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Handout (Sampling)

The document discusses the concept of sampling in research, outlining its advantages and disadvantages, as well as various sampling techniques such as random, systematic, and non-random sampling. It differentiates between parameters and statistics, explaining how parameters describe entire populations while statistics describe samples. Additionally, it includes exercises for identifying populations and samples, as well as distinguishing between parameters and statistics.

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Derrick Ray Gonzales
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13 views2 pages

Handout (Sampling)

The document discusses the concept of sampling in research, outlining its advantages and disadvantages, as well as various sampling techniques such as random, systematic, and non-random sampling. It differentiates between parameters and statistics, explaining how parameters describe entire populations while statistics describe samples. Additionally, it includes exercises for identifying populations and samples, as well as distinguishing between parameters and statistics.

Uploaded by

Derrick Ray Gonzales
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics & Probability

Sampling and Sampling Distribution

RANDOM SAMPLING

What is Sampling?
Sampling refers to strategies that enable the researcher to pick a subgroup from a larger group and then
use this subgroup as a basis for making judgments about the larger group.
The basic question that a researcher should be asking when selecting a sample group is:
“How many subjects will I need to have a viable study, and how will I select them?”

Advantages of Sampling:
1. It saves time, money, and effort
2. It gives more comprehensive information since a more thorough investigation of the study is possible is

Disadvantages of Sampling:
1. If the sampling plan is not correctly designed and followed, the results may be misleading
2. Complicated sampling plans are laborious to prepare
3. If the characteristics to be observed occur rarely in a population, then the sample is misleading

Sampling Techniques

1. Random Sampling – all individuals in the defined population have an equal and independent chance of
being selected as samples.
Example: If we are studying whether a certain die is fair, the population would be all possible tosses of
the die.
a. Lottery Sampling – drawing of lots; advisable when the population is small

2. Systematic Sampling
a. Stratified Random Sampling – the population is divided into groups based on a factor that may
influence the variable that is being measured. These groups are called strata. An individual group is
called a stratum. With stratified sampling one should:
• partition the population into groups (strata)
• obtain a simple random sample from each group (stratum)
• collect data in each sampling unit that was randomly sampled from each group (stratum)

Example:
Population: all people in the Philippines
Groups (strata): 3 islands in the Philippines
Obtain a Simple random sample: 500 people from each Philippine Island
Sample: 3 x 500 = 1500 selected people

b. Cluster Sampling – the population is grouped into clusters or small units.

Example:
Population: All UAAP intercollegiate athletes
Group (Clusters): 15 intercollegiate teams
Obtain a simple random sample: 5 teams from 15 intercollegiate teams
Sample: Every athlete from 5 selected teams
3. Non-Random Sampling
a. Purposive – individuals are chosen as samples according to the purpose of the researcher, this is
popular in qualitative research
b. Quota – popular in the field of opinion research because it is done by merely looking for individuals
with the requisite characteristics. You select people according to some fixed quota.
c. Convenience – applied to those samples taken because they are most available, the selection of units
from the population is based on easy availability and/or accessibility.
d. Snowball Sampling – each research participant is asked to identify other potential research
participants who have a certain characteristic.

PARAMETER AND STATISTICS

A parameter is any numerical quantity that characterizes a given population. It tells something about the whole
population. The difference between statistic and parameter is that statistic describes a sample while parameter
describes an entire population.

Example of parameters:
• 60% of Philippine senators voted for a particular measure.
• 40% of 1,211 students at a particular secondary school got below 3 on a standardized test.

Example of Statistic:
• 60% of Philippine residents agree with the latest healthcare proposal.
• 30% of dog owners poop scoop after their dog.

EXERCISES:

A. Indicate if the following refers to the population or sample.


____________ 1. A group of 50 students was selected to test a new teaching technique.
____________ 2. A total machine produced by a factory in three weeks.
____________ 3. The yearly expenditures on food for 15 families.
____________ 4. The ages of employees of all companies in Northern Luzon.
____________ 5. The number of subscribers of telephone companies.

B. Determine whether the underlined value is a PARAMETER or a STATISTIC.

________________ 1. In a national survey on substance abuse, 10% of respondents aged 12 to 17


reported using illicit drugs within the past month.
________________ 2. Ty Cobb is one of major league baseball’s greatest hitters of all time, with a
career batting average of 0.366.
________________ 3. A study of 6,076 adults in public restrooms (in Manila, Quezon City, Makati,
Mandaluyong, and San Juan) found that 23% did not wash their hands before exiting.
________________ 4. An interview of 100 adults 18 years of age and older, conducted nationwide,
found that 44% could state the minimum age required for the office of the Philippine president.
________________ 5. 68% of students out of 1000 surveyed planned to go to college right after high
school.

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