Chapter 4

DATA MANAGEMENT
PRELIMINARIES AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE

GE-MMW: Mathematics in the Modern World

What is Statistics?
Planning Experiments and
Data Gathering

Organizing and Summarizing

Scientific Data

Analyzing Scientific Data

Interpreting and Presenting

Results and Conclusion
Division of Statistics
Descriptive
Inferential Statistics
Statistics
It aims at summarizing and
presenting data in the form which It aims at drawing and making
will make them easier to analyze decision on the population based on
and interpret. It includes tables, evidence obtained from a sample. It
graphs, collection, extraction, includes estimation and
summarization, presentation, hypothesis testing.
measures of central tendency,
variability, and location.

The number of COVID-19 positive Forecasting the number of COVID-19

cases in different towns of Pampanga. positive cases in the Philippines.
Population vs. Sample
Population vs. Sample
Population Sample

Any subgroup of the

It is the complete and entire
population drawn by some
collection of elements to be
appropriate method from the
studied.
population.
Example:
Example:
The courses of all
The courses of 50
students in PSAU.
students in PSAU.
Types of Variable
Data are the values that the
variables can assume.

Variable is the characteristic of a

population or sample which make
one different from the other.
Types of Variable
Quantitative Qualitative

Values that are intrinsically

Values that are intrinsically
numerical.
nonnumerical.
Example:
Example:
Number of children in a
Gender of child.
family.
Levels of Measurement
Nominal Ordinal

Involves data that may be

The lowest measurement arranged in some order,
level. It is characterized by but differences between
that consist of names, data values either cannot be
labels, or categories only. determined or are
meaningless.
Example:
Courses Example:
Year Level
Levels of Measurement
Interval Ratio

Same as the ordinal

level, with an additional
An interval level modified to
property that we can
include the inherent zero
determine meaningful
starting point.
amounts of differences
between the data.
Example:
Height
Example:
Temperature
Sampling and Sample Size
SAMPLE SIZE is defined as the number of observations used
for determining the estimations of a given population.

Slovin’s Formula

where n is the sample size, N is the population size and e is the

allowable error (5% or 0.05).
Sampling and Sample Size
Example in Slovin’s Formula
Calculate the sample size of
5258 PSAU students enrolled
in the 1st semester S.Y. 2019-
2020 using the Slovin’s formula
with 5% allowable error.
Sampling and Sample Size
SAMPLING is related with the selection of a subset of
individuals from within a population to estimate the characteristics
of whole population. The process of selection of subsets are called
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES.

Probability
Sampling
Sampling
Techniques
Non-probability
Sampling
Probability Sampling
Probability Sampling techniques refers to a
sampling method that uses some form of
random selection. To have a random
selection, one must set up some procedure
that assures that the different units in the
population have equal probabilities of being
included.
Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling
It consists of choosing a sample from a set of all possible
samples, giving each individual an equally likely chance of being
the selected one.

a. Lottery Method/Fishbowl Method

b. Table of Random Numbers
c. RAN function of a calculator
d. Software
Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling

a. Lottery Method/Fishbowl Method is a method that is easy to

carry out especially if both population and sample are small but
can be tedious and time consuming for large populations or large
samples.
Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling

b. Table of Random Numbers is a set of random digits arranged

in-groups both horizontally and vertically.
Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling

c. RAN function of a calculator is a function in a scientific

calculator that has the capacity to generate the random samples.
Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling

d. Software refers to any program used to generate random

samples using a computer (e.g. EXCELL, SPSS, SAS, among
others).
Probability Sampling
2. Systematic Random Sampling
It involves the selection of the desired sample in a list by
arranging them systematically or logically in either
alphabetically arrangement or any acceptable arrangement.
It is a method of selecting a sample by taking every kth
individual from the ordered population, where only the first
individual was selected at random and the rest will be
selected in a systematic manner.
Probability Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling
The probability sampling in which the population is divided
into a number of non-overlapping strata, so that the samples
within a stratum are more or less homogenous and samples
among strata are heterogenous. After stratifying the
population, random samples can be selected using either the
simple random sampling or systematic random sampling.
Probability Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
It is used when the population is very large and widely
spread out over a wide range of geographical area. In this
method, the population is divided into clusters, which may
not be on the same size. The random samplings (simple,
systematic, and stratified) may be chosen to select the
sample clusters.
Probability Sampling
5. Multistage Sampling
It is a sampling process that uses more than one kind of
sampling.
Non-Probability Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling techniques refers
to a sampling method which does not
involved random selection, that is, the
probabilities of selection are not specified for
each individual in the population.
Non-Probability Sampling
1. Accidental (Haphazard) Sampling
It refers to a non-probability sampling method wherein the
samples are selected by chance or variability.
Non-Probability Sampling
2. Purposive (Judgmental) Sampling
It is done wherein the samples are chosen based on an
expert’s opinion.
Non-Probability Sampling
3. Convenience Sampling
It is a sampling method wherein the samples are readily or
easily accessible.
Non-Probability Sampling
4. Quota Sampling
It is a non-probability sampling wherein the samples are
chosen according to some fixed quota, whereby the
concerned is to come up with the required number of
samples no matter how they are selected.
Non-Probability Sampling
5. Snowball (Chain-Referral) Sampling
It is defined as a non-probability sampling technique in which
the samples have traits that are rare to find. This is a
sampling technique, in which existing subjects provide
referrals to recruit samples required for a research study.
Methods of Data Collection

1. Interview Method
The researcher direct and
personal contact with the
interviewee.
Methods of Data Collection
2. Questionnaire Method
The researcher distributes the
questionnaires either
personally or by mail and
collects them by the same
process.
Methods of Data Collection

3. Registration Method
This method of collecting data
is governed by our existing
laws.
Methods of Data Collection

4. Experimental Method
It is used to find out the cause
and effect relationship of
certain phenomena under
controlled condition.
Methods of Data Collection
5. Observation Method
The researcher may observe
subjects individually or group
of individuals to obtain data
and information related to the
objectives of the investigation.
Methods of Data Collection
6. Texting Method
The researcher may ask or
invite individuals to send text
opinions, emails or google
forms on certain issues or
send their choices using their
devices.