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ID: b46e0c8a
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Organisms release cellular material into their environment by shedding substances such as hair
or skin.
The DNA in these substances is known as environmental DNA, or eDNA.
Researchers collect and analyze eDNA to detect the presence of species that are difficult to
observe.
Geneticist Sara Oyler-McCance’s research team analyzed eDNA in water samples from the Florida
Everglades to detect invasive constrictor snake species in the area.
The study determined a 91% probability of detecting Burmese python eDNA in a given location.

The student wants to present the study to an audience already familiar with environmental DNA. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Sara Oyler-McCance’s researchers analyzed eDNA in water samples from the Florida Everglades for
evidence of invasive constrictor snakes, which are difficult to observe.

B. An analysis of eDNA can detect the presence of invasive species that are difficult to observe, such as
constrictor snakes.

C. Researchers found Burmese python eDNA, or environmental DNA, in water samples; eDNA is the DNA
in released cellular materials, such as shed skin cells.

D. Sara Oyler-McCance’s researchers analyzed environmental DNA (eDNA)—that is, DNA from cellular
materials released by organisms—in water samples from the Florida Everglades.

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ID: 48d0bb34
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Sam Maloof (1916–2009) was an American woodworker and furniture designer.
He was the son of Lebanese immigrants.
He received a “genius grant” from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in 1985.
The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, owns a rocking chair that Maloof made from
walnut wood.
The armrests and the seat of the chair are sleek and contoured, and the back consists of seven
spindle-like slats.

The student wants to describe the rocking chair to an audience unfamiliar with Sam Maloof. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. With its sleek, contoured armrests and seat, the walnut rocking chair in Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts
is just one piece of furniture created by American woodworker Sam Maloof.

B. Sam Maloof was born in 1916 and died in 2009, and during his life, he made a chair that you can see if
you visit the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.

C. Furniture designer Sam Maloof was a recipient of one of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur
Foundation’s “genius grants.”

D. The rocking chair is made from walnut, and it has been shaped such that its armrests and seat are
sleek and contoured.

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ID: aa7e10d0
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Species belonging to the Orchidaceae (orchid) family can be found in both tropical and temperate
environments.
Orchidaceae species diversity has not been well studied in temperate forests, such as those in
Oaxaca, Mexico.
Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández led a study to determine how many different Orchidaceae
species are present in the forests of Oaxaca.
Muñoz-Hernández and her team collected orchids each month for a year at a site in Oaxaca.
Seventy-four Orchidaceae species were present at the site.

The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. A study led by Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández identified a total of 74 Orchidaceae species in the
temperate forests of Oaxaca, Mexico.

B. There are orchids in many environments, but there are 74 Orchidaceae species in Oaxaca, Mexico.

C. Oaxaca, Mexico, is home to temperate forests containing 74 Orchidaceae species.

D. Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández and her team wanted to know how many different Orchidaceae
species are present in the forests of Oaxaca, Mexico, so they conducted a study to collect orchids.

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ID: 84e108cf
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Platinum is a rare and expensive metal.
It is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions.
Platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.
Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum
with liquid gallium.
Their catalyst was highly effective and required only trace amounts of platinum (0.0001% of the
atoms in the mixture).

The student wants to explain an advantage of the new platinum catalyst developed by Jianbo Tang and
his colleagues. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?

A. Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum, a
rare and expensive metal, with liquid gallium.

B. Like other platinum catalysts, the new platinum catalyst requires a particular amount of the metal to
be effective.

C. Platinum is a rare and expensive metal that is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions; however,
platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.

D. While still highly effective, the new platinum catalyst requires far less of the rare and expensive metal
than do other platinum catalysts.

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ID: 883493d5
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Allan Houser was a Chiricahua Warm Springs Apache sculptor, illustrator, and painter.
Many of his sculptures featured Native American figures.
He depicted this subject matter using abstract, modernist forms, developing a distinctive style
that influenced many other artists.
His well-known sculpture Sacred Rain Arrow was pictured on the State of Oklahoma license plate.

The student wants to describe the distinctive style of Houser’s sculptures. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. A sculptor, illustrator, and painter, Houser developed a distinctive style for portraying Native American
figures.

B. Houser’s sculptures employ abstract, modernist forms to depict Native American figures.

C. Many other artists have been influenced by the style of Houser’s sculptures.

D. The sculpture Sacred Rain Arrow is a well-known example of Houser’s style.

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ID: 2bf05ae9
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In the midst of the US Civil War, Susie Taylor escaped slavery and fled to Union-army-occupied St.
Simons Island off the Georgia coast.
She began working for an all-Black army regiment as a nurse and teacher.
In 1902, she published a book about the time she spent with the regiment.
Her book was the only Civil War memoir to be published by a Black woman.
It is still available to readers in print and online.

The student wants to emphasize the uniqueness of Taylor’s accomplishment. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Taylor fled to St. Simons Island, which was then occupied by the Union army, for whom she began
working.

B. After escaping slavery, Taylor began working for an all-Black army regiment as a nurse and teacher.

C. The book Taylor wrote about the time she spent with the regiment is still available to readers in print
and online.

D. Taylor was the only Black woman to publish a Civil War memoir.

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ID: bb275f0d
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Cities tend to have a wide range of flowering vegetation in parks, yards, and gardens.
This vegetation provides a varied diet for honeybees, strengthening bees’ immune systems.
On average, 62.5 percent of bees in an urban area will survive a harsh winter.
Rural areas are often dominated by monoculture crops such as corn or wheat.
On average, only 40 percent of honeybees in a rural area will survive a harsh winter.

The student wants to make and support a generalization about honeybees. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Cities tend to have a wider range of flowering vegetation than do rural areas, which are often
dominated by monoculture crops.

B. In urban areas, over 60 percent of honeybees, on average, will survive a harsh winter, whereas in rural
areas, only 40 percent will.

C. The strength of honeybees’ immune systems depends on what the bees eat, and a varied diet is more
available to bees in an urban area than to those in a rural area.

D. Honeybees are more likely to thrive in cities than in rural areas because the varied diet available in
urban areas strengthens the bees’ immune systems.

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ID: 6249b173
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 2018 researchers Adwait Deshpande, Shreejata Gupta, and Anindya Sinha were observing wild
macaques in India’s Bandipur National Park.
They saw macaques calling out to and gesturing at humans who were eating or carrying food.
They designed a study to find out if the macaques were intentionally communicating to try to
persuade the humans to share their food.
In the study trials, macaques frequently called out to and gestured at humans holding food.
In the study trials, macaques called out to and gestured at empty-handed humans less frequently.

The student wants to present the study’s results. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Macaques in the study called out to and gestured more frequently at humans holding food than at
empty-handed humans.

B. In 2018, researchers who had observed macaques in India’s Bandipur National Park calling out to and
gesturing at humans designed a study.

C. The researchers hoped to find out if the macaques were intentionally communicating to try to
persuade humans to share their food.

D. The researchers studied how macaques behaved around both humans holding food and empty-
handed humans.

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ID: 63a4fa29
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 2013, archaeologists studied cat bone fragments they had found in the ruins of Quanhucun, a
Chinese farming village.
The fragments were estimated to be 5,300 years old.
A chemical analysis of the fragments revealed that the cats had consumed large amounts of
grain.
The grain consumption is evidence that the Quanhucun cats may have been domesticated.

The student wants to present the Quanhucun study and its conclusions. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. As part of a 2013 study of cat domestication, a chemical analysis was conducted on cat bone
fragments found in Quanhucun, China.

B. A 2013 analysis of cat bone fragments found in Quanhucun, China, suggests that cats there may have
been domesticated 5,300 years ago.

C. In 2013, archaeologists studied what cats in Quanhucun, China, had eaten more than 5,000 years ago.

D. Cat bone fragments estimated to be 5,300 years old were found in Quanhucun, China, in 2013.

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ID: dd11e5ab
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Muckrakers were journalists who sought to expose corruption in US institutions during the
Progressive Era (1897–1920).
Ida Tarbell was a muckraker who investigated the Standard Oil Company.
She interviewed Standard Oil Company executives, oil industry workers, and public officials.
She examined thousands of pages of the company’s internal communications, including letters
and financial records.
Her book The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) exposed the company’s unfair business
practices.

The student wants to emphasize the thoroughness of Ida Tarbell’s investigation of the Standard Oil
Company. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?

A. Ida Tarbell not only interviewed Standard Oil executives, oil industry workers, and public officials but
also examined thousands of pages of the company’s internal communications.

B. Ida Tarbell, who investigated the Standard Oil Company, was a muckraker (a journalist who sought to
expose corruption in US institutions during the Progressive Era, 1897–1920).

C. As part of her investigation of the Standard Oil Company, muckraker Ida Tarbell conducted interviews.

D. Published in 1904, muckraker Ida Tarbell’s book The History of the Standard Oil Company exposed the
company’s unfair business practices.

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ID: 74149724
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
John Carver was one of the 41 signatories of the Mayflower Compact.
The Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth
Colony.
It was created in 1620 to establish a common government.
It states that the pilgrims who signed it wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of
Virginia” under King James.
Carver became the first governor of Plymouth Colony.

The student wants to specify the reason the Mayflower Compact was created. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Stating that its signatories wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia,” the
Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.

B. Created in 1620, the Mayflower Compact states that the pilgrims wanted to “plant the first colony in
the northern parts of Virginia.”

C. The Mayflower Compact was created to establish a common government among the pilgrims that
immigrated to Plymouth Colony.

D. The Mayflower Compact had 41 signatories, including John Carver, the first governor of Plymouth
Colony.

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ID: f1d8550e
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Jordan Bennett is a Mi’Kmaq visual artist.
The Mi’Kmaq are a First Nations people in North America.
Bennett’s paintings pay homage to traditional Mi’Kmaq craftsmanship and have been displayed in
over 75 exhibitions.
His 2017 exhibition Wije’wi was held at the Grenfell Art Gallery.
His 2018 exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik was held at the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia.

The student wants to emphasize the order in which two of Jordan Bennett’s exhibitions were held. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Jordan Bennett’s 2017 exhibition Wije’wi was followed a year later by his exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik.

B. Jordan Bennett’s paintings, some of which appeared in 2017 and 2018 exhibitions, pay homage to
traditional Mi’Kmaq craftsmanship.

C. Mi’Kmaq visual artist Jordan Bennett has displayed his work in over 75 exhibitions, including Wije’wi
and Ketu’elmita’jik.

D. Jordan Bennett’s 2018 exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik was held at the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia; another
was held at the Grenfell Art Gallery.

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ID: 8432a140
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Marine biologist Camille Jazmin Gaynus studies coral reefs.
Coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems that provide habitats to 25% of all marine species.
Reefs can include up to 8,000 species of fish, such as toadfish, seahorses, and clown triggerfish.
The Amazon Reef is a coral reef in Brazil.
It is one of the largest known reefs in the world.

The student wants to introduce the scientist and her field of study to a new audience. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Located in Brazil, the Amazon Reef is one of the largest known coral reefs in the world.

B. Marine biologist Camille Jazmin Gaynus studies coral reefs, vital underwater ecosystems that provide
homes to 25% of all marine species.

C. Providing homes to 25% of all marine species, including up to 8,000 species of fish, coral reefs are
vital underwater ecosystems and thus of great interest to marine biologists.

D. As Camille Jazmin Gaynus knows well, coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems, providing homes
to thousands of species of fish.

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ID: 14037904
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee: Native America from 1890 to the Present is a history book by
Ojibwe author David Treuer.
In a review, a critic for The Economist noted that “Treuer’s storytelling skills shine” and that the
book is an “elegant handling of [a] complex narrative.”
A critic for O, The Oprah Magazine called it “a marvel of research and storytelling.”
A critic for the Missoulian dubbed it “a monumental achievement.”

The student wants to emphasize a similarity in how critics responded to Treuer’s book. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Treuer’s book, which was widely reviewed, focuses on Native American history from 1890 to the
present.

B. Dubbed “a monumental achievement” by the Missoulian, Treuer’s book documents over a century of
Native American history.

C. Critics praised Treuer’s book for its compelling narrative, with O, The Oprah Magazine calling it “a
marvel of research and storytelling” and The Economist likewise writing that “Treuer’s storytelling
skills shine” and that the book is an “elegant handling of [a] complex narrative.”

D. While the Missoulian focused on the book’s broader achievement, The Economist zeroed in on Treuer’s
storytelling skills.

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ID: d6dec50e
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 2019, Emily Shepard and colleagues in the UK and Germany studied the effect of wind on auks’
success in landing at cliffside nesting sites.
They found as wind conditions intensified, the birds needed more attempts in order to make a
successful landing.
When the wind was still, almost 100% of landing attempts were successful.
In a strong breeze, approximately 40% of attempts were successful.
In near-gale conditions, only around 20% of attempts were successful.

The student wants to summarize the study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. For a 2019 study, researchers from the UK and Germany collected data on auks’ attempts to land at
cliffside nesting sites in different wind conditions.

B. Emily Shepard and her colleagues wanted to know the extent to which wind affected auks’ success in
landing at cliffside nesting sites, so they conducted a study.

C. Knowing that auks often need multiple attempts to land at their cliffside nesting sites, Emily Shepard
studied the birds’ success rate, which was only around 20% in some conditions.

D. Emily Shepard’s 2019 study of auks’ success in landing at cliffside nesting sites showed that as wind
conditions intensified, the birds’ success rate decreased.

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ID: 94cb8720
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 2020, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech chose an interactive, online format to
present a play about woman suffrage activists.
Their “Women and the Vote” website featured an interactive digital drawing of a Victorian-style
house.
Audiences were asked to focus on a room of their choice and select from that room an artifact
related to the suffrage movement.
One click took them to video clips, songs, artwork, and texts associated with the artifact.
The play was popular with audiences because the format allowed them to control the experience.

The student wants to explain an advantage of the “Women and the Vote” format. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. “Women and the Vote” featured a drawing of a Victorian-style house with several rooms, each
containing suffrage artifacts.

B. To access video clips, songs, artwork, and texts, audiences had to first click on an artifact.

C. The “Women and the Vote” format appealed to audiences because it allowed them to control the
experience.

D. Using an interactive format, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech created “Women and the
Vote,” a play about woman suffrage activists.

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ID: 58281fc4
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Soo Sunny Park is a Korean American artist who uses light as her primary medium of expression.
She created her work Unwoven Light in 2013.
Unwoven Light featured a chain-link fence fitted with iridescent plexiglass tiles.
When light passed through the fence, colorful prisms formed.

The student wants to describe Unwoven Light to an audience unfamiliar with Soo Sunny Park. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Park’s 2013 installation Unwoven Light, which included a chain-link fence and iridescent tiles made
from plexiglass, featured light as its primary medium of expression.

B. Korean American light artist Soo Sunny Park created Unwoven Light in 2013.

C. The chain-link fence in Soo Sunny Park’s Unwoven Light was fitted with tiles made from iridescent
plexiglass.

D. In Unwoven Light, a 2013 work by Korean American artist Soo Sunny Park, light formed colorful prisms
as it passed through a fence Park had fitted with iridescent tiles.

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ID: 17ec916d
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Bharati Mukherjee was an Indian-born author of novels and short stories.
She published the novel The Holder of the World in 1993.
A central character in the novel is a woman living in twentieth-century United States.
Another central character is a woman living in seventeenth-century India.

The student wants to introduce the novel The Holder of the World to an audience already familiar with
Bharati Mukherjee. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?

A. Bharati Mukherjee’s settings include both twentieth-century United States and seventeenth-century
India.

B. In addition to her novel The Holder of the World, which was published in 1993, Indian-born author
Bharati Mukherjee wrote other novels and short stories.

C. Bharati Mukherjee’s novel The Holder of the World centers around two women, one living in twentieth-
century United States and the other in seventeenth-century India.

D. The Holder of the World was not the only novel written by Indian-born author Bharati Mukherjee.

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ID: 24014c3f
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Severo Ochoa discovered the enzyme PNPase in 1955.
PNPase is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA.
Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that PNPase provides the genetic blueprints for mRNA.
The discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code.
Deciphering the genetic code has led to a better understanding of how genetic variations affect
human health.

The student wants to emphasize the significance of Ochoa’s discovery. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Ochoa’s 1955 discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code, leading to a
better understanding of how genetic variations affect human health.

B. Ochoa first discovered PNPase, an enzyme that he hypothesized contained the genetic blueprints for
mRNA, in 1955.

C. In 1955, Ochoa discovered the PNPase enzyme, which is involved in both the creation and degradation
of mRNA.

D. Though his discovery of PNPase was critical to deciphering the human genetic code, Ochoa
incorrectly hypothesized that the enzyme was the source of mRNA’s genetic blueprints.

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