DATA

ANALYSIS
Making Sound Treatments

✓Statistics ✓Variables ✓ Presentation

✓Measurement ✓ Statistical tools ✓ Interpretation
Scales ✓ Conclusion

The beauty of research is dependent on

appropriate and proper treatment.
Statistics
the science of conducting studies to collect, organize,
summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data.
(Bluman, 2014)

Data Analysis
the method of systematically applying statistical and/or
logical techniques to describe and illustrate, condense
and recap, and evaluate data. (FDIDC, 2005)
Considerations and Issues

Considerations Issues

• Skills to analyze • Drawing unbiased inference

• Data collection and appropriate • Inappropriate subgroups
analysis • Lack of clearly defined objective
• Statistical significance • Honest and accurate analysis
• Presentation of data • Environment and context issues
• Data recording method • Acceptable norms for disciplines
• Reliability and validity • Issue of comfortability
• Extent of analysis
• Variables and Research Methods
RCDM, 2005
Internal Consistency Test
Cronbach's alpha coefficient (also known as the coefficient
alpha technique or alpha coefficient of reliability) is a test
of reliability as internal consistency (Cronbach, 1951).

 Range:
 0.90 and greater → excellent
 0.80 - 0.89 → good
 0.70 – 0.79 → acceptable
 0.60 – 0.69 → questionable
 0.50 – 0.59 → poor
 Below 0.5 → unacceptable
Data
Quantitative Qualitative
Hypothesis testing Deeper understanding
Predictions of situations and
Phenomena
Methods
Quantitative
• Descriptive
• Test of Statistical Inference
• Cross tabulations
• Trend Analysis
• Maximum Differential Analysis
• Conjoint Analysis
• TURF Analysis
• Gap Analysis
• SWOT analysis
• Text Analysis
Methods
Qualitative
• Quantitative Content Analysis
• Narrative Analysis
• Discourse Analysis
• Thematic Analysis
• Grounded Theory
• Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)
Data Types
Continuous

Scale
Discrete

Ordinal

Categorical
Nominal
 Is your data
normal?
Kolmogorov-Smirnov
Shapiro-Wilk

01 Parametric
02 Non-
Parametric
Ho: The data is normally distributed.
Ha: The data is not Normally distributed.
Conclusion: The data is normally distributed since the
significance of 0.271 is greater than 0.05 alpha.
 Kruskal-Wallis Variability Cronbach’s
H Test Alpha Discriminant
Analysis

Regression Wilcoxon
T-test MANOVA/
MANCOVA
Mann-
Whitney
Central
Tendency
Multidimensional
Scaling
Chi- Correlations
square
Kendall’s tau
Quantiles b
Factor ANOVA /
Analysis ANCOVA
Which average or variations?

• Median
Skewed
• Interquartile Range
•Mode
Data
Nominal •None

Normally
Distributed
Ordinal
• Mean

Scale
• Standard Deviation
•Median
•Interquartile
Range Categorical
 Kruskal-Wallis Variability Cronbach’s
H Test Alpha Discriminant
Analysis

Regression Wilcoxon
T-test MANOVA/
MANCOVA
Mann-
Whitney
Central
Tendency
Multidimensional
Scaling
Chi- Correlations
square
Kendall’s tau
Quantiles b
Factor ANOVA /
Analysis ANCOVA
Selecting Statistical Test

Goal
Normally Distributed Non-Parametric (Non-
(Gaussian Population) Gaussian Population)

Describe one group Mean, SD Median, Interquartile Range

Compare one group to a

One Sample t-test Wilcoxon Test
hypothetical value

Compare two unpaired

Unpaired (Independent) t-test Mann-Whitney test
groups

Compare two paired groups Paired (Dependent T-test) Wilcoxon Test

Selecting Statistical Test

Goal
Normally Distributed Non-Parametric (Non-
(Gaussian Population) Gaussian Population)

Three Unmatched Group One-way ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis Test

Three Matched Group Repeated Measures ANOVA Friedman Test

Association between 2
Pearson’s Correlation Spearman’s Correlation
Variables

Predict value from another Simple Linear or Non Linear

LogLinear Regression
measure Regression
Data
Google Form
Data
Coded Data
Application Software
Android Apps PC and Laptop
 JASP

Jeffreys’s Amazing Statistics Program

(Sir Harold Jeffreys)
JASP
Download JASP 0.14.1 Download JASP 0.14.1
Selecting a Graph

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Stacked/
Means
Pie Chart Multiple Boxplot Line
Histogram Scatter Plot
Bar Chart Bar Chart
Graph
One Scale
One scale /
One Two One Scale or Scale by
Two Scale Categorical 2
categorical Categorical Time
Categorical
Presentation and Interpretation
Presentation and Interpretation
Presentation and Interpretation
Presentation and Interpretation
Presentation and Interpretation
Presentation and Interpretation
Presentation and Interpretation
Presentation and Interpretation
References
https://aut.ac.nz.libguides.com/APA7th
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/sam
ple-tables
https://jasp-stats.org/download/

Bluman, A.(2014). Elementary statistics: A step by step approach. 9th

Ed. McGraw-Hill NY.
Bluman, A.(2009). Elementary statistics: A step by step approach. 8th
Ed. McGraw-Hill NY.
Almeda, J., Capistrano, T., and Sarte, G.M., (2010). Elementary statistic
s. The University of the Philippines Press.
Statistical skills are acquired.
To develop passion for it is a decision.
–Leby A. Fastidio

THANK YOU and Godspeed!