PRACTICAL FILE

OF
Computer Network
(BTCS305-18)

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Prof. Mandeep Kaur Suyash Tripathi
Roll no.: 2100448

DEPARTMENT OF CSE
BABA BANDA SINGH BAHADUR ENGINNERING COLLEGE
FATEHGARH SAHIB, PUNJAB
 INDEX
S.no Name of the Program Date Signature
1. Write a program to demonstrate the different
data types in python.
2. Write a program to perform different operator
operations in python.
3. Write a program on logic development in C+
+.

4. write a program of if statement in c++

5. Write a program of if else statement in
c++
6 Write a program of nested if else
statement in c++
7 Write a program a switch statement in
c++
8 Write a program of for loop in c++
Practical-1: To study the different type of network topologies and network
Cables.

What is Network Topology?

Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components are interconnected to
each other. There are two types of topology: Physical topology and Logical topology.

Types of Network Topology

Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a network. There are six
types of network topology which are Bus Topology, Ring Topology, Tree Topology, Star
Topology, Mesh Topology, and Hybrid Topology.

 Point to Point Topology

 Bus Topology
 Star Topology
 Ring Topology
 Mesh Topology
 Tree Topology
 Hybrid Topology

Point-to-Point
Point-to-point networks contains exactly two hosts such as computer, switches or routers, servers
connected back to back using a single piece of cable. Often, the receiving end of one host is
connected to sending end of the other and vice-versa.

If the hosts are connected point-to-point logically, then may have multiple intermediate devices.
But the end hosts are unaware of underlying network and see each other as if they are connected
directly.
Advantages of Point-to-Point Topology:

 Efficiency: P2P networks are highly efficient as they allow for direct communication
between two devices without any intermediate devices or network components.
 Security: P2P networks are relatively more secure than other topologies as they do not
rely on intermediate devices that can be compromised or attacked.
 Simple Configuration: P2P networks are easy to configure and require minimal
management or administration.

Disadvantages of Point-to-Point Topology:

 Limited Scalability: P2P networks are not scalable as adding new devices requires
establishing a separate link between each new device and the existing network, which can
be time-consuming and expensive.
 Maintenance: P2P networks can be difficult to maintain as each device has to be managed
separately.
 Lack of Redundancy: P2P networks do not provide redundancy, which can be a problem
if a link fails or a device goes offline. with a dedicated communication connection
between two systems.

Bus Topology
In case of Bus topology, all devices share single communication line or cable.Bus topology may
have problem while multiple hosts sending data at the same time. Therefore, Bus topology either
uses CSMA/CD technology or recognizes one host as Bus Master to solve the issue. It is one of
the simple forms of networking where a failure of a device does not affect the other devices. But
failure of the shared communication line can make all other devices stop functioning.
Both ends of the shared channel have line terminator. The data is sent in only one direction and
as soon as it reaches the extreme end, the terminator removes the data from the line.

Advantages of Bus Topology :

 It is the easiest network topology for connecting peripherals or computers in a linear

fashion.
 It works very efficiently well when there is a small network.
 The length of cable required is less than a star topology.
 It is easy to connect or remove devices in this network without affecting any other device.
 Very cost-effective as compared to other network topology i.e. mesh and star
 It is easy to understand topology.
 Easy to expand by joining the two cables together.

Disadvantages of Bus Topology :

 Bus topology is not great for large networks.

 Identification of problems becomes difficult if the whole network goes down.
 Troubleshooting individual device issues is very hard.
 Need terminators are required at both ends of the main cable.
 Additional devices slow the network down.
 If the main cable is damaged, the whole network fails or splits into two.
 Packet loss is high.
 This network topology is very slow as compared to other topologies.

Star Topology
All hosts in Star topology are connected to a central device, known as hub device, using a point-
to-point connection. That is, there exists a point to point connection between hosts and hub. The
hub device can be any of the following:

 Layer-1 device such as hub or repeater

 Layer-2 device such as switch or bridge
 Layer-3 device such as router or gateway
As in Bus topology, hub acts as single point of failure. If hub fails, connectivity of all hosts to all
other hosts fails. Every communication between hosts, takes place through only the hub.Star
topology is not expensive as to connect one more host, only one cable is required and
configuration is simple.

Advantages of Star Topology

 It is very reliable – if one cable or device fails then all the others will still work
 It is high-performing as no data collisions can occur
 Less expensive because each device only need one I/O port and wishes to be connected with
hub with one link.
 Easier to put in
 Robust in nature
 Easy fault detection because the link are often easily identified.
 No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices.
 Each device requires just one port i.e. to attach to the hub.
 If N devices are connected to every other in star, then the amount of cables required to attach
them is N. So, it’s easy to line up.

Disadvantages of Star Topology

 Requires more cable than a linear bus .

 If the connecting network device (network switch) fails, nodes attached are disabled and can’t
participate in network communication.
 More expensive than linear bus topology due to the value of the connecting devices (network
switches)
 If hub goes down everything goes down, none of the devices can work without hub.
 Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance because it’s the central system of star .
 Extra hardware is required (hubs or switches) which adds to cost
 Performance is predicated on the one concentrator i.e. hub.
Ring Topology
In ring topology, each host machine connects to exactly two other machines, creating a circular
network structure. When one host tries to communicate or send message to a host which is not
adjacent to it, the data travels through all intermediate hosts. To connect one more host in the
existing structure, the administrator may need only one more extra cable.

Failure of any host results in failure of the whole ring.Thus, every connection in the ring is a
point of failure. There are methods which employ one more backup ring.

Advantages of Ring topology :

 In this data flows in one direction which reduces the chance of packet collisions.
 In this topology additional workstations can be added after without impacting
performance of the network.
 Equal access to the resources.
 There is no need of server to control the connectivity among the nodes in the topology.
 It is cheap to install and expand.
 Minimum collision.
 Speed to transfer the data is very high in this type of topology.
 Due to the presence of token passing the performance of ring topology becomes better
than bus topology under heavy traffic.
  Easy to manage.
 Ring network is extremely orderly organized where every device has access to the token
and therefore the opportunity to transmit.

Disadvantages of Ring topology :

 Due to the Uni-directional Ring, a data packet (token) must have to pass through all the
nodes.
 If one workstation shuts down, it affects whole network or if a node goes down entire
network goes down.
 It is slower in performance as compared to the bus topology
 It is Expensive.
 Addition and removal of any node during a network is difficult and may cause issue in
network activity.
 Difficult to troubleshoot the ring.
 In order for all the computer to communicate with each other, all computer must be
turned on.
 Total dependence in on one cable.
 They were not Scalable.

Mesh Topology
In this type of topology, a host is connected to one or multiple hosts.This topology has hosts in
point-to-point connection with every other host or may also have hosts which are in point-to-
point connection to few hosts only.
Hosts in Mesh topology also work as relay for other hosts which do not have direct point-to-
point links. Mesh technology comes into two types:

 Full Mesh: All hosts have a point-to-point connection to every other host in the network. Thus
for every new host n(n-1)/2 connections are required. It provides the most reliable network
structure among all network topologies.
 Partially Mesh: Not all hosts have point-to-point connection to every other host. Hosts connect
to each other in some arbitrarily fashion. This topology exists where we need to provide
reliability to some hosts out of all.

Advantages of Mesh Topology :

 Failure during a single device won’t break the network.

 There is no traffic problem as there is a dedicated point to point links for every computer.
 Fault identification is straightforward.
 This topology provides multiple paths to succeed in the destination and tons of
redundancy.
 It provides high privacy and security.
 Data transmission is more consistent because failure doesn’t disrupt its processes.
 Adding new devices won’t disrupt data transmissions.
 This topology has robust features to beat any situation.
 A mesh doesn’t have a centralized authority.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology :

 It’s costly as compared to the opposite network topologies i.e. star, bus, point to point
topology.
 Installation is extremely difficult in the mesh.
 Power requirement is higher as all the nodes will need to remain active all the time and
share the load.
 Complex process.
 The cost to implement mesh is above other selections.
 There is a high risk of redundant connections.
 Each node requires a further utility cost to think about.
 Maintenance needs are challenging with a mesh.

Tree Topology
Also known as Hierarchical Topology, this is the most common form of network topology in use
presently.This topology imitates as extended Star topology and inherits properties of bus
topology.

This topology divides the network in to multiple levels/layers of network. Mainly in LANs, a
network is bifurcated into three types of network devices. The lowermost is access-layer where
computers are attached. The middle layer is known as distribution layer, which works as
mediator between upper layer and lower layer. The highest layer is known as core layer, and is

central point of the network, i.e. root of the tree from which all nodes fork.

All neighboring hosts have point-to-point connection between them.Similar to the Bus topology,
if the root goes down, then the entire network suffers even.though it is not the single point of
failure. Every connection serves as point of failure, failing of which divides the network into
unreachable segment.

Advantages of Tree Topology :

 This topology is the combination of bus and star topology.

 This topology provides a hierarchical as well as central data arrangement of the nodes.
 As the leaf nodes can add one or more nodes in the hierarchical chain, this topology
provides high scalability.
 The other nodes in a network are not affected if one of their nodes gets damaged or does
not work.
 Tree topology provides easy maintenance and easy fault identification can be done.
 A callable topology. Leaf nodes can hold more nodes.
 Supported by several hardware and software vendors.
 Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
 Tree Topology is highly secure.
 It is used in WAN.
 Tree Topology is reliable.

Disadvantages of Tree Topology :

 This network is very difficult to configure as compared to the other network topologies.
 The length of a segment is limited & the limit of the segment depends on the type of
cabling used.
 Due to the presence of a large number of nodes, the network performance of tree
topology becomes a bit slow.
 If the computer on the first level is erroneous, the next-level computer will also go under
problems.
 Requires a large number of cables compared to star and ring topology.
 As the data needs to travel from the central cable this creates dense network traffic.
 The Backbone appears as the failure point of the entire segment of the network.
 Treatment of the topology is pretty complex.
 The establishment cost increases as well.
 If the bulk of nodes is added to this network, then the maintenance will become
complicated.