
knowledge.
 Scholars at the House of Wisdom collected ancient and contemporary texts from
Greece, India, and elsewhere and translated them into Arabic.
 Writings included those of the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian
mathematician Aryabhata.
 The House of Wisdom used Chinese papermaking technology to create paper
 versions to be studied and shared.
The student wants to explain how the House of Wisdom preserved the world’s
knowledge. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. The House of Wisdom was known for bringing together knowledge from around
the world, including from Greece, India, and China.
B. Founded in Iraq in the eighth century, the House of Wisdom employed many
scholars as translators.
C. Writings from the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician
Aryabhata were preserved at the House of Wisdom.
D. The House of Wisdom collected writings from different countries and created
paper versions in Arabic to be studied and shared.

Question 16
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Cities tend to have a wide range of flowering vegetation in parks, yards, and
gardens.
 This vegetation provides a varied diet for honeybees, strengthening bees’
immune systems.
 On average, 62.5 percent of bees in an urban area will survive a harsh winter.
 Rural areas are often dominated by monoculture crops such as corn or wheat.
 On average, only 40 percent of honeybees in a rural area will survive a harsh
winter.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about honeybees. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Cities tend to have a wider range of flowering vegetation than do rural areas,
which are often dominated by monoculture crops.
B. In urban areas, over 60 percent of honeybees, on average, will survive a harsh
winter, whereas in rural areas, only 40 percent will.
C. The strength of honeybees’ immune systems depends on what the bees eat, and
a varied diet is more available to bees in an urban area than to those in a rural
area.
D. Honeybees are more likely to thrive in cities than in rural areas because the
varied diet available in urban areas strengthens the bees’ immune systems.

Question 17
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In 2018 researchers Adwait Deshpande, Shreejata Gupta, and Anindya Sinha
were observing wild macaques in India’s Bandipur National Park.
 They saw macaques calling out to and gesturing at humans who were eating or
carrying food.
 They designed a study to find out if the macaques were intentionally
communicating to try to persuade the humans to share their food.
 In the study trials, macaques frequently called out to and gestured at humans
holding food.
 In the study trials, macaques called out to and gestured at empty-handed
humans less frequently.
The student wants to present the study’s results. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Macaques in the study called out to and gestured more frequently at humans
holding food than at empty-handed humans.
B. In 2018, researchers who had observed macaques in India’s Bandipur National
Park calling out to and gesturing at humans designed a study.
C. The researchers hoped to find out if the macaques were intentionally
communicating to try to persuade humans to share their food.
D. The researchers studied how macaques behaved around both humans holding
food and empty-handed humans.

Question 18
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Yellowstone is a national park in the northwest United States.
 In 1995, gray wolves were reintroduced into the park.
 Since then, the number of gray wolves in the park has stabilized at roughly 100.
 This number is believed to be the park’s carrying capacity.
 Carrying capacity describes the maximum number of a species that a specific
environment’s resources can sustain over time.
The student wants to specify the number of gray wolves in Yellowstone. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Gray wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone, a national park in the northwest
United States, in 1995.
B. As of 1995, there were gray wolves living in Yellowstone, a national park in the
northwest United States.
C. The carrying capacity of an environment, such as Yellowstone, describes the
maximum number of species that the environment can sustain over time.
 D. Yellowstone is a national park that has roughly 100 gray wolves living in it.

Question 19
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In 2013, archaeologists studied cat bone fragments they had found in the ruins
of Quanhucun, a Chinese farming village.
 The fragments were estimated to be 5,300 years old.
 A chemical analysis of the fragments revealed that the cats had consumed large
amounts of grain.
 The grain consumption is evidence that the Quanhucun cats may have been
domesticated.
The student wants to present the Quanhucun study and its conclusions. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. As part of a 2013 study of cat domestication, a chemical analysis was conducted
on cat bone fragments found in Quanhucun, China.
B. A 2013 analysis of cat bone fragments found in Quanhucun, China, suggests that
cats there may have been domesticated 5,300 years ago.
C. In 2013, archaeologists studied what cats in Quanhucun, China, had eaten more
than 5,000 years ago.
D. Cat bone fragments estimated to be 5,300 years old were found in Quanhucun,
China, in 2013.

Question 20
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Novelist Willa Cather grew up in Nebraska and attended the University of
Nebraska-Lincoln.
 Some of Cather’s best-known novels are set in Nebraska.
 Two such novels are O Pioneers! (1913) and My Ántonia (1918).
 Cather’s novels describe the experiences of immigrants who settled in the Great
Plains.
The student wants to identify the setting of Cather’s novel My Ántonia. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. My Ántonia is set in Nebraska, where Cather grew up.
B. Cather, author of My Ántonia, described the experiences of immigrants in her
novels.
C. Among Cather’s best-known novels are O Pioneers! (1913) and My
Ántonia (1918).
D. Cather attended the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and set some of her novels in
Nebraska.
Question 21
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Muckrakers were journalists who sought to expose corruption in US institutions
during the Progressive Era (1897–1920).
 Ida Tarbell was a muckraker who investigated the Standard Oil Company.
 She interviewed Standard Oil Company executives, oil industry workers, and
public officials.
 She examined thousands of pages of the company’s internal communications,
including letters and financial records.
 Her book The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) exposed the
company’s unfair business practices.
The student wants to emphasize the thoroughness of Ida Tarbell’s investigation of the
Standard Oil Company. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Ida Tarbell not only interviewed Standard Oil executives, oil industry workers,
and public officials but also examined thousands of pages of the company’s
internal communications.
B. Ida Tarbell, who investigated the Standard Oil Company, was a muckraker (a
journalist who sought to expose corruption in US institutions during the
Progressive Era, 1897–1920).
C. As part of her investigation of the Standard Oil Company, muckraker Ida Tarbell
conducted interviews.
D. Published in 1904, muckraker Ida Tarbell’s book The History of the Standard Oil
Company exposed the company’s unfair business practices.

Question 22
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 John Carver was one of the 41 signatories of the Mayflower Compact.
 The Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that
immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
 It was created in 1620 to establish a common government.
 It states that the pilgrims who signed it wanted to “plant the first colony in the
northern parts of Virginia” under King James.
 Carver became the first governor of Plymouth Colony.
The student wants to specify the reason the Mayflower Compact was created. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
 A. Stating that its signatories wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts
of Virginia,” the Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims
that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
B. Created in 1620, the Mayflower Compact states that the pilgrims wanted to
“plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia.”
C. The Mayflower Compact was created to establish a common government among
the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
D. The Mayflower Compact had 41 signatories, including John Carver, the first
governor of Plymouth Colony.

Question 23
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Jordan Bennett is a Mi’Kmaq visual artist.
 The Mi’Kmaq are a First Nations people in North America.
 Bennett’s paintings pay homage to traditional Mi’Kmaq craftsmanship and have
been displayed in over 75 exhibitions.
 His 2017 exhibition Wije’wi was held at the Grenfell Art Gallery.
 His 2018 exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik was held at the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia.
The student wants to emphasize the order in which two of Jordan Bennett’s exhibitions
were held. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Jordan Bennett’s 2017 exhibition Wije’wi was followed a year later by his
exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik.
B. Jordan Bennett’s paintings, some of which appeared in 2017 and 2018
exhibitions, pay homage to traditional Mi’Kmaq craftsmanship.
C. Mi’Kmaq visual artist Jordan Bennett has displayed his work in over 75
exhibitions, including Wije’wi and Ketu’elmita’jik.
D. Jordan Bennett’s 2018 exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik was held at the Art Gallery of
Nova Scotia; another was held at the Grenfell Art Gallery.

Question 24
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Marine biologist Camille Jazmin Gaynus studies coral reefs.
 Coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems that provide habitats to 25% of all
marine species.
 Reefs can include up to 8,000 species of fish, such as toadfish, seahorses, and
clown triggerfish.
 The Amazon Reef is a coral reef in Brazil.
 It is one of the largest known reefs in the world.
The student wants to introduce the scientist and her field of study to a new audience.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. Located in Brazil, the Amazon Reef is one of the largest known coral reefs in the
world.
B. Marine biologist Camille Jazmin Gaynus studies coral reefs, vital underwater
ecosystems that provide homes to 25% of all marine species.
C. Providing homes to 25% of all marine species, including up to 8,000 species of
fish, coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems and thus of great interest to
marine biologists.
D. As Camille Jazmin Gaynus knows well, coral reefs are vital underwater
ecosystems, providing homes to thousands of species of fish

Question 25
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In 1971, experimental musician Pauline Oliveros created Sonic Meditations.
 Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based exercises
called meditations.
 Each meditation consists of instructions for participants to make, imagine, listen
to, or remember sounds.
 The instructions for Meditation V state, “walk so silently that the bottoms of your
feet become ears.”
 Those for Meditation XVIII state, “listen to a sound until you no longer recognize
it.”
The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Oliveros’s Sonic
Meditations. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based meditations
that consist of instructions; Meditation XVIII, for instance, instructs participants to
“listen to a sound until you no longer recognize it.”
B. In 1971, Oliveros created Sonic Meditations, a series of meditations that consist
of instructions for participants to make, imagine, listen to, or remember sounds.
C. “Walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears” is one example of
the instructions found in Oliveros’s Sonic Meditations.
D. While both meditations consist of instructions, Meditation XVIII instructs
participants to “listen,” whereas Meditation V instructs participants to “walk.”

Question 26
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 British musicians John Lennon and Paul McCartney shared writing credit for
numerous Beatles songs.
 Many Lennon-McCartney songs were actually written by either Lennon or
McCartney, not by both.
 The exact authorship of specific parts of many Beatles songs, such as the verse
for “In My Life,” is disputed.
 Mark Glickman, Jason Brown, and Ryan Song used statistical methods to analyze
the musical content of Beatles songs.
 They concluded that there is 18.9% probability that McCartney wrote the verse
for “In My Life,” stating that the verse is “consistent with Lennon’s songwriting
style.”
The student wants to make a generalization about the kind of study conducted by
Glickman, Brown, and Song. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Based on statistical analysis, Glickman, Brown, and Song claim that John Lennon
wrote the verse of “In My Life.”
B. There is only an 18.9% probability that Paul McCartney wrote the verse for “In
My Life”; John Lennon is the more likely author.
C. It is likely that John Lennon, not Paul McCartney, wrote the verse for “In My Life.”
D. Researchers have used statistical methods to address questions of authorship
within the field of music.

Question 27
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee: Native America from 1890 to the Present is a
history book by Ojibwe author David Treuer.
 In a review, a critic for The Economist noted that “Treuer’s storytelling skills
shine” and that the book is an “elegant handling of [a] complex narrative.”
 A critic for O, The Oprah Magazine called it “a marvel of research and
storytelling.”
 A critic for the Missoulian dubbed it “a monumental achievement.”
The student wants to emphasize a similarity in how critics responded to Treuer’s book.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. Treuer’s book, which was widely reviewed, focuses on Native American history
from 1890 to the present.
B. Dubbed “a monumental achievement” by the Missoulian, Treuer’s book
documents over a century of Native American history.
C. Critics praised Treuer’s book for its compelling narrative, with O, The Oprah
Magazine calling it “a marvel of research and storytelling” and The
Economist likewise writing that “Treuer’s storytelling skills shine” and that the
 book is an “elegant handling of [a] complex narrative.”
D. While the Missoulian focused on the book’s broader achievement, The
Economist zeroed in on Treuer’s storytelling skills.

Question 28
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In 2013, paleontology professor Hesham Sallam and his students from Mansoura
University in Egypt made a discovery.
 The team found a partial dinosaur skeleton at a site in Egypt’s Dakhla Oasis.
 The skeleton belonged to a dinosaur species that lived approximately 80 million
years ago.
 The new species was named Mansourasaurus to recognize the team that
discovered it.
The student wants to explain the origin of the species’ name. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Mansourasaurus, a new species discovered in Egypt in 2013, lived approximately
80 million years ago.
B. A partial dinosaur skeleton found in Egypt’s Dakhla Oasis belonged to a species
named Mansourasaurus.
C. Mansourasaurus, a species that lived approximately 80 million years ago, was
discovered in 2013 by Egyptian paleontologist Hesham Sallam and a team of
university students.
D. The new species was named Mansourasaurus to recognize the team that
discovered it, a professor and students from Mansoura University.
Question 29
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Freddie Wong (born 1985) is a director and special effects artist from the United
States.
 He is best known for the action-comedy web series Video Game High
School (VGHS).
 VGHS premiered in 2012 on RocketJump, a YouTube channel that Wong
cocreated.
 The series was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-
quality special effects.
 VGHS was nominated for a Producers Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.
The student wants to begin a narrative about Wong’s award-nominated web series.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. In 2012, director and visual effects artist Freddie Wong launched a new action-
comedy web series: Video Game High School.
 B. Video Game High School was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric
world and high-quality special effects, and it was nominated for a Producer’s
Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.
C. Wong, cocreator of the YouTube channel RocketJump, would go on to see his
web series be nominated for a Producers Guild Award.
D. In 2012, Video Game High School premiered on RocketJump; it would later be
nominated for an award.

Question 30
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In 2019, Emily Shepard and colleagues in the UK and Germany studied the effect
of wind on auks’ success in landing at cliffside nesting sites.
 They found as wind conditions intensified, the birds needed more attempts in
order to make a successful landing.
 When the wind was still, almost 100% of landing attempts were successful.
 In a strong breeze, approximately 40% of attempts were successful.
 In near-gale conditions, only around 20% of attempts were successful.
The student wants to summarize the study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. For a 2019 study, researchers from the UK and Germany collected data on auks’
attempts to land at cliffside nesting sites in different wind conditions.
B. Emily Shepard and her colleagues wanted to know the extent to which wind
affected auks’ success in landing at cliffside nesting sites, so they conducted a
study.
C. Knowing that auks often need multiple attempts to land at their cliffside nesting
sites, Emily Shepard studied the birds’ success rate, which was only around 20%
in some conditions.
D. Emily Shepard’s 2019 study of auks’ success in landing at cliffside nesting sites
showed that as wind conditions intensified, the birds’ success rate decreased.
Question 31
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In 2020, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech chose an interactive,
online format to present a play about woman suffrage activists.
 Their “Women and the Vote” website featured an interactive digital drawing of a
Victorian-style house.
 Audiences were asked to focus on a room of their choice and select from that
room an artifact related to the suffrage movement.
 One click took them to video clips, songs, artwork, and texts associated with the
artifact.
 The play was popular with audiences because the format allowed them to control
the experience.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the “Women and the Vote” format.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. “Women and the Vote” featured a drawing of a Victorian-style house with several
rooms, each containing suffrage artifacts.
B. To access video clips, songs, artwork, and texts, audiences had to first click on
an artifact.
C. The “Women and the Vote” format appealed to audiences because it allowed
them to control the experience.
D. Using an interactive format, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech
created “Women and the Vote,” a play about woman suffrage activists.
Question 32
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The magnificent frigatebird (fregata magnificens) is a species of seabird that
feeds mainly on fish, tuna, squid, and other small sea animals.
 It is unusual among seabirds in that it doesn’t dive into the water for prey.
 One way it acquires food is by using its hook-tipped bill to snatch prey from the
surface of the water.
 Another way it acquires food is by taking it from weaker birds by force.
 This behavior is known as kleptoparasitism.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two ways a magnificent
frigatebird acquires food. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. A magnificent frigatebird never dives into the water, instead using its hook-
tipped bill to snatch prey from the surface.
B. Neither of a magnificent frigatebird’s two ways of acquiring food requires the
bird to dive into the water.
C. Of the magnificent frigatebird’s two ways of acquiring food, only one is known as
kleptoparasitism.
D. In addition to snatching prey from the water with its hook-tipped bill, a
magnificent frigatebird takes food from other birds by force

Question 33
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The tundra is a type of environment characterized by especially harsh winter
conditions.
 Winter temperatures in the tundra average a frigid −30negative 30 degrees
Fahrenheit.
 Animals that have adapted to these conditions can survive tundra winters.
 During the tundra’s short growing season, average temperatures can reach a
relatively mild 54 degrees Fahrenheit.
 Around 1,700 different kinds of plants are able to grow in the tundra.
The student wants to emphasize how harsh the conditions can be in the tundra. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Winters in the tundra are especially harsh, with temperatures averaging a
frigid −30negative 30 degrees Fahrenheit.
B. Animals that have adapted to harsh winter conditions can survive tundra winters.
C. There are around 1,700 different kinds of plants that can live in the tundra,
where average temperatures can reach a mild 54 degrees Fahrenheit.
D. Along with animals that have adapted to the tundra’s conditions, around 1,700
different kinds of plants can live in the tundra.

Question 34
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Soo Sunny Park is a Korean American artist who uses light as her primary
medium of expression.
 She created her work Unwoven Light in 2013.
 Unwoven Light featured a chain-link fence fitted with iridescent plexiglass tiles.
 When light passed through the fence, colorful prisms formed.
The student wants to describe Unwoven Light to an audience unfamiliar with Soo Sunny
Park. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Park’s 2013 installation Unwoven Light, which included a chain-link fence and
iridescent tiles made from plexiglass, featured light as its primary medium of
expression.
B. Korean American light artist Soo Sunny Park created Unwoven Light in 2013.
C. The chain-link fence in Soo Sunny Park’s Unwoven Light was fitted with tiles
made from iridescent plexiglass.
D. In Unwoven Light, a 2013 work by Korean American artist Soo Sunny Park, light
formed colorful prisms as it passed through a fence Park had fitted with
iridescent tiles.

Question 35
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Bharati Mukherjee was an Indian-born author of novels and short stories.
 She published the novel The Holder of the World in 1993.
 A central character in the novel is a woman living in twentieth-century United
States.
 Another central character is a woman living in seventeenth-century India.
The student wants to introduce the novel The Holder of the World to an audience
already familiar with Bharati Mukherjee. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Bharati Mukherjee’s settings include both twentieth-century United States and
seventeenth-century India.
B. In addition to her novel The Holder of the World, which was published in 1993,
Indian-born author Bharati Mukherjee wrote other novels and short stories.
C. Bharati Mukherjee’s novel The Holder of the World centers around two women,
one living in twentieth-century United States and the other in seventeenth-
century India.
D. The Holder of the World was not the only novel written by Indian-born author
Bharati Mukherjee.

Question 36
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Severo Ochoa discovered the enzyme PNPase in 1955.
 PNPase is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA.
 Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that PNPase provides the genetic blueprints for
mRNA.
 The discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code.
 Deciphering the genetic code has led to a better understanding of how genetic
variations affect human health.
The student wants to emphasize the significance of Ochoa’s discovery. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Ochoa’s 1955 discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human
genetic code, leading to a better understanding of how genetic variations affect
human health.
B. Ochoa first discovered PNPase, an enzyme that he hypothesized contained the
genetic blueprints for mRNA, in 1955.
C. In 1955, Ochoa discovered the PNPase enzyme, which is involved in both the
creation and degradation of mRNA.
D. Though his discovery of PNPase was critical to deciphering the human genetic
code, Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that the enzyme was the source of mRNA’s
genetic blueprints.

Question 37
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The Seikan Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Japan.
  It connects the island of Honshu to the island of Hokkaido.
 It is roughly 33 miles long.
 The Channel Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Europe.
 It connects Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France.
 It is about 31 miles long.
The student wants to compare the lengths of the two rail tunnels. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Some of the world’s rail tunnels, including one tunnel that extends from
Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France, are longer than 30 miles.
B. The Seikan Tunnel is roughly 33 miles long, while the slightly shorter Channel
Tunnel is about 31 miles long.
C. The Seikan Tunnel, which is roughly 33 miles long, connects the Japanese islands
of Honshu and Hokkaido.
D. Both the Seikan Tunnel, which is located in Japan, and the Channel Tunnel, which
is located in Europe, are examples of rail tunnels.
Question 38
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Pterosaurs were flying reptiles that existed millions of years ago.
 In a 2021 study, Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan analyzed fragments of pterosaur
jawbones located in the Sahara Desert.
 She was initially unsure if the bones belonged to juvenile or adult pterosaurs.
 She used advanced microscope techniques to determine that the bones had few
growth lines relative to the bones of fully grown pterosaurs.
 She concluded that the bones belonged to juveniles.
The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In 2021, Chinsamy-Turan studied pterosaur jawbones and was initially unsure if
the bones belonged to juveniles or adults.
B. Pterosaur jawbones located in the Sahara Desert were the focus of a 2021 study.
C. In a 2021 study, Chinsamy-Turan used advanced microscope techniques to
analyze the jawbones of pterosaurs, flying reptiles that existed millions of years
ago.
D. In a 2021 study, Chinsamy-Turan determined that pterosaur jawbones located in
the Sahara Desert had few growth lines relative to the bones of fully grown
pterosaurs and thus belonged to juveniles
Question 39
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Some US reformers sought to improve society in the 1800s by building utopias.
 A utopia is a community intended to represent a perfect society based on a
specific set of principles.
 One such community was Brook Farm near Boston, Massachusetts.
 It was founded in 1841 by writer George Ripley.
 Ripley wrote in a letter that his goal for Brook Farm was “to guarantee the
highest mental freedom, by providing all with labor, adapted to their tastes and
talents, and securing to them the fruits of their industry.”
The student wants to explain the goal of Brook Farm using a quotation from George
Ripley. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. In a letter, writer George Ripley explained his goal to “guarantee the highest
mental freedom.”
B. Utopias, such as Brook Farm, founded by George Ripley in 1841, were based on
a specific set of principles intended to create a perfect society.
C. Founded by George Ripley near Boston, Massachusetts, Brook Farm was part of a
trend in the 1800s, when reformers in the United States built utopias.
D. Established in 1841, Brook Farm was a utopian community created to “guarantee
the highest mental freedom, by providing all with labor... [and] the fruits of their
industry,” according to founder George Ripley.

Question 40
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In 1999, astronomer Todd Henry studied the differences in surface temperature
between the Sun and nearby stars.
 His team mapped all stars within 10 parsecs (approximately 200 trillion miles) of
the Sun.
 The surface temperature of the Sun is around 9,800°F, which classifies it as a G
 star.
 327 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as K or M stars, with surface
temperatures under 8,900°F (cooler than the Sun).
 11 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as A or F stars, with surface
temperatures greater than 10,300°F (hotter than the Sun).
The student wants to emphasize how hot the Sun is relative to nearby stars. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. At around 9,800°F, which classifies it as a G star, the Sun is hotter than most but
not all of the stars within 10 parsecs of it.
B. Astronomer Todd Henry determined that the Sun, at around 9,800°F, is a G star,
and several other stars within a 10-parsec range are A or F stars.
C. Of the 357 stars within ten parsecs of the Sun, 327 are classified as K or M stars,
with surface temperatures under 8,900°F.
D. While most of the stars within 10 parsecs of the Sun are classified as K, M, A, or F
stars, the Sun is classified as a G star due to its surface temperature of 9,800°F.

Question 41
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In 1851, German American artist Emanuel Leutze painted Washington Crossing
the Delaware.
 His huge painting (149 × 255 inches) depicts the first US president crossing a
river with soldiers in the Revolutionary War.
 In 2019, Cree artist Kent Monkman painted mistikôsiwak (Wooden Boat People):
Resurgence of the People.
 Monkman’s huge painting (132 × 264 inches) was inspired by Leutze’s.
 It portrays Indigenous people in a boat rescuing refugees.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two paintings. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Monkman, a Cree artist, finished his painting in 2019; Leutze, a German
American artist, completed his in 1851.
B. Although Monkman’s painting was inspired by Leutze’s, the people and actions
the two paintings portray are very different.
C. Leutze’s and Monkman’s paintings are both huge, measuring 149 × 255 inches
and 132 × 264 inches, respectively.
D. Leutze’s painting depicts Revolutionary War soldiers, while Monkman’s depicts
Indigenous people and refugees.

Question 42
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia.
  The city’s population is 907,802.
 Ulaanbaatar contains 31.98 percent of Mongolia’s population.
 Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam.
 The city’s population is 7,781,631.
 Hanoi contains 8.14 percent of Vietnam’s population.
The student wants to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals’ populations.
Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize
the relative sizes of the two capitals’ populations?
A. Mongolia’s capital is Ulaanbaatar, which has 907,802 people, and Vietnam’s
capital is Hanoi, which has 7,781,631 people.
B. Comparing Vietnam and Mongolia, 7,781,631 is 8.14 percent of Vietnam’s
population, and 907,802 is 31.98 percent of Mongolia’s.
C. Even though Hanoi (population 7,781,631) is larger than Ulaanbaatar (population
907,802), Ulaanbaatar accounts for more of its country’s population.
D. The populations of the capitals of Mongolia and Vietnam are 907,802
(Ulaanbaatar) and 7,781,631 (Hanoi), respectively.
Question 43
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In the early 1960s, the US had a strict national-origins quota system for
immigrants.
 The number of new immigrants allowed from a country each year was based on
how many people from that country lived in the US in 1890.
 This system favored immigrants from northern Europe.
 Almost 70% of slots were reserved for immigrants from Great Britain, Ireland,
and Germany.
 The 1965 Hart-Celler Act abolished the national-origins quota system.
The student wants to present the significance of the Hart-Celler Act to an audience
unfamiliar with the history of US immigration. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Almost 70% of slots were reserved for immigrants from Great Britain, Ireland,
and Germany at the time the Hart-Celler Act was proposed.
B. Prior to the Hart-Celler Act, new immigration quotas were based on how many
people from each country lived in the US in 1890.
C. The quota system in place in the early 1960s was abolished by the 1965 Hart-
Celler Act.
D. The 1965 Hart-Celler Act abolished the national-origins quota system, which
favored immigrants from northern Europe.

Question 44
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
  Roughly 96% of Australia’s estimated 200,000 animal species are invertebrates.
 Invertebrates of the order Hymenoptera, which consists of sawflies, wasps, bees,
and ants, are estimated to total 14,800 species in Australia.
 Invertebrates of the order Coleoptera, which consists of beetles and weevils, are
estimated to total 28,200 species in Australia.
 Some of these invertebrates’ populations are threatened by invasive bird and
fish species.
The student wants to emphasize the different orders in which Australia’s invertebrate
animals are classified. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In Australia, 28,200 species are estimated to be beetles and weevils, both
classified as invertebrates of the order Coleoptera.
B. Among Australia’s many invertebrates, sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants belong
to the order Hymenoptera, while beetles and weevils belong to the order
Coleoptera.
C. Many sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants of the order Hymenoptera are threatened
by some of Australia’s invasive bird and fish species.
D. The order Hymenoptera is estimated to make up 14,800 of Australia’s 200,000
animal species.

Question 45
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 A wok is a cooking pan that originated in China during the Han dynasty (206
BCE–220 CE).
 The wok’s round, wide base helps to cook food evenly.
 The wok’s high, angled sides help to contain oil splatters.
 Grace Young is a cook and culinary historian.
 Her book The Breath of a Wok (2004) traces the history of the wok.
The student wants to describe the wok’s shape. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Grace Young’s 2004 book, The Breath of a Wok, traces the history of the cooking
pan.
B. Able to cook food evenly and contain oil splatters, the wok is the subject of Grace
Young’s 2004 book.
C. A wok is a cooking pan with a round, wide base and high, angled sides.
D. The design of a wok, a type of cooking pan that originated in China during the
Han dynasty, helps the pan cook food evenly and contain oil splatters.

Question 46
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Gaspar Enriquez is an artist.
 He specializes in portraits of Mexican Americans.
 A portrait is an artistic representation of a person.
 Enriquez completed a painting of the sculptor Luis Jimenez in 2003.
 He completed a drawing of the writer Rudolfo Anaya in 2016.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two portraits. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The portraits, or artistic representations, of Luis Jimenez and Rudolfo Anaya were
both completed by Enriquez in the early 2000s.
B. Enriquez has completed portraits of numerous Mexican Americans, including
sculptor Luis Jimenez and writer Rudolfo Anaya.
C. While both are by Enriquez, the 2003 portrait of Luis Jimenez is a painting, and
the 2016 portrait of Rudolfo Anaya is a drawing.
D. Luis Jimenez was a Mexican American sculptor, and Rudolfo Anaya was a
Mexican American writer.

Question 47
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The popular wood-wide web theory posits that trees can communicate and
exchange resources with one another via common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs)
of fungi.
 Ecologist Dr. Suzanne Simard first suggested this theory in 1997.
 She described trees as “super-cooperators.”
 In the 2022 study “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” mycologist Dr. Justine
Karst and colleagues evaluated dozens of CMN studies.
 They write that CMNs “have captured the interest of broad audiences. We are
concerned, however, that recent claims about CMNs in forests are disconnected
from evidence.”
The student wants to use a quotation to emphasize a potential problem with the wood-
wide web theory. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Describing trees as “super-cooperators,” Simard first suggested that trees
can exchange resources with one another in 1997.
B. In “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” Karst and colleagues note that
common mycorrhizal networks “have captured the interest of broad
audiences.”
C. After evaluating dozens of CMN studies, Karst and colleagues expressed
concern that recent claims about common mycorrhizal networks are
“disconnected from evidence.”
D. Despite the concerns expressed in the 2022 study “The Decay of the Wood-
Wide Web?,” the wood-wide web theory remains popular.
Question 48
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Wool is a natural—and economically important—fiber that is obtained from
animals like sheep.
 Australia is a leading producer of wool.
 The thickness of wool fibers varies across sheep breeds.
 Merino sheep produce fine wool that is used for apparel.
 Rambouillet sheep produce fine wool that is used for apparel.
 Romney sheep produce thick wool that is used for rugs and blankets.
The student wants to emphasize how Romney wool differs from Merino and Rambouillet
wool. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Romney wool is just one of the many kinds of wools, each originating from a
different breed of sheep.
B. Sheep wool varies from breed to breed, so Romney wool will be different than
other kinds of wool.
C. The fine wool produced by Merino and Rambouillet sheep is used for apparel,
whereas the thicker wool of Romney sheep is used in rugs and blankets.
D. Wool is an economically important fiber—especially in Australia—that can be
used to make apparel or even rugs and blankets.
Question 49
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Shaun Tan is an Australian author.
 In 2008, he published Tales from Outer Suburbia, a book of fifteen short stories.
 The stories describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary suburban
neighborhoods.
 In 2018, he published Tales from the Inner City, a book of twenty-five short
stories.
 The stories describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary urban
settings.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two books by Shaun Tan.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. Shaun Tan’s book Tales from Outer Suburbia, which describes surreal events
occurring in otherwise ordinary places, contains fewer short stories than Tales
from the Inner City does.
B. Tales from Outer Suburbia was published in 2008, and Tales from the Inner
City was published in 2018.
C. Unlike Tales from the Inner City, Shaun Tan’s book Tales from Outer Suburbia is
set in suburban neighborhoods.
 D. Shaun Tan’s books Tales from Outer Suburbia and Tales from the Inner City both
describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary places.

Question 50
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The Gullah are a group of African Americans who have lived in parts of the
southeastern United States since the 18th century.
 Gullah culture is influenced by West African and Central African traditions.
 Louise Miller Cohen is a Gullah historian, storyteller, and preservationist.
 She founded the Gullah Museum of Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, in 2003.
 Vermelle Rodrigues is a Gullah historian, artist, and preservationist.
 She founded the Gullah Museum of Georgetown, South Carolina, in 2003.
The student wants to emphasize the duration and purpose of Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s
work. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. At the Gullah Museums in Hilton Head Island and Georgetown, South Carolina,
visitors can learn more about the Gullah people who have lived in the region for
centuries.
B. Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to preserve the culture
of the Gullah people, who have lived in the United States since the 18th century.
C. Since 2003, Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to
preserve Gullah culture through their museums.
D. Influenced by the traditions of West and Central Africa, Gullah culture developed
in parts of the southeastern United States in the 18th century.

Question 51
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Mexican tetras are a fish species with two distinct populations.
 Surface-dwelling tetras live on the surface and are able to see.
 Cave-dwelling tetras live in total darkness and have lost the ability to see.
 Cave-dwelling tetras have asymmetrical skulls with more sensory receptors on
one side than the other.
 These receptors help cave-dwelling tetras navigate in darkness.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between surface-dwelling and cave-
dwelling tetras. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes
to accomplish this goal?
A. Surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling tetras may belong to the same species, but
 they are quite different.
B. Cave-dwelling tetras can no longer see but use sensory receptors on their skulls
to navigate.
C. Mexican tetras are a fish species with two distinct populations: surface-dwelling
tetras and cave-dwelling tetras.
D. Surface-dwelling tetras can see, whereas cave-dwelling tetras cannot.

Question 52
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 A thermal inversion is a phenomenon where a layer of atmosphere is warmer
than the layer beneath it.
 In 2022, a team of researchers studied the presence of thermal inversions in
twenty-five gas giants.
 Gas giants are planets largely composed of helium and hydrogen.
 The team found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were also likely to
contain heat-absorbing metals.
 One explanation for this relationship is that these metals may reside in a planet’s
upper atmosphere, where their absorbed heat causes an increase in
temperature.
The student wants to present the study’s findings to an audience already familiar with
thermal inversions. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Heat-absorbing metals may reside in a planet’s upper atmosphere.
B. The team studied thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants, which are largely
composed of helium and hydrogen.
C. Researchers found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were likely to
contain heat-absorbing metals, which may reside in the planets’ upper
atmospheres.
D. Gas giants were likely to contain heat-absorbing metals when they featured a
layer of atmosphere warmer than the layer beneath it, researchers found; this
phenomenon is known as a thermal inversion.

Question 53
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 NASA uses rovers, large remote vehicles with wheels, to explore the surface of
 Mars.
 NASA’s rovers can’t explore regions inaccessible to wheeled vehicles.
 Rovers are also heavy, making them difficult to land on the planet’s surface.
 Microprobes, robotic probes that weigh as little as 50 milligrams, could be
deployed virtually anywhere on the surface of Mars.
 Microprobes have been proposed as an alternative to rovers.
The student wants to explain an advantage of microprobes. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Despite being heavy, NASA’s rovers can land successfully on the surface of Mars.
B. Microprobes, which weigh as little as 50 milligrams, could explore areas of Mars
that are inaccessible to NASA’s heavy, wheeled rovers.
C. NASA currently uses its rovers on Mars, but microprobes have been proposed as
an alternative.
D. Though they are different sizes, both microprobes and rovers can be used to
explore the surface of Mars.

Question 54
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 When medical students mention their patients on social media, they may violate
patient confidentiality.
 Terry Kind led a study to determine how many medical schools have student
policies that mention social media use.
 Kind and her team reviewed 132 medical school websites, examining publicly
available student policies.
 Only thirteen medical schools had guidelines that explicitly mention social
media, and only five defined what constitutes acceptable social media use.
The student wants to emphasize the study’s methodology. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The student policies of 132 medical schools can be found online, according to
research by Terry Kind.
B. To find out how many medical schools have guidelines about student social
media use, Terry Kind and her team examined the student policies of 132
medical schools.
C. Out of 132 medical schools, only thirteen had student policies that mentioned
social media, and only five specified what use was acceptable.
D. Terry Kind and her team wanted to know how many medical schools have
student social media policies in place about protecting patient confidentiality.
Question 55
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 A marathon is a long-distance running race that is 26.2 miles long.
 An ultramarathon is a long-distance running race of more than 26.2 miles.
 The Kepler Challenge is a one-day, 37.3-mile ultramarathon in New Zealand.
 The Spreelauf is a six-day, 261-mile ultramarathon in Germany.
The student wants to make a generalization about ultramarathons. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Examples of ultramarathons include the 37.3-mile Kepler Challenge in New
Zealand and the 261-mile Spreelauf in Germany.
B. A marathon is 26.2 miles long, but the Spreelauf ultramarathon, at 261 miles, is
far longer.
C. Ultramarathons range widely in length, from a few dozen miles to a few hundred.
D. While the Kepler Challenge is a one-day ultramarathon, the Spreelauf is a six-day
ultramarathon.
Question 56
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 A commodity chain is the series of links connecting the production and purchase
of a commodity on the world market.
 Chinese American anthropologist Anna Tsing studies the contemporary
commodity chain of matsutake mushrooms.
 At one end of the matsutake chain are mushroom pickers in Oregon.
 At the other end are wealthy consumers who buy the costly matsutake in Japan.
 According to Tsing, “Japanese traders began importing matsutake in the 1980s,
when the scarcity of matsutake in Japan first became clear.”
The student wants to provide an overview of the matsutake commodity chain. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. The contemporary matsutake commodity chain has its origins in the 1980s
when, according to Tsing, “the scarcity of matsutake in Japan first became
clear.”
B. Commodity chains include the linked production and purchase of commodities,
such as the matsutake mushroom, on the world market.
C. Decades after the Japanese import of matsutake began, a commodity chain now
links matsutake pickers in Oregon with wealthy consumers of the costly
mushrooms in Japan.
D. Wealthy consumers who buy the costly mushrooms in Japan are at one end of
the matsutake commodity chain.
Question 57
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The Sasanian Empire lasted about 400 years (AD 224 to AD 651).
 The Sasanians controlled an area spanning 1.4 million square miles.
 This area included present-day Iran and Iraq.
 The empire’s capital was the ancient city of Ctesiphon.
 Ctesiphon was located near present-day Baghdad, Iraq.
The student wants to specify the location of Ctesiphon. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The Sasanian Empire began in AD 224 and ended in AD 651.
B. The capital of the Sasanian Empire, which spanned 1.4 million square miles,
was Ctesiphon.
C. The Sasanians controlled an area of 1.4 million square miles, including present-
day Iran and Iraq.
D. Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sasanian Empire, was located near present-day
Baghdad, Iraq.

Question 58
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Archaeologist Jon Erlandson and colleagues argue that humans first arrived in
the Americas by sea.
 They propose that humans traveled between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines
from northeast Asia to the Americas.
 Many of these islands and coastal zones were later submerged as glaciers
melted and sea levels rose.
 The researchers think that “a coastal route, including kelp forests and estuaries,
would have provided a rich mix of marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial
resources” such as seaweeds, fish, and birds.
 This proposed scenario is known as the kelp highway hypothesis.
The student wants to summarize the kelp highway hypothesis. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines likely contained “a rich mix of marine, estuarine,
riverine, and terrestrial resources” such as seaweeds, fish, and birds, according to
researchers.
B. One argument about how humans first arrived in the Americas is the kelp highway
hypothesis proposed by Jon Erlandson and colleagues.
C. Humans may have first arrived in the Americas by sea, traveling between Pacific Ocean
islands and coastlines and subsisting on a variety of resources.
D. As glaciers melted and sea levels rose, many Pacific Ocean islands and coastal zones
were submerged.
Question 59
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 From Earth, all the meteors in a meteor shower appear to originate from a single
spot in the sky.
 This spot is called the meteor shower’s radiant.
 The Perseid meteor shower is visible in the northern hemisphere in July and
August.
 Like many meteor showers, it is named for the location of its radiant.
 Its radiant is located within the constellation Perseus.
The student wants to explain the origin of the Perseid meteor shower’s name. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. The Perseid meteor shower is named for the constellation Perseus, the location
of the meteor shower’s radiant.
B. A meteor shower’s name may be linked to a single spot in the sky.
C. The Perseid meteor shower, which has a radiant, is visible in the northern
hemisphere in July and August.
D. From Earth, all the meteors in a meteor shower appear to originate from a
radiant, such as the one within Perseus.

Question 60
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Physicist Muluneh Abebe was working on a garment suited for both warm and
cold conditions.
 He analyzed the emissivity, or ability to emit heat, of the materials he planned to
use.
 Abebe found that reflective metal fibers emitted almost no heat and had an
emissivity of 0.02.
 He found that silicon carbide fibers absorbed large amounts of heat and had an
emissivity of 0.74.
 The amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount of heat it emits.
The student wants to contrast the emissivity of reflective metal fibers with that of
silicon carbide fibers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The ability of reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers to emit heat was
determined by an analysis of each material’s emissivity.
B. The amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount it emits, as
evidenced in Abebe’s analyses.
C. Though the reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers had different rates of
emissivity, Abebe planned to use both in a garment.
D. Whereas the reflective metal fibers had an emissivity of just 0.02, the silicon
carbide fibers absorbed large amounts of heat, resulting in an emissivity of 0.74.
Question 61
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Astronomers estimate that the number of comets orbiting the Sun is in the
billions.
 81P/Wild is one of many comets whose orbit has changed over time.
 81P/Wild’s orbit once lay between the orbits of Uranus and Jupiter.
 The comet’s orbit is now positioned between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about the orbits of comets.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
these goals?
A. Astronomers estimate that the number of comets orbiting the Sun is in the
billions; the comets’ orbits may change over time.
B. Like Uranus, Jupiter, and Mars, billions of comets orbit the Sun.
C. One example of a comet is 81P/Wild, whose orbit around the Sun once lay
between Uranus’s and Jupiter’s orbits but is now positioned between those of
Jupiter and Mars.
D. A comet’s orbit around the Sun may change over time: the orbit of comet
81P/Wild once lay between the orbits of Uranus and Jupiter but is now positioned
between those of Jupiter and Mars.
Question 62
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The Haudenosaunee Confederacy is a nearly 1,000-year-old alliance of six Native
nations in the northeastern US.
 The members are bound by a centuries-old agreement known as the Great Law
of Peace.
 Historian Bruce Johansen is one of several scholars who believe that the
principles of the Great Law of Peace influenced the US Constitution.
 This theory is called the influence theory.
 Johansen cites the fact that Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson both studied
the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.
The student wants to present the influence theory to an audience unfamiliar with the
Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Historian Bruce Johansen believes that the Great Law of Peace was very
influential.
B. The influence theory is supported by the fact that Benjamin Franklin and Thomas
Jefferson both studied the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.
C. The influence theory holds that the principles of the Great Law of Peace, a
centuries-old agreement binding six Native nations in the northeastern US,
influenced the US Constitution.
 D. Native people, including the members of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy,
influenced the founding of the US in many different ways.

Question 63
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Claude McKay (1889–1948) was a Jamaican American writer.
 Songs of Jamaica (1912) and Constab Ballads (1912) are two acclaimed poetry
collections that McKay published while living in Jamaica.
 McKay moved to Harlem in New York City in 1914.
 He is best known as a poet and novelist of the Harlem Renaissance, a literary
and cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s.
 His most famous works include the poetry collection Harlem Shadows (1922) and
the novel Home to Harlem (1928).
The student wants to emphasize Claude McKay’s accomplishments before moving to
Harlem. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Jamaican American writer Claude McKay is the author of works such as Songs of
Jamaica (1912), Constab Ballads (1912), Harlem Shadows (1922), and Home to
Harlem (1928).
B. Although he is best known as a Harlem Renaissance writer, Claude McKay had
published two acclaimed poetry collections in 1912 while living in Jamaica: Songs
of Jamaica and Constab Ballads.
C. In 1914, Claude McKay moved to Harlem, where he would become known as a
poet and novelist of the Harlem Renaissance (a literary and cultural movement
of the 1920s and 1930s).
D. Before moving to Harlem, Claude McKay—author of the poetry collection Harlem
Shadows (1922) and the novel Home to Harlem (1928)—lived in Jamaica.
Question 64
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Archaeologist Dr. Sada Mire founded the Horn Heritage Foundation to preserve
the cultural history of regions in the Horn of Africa.
 Horn Heritage has overseen a preservation project to create 3D digital scans of
ancient rock art in Somaliland.
 Paintings found at the Laas Geel caves are included in the scans.
 The Laas Geel paintings feature human figures and animals.
 Paintings found at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves are included in the scans.
 The Dhagah Nabi Galay caves feature what are thought to be the earliest
examples of writing in East Africa.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the Laas Geel paintings and the
Dhagah Nabi Galay paintings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The earliest examples of writing in East Africa are thought to be featured in the
paintings at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves in Somaliland.
B. The paintings at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves feature examples of writing, while
those at the Laas Geel caves feature humans and animals.
C. In Somaliland, the paintings in the Laas Geel caves feature human figures and
animals.
D. The Laas Geel paintings and the Dhagah Nabi Galay paintings are both examples
of ancient rock art found in Somaliland.
Question 65
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Neuroscientists Krishnan Padmanabhan and Zhen Chen sought to better
understand the workings of the brain’s olfactory system.
 They devised a study using mathematical models.
 They found that certain fibers allow the brain to toggle from one method of
processing smells to another.
 In one method, cells in the piriform cortex (where the perception of odor forms)
capture olfactory information at a given moment.
 In the other, the cells track changes in olfactory information over time.
The student wants to summarize the study’s findings. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. To arrive at these findings, which describe dual methods of processing smells in
the piriform cortex, Padmanabhan and Chen devised a study using mathematical
models.
B. Padmanabhan and Chen showed that olfactory information is captured by cells in
the piriform cortex, where the perception of odor forms.
C. Using mathematical models, Padmanabhan and Chen devised a study to better
understand the workings of the brain’s olfactory system.
D. According to Padmanabhan and Chen, the brain can toggle between capturing
olfactory information at a given moment and tracking changes in that
information over time.

Question 66
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Architect Julian Abele studied Gregorian and neo-Gothic architecture in Europe.
 Abele worked for an architecture firm that was hired in 1924 to design buildings
for Duke University’s new campus.
 Most of the buildings on Duke’s campus were designed in the Gregorian or neo-
Gothic architectural styles.
 At the time, Abele was not formally credited with designing the buildings.
 Based on the buildings’ architectural styles, historians believe Abele designed
most of the campus buildings.
The student wants to specify why historians believe Abele designed most of Duke’s
campus buildings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Given that most of the buildings on Duke’s campus feature architectural styles
that Abele had studied in Europe, historians believe Abele is the one who
designed them.
B. Though Abele wasn’t formally credited at the time, historians believe he
designed most of the buildings on Duke’s campus.
C. Most of Duke’s campus buildings, which were designed by a firm Abele worked
for, were designed in the Gregorian and neo-Gothic architectural styles.
D. Abele, an architect who studied Gregorian and neo-Gothic architecture in Europe,
is believed to have designed most of the buildings on Duke’s campus.

Question 67
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Nissologists are scientists who study islands.
 Some nissologists define an island as any piece of land surrounded by water.
 Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 221,000 islands.
 Other nissologists define an island as being 1 kilometer square, a certain
distance from the mainland, and having at least 50 permanent residents.
 Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 24 islands.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about nissologists’ definition
of an island. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish these goals?
A. The definition of an island as any piece of land surrounded by water is supported
by some nissologists, scientists who study islands.
B. Multiple counts of Sweden’s islands have been based on different definitions of
an island.
C. Based on a recent count, Sweden has a relatively small number of islands with at
least 50 permanent residents.
D. Nissologists’ different definitions can result in huge disparities in counts of
islands, as the example of Sweden shows.

Question 68
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Cecilia Vicuña is a multidisciplinary artist.
 In 1971, her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, was
shown at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile.
 Her poetry collection Precario/Precarious was published in 1983 by Tanam Press.
 Her poetry collection Instan was published in 2002 by Kelsey St. Press.
  She lives part time in Chile, where she was born, and part time in New York.
The student wants to introduce the artist’s 1983 poetry collection. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Before she published the books Precario/Precarious (1983) and Instan (2002),
Cecilia Vicuña exhibited visual art at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in
Santiago, Chile.
B. Cecilia Vicuña is a true multidisciplinary artist whose works include numerous
poetry collections and visual art exhibitions.
C. Published in 1983 by Tanam Press, Precario/Precarious is a collection of poetry
by the multidisciplinary artist Cecilia Vicuña.
D. In 1971, Cecilia Vicuña exhibited her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y
explicaciones, in Chile, her country of birth.

Question 69
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Planetary scientists classify asteroids based on their composition.
 C-type asteroids are composed primarily of carbon.
 They account for roughly 75 percent of known asteroids.
 S-type asteroids are primarily made up of silicate minerals.
 They account for roughly 17 percent of known asteroids.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between C-type and S-type asteroids.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. Planetary scientists classify asteroids into types, two of which are the C-type and
the S-type.
B. Planetary scientists consider an asteroid’s composition (such as whether the
asteroid is composed mainly of silicate minerals or carbon) when classifying it.
C. Roughly 17 percent of known asteroids are classified as S-type asteroids;
another percentage is classified as C-type asteroids.
D. C-type asteroids are mainly composed of carbon, whereas S-type asteroids are
primarily made up of silicate minerals.

Question 70
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In 1978, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the
Alta River in Norway.
 The dam would disrupt Sámi fishing and reindeer herding.
 The dam was ultimately built, but the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.
 It brought international attention to the issue of Sámi rights.
  It led to a set of 2005 legal protections establishing Sámi rights to lands, waters,
and resources.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about the Alta conflict. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. During the Alta conflict, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction
of a dam on the Alta River in Norway that would disrupt local fishing and reindeer
herding.
B. Although the dam that the Sámi activists had protested was ultimately built, the
Alta conflict had a lasting impact.
C. Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources received international attention and
legal protections as a result of the Alta conflict.
D. The Alta conflict had a lasting impact, resulting in international attention and
legal protections for Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources.

Question 71
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In geology, an Aeolian landform is one that has been created by the wind.
 In Greek mythology, Aeolus is the keeper of the winds.
 Aeolian landforms are created when the wind erodes, transports, or deposits
material.
 A mushroom rock is a rock formation in which the top is wider than the base.
 A mushroom rock can be formed when the wind erodes the base and the top at
different rates.
The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Aeolian landforms.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. Aeolian landforms are created by different wind-based processes; for example,
some are created by wind erosion.
B. Aeolian landforms—landforms created by the wind—include the mushroom rock,
a rock formation in which the wind erodes the base of the rock faster than the
top.
C. Erosion, transportation, and deposition are three examples of how the wind can
create Aeolian landforms and mushroom rocks.
D. A mushroom rock is a rock formation that owes its shape to the wind, a natural
force associated with Aeolus in Greek mythology.
Question 72
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Circular particle accelerators known as synchrotrons radiate energy in the form
of light.
 Synchrotron light is among the brightest light ever produced.
  Synchrotron light is an ideal tool for researchers investigating the structure of
matter.
 The first synchrotron created for the purpose of providing synchrotron light was
built in 1968.
 It was called Tantalus and was housed near the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
The student wants to emphasize the location of the first synchrotron built to provide
synchrotron light. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Tantalus, the first synchrotron created for the purpose of providing synchrotron
light, was built in 1968.
B. Circular particle accelerators known as synchrotrons radiate energy in the form
of light, and this light is an ideal tool for researchers investigating the structure
of matter.
C. The first synchrotron created for the purpose of providing synchrotron light,
Tantalus, was housed near the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
D. Synchrotron light is among the brightest light ever produced, making it an ideal
tool for researchers investigating the structure of matter.

Question 73
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Cambodia’s Angkor Wat was built in the 1100s to honor the Hindu god Vishnu.
 It has been a Buddhist temple since the sixteenth century.
 Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique that enhances
the contrast between colors in a photograph.
 Archaeologist Noel Hidalgo Tan applied decorrelation stretch analysis to
photographs he had taken of Angkor Wat’s plaster walls.
 Tan’s analysis revealed hundreds of images unknown to researchers.
The student wants to present Tan’s research to an audience unfamiliar with Angkor
Wat. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Tan photographed Angkor Wat’s plaster walls and then applied decorrelation
stretch analysis to the photographs.
B. Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique that Tan
used to enhance the contrast between colors in a photograph.
C. Using a novel digital imaging technique, Tan revealed hundreds of images
hidden on the walls of Angkor Wat, a Cambodian temple.
D. Built to honor a Hindu god before becoming a Buddhist temple, Cambodia’s
Angkor Wat concealed hundreds of images on its plaster walls.
Question 74
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Stars form in a galaxy when gravity causes a massive cloud of dust and gas to
collapse.
 A galaxy in a phase of rapid star formation is called a starburst galaxy.
 Quenching is a process in which a galaxy loses star-forming gas.
 A galaxy that no longer forms stars is called a quenched galaxy.
 A quenched galaxy has entered the poststarburst phase.
The student wants to explain what a quenched galaxy is. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Before quenching, a starburst galaxy will form stars at a rapid rate.
B. When it becomes quenched, a starburst galaxy enters the poststarburst phase.
C. Having entered the poststarburst phase, a quenched galaxy is one that no longer
forms stars.
D. A starburst galaxy will lose star-forming gas and eventually become quenched.

Question 75
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In North America, woodlands have expanded into areas that were once
grasslands.
 Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell of Wichita State University investigated
whether woodland expansion is related to changes in climate.
 Rogers and Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on a site that was not
wooded in the past and indexed the age of the trees with historical climate data
to see if tree populations and climate were correlated.
 Tree population growth was associated with dry intervals.
 Droughts may have played a role in woodland expansion.
The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell, researchers at Wichita State University,
wanted to know if woodland expansion is related to changes in climate.
B. Thanks to the work done by Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell, we now
know that droughts may have played a role in woodland expansion.
C. Wichita State University researchers have determined that tree population
growth was associated with dry intervals.
D. Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on
a site that was not wooded in the past, indexing the age of the trees with
historical climate data.
Question 76
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Pinnipeds, which include seals, sea lions, and walruses, live in and around water.
 Pinnipeds are descended not from sea animals but from four-legged, land-
dwelling carnivores.
 Canadian paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski recently found a fossil with four legs,
webbed toes, and the skull and teeth of a seal.
 Rybczynski refers to her rare find as a “transitional fossil.”
 The fossil illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their land-
dwelling ancestors.
The student wants to emphasize the fossil’s significance. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Canadian paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski’s fossil has the skull and teeth of a
seal, which, like sea lions and walruses, is a pinniped.
B. Pinnipeds are descended from four-legged, land-dwelling carnivores; a fossil that
resembles both was recently found.
C. Having four legs but the skull and teeth of a seal, the rare fossil illustrates an
early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their land-dwelling ancestors.
D. A “transitional fossil” was recently found by paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski.

Question 77
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 J.R.R. Tolkien’s 1937 novel The Hobbit features two maps.
 The novel opens with a reproduction of the map that the characters use on their
quest.
 This map introduces readers to the fictional world they are about to enter.
 The novel closes with a map depicting every stop on the characters’ journey.
 That map allows readers to reconstruct the story they have just read.
The student wants to contrast the purposes of the two maps in The Hobbit. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
 A. The Hobbit’s opening map introduces readers to the fictional world they are
about to enter, while the closing map allows them to reconstruct the story they
have just read.
B. The Hobbit, a novel published by J.R.R. Tolkien in 1937, features a reproduction
of a map that the characters use on their quest, as well as a map that appears at
the end of the novel.
C. The Hobbit’s two maps, one opening and one closing the novel, each serve a
purpose for readers.
D. In 1937, author J.R.R. Tolkien published The Hobbit, a novel featuring both an
opening and a closing map.

Question 78
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Etel Adnan was a Lebanese American poet and artist known for making many
leporellos.
 A leporello is an artist’s book that is folded accordion style.
 When the book is expanded, the artist’s work is revealed, and its zigzag shape
allows it to stand on its own.
 Her leporello December from My Window (1993) features a panoramic
landscape.
 It is painted using ink and watercolor.
The student wants to describe Adnan’s December from My Window to an audience
already familiar with leporellos. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Featuring a panoramic landscape, the 1993 work is one of Adnan’s many
leporellos, which are accordion-style folded books that when expanded reveal
the artist’s work.
B. When expanded, Adnan’s 1993 leporello December from My Window reveals a
panoramic landscape painted in ink and watercolor.
C. Known for making many other accordion-style folded books called leporellos,
Adnan created December from My Window in 1993.
D. A leporello, such as Adnan’s December from My Window, is folded accordion
style, and due to its zigzag shape it is able to stand on its own when fully
expanded.
Question 79
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In the art world, the term biennial traditionally refers to an art exhibition that
takes place every two years in a single location.
 Such biennials are held in New York, Berlin, and Venice.
 In 2006, artists Ed Gomez and Luis Hernandez founded the unconventional
MexiCali Biennial.
 The MexiCali Biennial hosts exhibitions in different venues on both sides of the
US-Mexico border.
 The MexiCali Biennial has taken place on an uneven schedule, with exhibitions in
2006, 2009–10, 2013, and 2018–20.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the MexiCali Biennial and
traditional biennials. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In 2006, artists Ed Gomez and Luis Hernandez founded the MexiCali Biennial,
which has taken place in 2006, 2009–10, 2013, and 2018–20.
B. Unlike traditional biennials, the MexiCali Biennial hosts exhibitions in different
venues on an uneven schedule.
C. The term biennial traditionally refers to an art exhibition that takes place every
two years in a single location, not to exhibitions hosted at a variety of times and
venues.
D. Biennial exhibitions have been held in New York, Berlin, and Venice but also on
both sides of the US-Mexico border.

Question 80
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Ducklings expend up to 62.8% less energy when swimming in a line behind their
mother than when swimming alone.
 The physics behind this energy savings hasn’t always been well understood.
 Naval architect Zhiming Yuan used computer simulations to study the effect of
the mother duck’s wake.
 The study revealed that ducklings are pushed in a forward direction by the
wake’s waves.
 Yuan determined this push reduces the effect of wave drag on the ducklings by
 158%.
The student wants to present the study and its methodology. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. A study revealed that ducklings, which expend up to 62.8% less energy when
swimming in a line behind their mother, also experience 158% less drag.
B. Seeking to understand how ducklings swimming in a line behind their mother
save energy, Zhiming Yuan used computer simulations to study the effect of the
mother duck’s wake.
C. Zhiming Yuan studied the physics behind the fact that by being pushed in a
forward direction by waves, ducklings save energy.
D. Naval architect Zhiming Yuan discovered that ducklings are pushed in a forward
direction by the waves of their mother’s wake, reducing the effect of drag by
158%.

Question 81
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In 1897, African American inventor Andrew Beard invented an automatic coupler.
 It improved on the existing design of train car couplers.
 It made the job of connecting train cars safer.
 In 1938, African American inventor Frederick Jones invented a mobile
refrigeration system.
 It improved on the existing design of food transport trucks.
 It enabled trucks to carry perishable foods farther.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between Beard’s invention and Jones’s
invention. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Beard’s automatic coupler and Jones’s mobile refrigeration system both
improved on existing designs.
B. In 1897, Beard invented an automatic coupler, which made the job of connecting
train cars safer.
C. Beard’s invention made the job of connecting train cars safer, whereas Jones’s
invention enabled food transport trucks to carry perishables farther.
D. Jones’s mobile refrigeration system, which he invented in 1938, made it possible
for food transport trucks to carry perishable foods farther.
Question 82
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 African American women played prominent roles in the Civil Rights Movement,
including at the famous 1963 March on Washington.
 Civil rights activist Anna Hedgeman, one of the march’s organizers, was a
political adviser who had worked for President Truman.
 Civil rights activist Daisy Bates was a well-known journalist and advocate for
school desegregation.
 Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman was included in the
lineup of speakers at the march.
 Bates was the sole woman to speak, delivering a brief but memorable address to
the cheering crowd.
The student wants to compare the two women’s contributions to the March on
Washington. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Hedgeman and Bates contributed to the march in different ways; Bates, for
example, delivered a brief but memorable address.
B. Hedgeman worked in politics and helped organize the march, while Bates was a
journalist and school desegregation advocate.
C. Although Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman speaker
was included, Bates was the sole woman to speak at the march.
D. Many African American women, including Bates and Hedgeman, fought for civil
rights, but only one spoke at the march.

Question 83
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The Pueblo of Zuni is located about 150 miles west of Albuquerque, New Mexico.
 It is the traditional home of the A:shiwi (Zuni) people.
 The A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center was established by tribal
members in 1992.
  Its mission is stated on its website: “As a tribal museum and heritage center for
the Zuni people and by the Zuni people we work to provide learning experiences
that emphasize A:shiwi ways of knowing, as well as exploring modern concepts
of knowledge and the transfer of knowledge.”
The student wants to emphasize how long the museum has existed. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The Pueblo of Zuni is home to the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center,
which was founded by tribal members.
B. The A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center has served the Pueblo of Zuni
since 1992.
C. According to its website, the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center
(founded in the 1990s) works to “emphasize A:shiwi ways of knowing.”
D. Knowledge has been one of the central themes of the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and
Heritage Center from its founding.

Question 84
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Jon Ching is a Los Angeles-based painter.
 He uses the term “flauna” to describe the plant-animal hybrids that he depicts in
his surreal paintings.
 “Flauna” is a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna.”
 His painting Nectar depicts a parrot with leaves for feathers.
 His painting Primaveral depicts a snow leopard whose fur sprouts flowers.
The student wants to provide an explanation and example of “flauna.” Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The term “flauna,” used by Los Angeles-based painter Jon Ching, is a
combination of the words “flora” and “fauna.”
B. Jon Ching uses the term “flauna,” a combination of the words “flora” and
“fauna,” to describe the subjects of his surreal paintings: plant-animal hybrids
such as a parrot with leaves for feathers.
C. Jon Ching, who created Nectar, refers to the subjects of his paintings as “flauna.”
D. The subjects of Nectar and Primaveral are types of “flauna,” a term that the
paintings’ creator, Jon Ching, uses when describing his surreal artworks.

Question 85
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Ancient Native American and Australian Aboriginal cultures described the
Pleiades star cluster as having seven stars.
  It was referred to as the Seven Sisters in the mythology of ancient Greece.
 Today, the cluster appears to have only six stars.
 Two of the stars have moved so close together that they now appear as one.
The student wants to specify the reason the Pleiades’ appearance changed. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Ancient Native American and Australian Aboriginal cultures described the
Pleiades, which was referred to in Greek mythology as the Seven Sisters, as
having seven stars.
B. Although once referred to as the Seven Sisters, the Pleiades appears to have
only six stars today.
C. In the time since ancient cultures described the Pleiades as having seven stars,
two of the cluster’s stars have moved so close together that they now appear as
one.
D. The Pleiades has seven stars, but two are so close together that they appear to
be a single star.
Question 86
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The painter Frida Kahlo is one of the most influential artists of the twentieth
century.
 She was born in Coyoacán, Mexico, in 1907.
 She is best known for her vivid and richly symbolic self-portraits.
 The Two Fridas (1939) features two versions of Kahlo sitting together.
 One version wears a European-style dress and the other a traditional Tehuana
dress.
The student wants to introduce Kahlo to an audience unfamiliar with the artist. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Known for being vivid and richly symbolic, Frida Kahlo’s self-portraits include The
Two Fridas (1939).
B. The 1939 painting The Two Fridas is one example of a self-portrait by Frida
Kahlo.
C. One painting by Frida Kahlo features two versions of herself, with one version
wearing a European-style dress and the other a traditional Tehuana dress.
D. One of the most influential artists of the twentieth century, Mexican painter Frida
Kahlo is best known for her self-portraits, which are vivid and richly symbolic.

Question 87
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
  Samuel Selvon was a Trinidadian author.
 The Lonely Londoners is one of his most celebrated novels.
 Selvon published the novel in 1956.
 It is about a group of men who emigrate from the Caribbean to Great Britain
after World War II.
 Some of The Lonely Londoners’ characters also appear in Selvon’s later
novel Moses Ascending.
The student wants to introduce Samuel Selvon and his novel The Lonely Londoners to a
new audience. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes
to accomplish this goal?
A. In 1956, Trinidadian author Samuel Selvon published one of his most celebrated
novels, The Lonely Londoners, which is about a group of men who emigrate
from the Caribbean to Great Britain after World War II.
B. Samuel Selvon wrote the novel Moses Ascending after he wrote The Lonely
Londoners.
C. The Lonely Londoners, a celebrated novel that was published in 1956, depicts
post–World War II Caribbean migration from the perspective of a Trinidadian
author.
D. Some of the characters who appear in Samuel Selvon’s Moses Ascending also
appear in The Lonely Londoners.

Question 88
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Seven species of sea turtle exist today.
 Five sea turtle species can be found in the Atlantic Ocean.
 One of those species is the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle.
 Its scientific name is Lepidochelys kempii.
 Another of those species is the olive ridley sea turtle.
 Its scientific name is Lepidochelys olivacea.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two sea turtle species. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Among the seven species of sea turtle is the olive ridley sea turtle, which can be
found in the Atlantic Ocean.
B. The Kemp’s ridley sea turtle is referred to as Lepidochelys kempii, while the olive
ridley sea turtle is referred to as Lepidochelys olivacea.
C. Both the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle and the olive ridley sea turtle can be found in
the Atlantic Ocean.
D. The Kemp’s ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) and the olive ridley sea turtle
(Lepidochelys olivacea) are different species.
Question 89
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Bioluminescence is the emission of light by living organisms.
 This light is produced by chemical reactions in organisms’ cells.
 Jellyfish emit flashes of blue light.
 This behavior serves to startle predators.
 Black dragonfish emit a steady red light.
 This behavior helps them locate prey in deep waters.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the behavior of jellyfish and that
of black dragonfish. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Both jellyfish and black dragonfish are organisms that emit light, which is
produced by chemical reactions in these organisms’ cells.
B. Black dragonfish emit a steady red light, which helps them locate prey in deep
waters.
C. Bioluminescence, the emission of light by living organisms, results from chemical
reactions in organisms’ cells.
D. Jellyfish emit light to startle predators, whereas black dragonfish do so to locate
prey.
Question 90
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Gravitational waves are powerful ripples that originate in deep space and
eventually pass through Earth.
 The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a physics
study that began in 2002.
 LIGO’s goal is to detect and analyze gravitational waves.
 LIGO uses a pair of massive gravitational wave detectors called interferometers
that are thousands of miles apart.
 In 2015, for the first time in history, LIGO researchers detected a gravitational
wave passing through Earth.
The student wants to present LIGO’s aim and methodology. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In 2015, LIGO’s massive interferometers detected a powerful ripple that
originated in deep space and eventually passed through Earth.
B. Though the physics study LIGO began in 2002, its massive interferometers didn’t
detect a gravitational wave until 2015.
C. To achieve its aims, LIGO uses a pair of massive interferometers that are
thousands of miles apart.
D. A physics study designed to detect and analyze gravitational waves, LIGO uses a
pair of massive interferometers that are thousands of miles apart.

Question 91
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Most, but not all, of the Moon’s oxygen comes from the Sun, via solar wind.
 Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada from Osaka University wondered if some of the
unaccounted-for oxygen could be coming from Earth.
 In 2008, he analyzed data from the Japanese satellite Kaguya.
 Kaguya gathered data about gases and particles it encountered while orbiting
the Moon.
 Based on the Kaguya data, Terada confirmed his suspicion that Earth is sending
oxygen to the Moon.
The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. As it orbited the Moon, the Kaguya satellite collected data that was later
analyzed by cosmochemist Kentaro Terada.
B. Before 2008, Kentaro Terada wondered if the Moon was receiving some of its
oxygen from Earth.
C. Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada set out to determine whether some of the Moon’s
oxygen was coming from Earth.
D. Kentaro Terada’s study determined that Earth is sending a small amount of
oxygen to the Moon.
Question 92
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Annie Wu is a prominent American flutist who graduated from the New England
Conservatory.
 She has won multiple national flute competitions.
 She is best known for a 2011 YouTube video that has been viewed over two
million times.
 The video shows her performing Three Beats for Beatbox Flute, an original work
by composer Greg Pattillo.
 Wu combines flute playing and beatboxing in the video.
The student wants to emphasize Wu’s most well-known achievement. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Annie Wu, who has won multiple national flute competitions, has also combined
flute playing and beatboxing.
B. Among her many achievements, prominent American flutist Annie Wu graduated
from the New England Conservatory and has won multiple national flute
competitions.
C. Annie Wu is best known for a 2011 YouTube video performance of Three Beats
for Beatbox Flute that has been viewed over two million times.
D. Composer Greg Pattillo’s original work Three Beats for Beatbox Flute combines
flute playing and beatboxing.
Question 93
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In the late 1890s, over 14,000 unique varieties of apples were grown in the US.
 The rise of industrial agriculture in the mid-1900s narrowed the range of
commercially grown crops.
 Thousands of apple varieties considered less suitable for commercial growth
were lost.
 Today, only 15 apple varieties dominate the market, making up 90% of apples
purchased in the US.
 The Lost Apple Project, based in Washington State, attempts to find and grow
lost apple varieties.
The student wants to emphasize the decline in unique apple varieties in the US and
specify why this decline occurred. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish these goals?
A. The Lost Apple Project is dedicated to finding some of the apple varieties lost
following a shift in agricultural practices in the mid-1900s.
B. While over 14,000 apple varieties were grown in the US in the late 1890s, only
15 unique varieties make up most of the apples sold today.
C. Since the rise of industrial agriculture, US farmers have mainly grown the same
few unique apple varieties, resulting in the loss of thousands of varieties less
suitable for commercial growth.
D.As industrial agriculture rose to prominence in the mid-1900s, the number of
crops selected for cultivation decreased dramatically.
Question 94
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Started in 1925, the Scripps National Spelling Bee is a US-based spelling
competition.
 The words used in the competition have diverse linguistic origins.
 In 2008, Sameer Mishra won by correctly spelling the word “guerdon.”
 “Guerdon” derives from the Anglo-French word “guerdun.”
 In 2009, Kavya Shivashankar won by correctly spelling the word “Laodicean.”
 “Laodicean” derives from the ancient Greek word “Laodíkeia.”
The student wants to emphasize a difference in the origins of the two words. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. “Guerdon,” the final word of the 2008 Scripps National Spelling Bee, is of Anglo-
French origin, while the following year’s final word, “Laodicean,” derives from
ancient Greek.
B. In 2008, Sameer Mishra won the Scripps National Spelling Bee by correctly
spelling the word “guerdon”; however, the following year, Kavya Shivashankar
won based on spelling the word “Laodicean.”
C. Kavya Shivashankar won the 2009 Scripps National Spelling Bee by correctly
spelling “Laodicean,” which derives from the ancient Greek word “Laodíkeia.”
D. The Scripps National Spelling Bee uses words from diverse linguistic origins, such
as “guerdon” and “Laodicean.”

Question 95
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Abdulrazak Gurnah was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature.
 Gurnah was born in Zanzibar in East Africa and currently lives in the United
Kingdom.
 Many readers have singled out Gurnah’s 1994 book Paradise for praise.
 Paradise is a historical novel about events that occurred in colonial East Africa.

The student wants to introduce Paradise to an audience unfamiliar with the novel and
its author. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Abdulrazak Gurnah, who wrote Paradise and later was awarded the Nobel Prize
in Literature, was born in Zanzibar in East Africa and currently lives in the United
Kingdom.
B. Many readers have singled out Abdulrazak Gurnah’s 1994 book Paradise, a
historical novel about colonial East Africa, for praise.
C. A much-praised historical novel about colonial East Africa, Paradise (1994) was
 written by Abdulrazak Gurnah, winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature.
D. Paradise is a historical novel about events that occurred in colonial East Africa,
Abdulrazak Gurnah’s homeland.

Question 96
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Las sergas de Esplandián was a novel popular in sixteenth-century Spain.
 The novel featured a fictional island inhabited solely by Black women and known
as California.
 That same century, Spanish explorers learned of an “island” off the west coast of
Mexico.
 They called it California after the island in the novel.
 The “island” was actually the peninsula now known as Baja California (“Lower
California”), which lies to the south of the US state of California.
The student wants to emphasize the role a misconception played in the naming of a
place. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. The novel Las sergas de Esplandián featured a fictional island known as
California.
B. To the south of the US state of California lies Baja California (“Lower California”),
originally called California after a fictional place.
C. In the sixteenth century, Spanish explorers learned of a peninsula off the west
coast of Mexico and called it California.
D. Thinking it was an island, Spanish explorers called a peninsula California after an
island in a popular novel.
Question 97
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Some sandstone arches in Utah’s Arches National Park have been defaced by
tourists’ carvings.
 Park rangers can smooth away some carvings using power grinders.
 For deep carvings, power grinding is not always feasible because it can greatly
alter or damage the rock.
 Park rangers can use an infilling technique, which involves filling in carvings with
ground sandstone and a bonding agent.
 This technique is minimally invasive.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the infilling technique. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. To remove carvings from sandstone arches in Utah’s Arches National Park, power
grinding is not always feasible.
B. Filling in carvings with ground sandstone and a bonding agent is less invasive
 than smoothing them away with a power grinder, which can greatly alter or
damage the sandstone arches.
C. Park rangers can use a power grinding technique to smooth away carvings or fill
them in with ground sandstone and a bonding agent.
D. As methods for removing carvings from sandstone, power grinding and infilling
differ in their level of invasiveness.
Question 98
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Just like states have state flags, some cities have city flags.
 Over one hundred US cities have redesigned their flags since 2015.
 The city of Pocatello, Idaho, redesigned its flag after it was named the most
poorly designed flag in North America.
 Pocatello’s new flag better represents the city’s mountainous geography and
civic priorities.
 Residents consider the new flag to be a meaningful symbol of civic pride.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about the effect of redesigning
a city flag. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Over one hundred US cities have redesigned their flags, including Pocatello,
whose flag had been named the most poorly designed flag in North America.
B. Pocatello is just one of over one hundred US cities that have redesigned their
flags.
C. After it was named the most poorly designed flag in North America, the flag of
Pocatello was redesigned to better represent the city’s geography and civic
priorities.
D. Redesigning a poorly designed city flag can create a meaningful symbol of civic
pride, as was the case when Pocatello redesigned its original flag to better
represent its geography and civic priorities.

Question 99
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The calendar used by most of the world (the Gregorian calendar) has 365 days.
 Because 365 days can’t be divided evenly by 7 (the number of days in a week),
calendar dates fall on a different day of the week each year.
 The Hanke-Henry permanent calendar, developed as an alternative to the
Gregorian calendar, has 364 days.
 Because 364 can be divided evenly by 7, calendar dates fall on the same day of
the week each year, which supports more predictable scheduling.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the Hanke-Henry calendar. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The Gregorian calendar has 365 days, which is one day longer than the Hanke-
Henry permanent calendar.
B. Adopting the Hanke-Henry permanent calendar would help solve a problem with
the Gregorian calendar.
C. Designed so calendar dates would occur on the same day of the week each
year, the Hanke-Henry calendar supports more predictable scheduling than
does the Gregorian calendar.
D. The Hanke-Henry permanent calendar was developed as an alternative to the
Gregorian calendar, which is currently the most-used calendar in the world.
Question 100
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Minnesota defines a lake as an inland body of water of at least 10 acres.
 Wisconsin’s definition of a lake doesn’t take size into account.
 By its own definition, Wisconsin has over 15,000 lakes, many smaller than 10
acres.
 By Minnesota’s definition, Wisconsin has only about 6,000 lakes.
The student wants to contrast Minnesota’s definition of a lake with Wisconsin’s. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Wisconsin, which doesn’t take size into account in defining a lake, claims that it
has over 15,000 lakes.
B. Because its definition of a lake is different from Minnesota’s, it is unclear how
many lakes Wisconsin really has.
C. According to Minnesota’s definition of a lake—an inland body of water of at least
10 acres—Wisconsin has about 6,000 lakes.
D. Minnesota’s definition of a lake—an inland body of water of at least 10 acres—is
more restrictive than Wisconsin’s, which doesn’t take size into account.
Question 101
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Chemical leavening agents cause carbon dioxide to be released within a liquid
batter, making the batter rise as it bakes.
 Baking soda and baking powder are chemical leavening agents.
 Baking soda is pure sodium bicarbonate.
 To produce carbon dioxide, baking soda needs to be mixed with liquid and an
acidic ingredient such as honey.
 Baking powder is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and an acid.
 To produce carbon dioxide, baking powder needs to be mixed with liquid but not
with an acidic ingredient.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between baking soda and baking powder.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. To make batters rise, bakers use chemical leavening agents such as baking soda
and baking powder.
B. Baking soda and baking powder are chemical leavening agents that, when mixed
with other ingredients, cause carbon dioxide to be released within a batter.
C. Baking soda is pure sodium bicarbonate, and honey is a type of acidic ingredient.
D. To produce carbon dioxide within a liquid batter, baking soda needs to be mixed
with an acidic ingredient, whereas baking powder does not.
Question 102
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The factors that affect clutch size (the number of eggs laid at one time) have
been well studied in birds but not in lizards.
 A team led by Shai Meiri of Tel Aviv University investigated which factors
influence lizard clutch size.
 Meiri’s team obtained clutch-size and habitat data for over 3,900 lizard species
and analyzed the data with statistical models.
 Larger clutch size was associated with environments in higher latitudes that have
more seasonal change.
 Lizards in higher-latitude environments may lay larger clutches to take
advantage of shorter windows of favorable conditions.
The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Researchers wanted to know which factors influence lizard egg clutch size
because such factors have been well studied in birds but not in lizards.
B. After they obtained data for over 3,900 lizard species, researchers determined
that larger clutch size was associated with environments in higher latitudes that
have more seasonal change.
C. We now know that lizards in higher-latitude environments may lay larger
clutches to take advantage of shorter windows of favorable conditions.
D. Researchers obtained clutch-size and habitat data for over 3,900 lizard species
and analyzed the data with statistical models.
Question 103
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Maika’i Tubbs is a Native Hawaiian sculptor and installation artist.
 His work has been shown in the United States, Canada, Japan, and Germany,
among other places.
 Many of his sculptures feature discarded objects.
 His work Erasure (2008) includes discarded audiocassette tapes and magnets.
 His work Home Grown (2009) includes discarded pushpins, plastic plates and
forks, and wood.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two works. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Erasure (2008) uses discarded objects such as audiocassette tapes and
magnets; Home Grown (2009), however, includes pushpins, plastic plates and
forks, and wood.
B. Tubbs’s work, which often features discarded objects, has been shown both
within the United States and abroad.
C. Like many of Tubbs’s sculptures, both Erasure and Home Grown include
discarded objects: Erasure uses audiocassette tapes, and Home Grown uses
plastic forks.
D. Tubbs completed Erasure in 2008 and Home Grown in 2009.

Question 104
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In World War I, US soldiers who were members of the Choctaw Nation in
Oklahoma participated in the Choctaw Code Talkers program.
 The Choctaw Code Talkers were trained to relay coded military information in
their native language.
 In World War II, the US Army recruited Navajo (Diné) soldiers to transmit coded
messages in their native language.
 These soldiers were known as the Navajo Code Talkers.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the Choctaw Code Talkers and
the Navajo Code Talkers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. US soldiers who were members of the Choctaw Nation in Oklahoma used their
native language to relay coded information.
B. In World War II, one group of Navajo (Diné) soldiers was known as the Navajo
Code Talkers.
C. Both the Choctaw Code Talkers and the Navajo Code Talkers transmitted coded
military messages in the soldiers’ native languages.
D. The Choctaw Code Talkers, not the Navajo Code Talkers, served in World War I.
Question 105
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The International Center for the Arts of the Americas (ICAA) is directed by Mari
Carmen Ramírez.
 Ramírez oversaw an initiative to create an online archive of historical documents
related to the history of Latin American and Latino visual art.
 The ICAA digitized over 10,000 documents, including the writings of Latin
American and Latino artists and critics.
 The creation of the archive didn’t require historical documents to be removed
from their countries of origin.
 Scholars now have more access to these documents.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the ICAA’s archive being digital. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Over 10,000 documents related to the history of Latin American and Latino visual
art are part of the ICAA archive.
B. By offering online versions of historical documents, the ICAA’s archive provides
more access to these materials without removing them from their countries of
origin.
C. Among the historical documents in the ICAA’s archive are the writings of Latin
American and Latino artists and critics.
D. The ICAA’s director, Mari Carmen Ramírez, oversaw the creation of an online
archive of historical documents related to Latin American and Latino visual art.

Question 106
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 A lever is a simple machine consisting of a rigid beam and a fulcrum.
 The fulcrum is the point about which the beam pivots.
  The input force (effort) is the force applied to the lever.
 The output force (load) is the force that the lever exerts on another object.
 In first-class levers, the fulcrum is located between the effort and the load.
 In second-class levers, the load is located between the effort and the fulcrum.
The student wants to contrast first-class levers and second-class levers. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In levers, the effort is the force applied to the lever; the load, in contrast, is the
force that the lever exerts on another object.
B. In first-class and second-class levers, the fulcrum and the load are in different
locations.
C. First-class levers are simple machines consisting of a rigid beam and a fulcrum,
but then again, the same is true of second-class levers.
D. In first-class levers, the fulcrum is located between the effort and the load, but in
second-class levers, the load is located between the effort and the fulcrum.
Question 107
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Scientists have developed a “freeze-thaw” battery that can retain 92% of its
charge after twelve weeks.
 The battery contains molten salt (a type of salt that liquifies when heated and
solidifies at room temperature).
 When the salt is in a liquid state, energy flows through the battery.
 When the salt is in a solid state, energy stops flowing and is stored in the
battery.
 The stored (frozen) energy can be used by reheating (thawing) the battery.
The student wants to specify how the salt enables energy storage. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Scientists have developed a freeze-thaw battery that contains molten salt, which
liquifies when heated and solidifies at room temperature.
B. The stored energy in a freeze-thaw battery, which contains molten salt, can be
used by reheating the battery.
C. When the molten salt in a freeze-thaw battery solidifies at room temperature,
energy stops flowing and can be stored in the battery.
D. Molten salt allows a freeze-thaw battery to retain 92% of its charge after twelve
weeks.
Question 108
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The melting rate of glaciers varies based on air temperature.
 In the warm summer months, massive glaciers on the coast of Greenland melt
into the surrounding water.
 The melting glaciers contribute to rising sea levels each summer.
 Huge icebergs also break off Greenland’s glaciers into the water and melt.
 In 2017, geoscientist Twila Moon found that the iceberg melting rate depends not
on air temperature but on water temperature.
 Because water temperature is consistent, melting icebergs contribute to rising
sea levels all year.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between glaciers and icebergs in
Greenland. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Because icebergs break off Greenland’s glaciers into the water, their melting rate
depends on water temperature.
B. Greenland’s glaciers and icebergs both melt during the year, contributing to
rising sea levels.
C. Geoscientist Twila Moon found that the melting rate of Greenland’s icebergs,
unlike that of glaciers, does not depend on air temperature.
D. Glaciers on the coast of Greenland melt during the warm summer months into
the surrounding water, the temperature of which remains consistent throughout
the year.
Question 109
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The ancient Arab dhow was a sailing vessel distinguishable by its triangular sails
and stitched hull construction.
 Dhows were used primarily for trade along the coasts of Arab, South Asian, and
East African countries.
 Contemporary shipbuilders in Oman use a mix of modern and traditional
materials to build replicas of ancient dhows.
 Most of the materials used are traditional.
 Replica hulls are stitched together using the same traditional coconut palm fiber
rope used on the hulls of ancient dhows.
The student wants to make a generalization about the materials used in dhow replicas.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. A traditional material that was used to stitch together the hulls of ancient dhows,
coconut palm fiber rope is still used by shipbuilders.
B. The ancient Arab dhow was a sailing vessel used primarily for trade and
distinguishable by its triangular sails.
C. Although most materials used in dhow replicas are traditional, some modern
materials are used.
D. Contemporary shipbuilders in Oman build replicas of the dhow, which was an
ancient sailing vessel with a stitched hull construction.
Question 110
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Crown shyness is a phenomenon in which the tops (crowns) of neighboring trees
grow close together but don’t overlap.
 To explain how this happens, Australian forester M.R. Jacobs proposes the mutual
abrasion theory.
 According to Jacobs’s theory, when trees brush against one another, branches
break off.
 Malaysian scholar Francis S.P. Ng posits the mutual shade avoidance theory.
 According to Ng’s theory, when tree branches detect shade from nearby trees’
branches, they stop growing.
The student wants to compare the causes of crown shyness proposed in the two
theories. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. While Jacobs proposes that crown shyness is caused by neighboring tree
branches brushing against one another, Ng posits that it occurs when branches
detect shade from nearby trees’ branches.
B. Both Jacobs and Ng have proposed theories to explain what causes crown
shyness.
C. Ng posits the mutual shade avoidance theory, whereas Jacobs proposes an
alternative theory.
D. Jacobs’s mutual abrasion theory proposes that when neighboring trees brush
against one another, branches break off, resulting in a phenomenon in which the
tops of trees grow close together but don’t overlap.

Question 111
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Pauline Hopkins (1859-1930) was an African American writer.
 In her career, she created many genre-defining stories.
 Her serialized novel Hagar’s Daughter was published from 1901 to 1902 in The
Colored American Magazine.
 It is considered the first African American mystery novel.
The student wants to introduce Pauline Hopkins to an audience unfamiliar with her
career. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Pauline Hopkins is the author of Hagar’s Daughter, a serialized novel published
from 1901 to 1902.
B. African American writer Pauline Hopkins created many genre-defining stories
during her career, including the first African American mystery novel, Hagar’s
Daughter.
C. Published in The Colored American Magazine from 1901 to 1902, Hagar’s
Daughter is a serialized novel by Pauline Hopkins.
D. Hagar’s Daughter by Pauline Hopkins is considered the first African American
 mystery novel.

Question 112
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Scientists have long sought to determine the origin of glass in Chile’s Atacama
Desert.
 A 2017 study concluded that ancient grass fires had melted the area’s sandy soil
into glass.
 In 2021, a different study revealed that the mineral signatures of glass samples
were consistent with the mineral signatures of comet samples collected by NASA.
 That study concluded that the glass had formed as a result of a cometary
explosion close to the desert’s surface.
The student wants to describe how scientific understanding about the glass’s origin has
evolved. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Scientists have long sought to determine the origin of the glass, with one study
concluding that it formed when ancient grass fires melted the area’s sandy soil.
B. Studies in 2017 and 2021 offered different explanations for the origin of the
glass.
C. Mineral signatures of glass samples are consistent with those of comet samples
collected by NASA, according to new research.
D. A 2017 study concluded that ancient grass fires had caused the glass’s
formation, but new research suggests that the glass formed as a result of a
cometary explosion close to the desert’s surface.

Question 113
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Some atoms contain an excess of neutrons.
 Often, these neutrons form a “skin” on the atom’s surface.
 An atom of lead-208 has a neutron skin.
 The thickness of its neutron skin is approximately 0.28 trillionths of a millimeter.
The student wants to emphasize the thickness of lead-208’s neutron skin. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The neutron skin surrounding an atom of lead-208 measures about 0.28
trillionths of a millimeter.
B. Atoms with excess neutrons will often acquire a neutron skin.
C. An atom of lead-208, like some other atoms, is surrounded by a neutron skin.
D. Neutrons surround the surface of an atom of lead-208.
Question 114
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In 2022, University of Miami researchers discovered brine pools in the Gulf of
Aqaba.
 A brine pool is an underwater lake that sits on the ocean floor.
 The water in brine pools is three to eight times saltier than the surrounding
ocean.
 The extreme saltiness of this water makes it toxic to most sea life.
 Some forms of bacteria are able to survive in brine pools.
The student wants to explain why brine pools are toxic to most sea life. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Though brine pools are toxic to most sea life, some bacteria can survive there.
B. The water in brine pools is toxic to most sea life because it is three to eight times
saltier than the surrounding ocean.
C. The brine pools in the Gulf of Aqaba are toxic to most sea life and were
discovered by researchers in 2022.
D. Brine pools are salty underwater lakes that sit on the ocean floor.

Question 115
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Some animals have evolved to physically resemble another animal, plant, or
object.
 This is known as mimicry.
 Crab spiders mimic the appearance of flowers.
 This helps crab spiders ambush their prey.
 Katydids mimic the appearance of leaves.
 This helps katydids hide from their predators.
The student wants to emphasize a difference in how katydids and crab spiders use
mimicry. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Katydids mimic the appearance of flowers, and crab spiders mimic that of
leaves.
B. Katydids and crab spiders are two examples of animals that use mimicry.
C. Unlike crab spiders, which use mimicry to ambush prey, katydids use mimicry to
hide from predators.
D. Animals that use mimicry have evolved to resemble another animal, plant, or
object.

Question 116
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Komodo dragons are the largest lizards in the world.
  They live on four islands in Komodo National Park, Indonesia.
 The park has a total of twenty-nine islands.
Mark for Review
00:09
ABC
The student wants to emphasize how many islands in Komodo National Park have
Komodo dragons living on them. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Komodo dragons, the world’s largest lizards, live on islands in Komodo National
Park, Indonesia.
B. The largest lizards in the world are found in Komodo National Park.
C. Only four of the twenty-nine islands in Komodo National Park have Komodo
dragons living on them.
D. There are twenty-nine islands in Indonesia’s Komodo National Park.

Question 117
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Thailand’s annual Songkran Water Festival is held each April.
 It marks Songkran, the traditional Thai New Year.
 People splash and spray each other for fun at the festival’s community-wide
water fights.
 In Bangkok, thousands gather along Silom Road for the city’s largest water fight.
 In Chiang Mai, thousands gather at a historical monument called the Tha Phae
Gate for the city’s largest water fight.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity in how people in Bangkok and Chiang Mai
celebrate Songkran. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The largest water fight in Bangkok takes place along a city street, whereas the
largest water fight in Chiang Mai takes place at a historical monument.
B. In both Bangkok and Chiang Mai, thousands gather to celebrate Songkran with
water fights.
C. People in both Bangkok and Chiang Mai celebrate Songkran, but they don’t do so
in exactly the same way.
D. Each April, people in Thailand celebrate Songkran, the traditional Thai New Year.

Question 118
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
  The Ramayana is a Sanskrit epic poem from ancient India.
 In The Ramayana, the character Kaikeyi is often portrayed as a villain.
 Kaikeyi is a 2022 novel by Vaishnavi Patel.
 The novel is a retelling of the epic poem from Kaikeyi’s point of view.
 It often portrays Kaikeyi as heroic.
The student wants to emphasize whose point of view the novel is told from. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. From the point of view of The Ramayana, the character Kaikeyi is often a villain.
B. Vaishnavi Patel often portrays the character as heroic.
C. Kaikeyi is a retelling of The Ramayana from the character Kaikeyi’s point of view.
D. The Ramayana is an epic poem that features the character Kaikeyi.

Question 119
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Meteorites found on Earth are divided into two categories.
 A meteorite that was observed falling to Earth before being recovered is known
as a meteorite fall.
 All other meteorites found on Earth are known as meteorite finds.
 There have been about 1,200 recorded meteorite falls.
 There have been over 60,000 recorded meteorite finds.
The student wants to contrast the number of meteorite falls with the number of
meteorite finds. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes
to accomplish this goal?
A. A meteorite that was observed falling to Earth before being recovered is known
as a meteorite fall; all others are known as meteorite finds.
B. Meteorites found on Earth are divided into two categories: meteorite falls and
meteorite finds.
C. There have been about 1,200 recorded meteorite falls, or meteorites observed
falling to Earth.
D. While there have been only about 1,200 recorded meteorite falls, there have
been over 60,000 meteorite finds.
Question 120
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In astronomy, the mass of stars can be described in units called solar masses.
 One solar mass is roughly equal to the mass of the Sun.
 The mass of the star Proxima Centauri is 0.122 solar masses.
 The mass of the star Sirius A is 2.063 solar masses.
The student wants to emphasize the mass of Sirius A. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The mass of stars, like Proxima Centauri, can be described in units called solar
masses.
B. In astronomy, the mass of stars can be described in units called solar masses,
and one solar mass is roughly equal to the mass of the Sun.
C. The Sun is more massive than Proxima Centauri, which has a mass of 0.122 solar
masses.
D. With a mass of 2.063 solar masses, Sirius A is more massive than the Sun.

Question 121
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Elizabeth Catlett’s sculpture Recognition (1970) shows two African American
figures with rounded, indistinct features.
 The figures reach out to each other in a pose that symbolizes a close, supportive
relationship.
 Her sculpture Students Aspire (1978) shows two African American figures with
sharply defined features.
 The figures hold an equal sign above their heads with one hand and embrace
each other with the other hand.
 This pose symbolizes their support for each other in the pursuit of equality.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two sculptures. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Catlett’s Students Aspire depicts two figures supporting each other in the pursuit
of equality.
B. Recognition and Students Aspire both show African American figures in poses
that symbolize supportive relationships.
C. Catlett completed Recognition in 1970 and Students Aspire in 1978.
D. The figures in Recognition have features that are rounded and indistinct, while
the figures in Students Aspire have sharply defined features.
Question 122
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Pointillism is a painting technique in which small, distinct dots of color are
applied in patterns to form an image.
 Betty Acquah is an artist from Ghana who uses pointillism in her work.
 “By extending dabs of color in the subject matter into the background and vice-
versa, an illusion of movement is created,” she says about pointillism.
 Her work often portrays Ghanaian women, whom she sees as the “unsung
heroines of the Ghanaian Republic.”
 Her pointillist painting “Exquisite” (2016) features five dancing women twirling
their skirts.
The student wants to provide a quotation from Acquah that explains why she used
pointillism in “Exquisite.” Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In painting “Exquisite,” Acquah applied pointillism to create what she called an
“illusion of movement” within the painting’s five dancing women and their
twirling skirts.
B. Pointillism, the technique used in Acquah’s “Exquisite,” involves the application
of small, distinct dots of color.
C. In “Exquisite,” Acquah uses a technique that she says involves “extending dabs
of color in the subject matter into the background and vice-versa.”
D. “Exquisite” portrays Acquah’s fellow Ghanaian women as she sees them: the
“unsung heroes of the Ghanaian Republic.”
Question 123
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 A small number of US Navy sailors of Filipino descent served during the US Civil
War (1861–1865).
 Stephen Amos was born in the Philippines around 1830.
 He enlisted in the US Navy in November 1863.
 Raphael Ignases was born in the Philippines around 1834.
 He enlisted in the US Navy in July 1861.
The student wants to emphasize the historical significance of Stephen Amos’s
enlistment date. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Both Stephen Amos and Raphael Ignases were US Navy sailors of Filipino
descent, but Amos enlisted in the Navy in 1863, two years later than Ignases.
B. Stephen Amos was a US Navy sailor of Filipino descent, along with Raphael
Ignases, who was born in the Philippines around 1834.
C. Stephen Amos enlisted in the US Navy in 1863, making him one of the few sailors
of Filipino descent to serve in the US Civil War (1861–1865).
D. When Stephen Amos enlisted in the US Navy in November 1863, he joined sailors
such as Raphael Ignases, who had been born in the Philippines around 1834.

Question 124
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The background colors of US and UK road signs are used to denote each sign’s
purpose.
 Directional signs are a type of sign containing information such as route names,
distance to a destination, etc.
 Highways, major roadways, and minor roadways in the US generally use green
for directional signs.
 Highways in the UK generally use blue for directional signs.
 Major roadways in the UK generally use green for directional signs.
The student wants to contrast how green backgrounds are used in US and UK road
signs. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Blue backgrounds are generally used on directional highway signs in the UK, in
contrast to the green highway signs used in the US.
B. In the US, green signs indicate directional information on both highways and
major roadways, but in the UK, directional signs of this color generally appear
only on major roadways.
C. Green road signs are used in both the US and UK to denote directional
information on major roadways, like distance to a destination or route names.
D. Both the UK and the US use directional signs, which include information on route
names and distance to a destination.
Question 125
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Marcela Guerrero is a curator at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New
York.
 She curated the Whitney’s 2018 exhibition Pacha, Llaqta, Wasichay: Indigenous
Space, Modern Architecture, New Art.
 This exhibition featured works by seven emerging Latino artists.
 She curated the Whitney’s 2020 exhibition Vida Americana: Mexican Muralists
Remake American Art, 1925–1945.
 This exhibition included nearly 200 works by twentieth-century Latino and
Mexican artists.
The student wants to describe the exhibition that Guerrero curated in 2018. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Held at the Whitney Museum of American Art, the exhibition Vida Americana:
Mexican Muralists Remake American Art, 1925–1945 included nearly 200 works
by twentieth-century Mexican and Latino artists.
B. Pacha, Llaqta, Wasichay: Indigenous Space, Modern Architecture, New Art, an
exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art, featured works by seven
emerging Latino artists.
C. In both 2018 and 2020, Marcela Guerrero curated exhibitions at the Whitney
Museum of American Art in New York.
D. While one exhibition that Marcela Guerrero curated featured works by emerging
artists, another included works by twentieth-century artists.
Question 126
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Mary Kang is a Korean American portrait photographer.
 She is based in New York City and in Austin, Texas.
 One of Kang’s photographs features artist Dominique Fung.
 In the portrait, Fung is seated on the floor.
 Five of Fung’s paintings are resting against the wall behind her.
The student wants to describe where Fung is in the photograph to an audience already
familiar with Kang and Fung. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Dominique Fung is in a photograph by Mary Kang, a portrait photographer based
in New York City and Austin, Texas.
B. Mary Kang is a photographer based in both New York City and Austin, Texas.
C. Five paintings by artist Dominique Fung can be seen in the background of Mary
Kang’s photograph.
D. In Kang’s portrait of her, Fung is seated on the floor, with five of her paintings
resting against the wall behind her.
Question 127
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In 1965, Yale University historians claimed that a world map called the Vinland
Map was drawn in the fifteenth century.
 Since that time, the map’s age has been the subject of debate.
 In 2021, researchers conducted a study to analyze the elemental composition of
the map’s ink.
 Their analysis revealed that the ink contains a titanium compound not used in
inks until the 1920s.
 The researchers concluded that the map was drawn in the twentieth century.
The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Given the debate about the Vinland Map’s age, researchers in 2021 conducted
a study to analyze the elemental composition of the map’s ink.
B. A 2021 study of the Vinland Map’s ink revealed that it contains a titanium
compound not used in inks until the 1920s, indicating that the map was drawn
in the twentieth century.
C. The Vinland Map, believed by some to have been drawn in the fifteenth century,
was the focus of a 2021 study.
D. Aware that a certain titanium compound was not used in inks until the 1920s,
researchers in 2021 studied the elemental composition of the Vinland Map’s
ink.

Question 128
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In the early 1900s, suffragists organized marches for women’s voting rights.
 Suffragists in the United Kingdom marched from Edinburgh to London.
 This march began on October 12, 1912, and ended on November 16, 1912.
 Suffragists in the United States marched from New York City to Albany, New
York.
 This march began on December 16, 1912, and ended on December 28, 1912.
The student wants to emphasize the order in which the two marches occurred. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. After suffragists in the UK marched from Edinburgh to London, suffragists in the
US marched from New York City to Albany, New York.
B. In the early 1900s, suffragists in the UK and the US marched for women’s voting
 rights.
C. A march from New York City to Albany, New York, was followed by one that
began in Edinburgh and ended in London.
D. From October 12 to November 16, 1912, suffragists in the UK marched from
Edinburgh to London.
Question 129
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 By interlocking their bodies, ants can form bridges to help fellow ants cross gaps.
 In 2020, Yasemin Ozkan-Aydin was inspired by ant behavior to design
collaborative quadruped robots.
 Over the course of a year, she designed, built, tested, and refined her robots.
 Each robot is programmed to send a signal to another robot upon encountering a
gap in a path.
 The signaled robot connects to the back of the signaler robot via magnetic
sensors and pushes it across the gap.
The student wants to begin a narrative about the creation of the robots. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. When one of Yasemin Ozkan-Aydin’s robots encounters a gap in its path, it sends
a signal to another robot; the signaled robot connects to the back of the signaler
and pushes it across the gap.
B. After a year, Yasemin Ozkan-Aydin had designed, built, tested, and refined her
robots.
C. Inspired by ants, which form bridges with their interlocked bodies to help fellow
ants cross gaps, Yasemin Ozkan-Aydin set out to design quadruped robots
capable of similarly collaborative behavior.
D. Ants, which have inspired the design of robots, form bridges by interlocking their
bodies.

Question 130
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The international Slow Food movement was founded in 1989 with the signing of
the “Slow Food Manifesto.”
 The movement promotes universal access to healthy, high-quality food.
 It calls for sustainable food production practices that protect local environments,
ecosystems, and biodiversity.
 It advocates for fair treatment of and compensation for food production workers.
 The Slow Food USA organization was founded in 2000.

The student wants to introduce the Slow Food movement to a new audience. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. The international Slow Food movement, founded in 1989, promotes universal
access to healthy, high-quality food that is produced sustainably by workers who
are treated and compensated fairly.
B. The signing of the “Slow Food Manifesto” in 1989 marked the founding of the
 international Slow Food movement, while the Slow Food USA organization was
founded in 2000.
C. The Slow Food movement advocates for food production workers.
D. Goals of the movement include universal access to healthy, high-quality food and
sustainable food practices.

Question 131
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In 1859, the novel Adam Bede was published in England.
 According to the novel’s title page, the author’s name was George Eliot.
 George Eliot was widely assumed to be a pseudonym.
 A pseudonym is a fake name used to conceal an author’s identity.
 A woman named Mary Ann Evans later revealed herself as the novel’s real
author.
The student wants to identify the real author of Adam Bede. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The real author of Adam Bede was Mary Ann Evans, who published the novel
using the pseudonym George Eliot.
B. George Eliot, which Adam Bede’s title page indicated was the name of the
novel’s author, was widely assumed to be a pseudonym.
C. The title page of the novel Adam Bede indicated that the author’s name was
George Eliot.
D. A woman who had used a pseudonym to conceal her identity later revealed
herself as the real author of Adam Bede.

Question 132
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Earthquakes start at a point called a “focus” and spread out from there as
seismic waves.
 The two types of seismic waves that travel beneath Earth’s surface are primary
waves (P waves) and secondary waves (S waves).
 P waves travel more quickly beneath Earth’s surface than do S waves.
 P waves compress and expand the ground, causing it to move backward and
forward.
 S waves cause the ground to move from side to side.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between P waves and S waves. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. P waves and S waves both travel beneath Earth’s surface, causing the ground to
move.
B. P waves travel away from an earthquake’s starting point at a higher rate of
speed than do S waves.
C. Spreading out from the focus of an earthquake, P waves move the ground
backward and forward.
D. Although P waves and S waves start at the same point, they behave very
differently.
Question 133
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 A sestina is a thirty-nine-line poetic form.
 Each line of the poem ends with one of six end words, which alternate according
to a set pattern.
 “Forage Sestina” is a sestina by Marilyn Hacker.
 Its end words are words, structure, wire, beam, wall, and room.
 “Towards Autumn” is a sestina by Marilyn Hacker.
 Its end words are daughter, friend, bread, mother, lover, and myself.

The student wants to use one of the poems to illustrate the sestina form. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Hacker employs the sestina, a poetic form with thirty-nine lines and six end
words, in both “Forage Sestina” and “Towards Autumn.”
B. As a sestina, “Towards Autumn” contains thirty-nine lines and six end words—in
this case, daughter, friend, bread, mother, lover, and myself—that alternate in a
set pattern.
C. The thirty-nine-line sestina form uses the
words daughter, friend, bread, mother, lover, and myself, which are found in the
poem “Forage Sestina.”
D. Hacker has used the sestina form multiple times, as in “Towards Autumn,” which
contains these six words: words, structure, wire, beam, wall, and room.
Question 134
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Traditionally, manufacturers have dyed denim jeans blue by dipping them in a
solution containing indigo powder.
 Indigo doesn’t dissolve in just water, so manufacturers must mix hazardous
chemicals with water to dissolve the powder.
 Textile researcher Smriti Rai discovered a process for dyeing blue jeans without
chemicals.
 Rai added indigo powder to a hydrogel containing nanocellulose and produced a
dye that could be spread directly onto the denim.
 Nanocellulose is a natural, plant-based substance that separates the molecules
of indigo powder.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two approaches to dyeing
blue jeans. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Though created using a different process, Rai’s dye contains the same ingredient
as the dye produced by blue jean manufacturers.
B. Nanocellulose is a natural, plant-based substance that separates the molecules
of indigo powder, which doesn’t dissolve in water.
C. The traditional approach to dyeing blue jeans is to dip them in a solution
containing hazardous chemicals.
D. Rai’s approach substitutes a natural, plant-based substance for the hazardous
chemicals that manufacturers have traditionally used.
Question 135
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Leigh Torres is a marine ecologist.
 She conducted a study of blue whales in New Zealand’s South Taranaki Bight
region.
 She wanted to know how ocean temperature affects where the whales forage for
krill in that region.
 She found that during a marine heat wave, the whales foraged farther offshore
than they had during cooler periods.
 The offshore waters, which were colder than areas closer to shore, had a higher
relative abundance of krill.
The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Analyzing ocean temperature data, Torres found that during a marine heat wave,
blue whales foraged farther offshore than they had during cooler periods.
B. In her study, Torres sought to determine how ocean temperature affects where
blue whales forage for krill in the South Taranaki Bight region.
C. Torres’s study revealed that blue whales were attracted to offshore waters with a
relatively high abundance of krill.
D. Torres, a marine ecologist, studied blue whales in the South Taranaki Bight
region, where the whales forage.
Question 136
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Sister Rosetta Tharpe (1915–1973) was a gospel musician.
 She was known for her passionate vocals and electric guitar performances.
 In 2018, Tharpe was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for her major
impact on the genre.
 According to songwriter Roxie Moore, “[Tharpe] would sing until you cried and
then she would sing until you danced for joy.”
 According to guitarist Celisse Henderson, “Tharpe is the unquestioned founding
mother of rock ’n’ roll.”
The student wants to use a quotation to support a claim about Tharpe’s contribution to
rock ’n’ roll. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Gospel musician Sister Rosetta Tharpe had a major impact on rock ’n’ roll, and
she was known for her passionate electric guitar performances.
B. Celisse Henderson believes that Sister Rosetta Tharpe had a major impact on the
development of rock ’n’ roll.
C. Sister Rosetta Tharpe had such a major impact on rock ’n’ roll that Celisse
Henderson called her “the unquestioned founding mother” of the genre.
D. A gospel musician, Sister Rosetta Tharpe had the ability to “sing until you cried”
and also “until you danced for joy,” according to Roxie Moore.

Question 137
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Iranian scholar Abu Rayhan al-Biruni studied Earth’s physical features.
 He theorized that a large landmass existed west of Europe and east of Asia.
 Al-Biruni published his landmass theory in 1037 CE.
The student wants to specify when al-Biruni published his landmass theory. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. In 1037 CE, al-Biruni published his theory that a large landmass existed west of
Europe and east of Asia.
B. Al-Biruni, who studied Earth’s physical features, published a theory about a large
landmass.
C. Al-Biruni was an Iranian scholar who studied Earth’s physical features.
D. An Iranian scholar who studied Earth’s physical features, al-Biruni theorized that
a large landmass existed west of Europe and east of Asia.
Question 138
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In the 1930s, the Imperial Sugar Cane Institute in India sought to limit the
country’s dependence on imported sugarcane.
 The institute enlisted botanist Janaki Ammal to breed a local variety of
sugarcane.
 She crossbred the imported sugarcane species Saccharum officinarum with
grasses native to India.
 She succeeded in creating sugarcane hybrids well suited to India’s climate.
The student wants to emphasize Janaki Ammal’s achievement. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. By crossbreeding the imported sugarcane species Saccharum officinarum with
grasses native to India, Ammal succeeded in creating sugarcane hybrids well
suited to India’s climate.
B. In the 1930s, the Imperial Sugar Cane Institute, which enlisted Ammal, sought to
limit dependence on imported sugarcane.
C. Ammal was enlisted by the Imperial Sugar Cane Institute at a time when a local
variety of sugarcane needed to be produced.
D. part of efforts to breed a local variety of sugarcane, an imported sugarcane
species called Saccharum officinarum was crossbred with grasses native to
India.
Question 139
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In 1897, twenty Black US Army infantrymen rode bicycles from Montana to
Missouri.
 The 1,900-mile journey took forty-one days.
 The goal was to test the idea of forming a military bicycle corps.
 In 2022, Erick Cedeño, a Black long-distance cyclist, reenacted the journey.
 Cedeño wanted to honor the infantrymen on the journey’s 125th anniversary.
The student wants to emphasize how far the infantrymen traveled. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The US infantrymen rode their bicycles from Montana to Missouri—traveling a
total of 1,900 miles.
B. The 125th anniversary of the infantrymen’s journey was in 2022.
C. The goal of the 1897 journey was to test the idea of forming a military bicycle
corps.
D. Over a century later, Erick Cedeño honored the infantrymen by reenacting their
1897 journey.
Question 140
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Here I Have Returned is a sculpture by Egyptian American artist Sherin Guirguis.
 It is a large, curved strip of wood inspired by the shape of a sistrum.
 A sistrum is a curved musical instrument played by ancient Egyptian priestesses
in ceremonies.
 Guirguis says that the sculpture symbolizes “women who have lifted and
supported Egyptian society and culture.”
 Overall, Guirguis wants her works to “engage audiences in a dialogue about
power, agency, and social transformation.”
The student wants to use a quotation from Guirguis to explain what the sculpture
represents. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Guirguis, whose works include a sculpture that is a large, curved strip of wood,
has explained that she wants her work to create a dialogue with audiences.
B. Inspired by the sistrum played by Egyptian priestesses, Here I Have
Returned symbolizes “women who have lifted and supported Egyptian society
and culture,” according to Guirguis.
C. According to Guirguis, the curved strip of wood used in Here I Have
Returned was inspired by the sistrum, a musical instrument played by ancient
Egyptian priestesses in ceremonies.
D. Guirguis, the sculptor of Here I Have Returned, wants her works to “engage
audiences in a dialogue about power, agency, and social transformation.”
Question 141
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In meteorology, an air mass is a large body of air with generally uniform
humidity and temperature.
 Air masses are commonly classified by two-letter names.
 The first letter indicates the humidity of the air mass, while the second letter
indicates the temperature.
 cA (continental arctic) means dry and cold, for example.
 mT (maritime tropical) means moist and warm.
 This classification system is based on the work of a Swedish meteorologist
named Tor Bergeron (1891–1977).
The student wants to provide an example of an air mass. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Air masses are large bodies of air with generally uniform humidity and
temperature.
B. The air mass classification system uses two-letter names and is based on the
work of Tor Bergeron, a Swedish meteorologist.
C. Air masses are commonly classified by a two-letter name that indicates humidity
and temperature.
D. One type of air mass is known as a cA, or continental arctic, air mass because it
is dry and cold.