Department of Mathematics, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology

Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004

MATHEMATICS - II (MA12104), Tutorial Sheet
Assignment - I (Laplace Transform)
1. Find the Laplace transform of the following functions:
(i) sinh3 3t (ii) sinh3t cos7t (iii) t2 e−3t sin5t (iv) e−4t sin3t sin5t
2. Find the Laplace transform of the following functions:
(
sin(t − π/3), t > π/3
(i) f (t) = |t − 1| + |t + 1|, t ≥ 0 (ii) f (x) =
0, π < π/3
(iii) sin(t)cos(t)logtδ(t − π), where δ(t − π) is Unit Impulse function.
3. Find the Laplace √ transform of the functions
cos t sin at
(i) f (t) = √ (ii) f (t) = , where a is constant. Does the Laplace transform
t t
cos at
of f (t) = exist?
t
4. By Zusing the LaplaceZ transform evaluate the following
Z ∞ −tintegrals
∞ ∞
sin t 3 −t e sin2 t
(i) dt (ii) t e sin t dt = 0 (iii) dt
0 t 0 0 t
Z t
√ 2 2
5. Find the laplace transform of erf t = √ e−x dx.
π 0
6. Find a function f (t) for each of the given function F (s) given bellow such that
L{f (t)} = F (s)
√ 2
1 1 5 s−1 7 3s + 7 32
(i) p (ii) 7/2 (iii) 2 + − (iv) 2 (vi)
2
(s + 4) s s s 3s + 2 s − 2s − 3 (16s + 1)2
2

e 4−3s s 2
(vi) (vii) 2
(s + 4) 5/2 (s + 4)2
7. Find the laplace transform of the following by using the convolution theorem
s 1
(i) L−1 [ 2 2
] (ii) L−1 [ ]
(s + 16) (s − 2)(s2 + 1)
1 s+3 s+a
(iii) L−1 [ 2 ] (iv) L−1 [cot−1 ] (v) L−1 [log ]
s(s + 4)2 2 s+b
8. Find solution of each of the following initial value problem by using Laplace transform
(a) y 00 − 3y 0 + 2y = 4t + e3t ; y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = −1.
(b) y 000 + 2y 00 − y 0 − 2y = 0; y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = −2, y 00 (0) = 2.
(c) ty 00 + (1 − 2t)y 0 − 2y = 0; y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 2.
(d) y 00 − ty 0 +( y=1 y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 2.
t, 0 ≤ t < 1
(e) y 0 + 3y = ; y(0) = 2.
0, t ≥ 3
(f ) y 00 + 5y 0 + 6y = 1 − u(t − 3) − u(t − 5); y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0.

1
 9. Solve the following simultaneous equations by using Laplace transform
(a) (D2 − 3)x − 4y = 0, x + (D2 + 1)y = 0 given that x = y = dy dx
dt = 0 and dt = 2 at
d
t = 0; D ≡ dt
dy
(b) (D2 − 1)x + 5Dy = t, 2Dx − (D2 − 4)y = 2 given that x = y = dx dt = dt = 0 and
dx d
dt = 2 at t = 0; D ≡ dt

10. Solve the following initial-boundary value problems.

(a) ux + xut = 0, u(x, 0) = 1, u(0, t) = t.
(b) utt = uxx , x > 0, t > 0, ut (x, 0) = 0, u(0, t) = 0, u(x, t) is bounded as x → ∞.

Answers

162 3(s2 − 58) 10(3s2 + 6s + 2)

1. (i) , (ii) , (iii) ,
(s2 − 81)(s2 − 9) (s2 + 58)2 − 36s2 (s2 + 6s + 34)2
30(s + 4)
(iv) 2
(s + 8s + 20)(s2 + 8s + 80).

2 e−s e−sπ/3
2. (i) (1 + ), (ii) 2
s s s +1
r
π −1/4s
3. e , (ii) tan−1 (1/s), (iii) no.
s
log5
4. (i) π/2, (ii) 0, (iii)
4
1
5. √
s s+1
p
6. (i) (1/2)sin2t, p (ii) (8/15) t/π
(iii) 6t + 1 − 4 t/π − (7/3)e−27/3 , (iv) (1/4)(sin2t + 2tcos2t)
tsin4t
7. (i) , (ii) (1/5)(e2t − 2sin t − cos t), (iii) (1/16)(1 − tsin t − cos2t),
8
e−3t sin2t e−bt − e−at
(iv) , (v)
t t
1 1
8. (a) 3 + 2t + (e3t − et ) − e2t , (b) (5et + e−2t ) − e−t , (c) e2t ,
2 3
(d) 2t + 1, (e) [(3t−1 + 19e−3t )u(t) + (−3t + 1 + 2e−3(t−1) )u(t − 1)]/9,
1 1 1
(f ) [1 + 2e( − 3t) − 3e−2t ]u(t) − [1 + 2e( − 3(t − 3)) − 3e−2(t−3) ]u(t − 3) − [1 +
6 6 6
2e−3(t−5) − 3e−2(t−5) ]u(t − 5)

9. (a) x = 2tcosh t; y = (1−t)sinh t, (b) x = −t+5sin t−2sin2t; y = 1−2cos t+cos2t

10. (a) u(x, t) = 1 + [(t − x2 /2 − 1)]u(t − x2 /2), (b) u(x, t) = e−xcosh t−cosh(t−x)u(t−x) .

2
 Assignment-II (Fourier Transform)

1. Find the Fourier

 transformation of the following function

0, 0 <t<a
2
(i) f (t) = t, a ≤ t ≤ b (ii) f (t) = e−t /2

0, t > b


(iii)f (t) = H(t − 3)e−4t (iv) f (t) = e−a|t+1| , a > 0.

(
1, |x| < a
2. Find the Fourier transformation of the function f (x) = and hence
0, |x| > a
Z ∞ Z ∞
sin sa cos sx sin s
evaluate (i) ds (ii) ds.
−∞ s −∞ s
3. Find the Fourier sine transformation of the following function
1 e−ax 1
(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) = (iii) f (x) = .
x x x(a + x2 )
2

4. Find the Fourier cosine transformation of the following function

2 1
(i) f (x) = e−x (ii) f (x) = 2 .
(a + x2 )
5. Find the finite Fourier sine transformation of the following function
(i) f (x) = coskx (ii) f (x) = x3 (iii) f (x) = ecx .

6. Find the finite Fourier cosine transformation of the following function

π x2 cos k(π − x)
(i)f (x) = − x + (ii) f (x) = sin mx (iii) f (x) = .
3 2π (k sin kπ)
7. Find the solution of the following differential equation
(i) y 0 − 4y = H(t)e−4t ; − ∞ < t < ∞ (ii) y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = δ(t − 3).

8. Find the solution of following initial boundary value problem

∂u ∂2u
(a) = c2 2 , − ∞ < x < ∞, t > 0, u(x, 0) = e−2|x| , − ∞ < x < ∞.
∂t ∂x
∂u ∂u
(b) = , 0 < x < ∞, t > 0,
∂t ∂x2
(
1, 0 < x ≤ l
u(x, 0) = ; u(0, t) = 0, t > 0.
0, x > l
∂2u ∂2u
(c) 2
+ = 0, −∞ < x < ∞, 0 < y < π, u(x, 0) = e−2x H(x), u(x, π) =
∂x ∂y 2
0, −∞ < x < ∞.

3
 Answers
−3(4+iω)
2 −bcosωb + acosωa sinωb − sinωa −ω 2 /2 (iii) e
q
1. (i) π[ + ] (ii) e
ω ω2 (4 + iω)
2aeiω
(iv) .
(a2 + iω 2 )
(
2sinωa π, |x| < a
2. (i) √ , ω 6= 0 (ii) (ii) π/2.
ω 2π 0, |x| > a
r r
π 2 π
3. (i) (ii) tan−1 (ω/a) (iii) √ (1 − eωa ).
2 π 2
a 2π
r
1 −ω2 /4 π
4. (i) e (ii) √ e−ωa .
2 a 2π
n 6 2 n
5. (i) [1 − (−1)n coskπ] (ii) (−1)n )( 3 − πn ) (iii) 2 [1 − (−1)n ecπ ].
n2
−k 2 n n + c2

 2m , if m-n is odd

 1 , n>0 1
6. (i) m − n2 2 (ii) n2 (iii) 2 , k 6= 0, 1, 2, 3, . . ..
0, if m-n is even 0, n=0 n − k2

1


 − e4t , t<0
 8

7. (i) y(t) =
− 1 e−4t , t > 0



8
1
(ii) y(t) = [e−(t−3) − e−4(t−3) ]H(t − 3).
3
2 R∞ 1 2 2
8. (i) u(x, t) = cos(ωx)e−c ω t dω
π −∞ 4 + ω 2
2 R∞ 1 2
(ii) u(x, y) = (1 − cos(ωl))sin(ωx)e−ω t dω
π 0 ω
1 R ∞ sinh[ω(π − y)]
(iii) u(x, y) = [2cos(ωx) + ωsin(ωx)]dω.
2π −∞ (4 + ω 2 )sinhωπ

4
 Assignment - III (Fourier Series)

1. Find the Fourier

 series of the given function on the given interval.

0, −π < x < −π/2
(i) f (x) = k, −π/2 < x < π/2 (ii) f (x) = |cosx|, −π < x < π

0, π/2 < x < π

(
x, −2 < x < 0
(iii) f (x) = .
x2 , 0 < x < 2

(π − x)2
2. Find the Fourier series to represent f (x) = , 0 < x < 2π. Hence obtain the
4
following relations:
2 π2
(i) 112 + 212 + 312 + 412 · · · = π6 (ii) 112 − 212 + 1
32
− 1
42
··· = 12 .

3. Find the Fourier series for the function f (x) = x + x2 , −π < x < π. Hence show
that
2 2
(i) 112 + 212 + 312 + 412 · · · = π6 (ii) 112 − 212 + 312 − 412 · · · = π12 .
(
0, −π ≤ x ≤ π
4. Find the Fourier series the function f (x) = and hence show
sinx, 0 ≤ x ≤ π
that π4 = 12 + 1.31
− 3.5 1 1
+ 5.7 1
− 7.9 ···.
(
kx, 0 ≤ x ≤ l/2
5. Obtain a half-range cosine series for f (x) = and hence sum
k(l − x), l/2 ≤ x ≤ l
of the series
1
12
+ 312 + 512 + 712 · · · .

6. Write the Fourier

 cosine series and Fourier sine series for the following function

x, 0≤x<1
(i) f (x) = 1, 1 ≤ x < 2 (ii) f (x) = e−x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

3 − x, 2 ≤ x ≤ 3


7. Find the complex

( form of Fourier series of f (x) on the given interval
1, −2 ≤ x < 1
(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) = e−|x| , −2 < x < 2.
0, 1 ≤ x < 2

8. Find the Fourier integral representations

 of the following functions
sin x, −2 ≤ x ≤ 0
(
ex , |x| < 2

(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) = cos x, 0 < x ≤ 2 .
0, |x| > 2 
0, x>2


5
 9. Find the Fourier sine integrals of the following
 function
0, 0 < x < 1
( 
sinh x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) = 1, 1<x<2 .
0, x>3 
0, x>2


10. Find the complex

( form of the Fourier integrals
( of the following function
cosh 2x, |x| ≤ a 1 + x, |x| ≤ 1
(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) = .
0, x>a 0, |x|>1

Answers

k 2k P 1 nπ 2 4 cos 2x cos 4x
1. (i) + [ sin cos nx] (ii) + ( − + .....)]
2 π n 2 π π 3 15
7 P 2 nπx 2 8(1 − (−1)n ) nπx
(iii) + 2 2
(5cos nπ − 1)cos( ) − { nπ cos nπ + 3
}sin( )
6 n π 2 (nπ) 2
∞
π 2 X cos nx
2. +
12 n2
n=1
∞ ∞
π2 X (−1)n X (−1)n
3. +4 cos nx − 2 sin nx
3 n2 n2
n=1 n=1
∞
1 1 1 X (−1)n−1 − 1
4. + sin x + cos nx]
π 2 π n2 − 1
n=2

kl 2kl nπ
5. + 2 2 [2cos( ) − 1 − cos nπ]
4 n π 2
2 6 P 1 nπ 2nπ nπx 6 P 1 nπ 2nπ
6. (i) + 2 2
{cos −cos nπ+cos −1}cos ; 2 2
{sin +sin −
3 nπx
π n 3 3 3 π n 3 3
1}sin 3
1 1 nπx n nπx
(ii) (1−e−2 )+4 {1−e−2 cos nπ}cos {1−e−2 cos nπ}sin
P P
2 2
; 2π
2 4+n π 2 4 + n2 π 2 2
∞ ∞
3 1 X 1 nπi −nπi/2 nπxi/2 X 2
7. (i) + (e −e )e (ii) 2π2
[{1−(−1)n e−2 }enπxi/2 ]
4 2πi n=−∞ n n=−∞
4 + n
n6=0

2[ωsin 2ωcosh 2 + cos 2ωsinh 2]

8. (i) A(ω) = ,
(1 + ω 2 )
2[sin 2ωcosh 2 − ωcos 2ωsinh 2]
B(ω) =
(1 + ω 2 )

6
 1 2 1 1
(ii)A(ω) = [ 2 + {cos 2(ω + 1) + sin 2(ω + 1)} + {sin 2(ω − 1) −
2 ω −1 1+ω ω−1
cos 2(ω − 1)}]
1 2ω 1 1
B(ω) = [ 2 − {cos 2(ω + 1) + sin 2(ω + 1)} + {sin 2(ω − 1) −
2 ω −1 1+ω ω−1
cos 2(ω − 1)}]

9. (i)B(ω) = 2[sin 3ωcosh3 − ωcos 3ωsinh3]/(1 + ω 2 ) (ii)B(ω) = 2[cosω − cos2ω]/ω

1 1
10. (i)c(ω) = sinh(a(2 + ωi)) + sinh(a(2 − ωi)) (ii)c(ω) = 2i[sinω −
2 + ωi 2 − ωi
ωeiω ]/ω 2

7
 Assignment - IV (PDE)

1. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from
the following
2 2 2
(a) xa2 + yb2 + zc2 = 1, (b) (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 + z 2 = c2 , (c) z = (x2 + a)(y 2 + b).

2. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary functions from the
following
(a) z = eny f (x − y), (b) z = f (x + ay) + g(x − ay), (c) z = f (x + iy) + F (x − iy),
(d) f (x + y + z, x2 + y 2 − z 2 ) = 0.

3. Solve the following PDE’s by Lagrange’s method

(a) cos(x + y)p + sin(x + y)q = z, (b) yzp + xzq = xy,
(c) x(y 2 + z)p − y(x2 + z)q = z(x2 − y 2 ),
(d) (z 2 − 2yz − y 2 )p + (xy + xz)q = xy − xz, (e) y 2 p − xyq = x(z − 2y),
∂u ∂u ∂u
(f) p + 3q = 5z + tan(y − 3x), (g) x +y +z = xyz.
∂x ∂y ∂z
4. Obtain the complete solution of the following PDE’s by using standard form I, II,
III, IV.
(a) p + q = pq, (b) x2 p2 + y 2 q 2 = z 2 , (c) p2 + q 2 = z, (d) (p3 + q 3 ) = 27z,
(e) p2 + q 2 = x + y, (f) z = xp + yq + log(pq).

5. Solve the following PDE’s by Charpit’s method

(a) z = pq, (b) xp + yq = pq, (c) (p2 + q 2 )y = qz, (d) z 2 = pqxy,
(e) z = xp + yq + p2 + q 2 , (f) (p + q)(xp + yq) = 1.

6. Obtain the general solution of (2y 2 + z)p + (y + 2x)q = 4xy − z. Also, find the
particular solution which passes through the straight line z = 1, y = x.

7. Find the equation of the surface satisfying t = 6x3 y and containing the two lines
y = 0, z = 0, y = 1, z = 1.

8. Find a complete integral of the PDE px+q 2 y = z and hence find a particular solution
which passes through the curve x = 1, y + z = 0.

Answers
 2  2
∂z ∂z ∂2z ∂z ∂z ∂2z
1. (a) −z +x + zx 2 = 0 and −z +y + zy 2 = 0,
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
(b) z 2 (p2 + q 2 + 1) = c2 , (c) pq = 4xyz.
∂2z 2 2 2
2 ∂ z , (c) ∂ z + ∂ z = 0,
2. (a) p + q = nz, (b) = a
∂y 2 ∂x2 ∂x2 ∂y 2
(d) (y + z)p − (x + z)q = x − y.

8
 √
 
2 cot 1 π
3. (a) φ[z (x + y) + , log{cos(x + y) + sin(x + y)} − x − y] = 0,
2 8
(b) φ(x2 − y 2 , x2 − z 2 ) = 0, (c) φ(x2 + y 2 − 2z, xyz) = 0,
(d) φ(x2 + y 2 + z 2 , y 2 − 2yz − z 2 ) = 0, (e) φ(x2 + 2 2
 y , yz − y ) =0,
x y
(f) φ[y − 3x, e−5x {5z + tan(y − 3x)}] = 0, (g) φ , , xyz − 3u = 0.
y z
ay p
4. (a) z = ax + + c, (b) z = cxa y b , where b = (1 − a2 ),
(a − 1)
(c) 4(1 + a2 )z = (x + ay + b)2 , (d) (1 + a3 )z 2 = 8(x + ay + b)3 ,
2 2
(e) z + b = (x + a)3/2 + (y − a)3/2 , (f) z = ax + by + log(ab).
3 3
√ 1 (ax + y)2
5. (a) 2 z = ax + y + b, (b) az = + b, (c) z 2 = a2 y 2 + (ax + b)2 ,
a 2 p p
(d) z = bxa y 1/a , (e) z = ax + by + a2 + b2 , (f) (1 + a)z = 2 (x + ay) + b.

6. φ(x − y 2 + z, x2 − yz) = 0, z(1 − y) + x − y 2 + x2 = 1

7. z = x3 y 3 + y(1 − x3 ).

8. xy = z(x − 2)

9
 Assignment - V (PDE)

1. Solve the following PDE’s

∂2z ∂2z ∂4z ∂4z ∂4z ∂4z ∂4z ∂4z
(a) − = 0, (b) − 2 + 2 − = 0, (c) − = 0,
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x4 ∂x3 ∂y ∂x∂y 3 ∂y 4 ∂x4 ∂y 4
(d) (D2 + DD0 + D0 − 1)z = 0, (e) (D2 − 2D0 )z = 0.

2. Find the general solution of the following PDE’s

∂2z 2
2 ∂ z = x, (b) (D 2 − 6DD 0 + 9D 02 )z = 12x2 + 36xy,
(a) − a
∂x2 ∂y 2
2
∂ z 2
∂ z
(c) 2
+ 2 = cos(mx) sin(ny), (d) (r − s + p) = 1,
∂x ∂y
(e) (D2 − DD0 − 2D02 )z = (y − 1)ex , (f) (D2 − 2DD0 + D02 )z = ex+2y + x3 ,
(g) (D2 − DD0 + D0 − 1)z = cos(x + 2y) + ey .

3. Classify the equation:

∂2z ∂2z ∂u 2 2 2
2 ∂ u , (c) ∂ u = c2 ∂ u ,
(a) + = 0, (b) = c
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂t ∂x2 ∂t2 ∂x2
2
∂ z 2
∂ z 2
∂ z ∂z ∂z
(d) (1 − x2 ) 2 − 2xy + (1 − y 2 ) 2 + x + 3x2 y − 2z = 0.
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
4. Using the methods of separation of the variables, solve
∂ 2 u ∂u ∂u ∂u
(a) 2
− = 0, (b) 3 +2 = 0, where u(x, 0) = 4e−x ,
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂2u ∂2u ∂u ∂2u
(b) 2 = c2 2 , (d) = c2 2 .
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x
∂u ∂2u
5. Solve the heat equation = c2 2 , where u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = 0, t > 0,
( ∂t ∂x
l
A, when 0 < x < 2
u(x, 0) = .
0, when 2l < x < l

6. Find the temperature distribution u(x, t) in a thin rod of length l, if the initial
temperature through the rod is f (x), the ends x = 0 and x = l of the rod are
insulated.
∂u ∂2u
7. Solve the heat equation = , with the boundary conditions u(x, 0) = 3sin(πx),
∂t ∂x2
u(0, t) = 0 and u(1, t) = 0 where 0 < x < 1, t > 0.
∂2u ∂2u
8. Solve + = 0, for 0 < x < π, 0 < y < π, u(x, 0) = x2 , u(x, π) = 0,
∂x2 ∂y 2
ux (0, y) = ux (π, y) = 0.

Answers

10
1. (a) z = φ1 (y + x) + φ2 (y − x),
(b) z = φ1 (y − x) + φ2 (y + x) + xφ3 (y + x) + x2 φ4 (y + x),
(c) z = φ1 (y + x) + φ2 (y − x) + φ3 (y + ix) + φ4 (y − ix),
(d) z = e−x φ1 (y) + ex φ2 (y − x),
(e) z = Aehx+(h/2)y , where A and h are arbitrary constant.
3
2. (a) z = φ1 (y + ax) + φ2 (y − ax) + x6 ,
(b) z = φ1 (y + 3x) + xφ2 (y + 3x) + 10x4 + 6x3 y,
(c) z = φ1 (y + ix) + φ2 (y − ix) − cos(mx)cos(ny)
m2 +n2
,
−x
(d) z = φ1 (y) + e φ2 (y + x) + x − 1,
(e) z = φ1 (y + 2x) + φ2 (y − x) + yex ,
5
(f) z = φ1 (y + x) + xφ2 (y + x) + ex+2y + x20 ,
(g) z = ex φ1 (y) + e−x φ2 (y + x) − 12 sin(x + 2y) − xey .

3. (a) Elliptic, (b) Parabolic, (c) Hyperbolic, (d) If x2 +y 2 > 1; Hyperbolic, x2 +y 2 = 1;

Parabolic, x2 + y 2 < 1; Elliptic.
√ √ 1
4. (a) u(x, y) = (Ae kx + Be− kx )e2ky , (b) u(x, y) = 4e− 2 (2x−3y) .
 nπc 2
∞
4A X 1 nπ − t nπx
5. u(x, t) = sin2 e l sin .
π n 4 l
n=1
 nπc 2
∞ Z l
A0 X − t nπx 2
6. u(x, t) = + An e l cos , where A0 = f (x)dx,
2 l l 0
n=1
Z l
2 nπx
An = f (x)cos dx.
l 0 l
∞
2 π2 t
X
7. u(x, t) = 3 e−n sin(nπx).
n=1
∞
X (−1)n sinh n(π − y)cos(nx)
π
8. u(x, y) = (π − y) + 4 .
3 n2 sinh nπ
n=1

11
 Department of Mathematics
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad
Tutorial Sheet on Linear Algebra for B.Tech (Assignment -VI)
Sub: Mathematics- II (MA12104)

1. Show that (Z, +), (Q, +), (R, +), (C, +) are abelian groups.

2. Show that (Q∗ , ·), (R∗ , ·), (C∗ , ·) are abelian groups, where Q∗ = Q − {0} etc.

3. Show that Zm = {0̄, 1̄, 2̄, . . . , m − 1}, is an abelian group with respect to +.

4. Show that V4 = {e, a, b, c}, is a group.

5. Show that circle S 1 = {z = x + iy ∈ C||x2 + y 2 = 1} is a group with respect to

multiplication.

6. Show that set of n × n invertible matrices with entries in R is a non-abelian group

with respect to multiplication.

7. Show that Un = {ā ∈ Zn |(a, n) = 1} is the group of units of Zn with respect to

multiplication.

8. Show that (R, +) is a subgroup of (C, +).

9. Show that (Q∗ , ·) is a subgroup of (R∗ , ·).

10. Show that (Z, +) is a normal subgroup of (Q, +).

11. Show that (nZ, +) is a normal subgroup of (Z, +).

12. Show that H = {e, a} is a normal subgroup of Kliens four group V4 = {e, a, b, c}.

13. Show that (Q∗ , ·) is a normal subgroup of (R∗ , ·).

14. Show that the group of nth roots of unity = {e2πir/n |0 ≤ r < n} is a cyclic group.

15. Show that Kliens four group V4 = {e, a, b, c} is not cyclic.

16. Show that (Q∗ , ) is not cyclic group of (R∗ , ·).

17. Show that f : Z → Q defined by f (x) = x is a group homomorphism.

18. Show that f : Z → Zm defined by f (x) = x̄ is a group homomorphism, and Kerf =

{x ∈ Z|f (x) = 0} = mZ and Z/mZ ∼ = Zm .

19. Show that f : R → S 1 defined by f (x) = eix is a group homomorphism, Ker (f) = Z
and R/Z ∼
= S1.

20. Show that (Q, +, .). (C, +, .) are fields.

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21. Show that (Zp , +, .), where p is any prime and Zp = {0̄, 1̄, . . . , (p − 1)} is a set of
residue classes modulo p, is a finite field.

22. Let V be the set of all ordered pairs (x, y), where x, y are real numbers. Let a =
(x1 , y1 ) and b = (x2 , y2 ) be two elements in V . Define the addition as a + b =
(x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (2x1 − 3x2 , y1 − y2 ) and the scalar multiplication as α(x1 , y1 ) =
(αx1 /3, αy1 /3). Show that V is not a vector space. Which of the properties that are
not satisfied?

23. Let V be the vector space of all 2 × 2 real matrices. Show that the sets
       
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
S1 = , , , and
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
       
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
S2 = , , ,
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

span V .

24. Let V be the vector space of all polynomials of degree ≤ 3. Determine whether or
not the set
S = {t3 , t2 + t, t3 + t + 1}
spans V ?

25. Let v1 = (1, −1, 0), v2 = (0, 1, −1) and v3 = (0, 0, 1) be elements of R3 . Show that
the set of vectors {v1 , v2 , v3 } is linearly independent.

26. Find the dimension of the space spanned by the set

{(1 0 0 0), (0 1 0 0), (1 2 0 1), (0 0 0 1)}

in R4 . Ans: < 4.

27. Let T be a linear transformation function T : R4 → R3 defined by

   
  1   1
1 1 0 1
T = 2 ,T
  = −2 ,

1 1 1 1
3 3
   
  1   −1
0 0 0 0
T = −2 , T =  2 ,
1 1 0 1
−3 3
 
  −2
4 5
Find T ? Answer:  20 .
3 8
36

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28. Let T be a linear 3 2
 transformation from R into R defined by T (x) = Ax, where
1 1 0
A= and x = (x, y, z)T . Find Ker(T ), Rank(T ), and their dimensions.
−1 0 1

29. For the set of vectors {X1 = (1, 3)T , X2 = (4, 6)T }, where T : R2 → R3 , such that
T (X1 ) = (−2 2 − 7)T andT (X2 ) =(−2 − 4 − 10)T , find the matrix of linear
1 −1
transformation T . Answer: −4 2 .
2 −3

30. Write t2 + t + 1 as a linear combination of the elements of the set S : {3t, t2 − 1, t2 +

2t + 2}. Show that S is the spanning set for all polynomials of degree 2 and can be
taken as its basis.
Answer: t2 + t + 1 = [−t + (t2 − 1) + 2(t2 + 2t + 2)]/3.

31. Reduce the following matrices to row echelon form and find their ranks:
 
1 3 5
(a)  2 −1 4
−2 8 2
 
1 2 3 4
2 1 4 5 
(b) 
1 5 5 7 


8 1 14 17
Answer: 2, 2.

32. Solve the following systems of equations using Gauss elimination method:

(a)

4x − 3y − 9z + 6w = 0
2x + 3y + 3z + 6w = 6
4x − 21y − 39z − 6w = −24

(b)

x + 2y − 2z = 1
2x − 3y + z = 0
3x + 14y − 5z = 5

Answer: (a)x = 1 + z − 2w and y = (4 − 5z − 2w)/3 where z, w are arbitrary.

(b)x = 1, y = 1, z = 1.

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33. Solve the following homogeneous system of equations AX = 0 where A is given by:
     
2 1 1 2 −3 1 1 −1 1
(1) 1 −1 , (2) 1 1 −1 , (3) 2 3 1 4
3 2 1 −1 1 3 2 −6 1

Find the rank and nullity.

Answer: (1)2, 0 (2)3, 0 (3)2, 2.

34. Determine which of the following systems are consistent and find all the solutions of
the consistent system:

(a)

x+y+z =7
x + 2y + 3z = 16
x + 3y + 4z = 22

(b)

x+y+z+w =1
x−y+z+w =0
x+y−z+w =0
x − y + z − w = 0.

Answer: (a) (1, 3, 3) (b) (−1/4, 1/4, 1/4, 1/4).

35. Using Gauss-Jordan method find the inverse of following matrices

   
−1 1 1 1 −1 1 1 1
 1 −1 1 1. Ans 1/4 1 −1 1 1

(a)  
1 1 −1 1   1 1 −1 1 
1 1 1 −1 1 1 1 −1
   
1 1 0 1 −1 −1/3 1/3 1
1 1 1 1
. Ans  1
 0 0 −1
(b) 4 4 1 1 −1

1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1/3 −1/3 0
 
1 2 0
36. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A = −1 1 2. Also,
1 2 1
−1
(i) Obtain A , A 3

(ii) Find the eigenvalue of A, A2 and verify that eigenvalues of A2 are squares of
those of A.
(iii) Find the spectral radius of A.

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  
1 0 0
37. If A = 1
 0 1, then show that An = An−2 + A2 − I for n ≥ 3. Hence find A50 .
0 1 0
 
1 0 0
Ans 25 1 0
25 0 1
38. Find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the matrix A:
 
1 1 0
A = 0 1 0
0 0 1

Ans: X1 = [0, 0, 1]T , X2 = [1, 0, 0]T

 
3 1 −1
39. Show that the matrix A = −2 1 2  is diagonalizable. Hence find P such that
0 1 2
−1
P AP is a diagonal matrix.Then obtain B = A2 + 5A + 3I.
 
1 2 2
40. Examine whether the matrix A, where A is given by (i) A =  0 2 1
−1 2 2
 
−2 2 −3
(ii) A =  2 1 −6 is diagonalizable. If so, obtain the matrix P such that
−1 −2 0
−1
P AP is a diagonal matrix.
Ans. (i) not diagonalizable (ii) diagonalizable, P −1 AP = diag(5, −3, −3)
 T  T
41. The eigenvector of a 3×3 matrix A corresponding to eigenvalue 1,1,3 are 1 0 −1 , 0 1 −1 ,
 T
1 1 0 respectively. Find the matrix A.

42. Obtain the symmetric matrix B for the quadratic form

(i) Q = 2x21 + 3x1 x2 + x22 (ii) Q− = x21 + 2x 2 2
1 x2 − 4x1 x3 + 6x2 x3 − 5x2 + 4x3
  1 1 −2
2 3/2
Ans. (i) (ii)  1 −5 3 
3/2 1
−2 3 4
−1
43. Varify
 Cayley-Hamilton
 theorem
  the matrix A. Find A ,
for if exists, where A is
1 0 −4 1 i i
(i) 0 5 4
  (ii) i 1
 i
−4 4 3 i i 1
 
1 16 −20
Ans. (i) P (λ) = λ3 − 9λ2 − 9λ + 8 = 0, A−1 = 1/81  16 13 4 
−20 4 −5

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  
i−1 1 1
(ii) P (λ) = λ3 − 3λ2 + 6λ − 4 + 2i = 0, A−1 = 1 + 3i/10  1 i−1 1 
1 1 i−1
44. Find all the eigenvalue and corresponding eigenvector of the matrices given blow.
Which of the matrices arediagonalizable. 
  0 2 −2 0  
1 1 i  1 1 0 −1 1 2 3
(i)  1 0 i  (ii) −1 1 −2 1  (iii)
  3 1 0
−i −i 1 −2 0 1
−1 1 −2 1
 T √  √ T √
Ans. (i) λ = 0 : i 0 −1 ; λ = 1 + 3 : 1 3 − 1 −i ; λ = 1 − 3 :
 √ T
1 −( 3 + 1) −i , diagonalizable.
 T  T  T
(ii) λ = 0, 0 : 1 0 0 1 , 1 −1 −1 0 ; λ = 2 : 1 1 0 0 ; λ = −2 :
 T
1 0 1 1 , diagonalizable.
 T
(iii) λ = 1, 1, 1 : 0 3 −2 , not diagonalizable.

45. Show that the matrices given below are diagonalizable. Find the matrix P such that
P −1AP is a diagonal
 matrix.
 
0 2 1 5 −6 −6
(i) 2 0 3 (ii) −1 4 2
1 −3 0 3 −6 −4
 T  T  T
Ans. (i) λ = 0 : 3 1 −2 ; λ = 2i : 3 + i 1 + 3i −4 ; λ = −2i : 3 − i 1 + 3i −4 ,
 
3 3+i 3−i
P =  1 1 + 3i 1 − 3i
−2 −4 −4
 
 T  T  T 3 2 2
(ii) λ = 1 : 3 −1 3 ; λ = 2, 2 : 2 0 1 , 2 1 0 , P = −1 0 1
3 1 0
46. Let a 3 × 3 matrix A have Eigen values 1, 2, −1. Find the value of the determinant
of the matrix B = A − A−1 + A2 .
Ans. Determinant of B = 11/2

47. Solve x0 = −5x + 2y; y 0 = x − 4y.

Ans: x(t) = c1 e−3t − 2c2 e−6t and y(t) = c1 e−3t + c2 e−6t

48. Solve x0 = 3x + 4y; y 0 = 4x − 3y.

Ans: x(t) = c1 e7t − 2c2 e−t and y(t) = c1 e7t + c2 e−t

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 Assignment - VI (Probability & Statistics)

1. Find the median of the following data set?

32, 6, 21, 10, 8, 11, 12, 36, 17, 16, 15, 18, 40, 24, 21, 23, 24, 24, 29, 16, 32, 31, 10, 30,
35, 32, 18, 39, 12, 20.
2. Identify the mode for the following data set:
21, 19, 62, 21, 66, 28, 66, 48, 79, 59, 28, 62, 63, 63, 48, 66, 59, 66, 94, 79, 19, 94.
3. Consider the following frequency distribution. Calculate the mean weight of students.

Weight . 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75
(in kg) .

No. of 9 6 15 3 1 2 2 1 1
Students

4. If the median of a distribution given below is 28.5, then find the value of x and y.

Class interval. 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 Total

Frequency 5 x 20 15 y 5 60

5. There are two bags containing balls. In the first bag, there are 3 white and 2 red
balls. In the second bag, there are 1 white and 4 red balls. A bag is arbitrarily chosen
and a ball is drawn. Find the probability that the drawn ball is white.
6. A bag contains 6 red and 2 black balls and a second bag contains 4 red and 6 black
balls. One ball is drawn at random from the first bag and transferred to the second
bag. Now, a ball is drawn from the second bag. Find the probability that it is a red
ball.
7. A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing, is noted to be 8. What
is the conditional probability that the number 5 has appeared at least once ?
8. The probability that the student P fails in an examination is 0.25 and the probability
that the student Q fails in the same examination is 0.3. Find the probability that
either P or Q fails in the examination.
9. Two players A and B participate in a game of throwing two dice. The first player
who gets a sum of 7 is awarded the prize. If A starts the game, find the probabilities
of their winning.
10. Four boxes A, B, C, D contain fuses. The boxes contain 5000, 3000, 2000 and 1000
fuses respectively. The percentage of fuses in the boxes which are defective are 3%,
2%, 1% and 0.5% respectively. One fuse is selected at random arbitrary from one of
the boxes. It is found to be a defective fuse. Find the probability that it has come
from box D.

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11. Two players A and B play tennis games.Their chances of winning a game are in the
ratio 3 : 2 respectively. Find A0 s chance of winning at least two games out of four
games played.
12. The number of emergency admissions each day to a hospital is found to have Poisson
distribution with mean 4. Find the Probability that on a particular day there will
be no emergency admissions.
13. In a book of 600 pages, there are 60 typographical errors. Assuming Poisson law for
the number of errors per page, find the probability that a randomly chosen 4 page
will contain no errors.
14. There are 500 students taking a Mathematics course in an engineering college college.
The probability for any student to need a particular book from the college library on
any day is 0.07. How many copies of the book should be kept in the library so that
the probability may be greater than 0.95 that none of the students needing a copy
from the library has to go back disappointed ? Assume normal distribution.
15. In a distribution which is exactly normal, 12% of the items are under 30 and 80%
are under 60. Find the mean and standard deviation of the distribution.
Answers
1. 21
2. 66
3. 43.875 kg.
4. x = 8 and y = 7
5. 0.4
19
6. 44
2
7. 5

8. 0.475
5
9. 11
1
10. 13
513
11. 625

12. e−4
13. e−0.4
14. at least 45 copies
15. mean (µ) = 45.9395 and standard deviation (σ) = 13.5655.

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