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Lesson 1 Philippine Literature during the Pre-colonial Literature

1. This story is passed down from generation to generation, and it becomes part of a
tradition of a community. What do you call this narrative?
a. epic b. folktale c. legend d. myth

Explanation
A folktale is passed down from generation to generation, and it becomes part of a
tradition of a community. An example is the folktale about Juan.

2. This story is told to explain a belief, a practice, or a natural phenomenon. What do

you call this narrative?
a. epic b. fable c. legend d. myth

Explanation
A myth is a story told to explain a belief, a practice, or a natural phenomenon. An
example is the creation myth.

3. This story is presented as history but is unlikely to be true. What do you call this
narrative?
a. epic b. fable c. legend d. myth

Explanation
A legend is presented as history but is unlikely to be true. An example is the legend of
the great flood.

4. Which of the following statements is not true about the precolonial literature of the
Philippines?
Precolonial literature includes chants, proverbs, and songs.
Precolonial literature includes folk narratives like folktales, epics, and myths.
Precolonial literature includes literature that were passed on from generation to
generation through the word of mouth.
Precolonial literature depicts the livelihood, customs, and traditions of the Filipinos
during the Spanish occupation.

Explanation
Precolonial literature depicts the livelihood, customs, and traditions of Filipino natives
before the Spanish occupation.

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Report errors
5. Folk narratives were passed on from generation to generation by printed books.
Type TRUE if the statement is true. If it is false, type the right phrase to replace the
underlined phrase.

Correct answer
word of mouth, Word of Mouth

Hint
This phrase means “by being told by another person.”

Explanation
Folk narratives are oral literature. They were passed on from generation to generation
by word of mouth.

6. Categorize: Match each folk narrative to its origin.

Correct answer
Ilocano: Biag ni Lam-ang
Maranao: Darangan
Panay: Hinilawod
Tagalog: Juan Gathers Guavas

Explanation
“Biag ni Lam-ang” is an Ilocano epic. “Darangan” is Maranao epic. “Hinilawod”
originates from central Panay. “Juan Gathers Guavas” is a Tagalog folktale.

7. Categorize: Match the statements to the right creation myth.

Creation Myth of the Igorot: People are made from reeds;The Great Spirit creates salt
and pottery.
Creation Myth of the Tagalog: There was no land at the beginning, and there were only
the sky and the sea;The first man and woman had children that later became chiefs,
slaves, and other types of people.

Explanation
According to the Igorot creation myth, Lumawig the Great Spirit made people from
reeds. Also, he created salt and pottery. On the other hand, according to the creation
myth of the Tagalog, there was no land at the beginning, and there were only the sky

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and the sea. Then the first man and woman had children that later became chiefs,
slaves, and other types of people.

8. Passage: Juan Gathers Guavas (A Tagalog Folktale)

One day several neighbors came to Juan’s home to visit. His father wanted to give
the guests something to eat, so he sent Juan to get some ripe guavas for them.
Full of mischief, Juan decided to play a joke on his father’s guests. He went to get the
guavas and ate all of them while thinking of a good joke. Then he saw a wasp’s nest
hung nearby. With some difficulty he managed to take it down and put it into a tight
basket. He hastened home and gave the basket to his father. Quickly he left the room
where the guests were and closed the door and fastened it. As soon as Juan’s father
opened the basket, the wasps flew over the room. With the door locked, the people
fought to get out of the windows. After a while Juan opened the door. When he saw the
swollen faces of the people, he cried. “What fine, rich guavas you must have had! They
have made you all so fat!”

What is likely the purpose of “Juan Gathers Guavas”?

a. to teach a lesson
b. to amuse its listeners
c. to give emphasis on a virtue
d. to educate the readers about society

Explanation
The story is meant to be funny or humorous. Juan who is full of mischief finds a way to
play a trick on his father and his guests.

9. Passage: The Monkey and the Crocodile (A Tagalog Fable)

One day, a monkey saw a tall macopa tree laden with ripe fruits, which stood by a
wide river. It was hungry, so it climbed the tree and ate all of the fruits. When it climbed
down, it could find no means by which to cross the river. Then it saw a young crocodile
who had just woke up from its siesta. It said to the crocodile in a friendly way, “My dear
Crocodile, will you do me a favor?” The crocodile was greatly surprised by the monkey’s
amicable salutation. So, it answered humbly, “Oh, yes! If there is anything I can do for
you, I shall be glad to do it.” The monkey then told the crocodile that it wanted to get to
the other side of the river. Then the crocodile said, “I’ll take you there with all my heart.
Just sit on my back, and we’ll go at once.” The monkey sat firmly on the crocodile’s
back, and they began to move. In a short while they reached the middle of the stream.
Then the crocodile began to laugh aloud. “You foolish monkey!” it said, “I’ll eat your

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liver and kidneys, for I’m very hungry.” The monkey became nervous. Trying to conceal
its anxiety, it said, “I’m very glad that you mentioned the matter. I thought myself that
you might be hungry, so I have prepared my liver and kidneys for your dinner.
Unfortunately, in our haste to depart, I left them hanging on the macopa tree. Let us
return, and I’ll get them for you.”
Convinced that the monkey was telling the truth, the crocodile turned around and
swam back to the direction of the macopa tree. When they got near the riverbank, the
monkey nimbly jumped up onto the land and scampered up the tree. The crocodile
came to realize what happened and said, “I am a fool.”

Fables often teach a lesson. What is likely the lesson taught by “The Monkey and the
Crocodile”?
a. Trust everyone.
b. Beware of the deceitful.
c. Your cunning can take you anywhere.
d. Being clever is better than being strong.

Explanation
Both characters, the monkey and the crocodile, are capable of deceit. The crocodile is
friendly at first and then turns on the monkey right in the middle of the river. Then the
monkey deceives the crocodile to save its life.

10. Passage: The Creation (An Excerpt from the Tagalog myth)
After a while the parents grew very tired of having so many idle and useless
children around. They wished to be rid of them, but they knew of no place to send
them to. Time went on, and the children became so numerous that the parents enjoyed
no peace. One day, in desperation, the father seized a stick and began beating them on
all sides. The beating frightened the children so much that they fled in different
directions. Some seek hidden rooms in the house. Some concealed themselves in the
walls. Some ran outside, while others hid in the fireplace. Several fled to the sea. Now it
happened that those who went into the hidden rooms of the house later became the
chiefs of the islands; and those who concealed themselves in the walls became slaves.
Those who ran outside were free men; and those who hid in the fireplace became
negroes; while those who fled to the sea were gone many years, and when their
children came back they were the white people.

What does the excerpt suggest about the society of the native Filipinos?
a. Parents should be strict.

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b. There are different classes of people.

c. Idle and useless people should be punished.
d. Beating children is a way to teach them how to behave properly.

Explanation
The last paragraph reflects the society of the native Filipinos. It shows the different
classes of people, namely, the chiefs, the slaves, the freemen, as well as the negroes
and the white people.

Lesson 2: Philippine Literature during the Spanish Colonial Period

1. What are the factors that greatly influenced the Philippine Literature during the
Spanish occupation?
a. education b. religion c. trade d. wealth

Explanation
Philippine Literature during the Spanish occupation was mostly influenced by
Christianity as well as the European ideals of liberty and freedom through trade.

2. Published in 1605, this book contains basic Catholic doctrines. What is the title of this
book?
a. Noli Me Tangere
b. Gracias de sin sempiternas
c. Memorial de la vida cristiana en lengua tagala
d. Sampaguitas y poesias varias

Explanation
Memorial de la vida cristiana en lengua tagala is a book of Catholic doctrines published
in 1605. It contains the ladino poem “Gracias de sin sempiternas” by Fernando
Bagongbanta.
3. These natives could speak and write in both Spanish and their own language. What
do you call them?
Correct answer: Ladinos

Explanation

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The Spanish missionaries hired natives to translate Spanish religious instructional

materials in the native language. Eventually, the natives became fluent in Spanish and
became known as ladinos.

4. Complete the following analogy:

Jose Rizal : Noli Me Tangere: :Pedro Paterno : ______________
a. El Filibusterismo
b. Gracias de sin sempiternas
c. Ninay
d. Florante at Laura

Explanation
Jose Rizal wrote Noli Me Tangere, the first of his two novels; while Pedro Paterno
wrote Ninay, the first Filipino novel.

5. Complete the following analogy:

Jose de la Cruz : _________ : : Francisco Baltazar : _________
a. komedya
b. novel
c. pasyon
d. poetry

Explanation
Jose de la Cruz was a master of the komedya (also called moro-moro), while Francisco
Baltazar was a master of traditional Tagalog poetry.

6. Which of the following statements are not true about the native literature during the
Spanish occupation?
a. The written tradition of the native literature was destroyed by the Spaniards during
their occupation of the country.
b. The written tradition of the native literature survived during the Spanish occupation
of the country.
c. The oral tradition of the native literature failed to survive during the Spanish
occupation of the country.
d. The oral tradition of the native literature survived during the Spanish occupation of
the country.

Explanation

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The Spaniards destroyed the written native literature in their effort to replace it with
their own. However, the oral tradition survived and flourished in areas beyond the
reach of the Spaniards.

7. Which statement is true for the moro-moro?

a. Muslims triumph over Christians in the story of moro-moro.
b. Christians triumph over Muslims in the story of moro-moro.
c. Christians and Muslims triumph over evil in the story of moro-moro.
d. Christians and Muslims triumph over their common enemy in the story of moro-
moro.

Explanation
The moro-moro depicted the war between Christians and Muslims, wherein the former
always win.

8. Passage
Mahal na Passion
Ni Gaspar Aquino de Belen

Sa Ona pang nanhuhula

ang manga Profetang madla
saquit na ypararaya
manga ypararalita
sa Messias na naava.
Ang vica,y, matatalian
daracpin nang sandatahan,
mumurahi,t, di ygalang
siya,y pagiyvan naman
Discipulong caybigan
Totobonga,t, ysosombong.
daraiquin sa pagtotol.
casinongalingan yaon
doon nila yoolong
cay Poncio Pilatong Hocom,
Ang manga hula pa,t, ysip
ay hahampasing masaquit
nang limang libong mahiguit

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at popotongan nang tinic

ang olo niyang mariquit.

What kind of poetry is de Belen’s poem?

a. descriptive b. free verse c. lyrical d. narrative

Explanation
Gaspar Aquino de Belen’s Mahal na Passion is a narrative poem. The excerpt shows
different scenes of Jesus’ sufferings between the Last Supper and his death.

9. Passage
Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan
Ni Andres Bonifacio

Aling pagibig pa ang hihigit kaya

sa pagkadalisay at pagkadakila
gaya ng pagibig sa tinubuang lupa?
alin pagibig pa? wala na nga; wala.
Ulitulitin mang basahin ng isip
at isa-isahing talastasing pilit
ang salita’t buhay na limbag at titik
ng sangtinakpan ito ang mababatid.
Banal na pagibig! pagikaw ang nukal
sa tapat na puso ng sino't alin man,
imbi’t taong gubat maralita’t mangmang
nagiging dakila at iginagalang.
Pagpupuring lubos ang palaging gawad
ng taong mahal sa Bayan niyang liyag
umawit, tumula, kumatha’t sumulat
kalakhan din niya'y isinisiwalat.
Walang mahalagang hindi inihandog
ng may pusong mahal sa Bayan niyang irog
dugo, yaman, dunong, katiisa’t pagod,
buhay ma’y abuting magkalagot-lagot.

In this excerpt, why does the poet regard the love for one’s country as pure and noble?
a. Because with love for country, one writes for the good of his or her country.
b. Because with love for country, one sacrifices his whole being for his or her country.

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c. Because with love for country, one raises himself or herself and the others from
poverty.
d. Because with love for country, one frees himself or herself and the others from
colonial oppression.

Explanation
The fifth stanza suggests that with love for country, one gives his or her whole being for
the country.

10. Passage
“The Voice of the Hunted”
(Chapter XLIX of Charles Derbyshire’s The Social Cancer, a complete English translation
of Jose Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere)

In a few words Elias recounted his conversation with the leader of the tulisanes, omitting
the latter’s doubts and threats. Ibarra listened attentively and was the first to break the
long silence that reigned after he had finished his story.
“So they want—” “Radical reforms in the armed forces, in the priesthood, and in the
administration of justice; that is to say, they ask for paternal treatment from the
government.” “Reforms? In what sense?” “For example, more respect for a man’s
dignity, more security for the individual, less force in the armed forces, fewer privileges
for that corps which so easily abuses what it has.” “Elias,” answered the youth, “I don’t
know who you are, but I suspect that you are not a man of the people; you think and act
so differently from others. You will understand me if I tell you that, however imperfect
the condition of affairs may be now, it would be more so if it were changed. I might be
able to get the friends that I have in Madrid to talk, by paying them; I might even be
able to see the Captain-General; but neither would the former accomplish anything nor
has the latter sufficient power to introduce so many novelties. Nor would I ever take a
single step in that direction, for the reason that, while I fully understand that it is true
that these corporations have their faults, they are necessary at this time. They are what
is known as a necessary evil.” Greatly surprised, Elias raised his head and looked at him
in astonishment. “Do you, then, also believe in a necessary evil, sir?” he asked in a voice
that trembled slightly. “Do you believe that in order to do good it is necessary to do
evil?” “No, I believe in it as in a violent remedy that we make use of when we wish to
cure a disease. Now then, the country is an organism suffering from a chronic malady,

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and in order to cure it, the government sees the necessity of employing such means,
harsh and violent if you wish, but useful and necessary.”

In this excerpt, Crisostomo Ibarra and Elias are having a conversation about the
demands of the tulisanes or the bandits. Which of these statements tells Ibarra’s
viewpoint on such demands?
a. The demands of the tulisanes are reasonable because the Spanish forces use
excessive force.
b. The demands of the tulisanes are not reasonable for the demands suggest that the
tulisanes are ungrateful.
c. The demands of the tulisanes are difficult to meet but not impossible because Ibarra
has connections to help in the situation.
d. The demands of the tulisanes are not realistic for Ibarra thinks that the use of force
by the Spanish forces is necessary and useful.

Explanation
Crisostomo Ibarra likens the use of force by the Spaniards to a cure of a chronic disease.
It may be harsh and violent but useful and necessary.

Lesson 3: Philippine Literature during the American and Japanese

Period

1. What was the medium of instruction in public schools during the American
occupation of the Philippines?
a. English b. Filipino c. Nihonggo d. Tagalog

Explanation
English was the medium of instruction in public schools during the American occupation
of the Philippines.

2. What is considered to be the first modern Filipino short story?

a.Dead Stars b. His Native Soil c. A Child of Sorrow d. Lupang Tinubuan

Explanation
“Dead Stars” by Paz Marquez Benitez is considered to be the first modern Filipino short
story.

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3. What year did the anthology Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng
1943 come out?
a. 1942 b. 1943 c. 1944 d. 1945

Explanation
Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943 came out in 1944.
Report errors

4. Filipino fictionists writing during this literary period copied American writers. What is
this period called?
Correct answer
Apprenticeship period, apprenticeship

Explanation
During the apprenticeship period (1900–1930), Filipino fictionists imitated American
writers.

5. Which writers became prominent during the American occupation of the Philippines?
a. Liwayway Arceo b. Paz Marquez Benitez
c. Juan C. Laya d. Narciso Reyes

Explanation
“Dead Stars” by Paz Marquez Benitez was published in 1925. His Native Soil by Juan C.
Laya was published in 1940.

6. Filipino fictionists during the apprenticeship period copied American writers. Who
were these writers?
a. Sherwood Anderson b. Franklin Roosevelt
c. Ernest Hemingway d. William Saroyan

Explanation
During the apprenticeship period, Filipino fictionists like Jose Garcia Villa, Manuel
Arguilla, N. V. M. Gonzalez, and Francisco Arcellana copied Sherwood Anderson,
William Saroyan, and Ernest Hemingway.
7. The given literary works appear in the anthology Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling
Kathang Pilipino ng 1943. They were the top four stories that won a contest sponsored
by the Japanese during their occupation of the Philippines. Arrange them according to
their rank (from first to fourth).

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a. “Lupang Tinubuan” by Narciso G. Reyes

b. “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” by Liwayway Arceo
c. “Nayon at Dagat-dagatan” by N. V. M. Gonzalez
d. “Suyuan sa Tubigan” by Macario Pineda

Explanation
Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943 is a collection of stories that
won a contest sponsored by the Japanese. The top four stories were “Lupang
Tinubuan” by Narciso G. Reyes, “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” by Liwayway Arceo, “Nayon
at Dagat-dagatan” by N. V. M. Gonzalez, and “Suyuan sa Tubigan” by Macario Pineda.

8. Why did the development of Philippine literature in English during the Japanese
occupation halt?
a. Tagalog short stories became popular.
b. Tagalog was declared one of the official languages of the country.
c. Some Filipino writers during the period turned to writing in Filipino.
d. The Japanese censored literary works produced during the period.

Explanation
The Japanese censorship and the declaration of Tagalog as an official language put a
halt to the development of Philippine Literature in English during the Japanese
occupation.

For questions 9 and 10 -- Passage

Moonlight on Manila Bay
By Fernando M. Maramag

A light, serene, ethereal glory, rests

Its beam effulgent on each cresting wave;
The silver touches of the moonlight lave
The deep’s bare bosom that the breeze molests;
While lingering whispers deepen as the wavy crests
Roll with weird rhythm, now gay, now gently grave;
And floods of lambent light appear the sea to pave—
All cast a spell that heeds not time’s behests.
Not always such the scene: the din of fight
Has swelled the murmur of the peaceful air;
Here East and West have oft displayed their might;

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Dark battle clouds have dimmed this scene so fair;

Here, bold Olympia, one historic night,
Presaging freedom, claimed a people’s care.

9. Which of these figures of speech is shown in the poem?

a. hyperbole b. metaphor c. personification d. simile

Hint
In lines 3 and 4 the moonlight, the bay (the “deep”), and the breeze act like human.
What do you call this figure of speech in which things are given human attributes?

Explanation
Personification is a figure of speech in which things are given human attributes. In lines
3 and 4 of the poem the moonlight, the bay (the “deep”), and the breeze act like
human.

10. In this sonnet, the poet contrasts two images, one of which is a serene night. What
is the other image?
Correct answer
a. defeat b. disorder c. victory d. war

Hint
The contrasting image is depicted in the sestet or the last six lines of the sonnet.

Explanation
From line 9, the image of a war (“the din of fight”) emerges between two mighty forces
(“East and West,” line 10). In history, this pertains to the battle between Spain and
America on Manila Bay in 1898.

Lesson 4: Philippine Literature in the Postwar and Contemporary

Period

1. Which of the following is the first postwar Filipino novel written in English?
a. Without Seeing the Dawn by Stevan Javellana
b. The Return by Edith L. Tiempo
c. Waywaya by F. Sionil Jose
d. May Day Eve by Nick Joaquin

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Explanation
Without Seeing the Dawn by Stevan Javellana is the first postwar Filipino novel written
in English.

2. Which of the following years are not considered as part of the postwar and
contemporary period?
a. 1900-1930 b. 1947-1960 c. 1960-1975 d. 1975-1990

Explanation
Years 1900 to 1930 are not considered as part of the postwar and contemporary period
as these were the years before World War II.

3. Which of the following is a part of the issues in the postwar and contemporary
period?
a. great poverty b. great wealth c. mass hysteria d. widespread epidemics

Explanation
Among the issues experienced during the postwar and contemporary period is great
poverty.

4. Which of the following is not a significant historical event during the postwar and
contemporary period?
a. the colonization of the Spaniards
b. declaration of martial law
c. the election of Fidel V. Ramos as president
d. establishment of the Republic of the Philippines

Explanation
The colonization of the Spaniards happened before and not after the Second World
War.

5. Who among the following inspired Filipino writers during the postwar period?
a. American teachers b. American dramatists
c. American poets d. American leaders

Explanation
Filipino writers were inspired by American teachers during the postwar period, and they
were able to learn their techniques.

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6. Which of the following is not a topic or theme of works during the postwar and
contemporary period?
a. the creation of the world b. nationalism c. superstitions d. religious faith

Explanation
In the postwar and contemporary period, the creation of the world is no longer a topic
of literary works. Instead, writers focused more on human experiences and social
issues.

7. Which of the following works is not similar to the other three?

a. "May Day Eve" by Nick Joaquin
b. "We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers" by Alejandro Roces
c. "History and Philippine Culture" by Horacio de la Costa
d. "Waywaya" by F. Sionil Jose

Explanation
"History and Philippine Culture" by Horacio dela Costa is an essay while the rest are
short stories.

8. Kate wants to learn more about postwar and contemporary literature, so she
researched about the topic.
Which of the following would she have learned about it?
a. There are only very few postwar and contemporary literary works.
b. Only literary works in English were produced during the period.
c. Postwar and contemporary literature are timeless and have great artistic value.
d. These literary works captured Filipino life and human struggles.
Explanation
From studying postwar and contemporary literature, one would learn that these works
are timeless and have great artistic value and that they captured Filipino life and human
struggles.

9. You were asked by your teacher to imagine that you were a writer in the postwar and
contemporary period. Which of the following would you not write about?
a. a piece encouraging Filipinos to fight against the Spaniards
b. what Filipinos experienced under the hands of the Japanese
c. your thoughts about the martial law

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d. a story about life under the Philippine New Republic

Explanation
What you should write about are the events that happened during that period or are
still relevant during that period, and a piece encouraging Filipinos to fight against the
Spaniards would not have been relevant or significant during that time.

10. Will's teacher asked the class to read a postwar and contemporary literary work
that will enlighten them about the experiences of Filipinos during the war.
Which of the following should Will choose to read?
a. Without Seeing the Dawn by Stevan Javellana
b. Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez
c. The Return by Edith L. Tiempo
d. History and Philippine Culture by Horacio de la Costa

Explanation
Without Seeing the Dawn narrates what people experienced during World War II.

Lesson 5: Life and Works of Jose Garcia Villa

1. He was named as the National Artist for Literature in 1973.

a. Jose Garcia Villa b. Carlos P. Romulo
c. N.V.M. Gonzalez d. Francisco Arcellana

Explanation
Jose Garcia Villa was a Filipino literary critic, poet, painter, and short story writer. He
was named as the National Artist for Literature in 1973.

2. Jose Garcia Villa pioneered on __________ where he places a comma after every
word.
a. comma poems b. period poems c. punctuation poems d. apostrophe poems

Explanation
Jose Garcia Villa pioneered on comma poems where he places a comma after every
word.

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3. It refers to a series of controversial poems which led to Jose Garcia Villa’s suspension
from the University of the Philippines.
a. Man Songs b. Mir-i-nisa c. Footnote to Youth d. Winds of April

Explanation
Man Songs is a collection of controversial poems that was deemed too bold by the
University of the Philippines, which led to Jose Garcia Villa’s suspension from the
university.

4. "Must you marry, Dodong?"

In the story "Footnote to Youth," the given line was uttered by Dodong's father when
Dodong asked for his permission to get married. Which of the following emotions is
expressed in the statement of Dodong’s father?
a. anxiety b. support c. excitement d. hatred

Explanation
The line expresses anxiety, as Dodong's father is aware of the possible consequences of
a teenage marriage.

5. Which of the following is not true about Jose Garcia Villa?

Correct answer
He stuck to using common and traditional styles in his poems.
He gained international recognition for his works.
He was a recipient of the Guggenheim Fellowship.
He was a poet, painter, and short story writer.

Explanation
Jose Garcia Villa did not stick to using common and traditional styles in his poems.
Instead, he created his own style by using his own rhyme scheme and by excessively
using commas in his poetry.
Report errors

6. Which of the following should be done first in analyzing a literary work?

a. Gather information about the text and its author.
b. Summarize the text.
c. Write your own conclusion to it.
d. Write a review or critique of it.

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Explanation
In analyzing a literary work, it is important to gather information about it and its author
first.

7. Which of the following will help give information regarding the historical and/or
social influences in a story?
a. studying the background of the author
b. analyzing the theme of the story
c. studying literary works similar to the story
d. analyzing the work of other writers in the same period

Explanation
Studying the background of the author would help in identifying the historical and/or
social influences in a story.

8. Your teacher asked you to write a poem that is inspired by Jose Garcia Villa's style.
Which of the following would help make your poem similar to his?
a. excessive usage of commas b. reversed consonance rhyme scheme
b. exaggerated statements c. highfalutin words
Explanation
Jose Garcia Villa's poems made use of the reversed consonance rhyme scheme and had
excessive commas, so applying these in your poems would help make your poem
similar to his in terms of style.

9. From the information given about "Footnote to Youth," it can be inferred that local
short stories are _.
a. a reflection of Philippine culture and traditions
b. a way to envision the future
c. a reflection of the changes in society
d. a means to observe the whole world

Explanation
Local short stories often give details regarding how life is in the province or the place
where the story happens. These stories therefore provide a reflection of Philippine
culture and traditions.

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10. Based on the story "Footnote to Youth," which of the following may be inferred
about teenagers?
a. Teenagers are passionate about their desires.
b. Teenagers are hardworking.
c. Teenagers are disrespectful to their parents.
d. Teenagers are independent and diligent.

Explanation
From the way Dodong and Blas were insistent on wanting to get married at such a
young age, it can be inferred that teenagers are passionate about their desires.

Lesson 6: Life and Works of Carlos P. Romulo

1. He was the first Filipino journalist to be awarded with the Pulitzer Prize in Journalism.
a. Carlos P. Romulo b. Jose Garcia Villa
c. Francisco Arcellana d. Ferdinand Marcos

Explanation
Carlos P. Romulo was the first Filipino journalist to be awarded with the Pulitzer Prize in
Journalism.

2. It refers to a narration of Carlos P. Romulo's personal experiences as an aide-de-camp

to General Douglas MacArthur in Corregidor.
a. I Saw the Fall of the Philippines
b. Bataan Harvest
c. I See the Philippines Rise
d. The Return of the General

Explanation
I Saw the Fall of the Philippines narrates Carlos P. Romulo's personal experiences as an
aide-de-camp to General Douglas MacArthur in Corregidor.

3. Carlos P. Romulo was conferred as National Artist for Literature in __________.

Correct answer
a. 1982 b. 1990 c. 1985 d. 1979

Explanation

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Carlos P. Romulo was conferred as National Artist for Literature in 1982.

4. Which of the following is not true about Carlos P. Romulo?

a. He served as the secretary of the United Nations General Assembly.
b. He grew up in Camiling, Tarlac.
c. He died on December 15, 1985.
d. He was an aide-de-camp to General Douglas MacArthur.

Explanation
Carlos P. Romulo served as the president of the United Nations General Assembly, not
secretary.

5. The following are works written by Carlos P. Romulo except __________.

a. The Mats b. I See the Philippines Rise
c. I am a Filipino d. Mother America: A Living Story of Democracy

Explanation
Francisco Arcellana wrote “The Mats,” not Carlos P. Romulo.

6. Which of the following is written as a sequel to I Saw the Fall of the Philippines?
a. I See the Philippines Rise b. Mother America: A Living Story of Democracy
c. I am a Filipino d. My Brother Americans

Explanation
Carlos P. Romulo wrote I See the Philippines Rise as a sequel to I Saw the Fall of the
Philippines.

8. Which of the following is true about Carlos P. Romulo’s works?

a. They talk about how the Philippines survived the wars during the American and the
Japanese occupations.
b. They talk about the love of Filipinos toward their oppressors.
c. They talk about how the Filipinos are grateful for being colonized by the Americans
and the Japanese.
d. They talk about how Filipinos look up to Spaniards and Americans.

Explanation
Most of Carlos P. Romulo’s works talk about how the Philippines survived the wars
during the American and the Japanese occupations.

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8. Which of the following is a valuable contribution of I am a Filipino to Philippine

literature?
a. It helps readers understand what it means to be a Filipino.
b. It encourages readers to think of the Filipinos as superior to any other race.
c. It allows readers to believe in exaggerations about the Philippines.
d. It causes readers to lose pride and dignity in the Filipino race.

Explanation
Carlos P. Romulo's I am a Filipino helps readers understand what it means to be a
Filipino.

9. Which of the following should you read if you would like to know more about Carlos
P. Romulo's life?
a. I Walked with Heroes b. I am a Filipino
c. I Saw the Fall of the Philippines d. Mother America: A Living Story of Democracy

Explanation
I Walked with Heroes is an autobiography of Carlos P. Romulo.

10. Based on the essay I am a Filipino, Carlos P. Romulo implies that we should be _.
a. proud of our Filipino roots b. thankful that we were colonized
c. ashamed of our ancestors d. looking up to the Westerners

Explanation
Based on Carlos P. Romulo's essay I am a Filipino, he implies that we should be proud of
our Filipino roots.

Lesson 7: Life and Works of Francisco Arcellana

1. Who among the following well-known Filipino writers is the first director of the
University of the Philippines Center for Creative Writing?
a. Francisco Arcellana b. Bienvenido Lumbera
c. Jose Garcia Villa d. Carlos P. Romulo

Explanation

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Francisco Arcellana is the first director of the University of the Philippines Center for
Creative Writing.

2. Which of the following is a short story written by Francisco Arcellana that depicts a
character’s struggle in coping with the death of his children?
a. "The Mats" b. "A Clown Remembers"
c. "Death in a Factory" d. "The Man Who Would Be Poe"

Explanation
"The Mats" is a short story written by Francisco Arcellana that depicts a character’s
struggle in coping with the death of his children.

3. Which of the following short stories written by Francisco Arcellana was adapted into
a screenplay?
a. "Flowers of May" b. "Lina"
c. "The Man Who Would Be Poe" d. "Death in a Factory"

Explanation
One of Francisco Arcellana's short stories that were adapted into screenplays is
"Flowers of May."

4. Which of the following best describes Francisco Arcellana as a writer?

a. innovative b. traditional c. resourceful d. humorous

Explanation
Francisco Arcellana, known for experimenting with writing techniques and exploring
new literary forms, was an innovative writer.

5. Which of the following writing techniques was used by Francisco Arcellana in the
story "The Mats"?
a. indirect characterization b. stream of consciousness
c. foreshadowing d. flashbacks

Explanation
Francisco Arcellana used indirect characterization through actions and dialogues to set
the dramatic tone of the story "The Mats."

6. Which of the following is not true in the story "The Mats"?

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a. Mr. Angeles disappoints his children by giving mats that they do not like.
b. The children sense the tension between their father and mother.
c. It pained and surprised Nana Emilia to see the three mats for their dead children.
d. Each of the mats is woven with the child's name as well as a symbol.

Explanation
Each of the children was very happy to receive a mat.

7. Below is a line that Mr. Angeles said in "The Mats."

"Is it fair to forget them? Would it be just to disregard them?"
From the given information in the lesson regarding the short story, which of the
following do you think Mr. Angeles is talking about?
a. his children who passed away b. his living children
c. street children d. other family members

Explanation
From the information about the story, it can be inferred that Mr. Angeles is referring to
his children who passed away when he said the given lines.

8. Which of the following is not symbolized by the unfolding of the mats at the end of
the story?
a. commemoration of the death of the three children
b. sadness and courage in remembering the death of the three children
c. honoring the life lived by the three children who passed away
d. the resentment of Mr. Angeles toward his wife

Explanation
The unfolding of the three mats at the end of the story symbolizes the commemoration
of Mr. Angeles of the death of his three children and the sadness and courage he feels
in remembering their death. It was also his way of honoring the life they lived. The
unfolding of the mats does not symbolize any resentment of Mr. Angeles toward his
wife.

9. Which of the following is not a theme in the story "The Mats"?

a. Coping with the death of a loved one is a struggle.
b. Honoring loved ones who passed away is important.
c. It is difficult to deal with the pain that comes with remembering dead loved ones.
d. One way of coping with the death of loved ones is buying things for them.

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Explanation
One way of coping with the death of loved ones is buying things for them is not a theme
or underlying message of the story.

10. Rica likes the writing style of Francisco Arcellana and was taking inspiration from his
short stories while writing a story of her own.
Which of the following would she most likely do?
a. She would use dialogues that reveal the personality of the characters.
b. She would make use of direct characterization to aptly describe the characters.
c. She would use flowery words to impress and widen the vocabulary of the reader.
d. She would limit the actions of the characters to make the story concise.

Explanation
Since Rica is taking inspiration from the works of Francisco Arcellana, it is likely that she
would use dialogues to reveal the personality of the characters.

Lesson 8: Life and Works of Nestor Vicente Madali (N.V.M.) Gonzales

1. He is an award-winning Filipino poet, essayist, fictionist, journalist, editor, and

teacher of creative writing, and he was also the first president of the Philippine Writers’
Association.
a. N.V.M. Gonzalez b. Amador T. Daguio
c. Nick Joaquin d. Carlos P. Romulo

Explanation
N.V.M. Gonzalez is an award-winning Filipino poet, essayist, fictionist, journalist, editor,
and teacher of creative writing, and he was also the first president of the Philippine
Writers’ Association.

2. Which of the following is a collection of short stories that sketch the daily lives of the
Filipino kaingeros in Mindoro?
a. Seven Hills Away b. The Bamboo Dancers
c. The Wireless Tower d. The Winds of April

Explanation

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Seven Hills Away is a collection of short stories that sketch the daily lives of the
Filipino kaingeros in Mindoro.

3. Which of the following is a diasporic novel that features the challenges faced by
Filipinos in America?
a. The Bamboo Dancers b. Lupo and the River
c. The Tomato Game d. The Winds of April

Explanation
The Bamboo Dancers is a diasporic novel that underscores the challenges of Filipinos in
America.

4. Arrange the following in the order that they happened in the story "Children of the
Ash-Covered Loam."
a. Tatay arrives with a pig to be taken care of by Tarang.
b. Tatay, Nanay, and their neighbors perform a ritual to drive away evil spirits from their
cultivated land.
c. Tia Orang massages Nanay’s abdomen.
d. Tarang gets up upon hearing the noise outside and accidentally strikes a tree stump
with his big toe.

Explanation
In the story Children of the Ash-Covered Loam, the events are arranged in the following
order:
Tatay arrives with a pig to be taken care of by Tarang.
Tatay, Nanay, and their neighbors perform a ritual to drive away evil spirits from their
cultivated land.
Tia Orang massages Nanay’s abdomen.
Tarang gets up upon hearing the noise outside and accidentally strikes a tree stump
with his big toe.

5. "It is bound to come, it is bound to come!" Tia Orang said, kneeling on the mat, one
hand pressing Nanay’s abdomen. She beckoned to Tatay, "Be of help!"
Which of the following is the correct interpretation of the given lines?
a. Nanay is now ready to bear another child.
b. Nanay is suffering from a stomachache.
c. The family will be blessed by a rich harvest.
d. Tarang's pig will give birth to piglets.

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Explanation
The given lines convey that Tia Orang tells Tatay that Nanay could now bear another
baby.

6. Which of the following is not presented in the story "Children of the Ash-Covered
Loam"?
a. mañana habit b. kaingin c. hilot d. offering animals to drive away
evil spirits

Explanation
The mañana habit, or the habit of procrastinating and putting tasks off for later or for
some other day, is not presented in the story.

7. Which of the following is the message of the story "Children of the Ash-Covered
Loam"?
a. When a living thing dies, a new life emerges.
b. Faith healers are helpful and needed in communities.
c. The father, as the head of the family, is always right.
d. Death is a very tragic situation that is difficult to deal with.

Explanation
The theme or message of the story "Children of the Ash-Covered Loam" is that when a
living thing dies, a new life emerges. The kaingin practice and the killing of the pullet as
a ritual are some forms of deaths that the family believes will bring new life like a
bountiful harvest and another child.

8. Which of the following is not true about N.V.M. Gonzalez and his works?
a. He glorified Western culture in his literary works.
b. He is honored as one of the great Filipino writers who advanced Philippine literary
traditions and culture.
c. His work was heavily influenced by local practices and beliefs.
d. He had garnered several awards for his literary works.

Explanation
N.V.M. Gonzalez focused on Philippine culture and traditions in his literary works.

9. Which of the following terms show local color?

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a. anak b. kugon c. oats d. bacon

Explanation
The terms anak, which means offspring, and kugon, which means heath, show local
color.

10. You were asked by your teacher to use local color as a technique in your writing.
Which of the following should you not use as a name for a character in the story?
a. Aunt Chelsea b. Inay c. Ate Neneng d. Bunso

Explanation
The name Aunt Chelsea does not show local color, as aunts in the Philippines are
usually referred to as Tia or Tita, and Chelsea is not an original/native Filipino name.
Lesson 9: Life and Works of Edith L. Tiempo
1. Who among the following writers was awarded as the National Artist for Literature in
1999?
a. Edith L. Tiempo b. Gilda Cordero Fernando
c. Ninotchka Rosca d. F. Sionil Jose

Explanation
Edith L. Tiempo was awarded as the National Artist for Literature in 1999.

2. Which of the following literary works by Edith L. Tiempo is set during World War II?
a. The Black Monkey b. Lament for the Littlest Fellow
c. Bonsai d. The Return

Explanation
The short story "The Black Monkey" is set during the time when guerrillas were fighting
against the Japanese during World War II.

3. Which of the following literary works by Edith L. Tiempo depicts the problems of the
Filipino miners of Nibucal in southern Philippines?
a. A Blade of Fern b. The Return c. The Black Monkey d. Bonsai

Explanation
A Blade of Fern is a novel written by Edith L. Tiempo that depicts the problems of the
Filipino miners of Nibucal in southern Philippines.

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4. Which of the following is not true about the subject of the poem "The Return" by
Edith L. Tiempo?
a. The old man enjoys the company of his grandchildren.
b. The old man wants to visit his friends.
c. The old man is well-traveled.
d. The old man remembers his childhood.

Explanation
In the poem, there is no clue stating that the old man enjoys the company of his
grandchildren.
5. Which of the following themes is presented in the poem "The Return" by Edith L.
Tiempo?
a. Old people face physical and emotional challenges.
b. Man’s glory begins in old age.
c. An educated man lives a lonely life.
d. A man who spends lavishly dies with nothing.

Explanation
One of the themes of the poem "The Return" is that old people face physical and
emotional challenges.

6. Which of the following did Edith L. Tiempo not write about?

a. dystopian societies b. struggles of Filipinos
c. human experiences d. emotions and memories

Explanation
Edith L. Tiempo did not write about dystopian societies. Instead, what she wrote about
are significant human experiences, the struggles of Filipinos, emotions, and memories.

7. Which of the following should you remember when analyzing a poem?

a. A poem's subject is different from its theme.
b. A poem is highly objective and has the same meaning for all its readers.
c. A poem's subject is its underlying idea or message.
d. A poem is always dramatic and symbolic.

Explanation

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When you analyze a poem, you should keep in mind that a poem's subject is different
from its theme. The subject of a poem is what the poem is about while the theme is the
underlying idea or message of the poem.

8. Which of the following best explains the title of the poem "The Return"?
a. The title connotes the reminiscing of the old man about the past.
b. The title connotes the homecoming of a man to his hometown to meet his friends.
c. The title connotes the old man's paying forward of good deeds.
d. The title connotes cherishing an object with sentimental value.

Explanation
The title of the poem "The Return" connotes the reminiscing of the old man about the
past. The word return refers to the looking back or returning of the old man to his past
by remembering and thinking about his memories.

9. Which of the following are Edith L. Tiempo’s greatest contributions to the

development of Philippine literature?
a. She founded the Silliman University National Writers Workshop, which produced
great young writers.
b. She demonstrated the fusion of style and substance in her literary works.
c. She encouraged young Filipino writers to imitate the poetry writing skills of
Americans.
d. Her literary works depict situations that favor the elite Philippine society.

Explanation
Edith L. Tiempo demonstrated the fusion of style and substance in her literary works.
She also founded the Silliman University National Writers Workshop that inspires and
helps young writers until today.

10. Which of the following could be concluded from the life and works of Edith L.
Tiempo about the development of Philippine literature?
a. Philippine literature reflects the deepest and most meaningful human experiences.
b. Filipinos, both men and women, excel in the field of literature.
c. Philippine literature in English developed more than Philippine literature in
vernacular languages.
d. Women in a patriarchal society are most often the subject of Filipino contemporary
poets.

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Explanation
Edith L. Tiempo’s life and works prove that Philippine literature reflects the deepest and
most meaningful human experiences. It also shows that not only men excel and
contribute in this field but also women like Edith L. Tiempo.

Lesson 10: Life and Works of F. Sionil Jose

1. He was conferred as National Artist for Literature in 2001.
a. F. Sionil Jose b. Edith L. Tiempo
c. Francisco Arcellana d. Nick Joaquin

Explanation
F. Sionil Jose was conferred as National Artist for Literature in 2001.

2. Which of the following is a compilation of short stories about pre-Hispanic Philippine

society?
a. Waywaya: Eleven Filipino Short Stories
b. The Molave and the Orchid and Other Children’s Stories
c. My Brother, My Executioner
d. The Pretenders

Explanation
Waywaya: Eleven Filipino Short Stories is a compilation of short stories about pre-
Hispanic Philippine society.

3. Which of the following talks about the friendship between an Ifugao and an
American?
a. The Molave and the Orchid and Other Children’s Stories b. The God Stealer
c. Tree d. Mass

Explanation
"The God Stealer" is a story that talks about the friendship between Philip Latak, an
Ifugao, and Sam Christie, an American.
4. Which of the following is not true about F. Sionil Jose?
a. He founded La Solidaridad.
b. He was born in Rosales, Pangasinan.
c. He was conferred as National Artist for Literature in 2001.

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d. He founded the Philippine PEN.

Explanation
F. Sionil Jose founded the publication Solidarity, not La Solidaridad.

5. Which of the following describes F. Sionil Jose as a Filipino writer?

a. Most of his works mainly focus on the relationship between the colonizer and the
colonized.
b. Most of his works mainly focus on the pop culture.
c. Most of his works mainly focus on his experiences.
d. Most of his works mainly focus on the life in the regions.

Explanation
Most of F. Sionil Jose’s works are mainly focused on the relationship between the
colonizer and the colony.

6. Which of the following holds true about F. Sionil Jose?

a. He explores the effects of colonization through his works.
b. His works are intriguing yet easy to understand.
c. He shows a deep understanding of the plight of those belonging to elite society.
d. He makes use of unconventional techniques in his literary works.

Explanation
F. Sionil Jose explores the effects of colonization through his works.

7. Through his works, F. Sionil Jose tries to _.

a. provide representations of the lives of common people
b. present the struggles of women in attaining gender equality
c. use mythical characters in his stories
d. portrays elements of magic in a rational world

Explanation
F. Sionil Jose tries to provide representations of the lives of common people.

8. Which of the following sets of words describe what kind of organization the
Philippine PEN is?
a. poets, playwrights, and novelists b. writers, directors, and painters
c. teachers, playwrights, and writers d. poets, directors, and actors

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Explanation
F. Sionil Jose founded the Philippine PEN. It is an organization of poets, playwrights, and
novelists.

9. If Rosales Saga is set from the Spanish colonial period to the proclamation of Martial
Law in the 1970s, Waywaya: Eleven Filipino Short Stories is _.
a. a compilation of short stories about pre-Hispanic Philippine society
b. a compilation of short stories about pre-American Philippine society
c. a compilation of short stories about pre-Japanese Philippine society
d. a compilation of short stories about pre-21st century Philippine society

Explanation
Waywaya: Eleven Filipino Short Stories is a compilation of short stories about pre-
Hispanic Philippine society, whereas the Rosales Saga covers the Spanish colonial period
until the proclamation of Martial Law in the 1970s.

10. Based on what you have learned about F. Sionil Jose and his works, which of the
following would most likely not be a subject of his stories?
a. fantasy creatures b. human experiences
c. struggles of Filipino masses d. social injustice

Explanation
F. Sionil Jose mostly writes about the lives of common people and the effects of
colonization, so it is unlikely for him to write about fantasy creatures.

Lesson 11: Life and Works of Virgilio S. Almario

1. What is Virgilio Almario’s pen name?
a. Rio Alma

Explanation
Virgilio Almario is also known as Rio Alma, a rearrangement of the syllables of his
surname.

2. For which field was Virgilio Almario proclaimed as National Artist in 2003?
a. criticism b. language c. literature d. poetry

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Explanation
Virgilio Almario was proclaimed as National Artist for Literature in 2003. He is known for
his works on poetry and literary criticism in the Filipino language.

3. From 1998 to 2001, Virgilio Almario served as executive director of NCCA or National
Commission for ________ and the _______. What do C and A stand for?
a. Culture b. Arts c. Criticism d. Activities

Explanation
Virgilio Almario served as executive director of NCCA or National Commission for
Culture and the Arts from 1998 to 2001.

4. Group the works by Virgilio Almario according to their genre.

Poetry
Mga Retrato at Rekwerdo
Muli Sa Kandungan ng Lupa
Literary criticism
Balagtasismo Versus Modernismo
Taludtod at Talinghaga

Explanation
Almario’s Mga Retrato at Rekwerdo and Muli Sa Kandungan ng Lupa are collections of
poetry published in 1984 and 1994, respectively. On the other hand, his works Taludtod
at Talinghaga and Balagtasismo Versus Modernismo are critical studies on Filipino
poetry, published in 1965 and 1984, respectively.

5. Virgilio Almario founded two groups of writers and served two organizations as their
chairman. What are those groups and organizations?
Groups of writers
GAT
LIRA
Organizations
UMPIL
KWF

Explanation
Almario founded the Galian sa Arte at Tula (GAT) with the other poets Teo Antonio and
Mike Bigornia in 1970; and the Linangan sa Imahen, Retorika, at Anyo (LIRA) in 1985.

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From 1986 to 1992, he served as chairman of the Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas
(UMPIL). In 2013, he became the chairman of the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (KWF).

6. Complete the following analogy.

Makinasyon at Ilang Tula : Poetry : : ______________ : Literary criticism
a. Balagtasismo Versus Modernismo
b. Doktrinang Anakpawis
c. Ang Makata sa Panahon ng Makina
d. Taludtod at Talinghaga

Explanation
Almario’s poetry collection Makinasyon at Ilang Tula and his critical work Ang Makata sa
Panahon ng Makina are both firsts. Makinasyon at Ilang Tula is his first collection of
poetry, published in 1968, while Ang Makata sa Panahon ng Makina (1982) is
considered as the first book of literary criticism in Filipino.

Passage
High Zoociety
Ni Rio Alma

Masdan ang tagak sa likod ng kalabaw,

Parang birheng-birheng manang
Na di-madapuan ng langaw
Sa ibabaw ng karosa patungong simbahan;
At ang mga dekadenteng gansa sa gilid ng lawa,
Maluluma ang mga donyang nakahilata
Habang ibinibilad ang kuto at muta.
(Reproduced by permission of National Artist, Virgilio S. Almario)

7. Which statements are true for the excerpt?

a. The poem has a regular meter.
b. The title is a play on the term "high society," which refers to the rich and powerful.
c. The second stanza uses "tugmang patinig," wherein the last words of the lines have
the same vowel wound.
d. The first stanza uses "tugmang katinig," wherein the last words of the lines end in a
consonant preceded by the same vowel sound.

Explanation

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As shown in the excerpt, the poem has no regular meter. The lines in each stanza vary
in the number of syllables.

Passage
High Zoociety
Ni Rio Alma
Hayun ang mga maryakaprang paawit-awit,
Parang mga binibining umiikot ang puwit,
Sa bulwagang hitik sa masalapi’t makikisig;
At ang mga burukratang unggoy
Sa tuktok ng mala-palasyong kahoy,
Pulu-pulutong kung magpulong
Kung paanong mas lalapad ang papel at tumbong.
(Reproduced by permission of National Artist, Virgilio S. Almario)

8. Which animal is described through the use of simile?

Maryakapra, maryakapra

Explanation
Maryakapra is a bird. Also, it refers to a badly-dressed woman.

Passage
High Zoociety
Ni Rio Alma

Naghahari’t matitikas na oso’t agila,

Nagkikikil lang ng kuko’t pangil tuwing umaga
Para isakmal sa karne’t isuob na barya
Kaya tumatambok ang tiyan at bulsa.
Samantala, matatalinong kuwago’y naghihilik,
Malalaki nga ang mata’y lagi namang pikit,
Marahil, bagong paraiso ang laman ng panaginip.
Di tulad ng buwayang laging abala
Sa paghanap ng kahit butiking mabiktima,
Bundat na’y lagi pa ring nakanganga.
(Reproduced by permission of National Artist, Virgilio S. Almario)

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21st Centuy Literature from the Philppines and [
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9. Which animal in this group is the odd one out?

a. agila (eagle) b. butiki (lizard) c. buwaya (crocodile) d. oso (bear)

Explanation
The eagle, crocodile, and bear are presented as predators in the excerpt, while the
lizard is prey for crocodile.

Passage
High Zoociety
Ni Rio Alma

Pero higit na mag-ingat sa hunyango’t ahas

Na sa damuhan ay nagkalat;
Tuwing maghuhunos ng kulay at balat,
Pakay ay kay-hirap madalumat.
(Reproduced by permission of National Artist, Virgilio S. Almario)
Question
Suppose the hunyango (chameleon) and the ahas (snake) are used as symbols by the
poet. What kind of people do they suggest as shown in the stanza?
a. deadly b. messy c. secretive d. unpredictable

Explanation
The last line of the stanza suggests that the hunyango and the ahas tend to act in
secret, and their intentions cannot be known because one keeps changing color, and
the other shedding its skin.

Lesson 12: Life and Works Alejandro Roces

1. He wrote the short story "We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers."
a. F. Sionil Jose b. Alejandro R. Roces
c. Bienvenido Lumbera d.Virgilio S. Almario

Explanation
Alejandro R. Roces is the author of the short story, "We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers."

2. It is a story which focuses on Kiko and how he earns a living through cockfighting.
a. Of Cocks and Kites b. We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers
c. Something to Crow About d. Fiesta

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21st Centuy Literature from the Philppines and [
UNIT 1: 21st Century literature in various regions
the World ]

Explanation
Something to Crow About is a zarzuela which focuses on Kiko and how he earns a living
through cockfighting.

3. It refers to the literary device used by writers to amuse the audience.

a. irony b. premonition c. humor d. litotes

Explanation
Humor is a literary device which aims to make the audience or readers laugh or be
amused.

4. Which of the following statements is not true about the peculiar chicken?
a. It does not lay eggs.
b. The rooster from Texas falls in love with the chicken.
c. It has no wattles.
d. It crows.

Explanation
Kiko and his brother found the chicken peculiar because it had neither wattles nor
comb. It was also notorious enough to kill a rooster. In the end, Kiko’s brother was
convinced that the chicken was a rooster, until it laid an egg.

5. Arrange the following events in the story "My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken" in the
correct order.
a. Kiko and his brother argued about whether the peculiar chicken is a hen or a rooster.
b. They asked their parents, the chieftain, and Mr. Eduardo Cruz about the sexuality of
the chicken, but to no avail.
c. Both of them agreed to have the chicken engage in a cockpit fight.
d. The peculiar chicken won the fight over a Texas rooster and laid an egg after.

Explanation
The correct order of events in the story "My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken" is as follows:
Kiko and his brother argued about whether the peculiar chicken is a hen or a rooster.
They asked their father, their parents, the chieftain, and Mr. Eduardo Cruz about the
sexuality of the chicken, but to no avail. Both of them agreed to have the chicken
engage in a cockpit fight. The peculiar chicken won the fight over a Texas rooster and
laid an egg after.

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21st Centuy Literature from the Philppines and [
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6. Kiko and his brother asked the following people to identify whether the chicken is a
hen or a rooster except _.
a. Mr. Eduardo Cruz
b. the referee
c. the chieftain
d. father

Explanation
Kiko and his brother asked their parents, the chieftain, and Mr. Eduardo Cruz to identify
whether the chicken is a hen or a rooster.

7. Which of the following is not true about Alejandro R. Roces's education?

a. He earned his bachelor's degree in the University of Arizona.
b. He earned his master's degree in Ateneo de Manila University.
c. He earned his doctor's degree in the Tokyo University in Japan.
d. He earned his master's degree at the Far Eastern University.

Explanation
Alejandro R. Roces earned his master's degree at the Far Eastern University, not at the
Ateneo de Manila University.

8. Identify which literary device is used in this statement:

"I didn't attend the funeral, but I sent a nice letter saying I approved of it." – Mark
Twain
a. exaggeration b. sarcasm c. humor d. surprise

Explanation
The statement is an example of sarcasm. It is a literary device used to mock a person,
situation, etc.

9. After walking for hours, Mimi said, "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse!" This
statement is an example of _.
a. simile b. hyperbole c. sarcasm d. metaphor

Explanation
The statement "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse" is an example of hyperbole. It is a
literary device used to make an event appear better or worse than what it really is.

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10. Calvin was late in class. When he arrived, the class was already taking the exam. He
tried to recall if his teacher announced anything about an exam yesterday, but he was
sure that there was none. What literary device is used in the situation?
a. surprise b. sarcasm c. hyperbole d. allegory

Explanation
Surprise is the literary device used in the situation. It is commonly found in unlikely
situation or an unexpected turn of events.

Lesson 13: Life and Works Bienvenido S. Lumbra

1. Where was Bienvenido Lumbera born?
a. Lipa, Batangas b. Sampaloc, Manila
c. Diliman, Quezon City d. Bloomington, Indiana

Explanation
Bienvenido Lumbera was born on April 11, 1932 in Lipa, Batangas.
Report errors

2. What literary form was Bienvenido Lumbera’s first published work?

a. critique b. libretto c. poem d. short story

Explanation
Bienvenido Lumbera’s first published work is a poem entitled “Frigid Moon.”

3. Which of these works by Bienvenido Lumbera won a Palanca Award in 1975?

a. Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa
b. Sunog sa Lipa at Iba Pang Tula
c. Balaybay: Mga Tulang Lunot at Manibalang
d. Abot Tanaw: Sulyap at Suri sa Nagbabagong Kultura at Lipunan

Explanation
Bienvenido Lumbera won Special Prize from the Palanca Awards for his poetry
collection Sunog sa Lipa at Ibang Tula in 1975.

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21st Centuy Literature from the Philppines and [
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the World ]

Passage

Friends to dark and filth,

they do not choose their meat.
Although they neither sow
nor reap, a daily feast
is laid for them in rooms
and kitchens of their pick.
(Reproduced by permission of National Artist,
Dr. Bienvenido S. Lumbera.)

4. What figure of speech is “Friends to dark and filth”?

a. simile b. metaphor c. personification d. hyperbole

Explanation
A metaphor is a direct comparison of two different things. In the excerpt, roaches are
treated as “friends” to dark and filth.

Passage

Dying is brief and cheap

and thus cannot affright.
A whiff of toxic mist,
an agile heel, a stick
—the swift descent of pain
is also final death.
(Reproduced by permission of National Artist,
Dr. Bienvenido S. Lumbera.)

5. The poet describes the dying of roaches. What literary technique is used?
Answer: imagery

Explanation
Imagery is a literary technique in which figurative language is used to appeal to the
reader’s physical senses.

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21st Centuy Literature from the Philppines and [
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the World ]

Passage

Blessed are the cockroaches.

In this country they are
the citizens who last.
They need no police
to promulgate their peace
because they tolerate
each other’s smell or greed.
(Reproduced by permission of National Artist,
Dr. Bienvenido S. Lumbera.)

6. Which of the following statements can be supported by the passage?

a. Roaches smell terribly. b. Roaches are greedy insects.
c. Roaches are divine creatures. d. Roaches live peacefully with one another.

Explanation
The third to sixth lines of the second stanza suggest that roaches live in harmony. They
do not need law enforcement to maintain peace and order.

Passage

They settle where they wish

and have no rent to pay.
Eviction is a word
quite meaningless to them
who do not have to own
their dingy crack of wall.
(Reproduced by permission of National Artist,
Dr. Bienvenido S. Lumbera.)

7. Who is being likely compared to the roaches in the passage?

a. the rich b. the poor c. the nation d. the government

Explanation

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21st Centuy Literature from the Philppines and [
UNIT 1: 21st Century literature in various regions
the World ]

Unlike roaches, the poor have rent to pay. They can be evicted if they are not able to do
so.

Passage

Not knowing dearth or taxes,

they increase and multiply.
Survival is assured
even the jobless roach;
his opportunities
pile up where garbage grows.
(Reproduced by permission of National Artist,
Dr. Bienvenido S. Lumbera.)

8. In the stanza the poet likely juxtaposes roaches with a certain group of people in the
society. Who are those people?
a. the jobless b. the survivors
c. the opportunists d. the garbage collectors

Explanation
The fourth line contains a slightly obvious clue. Roaches can surely survive because the
garbage continues to grow, while the jobless have slim chances of surviving.

Passage

Their annals may be short,

but when the simple poor
have starved to simple death,
roaches still circulate
in cupboards of the rich,
the strong, the wise, the dead.
(Reproduced by permission of National Artist,
Dr. Bienvenido S. Lumbera.)

9. What similarity do the rich, the strong, the wise, and the dead share?
a. They are all wealthy.
b. They are all in the upper class.

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c. They are all survivors like roaches.

d. They are all outlasted by roaches.

Explanation
As suggested in the stanzas, the roaches outlast not only the simple poor but also the
rich, strong, the wise, and the dead. They will go on circulating in the cupboards of
those people.

10. A eulogy is a speech praising someone who has died. What reasons does the
speaker likely have for “praising” the roaches?
a. Roaches are survivors. b. Roaches lead noble lives.
c. Roaches are opportunistic. d. Roaches can get along well with one another.

Explanation
The speaker of the poem praises the roaches for their positive qualities. Two of those
qualities are their ability to survive (as shown in the last two stanzas of the poem) and
their ability to live in harmony (as shown in the second stanza of the poem).

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