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Question 5: You flip a fair coin 3 times, determine the
probability of the below events. Assume all sequences are
equally likely:

(a) Three heads (HHH)

(b) The sequence head, tail, head (HTH)

(c) Any sequence with 2 heads and 1 tail

(d) Any sequence where the number of heads is greater than or

equal to the number of tails

Solution: To determine the probability of each event, we need to

consider the total number of possible outcomes when flipping a
fair coin three times.

There are 2 possible outcomes (heads or tails) for each flip,

and since there are three flips, the total number of possible
outcomes is 23=8. Now, let's analyze each event:

(a) Three heads (HHH): There is only one way to get three heads
(HHH). Probability = Number of favorable outcomes / Total number
of outcomes = 1 / 8

(b) The sequence head, tail, head (HTH): There is only one way
to get the sequence HTH. Probability = Number of favorable
outcomes / Total number of outcomes = 1 / 8

(c) Any sequence with 2 heads and 1 tail: For this event, we
need to consider the different ways to arrange 2 heads and 1
tail. The possible sequences are HHT, HTH, and THH. Probability
= Number of favorable outcomes / Total number of outcomes = 3 /
8

(d) Any sequence where the number of heads is greater than or

equal to the number of tails: We need to consider the sequences
with 3 heads (HHH), 2 heads and 1 tail (HHT, HTH, THH).
Probability = Number of favorable outcomes / Total number of
outcomes = (1 + 3) / 8 = 4 / 8

So, the probabilities are:

(a) 1/8
 (b) 1/8

(c) 3/8

(d) 4/8

Question 6: In a group of 100 students, 60 study algebra, 80 study

calculus, and 54 study both algebra and calculus. A student is chosen
at random with all of the 100 equally likely to be chosen.

i) What is the probability that the chosen student does not study
either subject?

ii) What is the conditional probability that the chosen student

studies algebra given that they study calculus.

Let's denote the events:

 A: the event that a student studies algebra

 C: the event that a student studies calculus

We are given the following:

 P(A): Probability that a student studies algebra = 60/100 = 0.6

 P(C): Probability that a student studies calculus = 80/100 = 0.8
 P(A∩C): Probability that a student studies both algebra and
calculus = 54/100 = 0.54

i) Probability that the chosen student does not study

either subject:
P(Neither A nor C)=1−P(either A or C)=1−P(A∪C
) We can use the inclusion-exclusion principle:
ii) P(A∪C)=P(A)+P(C)−P(A∩C) which gives
P(Neither A nor C)= 1−(P(A)+P(C)−P(A∩C))

Substitute the values:

P(Neither A nor C)=1−(0.6+0.8−0.54)=1−0.86=0.14

Conditional probability that the chosen student studies algebra

given that they study calculus

P(A∣C)= P(A∩C)/P(C)= 0.54/0.8=0.675

So, the answers are: i) The probability that the chosen student
does not study either subject is 0.14. ii) The conditional
probability that the chosen student studies algebra given that
they study calculus is 0.675.
 (a)

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#
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Total # of Y
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Q12 Outcomes /Samblo Space S:
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