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QR Chapter 1

This document provides a quick reference on first order differential equations, including definitions, examples, and methods for solving separable equations. It outlines the characteristics of ordinary differential equations, the distinction between general and particular solutions, and the process for solving initial value problems. Additionally, it includes properties of logarithmic functions relevant to the solution methods.

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13 views1 page

QR Chapter 1

This document provides a quick reference on first order differential equations, including definitions, examples, and methods for solving separable equations. It outlines the characteristics of ordinary differential equations, the distinction between general and particular solutions, and the process for solving initial value problems. Additionally, it includes properties of logarithmic functions relevant to the solution methods.

Uploaded by

muhammad981120
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUICK REFERENCE

CHAPTER 1: FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

1. Differential Equation (DE) → It is an equation involving an unknown function and its derivatives.
dy d 2 y d 3 y dny
, 2, 3, , n
2. Example of notation for derivatives → dx dx dx dx
y ( x ) , y ( x ) , y ( x ) , y ( ) ( x )
n

3. Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) → Contains ordinary derivatives of ONE or MORE Dependent Variable (DV) with respect
to a SINGLE Independent Variable (IDV).
4. Let x as IDV and y as DV. Condition of Linear Differential Equation:
dy d 2 y
• The power of DV and its derivatives are all equal to ‘1’. Example: y, y, y, , .
dx dx 2
1 2 −2
• Doesn’t exist NON-LINEAR function of DV in the DE. Example: , y , y ,ln y,cos y, e y .
y
dy
• Doesn’t exist PRODUCT of DV and its derivatives in the DE. Example: 2 yy, yy, yy, e 2 y .
dx
5. Order od ODEs → the highest derivatives in the DE.
6. General Solution → a solution WITH arbitrary constant. Example: y ( x ) = Ae x + Be − x .
7. Particular Solution → a solution WITHOUT arbitrary constants. Example: y ( x ) = e x − e − x .
8. Initial Value Problem (IVP) → is a DE with initial condition. Example: y ( 0 ) = 2, y ( 0 ) = −7, .

SEPARABLE EQUATION:
dy dy g ( x ) dy h ( y ) Properties of Logarithmic Functions
General form: = g ( x) h( y), = , =
dx dx h ( y ) dx g ( x )
Let a, b and n be real numbers
Method of solution: 1. ln ( e x ) = x 2. eln x = x
Step 1: Reform the given differential equation into the general form of separable
a
equation (above). 3. ln ( ab ) = ln a + ln b 4. ln   = ln a − ln b
1 b
Step 2: Rearrange the equation to dy = g ( x ) dx
h( y) 5. ln a = b ln a
b
6. e  eb = e a +b
a

1 ea
Step 3: Integrate both side of equation in step 2.  dy =  g ( x ) dx 8. ( e a ) = e an
n
7. = e a −b
h( y) eb
Step 4: Obtain the general solution  H ( y ) = G ( x ) + C
Step 5: If initial condition is given, find the particular solution.

Condition  y (c) = a Step 7: Substitute Condition into y ( x ) . Then find arbitrary constant, C.

Step 6: Differentiate y ( x ) to find y ( x ) . Step 8: Substitute the values of C into general solution in Step 4.

LINEAR EQUATION: EXACT EQUATION:

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