Unit 2

make a
change
In this unit you will:
• Learn about different types of charity events
• Listen for details and take notes
• Identify a speaker’s or author’s point of view
• Review present and past participle clauses
• Learn how to use perfect participle clauses
• Learn about phrasal and prepositional verbs
• Show initiative by planning a fundraising event
• Develop persuasion skills by giving a presentation
• Write a cause and effect essay

CEFR C1.1
super Initiative
C1.1:4 C1.1:20 C1.1:10 C1.1:24 skills exam
Writing a cause
and effect essay skills

Persuasion
Note-taking
 A READING
1► Read the text and answer the questions.

Does charity
really help?
When I watch the news these days the country, but millions of dollars
I often remember my grandfather’s were instead diverted by rebels
favorite story about a beggar to buy weapons. Having received
and a fisherman. In this story food aid, rebel groups then fed
the fisherman meets a poor man their armies instead of distributing
who asks him for the fish he has aid to the starving women and
just caught. Faced with the same children, the main victims of the
dilemma we all have passing a military conflict. Many development
beggar in the street, the fisherman experts argue that humanitarian
refuses – but he offers to teach aid prolongs wars, props up
the man how to fish instead. The dictators and stifles human rights.
poor man agrees and becomes a It is easy to see why some become
fisherman. Able to provide food for disillusioned with it.
himself, he never has to beg again
Fortunately, in terms of how
and he even starts selling fish at
charities operate, there has been
the local market.
a great shift from direct giving
If we really want to help people, to making a change. Whether
we first need to look at what government aid, funding from
our donations actually achieve. wealthy philanthropists or individual
Giving change to beggars donations, the main aim should
only perpetuates a culture of be to bring about a recognizable
dependency: if passers-by provide change in social or environmental
them with enough money to conditions, not to put a Band-Aid
survive, why should they bother on a broken leg.
finding a job? Cash handouts are a
Being a religious person, I
short-term solution that can relieve
understand that giving can be an
immediate suffering, but they
act of love, but it needs to be done
do not do anything to tackle the
wisely. It is crucial that we get to
underlying problem: what makes
the root causes of environmental,
people live in the street and beg in
political or social ills and eliminate
the first place? Is it drug addiction?
them once and for all. Having said
Poverty? Mental illness? We need
that, those in need should not be
to ask ourselves how the real
ignored. Perhaps some need
issues should be addressed.
to first be given fish
This is also true on a large scale. to have the strength
Take the case of the 1983-5 to learn how to
famine in Ethiopia: large amounts catch them.
of Western aid were poured into — By Anna Mendes
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 2► Find words highlighted in the article that match the
definitions in parentheses. For each word, decide if
its connotations are positive, negative or neutral.

a. Seeing that the situation in the country hasn’t

changed, many became
(disappointed) with humanitarian aid.
a. What is the purpose of this article?
☐ to show that individual donations are better b. Without the army to
(support it), the government will not last much longer.
than government handouts
☐ to show that it takes more than just generous c. I’m going to give you some painkillers to
donations to solve problems in society
(make less unpleasant) the pain.
☐ to show that charity is in fact harmful
d. There is more than one way to
b. Why does the author cite her grandfather’s story?
(deal with) this problem.
☐ to illustrate the difference between long-
and short-term solutions to poverty e. The (real but hidden) cause of

☐ to demonstrate that education can the attacks is still unknown.

eradicate poverty
f. The weather was so nice we decided to
☐ to show why she respected her grandfather (extend) our stay.
c. Based on the second paragraph, which of the
following would the author recommend? g. There is no simple solution to our country’s social

☐ donating old clothing to the poor . (problems)

☐ founding a school for poor children h. Homelessness is an issue that still has to be
☐ giving out food to the homeless . (given attention)

d. The word ‘change’ in paragraph 2 means … i. Teachers should be encouraging creativity, not
☐ making a change. (prevent from happening) it.

☐ giving aid. j. The police (change direction)

☐ a small amount money. the traffic for the duration of the marathon.
e. What does the author mean by the phrase ‘to put k. I’d like to make a (giving money)
a Band-Aid on a broken leg’?
to the orphanage.

l. We must get to the (the origin) of this

problem if we want to solve it once and for all.

f. Development experts most probably study …

☐ how developing countries manage 3► Without looking at the text, match
humanitarian aid. the words to make collocations.
☐ the influence various factors have on a
country’s development.
☐ specifically the influence of humanitarian root ills
aid on Ethiopia.
social into
g. Which sentence best summarizes the author’s
relieve aid
opinion in the last paragraph?
☐ Both long- and short-term solutions are pour a change
necessary to relieve human suffering humanitarian cause
☐ Charity is based on emotions, not make suffering
common sense.
☐ Most religious people are charitable
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B GRAMMAR

1► Look at the underlined phrases in the article in the previous

section. All of them are examples of participle clauses.
Write them down under the correct headings below.

present participle clause past participle clause perfect participle clause

Faced with the same dilemma …

2► Read the grammar note, then use a suitable type of participle

clause to make the sentences below more formal.
grammar
present, past and per
a. After he finished writing the test, he left the classroom. fect participle clause
s

A present participle clause

describes an action
that was in progress at
the same time as
another action.
b. This is now the tallest skyscraper in the city. It was
completed in 2010.
Looking over his should
er, he saw her
waving goodbye.
Being the youngest in the
family, he would
c. She gasped when she saw the broken glass. always receive a lot of att
ention.

Past participle clauses de

scr ibe a past event.

d. I was the best student in the school and my teachers Founded in the 1880s, it
is the oldest
liked me.
university in this part of the
country.
Pleased with the children
’s behavior, the
parents increased their mo
nthly allowance.
e. The new park is located in the city center. It will improve
the air quality in this area. perfect participle clause
s (‘having’ + past
participle) describe
an action or event that
took
place before another ev
ent in the past.

f. He was late for work ten times. He was finally fired. Having completed the
marathon, he decided
to show how tough he wa
s and walked home.
Having arrived at the sta
tion, we realized
that our train had already
left.

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C LISTENING
1► Look at the words in the box. What do they mean?
What parts of speech are they? Can you guess
what the listening will be about?

middleman / needy / dependent (on) /

so-called / empower / shelter / remedy /

have the guts to / reputable / agree to differ

2► Listen to the audio and write down what Sue and

Brad think about giving money to beggars and
non-profit organizations.

sue’s point of view and arguments brad’s point of view and arguments

3► Listen one more time and fill in the gaps.

a.
donate this money to a non-profit organization?

b. Giving to an organization is
!

c. This is not just .

d. I ,
but I think that many people use it as an excuse not to
give to charity.

e. I guess we can on
this one.

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D PRONUNCIATION E SPEAKING
1► Listen to the sentences and match the ► Imagine you’re a member of a city council.
speaker’s mood to each sentence. Discuss the questions below with a partner.

a. angry e. surprised
b. calm f. angry • Begging is a big problem in your city – how can
it be regulated?
c. impatient g. sympathetic
d. annoyed h. disappointed
• Which of the people below deserve to receive
money from passers-by? Justify your opinion.
Do you really think she lives in a cardboard • Do any of these people contribute to the city
box because she’s too lazy to work? culture in a positive way?
Do you really think she lives in a cardboard • How can you encourage people who live in your
box because she’s too lazy to work? city to make a change?

You’re not empowering them to change

• How can you make sure donations are used
in the right way?
their lives in any way!
You’re not empowering them to change
their lives in any way!

You should know better than that!

You should know better than that!

What were you thinking?

What were you thinking?

2► Listen to the sentences again. How does

the sentence stress change when speakers
express different emotions? Choose the
words that best completes the rules.

The more intense the emotion the speaker wants

to express, the stronger/weaker the stress. Angry, busker
annoyed or excited speakers often stress less/more
words than they would stress when calm.

living statue a homeless person

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F GRAMMAR
grammar
multi-word verbs

1► Look at the verb and preposition combinations below. Prepositional verbs are a com
bination of a verb
Does the preposition change the meaning of the verb? and a preposition. It is genera
lly easy to guess
Is that change small or significant?
the meaning of prepositional
verbs and we
rarely separate the verb and
the preposition.
verb + preposition followed by … meaning
She died of cancer.
agree to verb say yes to doing something I like listening to music.
agree on My parents will not approve
of this.
agree with Hey, it’s time to wake up!

A phrasal verb is a combinatio

n of a verb and
2► Match the verbs and prepositions to the phrases. a preposition acting as an adv
erb modifying
What part of speech follows? the verb. The meaning of a phr
asal verb is often
very different from the meani
ng of the verb on
its own. Many phrasal verbs
verb + preposition phrase are separable.

•
agree to • me The meeting was called off. (=
agree on • • a budget canceled)
The noise died away. (= gradua
agree with • • wait a bit longer lly stopped)
Sorry to butt in. (= interrupt)
He takes after me. (= resemb
les)

3► Are the verbs above phrasal verbs or

prepositional verbs? What’s the difference?

ip
study t

G WRITING Unlike pre

mos t p h ra s
positiona
a l verbs are
l verbs,
used in
ould be
n te x ts . These sh
informal
co ch.
1► Think of phrases and words you can use in ay s o r fo rmal spee
es s
a formal essay to describe cause and effect. avoided in ally good
formal
a re u s u
There ivialents
to
llable equ
2► Choose a social problem, then write m ulti- s y
erbs.
phrasal v
a cause and effect essay about it.

cause effect / purpose

because of … therefore, …
for this reason, … so, …

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focus / Fundraising

1► Listen to George Hamilton, a humanitarian, talk about

organizing charity events. What tips does he give?

“ There isn’t a compa

want to be associa
ny that doesn’t
ted with charity, an

it’s extremely difficu

d

lt to pull off a good

ithout sponsors.
fundraising event w
ly really take off if
Your event will on
t it!
people know abou
— George Hamilton
”

ORGANIZING A FUNDRAISING eveNt

George Hamilton’s tips:
1. List your aims. What’s your cause? How can you make things better?

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.
2► Work in small groups and plan a fundraising event 3► Your classmates are wealthy businesspeople who want
using the advice given by George Hamilton. to sponsor one of the events. Present your event and
persuade them that it is worth spending money on.

ERY
Happy Children Charity Foun SPORTING EVENT, AUCTION, CONCERT, LOTT
Tel: 026-
dation
48753698 Fax: 026-84
213565
Website: ww w.hccf.com
extension
GRAMMAR
1► Choose the best paraphrase for each sentence.
a. Having spotted the leopard, the hikers decided to c. Divided into ten departments, our company occupies
choose another route. four buildings.
☐ Hikers spotted the leopard when they changed ☐ Our company, which is divided into ten
their route. departments, occupies four buildings.
☐ Hikers spotted the leopard after they decided ☐ Our company, which occupies four buildings,
to change their route. is divided into four departments.
☐ Hikers spotted a leopard and then decided to ☐ Our company occupies four buildings because
change their route. it is divided into ten departments.
b. Being a wealthy person, he never had to worry about d. Having graduated from MIT, he never had any
the future. problems finding well-paid jobs.
☐ He never had to worry about the future when ☐ Before graduating from MIT, he had problems
he was a wealthy person. finding a well-paid job.
☐ He never had to worry about the future because ☐ Graduating from MIT helped him find a
he was a wealthy person. well-paid job.
☐ He never had to worry about the future after ☐ Because he had graduated from MIT, he would
he became a wealthy person. get a lot of good job offers.

2► The sentences below contain phrasal and prepositional verbs,

but the word order is incorrect in some of them. Reorder and
rewrite the incorrect sentences.

a. I understand why he canceled the party. He would d. Try just to get on it with, and ask a question if you
never be able to pull off it. get stuck.

b. Take your shoes off! They’re covered in mud! e. Help to yourselves the cake. We have another one in
the fridge.

c. I’m not sure if the event is ever going to take off. They
just don’t have the funds!

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VOCABULARY
1► Which word can be used to complete all the phrases 2► For each filled in word, choose a suitable definition
in each set? What parts of speech are they? from the word bank below.

part of speech definition

example:

• make a change noun difference side /

• spare some change noun coins suitable /
• a change of clothes collective noun something spare
origin /

• the choice facial /

• That’s . base of a tooth /

• !
base of a hair /
• Turn .
correct /

• of all evil ‘I see’ /

• canal
confront /
• hair
• beer the opposite

of left /
• a problem
made from roots /
• rock
body part
• straight
• cream

3► Which of the phrases above describe these pictures?

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 WORDS
A Reading address (verb) /əˈdres/

disillusioned (adjective) /ˌdɪsɪˈluːʒənd/

divert (verb) /dɪˈvɜːrt/

ill (noun) /ɪl/

prolong (verb) /proʊˈlɔːŋ/

prop up (phrasal verb) /ˌprɑːp ˈʌp/

relieve (verb) /rɪˈliːv/

stifle (verb) /ˈstaɪfəl/

tackle (verb) /ˈtækəl/

underlying (adjective) /ˌʌndərˈlaɪɪŋ/

C Listening dependent on (adjective) /dɪˈpendənt ɑːn/

empower (verb) /ɪmˈpaʊər/

middleman (noun) /ˈmɪdəlˌmæn/

needy (adjective) /ˈniːdi/

reputable (adjective) /ˈrepjətəbəl/

shelter (noun, verb) /ˈʃeltər/

so-called (adjective) /ˈsoʊ ˌkɔːld/

agree to differ

have the guts to

F Grammar approve (of) (verb) /əˈpruːv əv/

butt in (phrasal verb) /ˌbʌt ˈɪn/

call in on (phrasal verb) /ˌkɔːl ˈɪn ɑːn/

call off (phrasal verb) /ˌkɔːl ˈɑːf/

call on (phrasal verb) /ˌkɔːl ˈɑːn/

die away (phrasal verb) /ˌdaɪ əˈweɪ/

die out (phrasal verb) /ˌdaɪ ˈaʊt/

take after (phrasal verb) /ˌteɪk ˈæftər/

Focus associate (with) (verb) /əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt wɪð/

pull something off (phrasal verb) /ˌpʊl ˈɑːf/

take off (phrasal verb) /ˌteɪk ˈɑːf/

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