CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY

MANUAL
Academic Year: 2024-2025

JNTUK R23 Regulation

for

BATCH: 2023-2027

II/IV BTECH -II SEMESTER

Student Name:

Roll No:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

SIR C R REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELURU - 534007 (A.P)
VISION OF THE COLLEGE:

To emerge as a premier institution in the field of technical education and research

in the state and as a home for holistic development of students and contribute to
the advancement of society and the region.

MISSION OF THE COLLEGE:

To provide high quality technical education through a creative balance of

academic and industry-oriented learning; to create an inspiring environment of
scholarship and research; to install high levels of academic and professional
discipline; and to establish standards that inculcate ethical and moral values that
contribute to growth in career and development of society in general.

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT:

To be a department of excellence in the region in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering through high quality teaching, research, innovation and holistic
development of students required for modern industry.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT:

M1 Impart high quality teaching in tune with industry requirements so as to

mould students into competent professionals.
M2 Create an inspiring environment of enquiry and research for lifelong
learning.
M3 Make students employable with necessary skills as demanded by modern
industry.
M4 Imbibe ethical and moral values and inculcate social responsibilities for
development of society.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES:

PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal,
and environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of,
and need for sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations,
and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a
team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES:

PSO1 Blend to the Industrial Needs: Demonstrate knowledge and skills required to design and
implement Electrical systems in modern Electrical and Electronics Industry
environment
PSO2 IOT and Robotics: Synthesize and realize the electrical applications using
microcontrollers and IOT.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO1 Experience success in Electrical and Electronics Engineering through analytical and
professional skills acquired.
PEO2 Continue to pursue higher education and professional development relevant to their
career growth.
PEO3 Exhibit leadership and initiative to work effectively as individuals and as team members
in multi-disciplinary areas in industries.
PEO4 Practice ethical responsibilities and service towards their peers, employers, society and
follow these

COURSE OUTCOMES:

Student is able to

CO DESCRIPTION
No
1 Determination of Transfer function of DC Motor and effect of PID controller on
Second Order System Response
2 Examine various Characteristics of DC Servomotor Servo motor, Synchro’s ,Magnetic
Amplifier
3 Design Lead, Lag and Lead Lag Compensators
4 Develop the MATLAB programs to analyse the Control System Stability using Root
Locus and Bode Plot, Controllability and Observability tests.

CO-PO Mapping:

CO’s PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2

1 2.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 2.00

2 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00

3 2.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 2.00

4 2.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00

AVG 2.00 1.50 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.50 2.00
 MAPPING OF PROGRAM OUTCOMES & PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

Program
Program
Exp.N Specific CO
Name of the Experiment Outcomes
o Outcomes Mapping
Mapping Mapping
PO1, PO2
PSO1,PS
1 Analysis of second order system in time domain PO5,PO9,
O2
CO1
PO12
PO1, PO2
Characteristics of Synchro
2 PO5,PO9, PSO1 CO2
PO12
PO1, PO2
3 PID Controller PSO2 CO1
PO5
PO1, PO2
4 Design of Lag and Lead Compensator PO3,PO4, PSO1 CO3
PO9,PO12
PO1, PO2
Transfer function of DC Motor
5 PO3,PO4, PSO2 CO1
PO9,PO12
Bode Plot, Root locus, Nyquist Plots for the transfer PO1, PO2
6 functions of systems up to 5th order using PO3,PO4, PSO2 CO4
MATLAB. PO9,PO12
PO1, PO2
Controllability and Observability test using
7 PO3,PO4, PSO2 CO4
MATLAB PO9,PO12
PO1, PO2
8 Characteristics of Magnetic Amplifier PO3,PO4, PSO1 CO2
PO9,PO12
Speed Torque characteristics of AC servo motor PO1, PO2
9 PO3,PO4, PSO1 CO2
PO9,PO12
PO1, PO2
Speed Torque characteristics of DC servo motor
10 PO3,PO4, PSO1 CO2
PO9,PO12
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Objectives of the laboratory:

On completion of the course a student will be able to:

∙ Acquire a fair knowledge in using the Control System Components like AC Servomotor, DC
Servomotor, Magnetic Amplifier, Synchro Transmitter and Receiver, Relay Control System,
etc.

∙ Practically understand about the time response of second order Control System, Design of
Compensators, P, PI, PID Controllers and Temperature Controllers.

General guidelines:
This is an observation book. It contains instructional material for using Control System
Components and its applications as well as comprehensive material to understand Control
system problems.

The experiments are based on the courses EEE Control Systems, EEE Advanced Control
Systems, EEE Digital Control Systems. STUDENTS ARE REQUIRED TO BRING THIS
BOOK TO EACH LAB SESSION FAILING WHICH THEY WILL NOT BE ALLOWED IN
TO THE LAB since THERE IS NO OTHER OBSERVATION BOOK OR RECORD BOOK.
All work should be completed in this book only which will be used in grading the work.
Students are therefore advised to maintain this book in good condition and preserve it till the
end of the semester.
Each student when coming to the lab is expected to:
∙ Come prepared with answers to prelab quiz (viva questions).
∙ Work out theoretical solution in the work book before coming to the lab for the experiment
concerned. You can take help from the reference books listed or other books.
∙ Draw the Circuit Diagram after coming to lab, in the book.
∙Familiarize oneself with the Procedure and Connections for the experiment to be done.
∙Post the observations, calculations, plots etc. in this book.
∙ COMPARE THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM EXPERIMENTATION WITH
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS AND ANALYZE THE RESULTS WITH
EXPLANATION.
∙ Write the conclusion as RESULT.
Scheme of Instruction and Evaluation:
CONTROL SYSTEMS LAB
Instruction: 3 Periods per Week
University Examination: 3 Hours University
Examination Marks: 70M
Sessional Marks: 30M
Sessional Marks Division Laboratory work;
observation-cum-record book 10 marks
Internal test 20 marks
Total 100 marks

Reference books:

1. Control Systems Engineering By I.J. Nagrath & M.Gopal, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
2. Control Systems Components By R.C.Sukla, New Age International (P) Ltd.
3. Automatic Control Systems By Benjamin C. Kuo, Prentice Hall Of India.
4. Control System Components By M.D. DESAI
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S.No Experiment name Page no. Date Signature Marks

1.
Analysis of second order system in time
domain

2.
Characteristics of Synchro’s

3.

PID Controller

4.

Design of Lag and Lead Compensator

5.
Transfer function of DC Motor

6. Bode Plot, Root locus, Nyquist Plots for the

transfer functions of systems up to 5th
order using MATLAB.

7.
Controllability and Observability test
using MATLAB

8.
Characteristics of Magnetic Amplifier

9. Speed Torque characteristics of AC servo

motor

10 Speed Torque characteristics of DC servo

motor

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1. TRANSFER FUNCTION OF DC MOTOR

AIM: To study the performance characteristics of a D.C. motor speed control system

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipment Specifications

12V, 2400/3500 RPM
Rated current-200mA-No load
DC motor unit
1 -290mA-Fullload
Torque - 50gm-cm

THEORY:

The DC motor unit consists of the following

a. A slotted aluminum disc is mounted on the shaft, which generates signals for Speed
measurement.
b). An adjustable eddy current brake is provided to enable the study of the effects of the external
disturbance on the systems performance.
c). Speed measurement: The slotted disc attached to the motor shaft generates 12 pulses for
every revolution of the shaft through optical interruptions. After passing through signal
conditioning and frequency scaling circuits, these pulses are then fed to a built in frequency
counter to display the shaft speed directly in rp
d).Tachogenerator: A DC signal proportional to the shaft speed is obtained from an electronic
tachogenerator, a frequency voltage converter circuit, the signal is brought to a suitable level
by signal conditioning to yield a tacho constant of about 0.5v /1000 rpm.
e). Error detector and forward gain: The speed obtained from the tachogenerator is compared
with the reference (Corresponding to a set speed) to obtain an error signal. The error signal is
amplified to feed the driver circuit.
f). Driver circuit: This circuit is designed to deliver the necessary power to operate the motor. It
is a unity gain power amplifier and has the necessary protection circuits.
g). Power and signal sources: A number of IC regulated supplies feed the electronic circuits,
reference potentiometer, DVM, speed displays and the motor. Also square wave oscillator of I
Hz (approx) is included for time constant studies.
h). Digital voltmeters: A 19.99V full-scale deflection voltmeter mounted on the panel is
available for the measurement of various signals. One terminal of the DVM is internally
connected to ground.

PROCEDURE:
OPEN LOOP PERFORMANCE:

A). Signal and reference:

1. Set KA = O. Connect DVM to measure the range of variation of reference Voltage VR
2. Switch ON the square wave signal Vs and measure its amplitude and frequency using a calibrated
CRO.
B). Motor and Tachogenerator:
1. Set VR = I V and KA = 3, the motor may be running at a low speed. Record speed N in r.p.m and
the Tachogenerator output VT.
2. Repeat with VR = I V and KA= 4, 5,, 10 and tabulate measured motor voltage VM = V R KA , steady

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TABULAR COLUMN:

OPEN LOOP RESPONSE:

VR= f=
Experimental
KA Speed VT Vm
KA=VM/VR

CLOSED LOOP RESPONSE: VR= f=

KA Speed VT Ess= (VR-VT) Ess=1/(KAKMKT+1)

N Experimental Theoritical

State motor speed N in rpm and Tacho generator output V T.

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CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY EEE-DEPT

3. Plot N vs Vm and VT vs N. obtain KM and KT from the linear region of curves

Shaftspeedinrad / sec
Motor gain constant, K m =
Motorvoltage
VT volt − sec
Tachogenerator gain KT =
WSS rad
4. To calculate motor time constant set VR = 0 and KA = 10 now switch on the square wave signal Vs
and measure the peak-to-peak amplitude of the triangular wave component in VT
V ( p − p ) K A K M KT
Motor time constant T = s
VT ( p − p ) 2 f
Km
Obtain motor transfer function Gs =
sT + 1
DISTURBANCE:
1. Set KA = 5 and adjust the reference VR to get a speed-reading close to 1200rpm. The brake setting
should be at 0 i.e no breaking.
2. Record and tabulate the motor speed variation for different settings of the eddy current brake.
3. Calculate percentage decrease in speed at each setting of the motor brake, starting from no braking.

CLOSED LOOP PERFORMANCE:

A) Steady state error:

1. The feedback terminals are connected together.

2. Set VR = 1 V and KA = 3, the motor may be running at a low speed. Measure and record speed N in
r.p.m, Tachogenerator voltage VT and the steady state error Ess (= VR – VT)
3. Repeat above for KA = 4,6,………. , 10.
4. Compare in each case the value of steady state error
1
ess =
1 + K A K M KT
B) Transient Performance:

1. Set VR = 0.5V and KA = 5. Switch ON the square wave signal and measure peak-to-peak
amplitudes of Vs and VT. System time constant Teff is calculated. The value of

K AKM
K= ,
K A K M KT + 1
V ( p − p) K A K M KT 1
Teff = S  
VT ( p − p ) K A K M KT + 1 2 f
2. Repeat above and tabulate the results for KA = I, 10, ......

C) Disturbance rejection:
1. With KA = 5, feedback terminals shorted and the brake setting at 0, adjust reference V R to get a
speed close to 1200 rpm.
2. Record and tabulate the variation in speed for different settings of the eddy current brake. Calculate
percentage decrease in speed at each setting of the brake.
3. Repeat above for KA = 10
4. Compare the percentage decrease in speed at various brake settings for open loop, closed loop with
KA= 5 and closed loop with KA = 10.

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CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY EEE-DEPT
DISTURBANCE REJECTION:

S.no Brake Speed rpm % decrease in speed

DISTURBANCE:

Brake

Open
loop
(k=5)

Closed
loop
(k=5)

Closed
loop
(k=10)

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TRANSIENT RESPONSE:

KA Vs(volts ) Vt (voltsx ) K T

MODEL GRAPH:

MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS:

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RESULT:

ANALYSIS:

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the necessary condition for stability?

2. What is limitedly stable system?
3. What is transient and steady state response?
4. How non linear ties are introduced in the system?
5. What is meant by critical damping?
6. What is damped oscillation?
7. What is a disturbance signal?
8. What is an error signal?
9. Define system sensitivity?
10. Define Type of a system?

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CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY EEE-DEPT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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2. SPEED TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERVO MOTOR

AIM: To study and plot the speed torque characteristics of a DC servo motor

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.no Equipment Range

1 ADTRON Trainer kit

2 Digital multi meter

230v, 50Hz, 1 AC Supply

3 Mains
.

THEORY:

Motor Principle:

An electric motor is a machine, which converts electric energy into mechanical energy.
Its action is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming's left hand rule and whose
magnitude is given by F = BIL Newton.

Significance of back emf:

When the motor armature rotates, the conductors also rotate and hence cut the flux.
In accordance with the laws of electromagnetic induction, emf is induced in the conduction whose
direction was found by Fleming's right hand rule; this emf is in opposition to the applied voltage.
Because of its opposing action, it is referred to as back emf, Eb. The equivalent
circuit of a motor is the rotating armature generating the back emf Eb. It is like a battery of emf Eb.
Obviously V has to drive the armature current a against the opposition of Eb. In the case of battery, this
power over an initial time is converted into chemical energy but in the present case it is converted into
V − Eb
mechanical energy. It will be seen that I a = where Ra is resistance of the armature circuit. Eb is
Ra
directly dependent on armature speed. So more speed implies more Eb and less armature current and vice
versa.
Servo systems are basically feedback systems in which controlled parameter is
either position or its derivatives. Basically a DC servomotor has windings in its armature and brushes for
commutation. But this motor is slower in response. These are basically used in aerospace industry and
robotics. The main disadvantages are difficult to cool and for higher ratings commutation will be a
problem.

PROCEDURE:

1. Remove the load in no load condition .switch on the module

2. Adjust the potentiometer for the rated voltage of 24V.
3. Note down the no load current and no load speed.
4. Adjust the load in steps to a maximum of 200 gm-cm and a current of 0.8Amps (do not
exceed 0.8 amps).
5. At each load note down the speed.
6. Calculate the corresponding torque and plot the torque speed characteristics.

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CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY EEE-DEPT

TABULAR COLUMNS:

Speed (N) Back e.m.f (Eb)

W in
Voltage(V) Speed (N) Current(A) Load grams Torque =WXR
Gram- cm
S1 S2

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MODEL GRAPH:

DC servo motor speed Vs torque characteristic

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

PANEL DIAGRAM:

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CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY EEE-DEPT

RESULT:

ANALYSIS:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is a Servo motor?

2. What are characteristics of servomotor?
3. Compare Ac and DC Servomotors?
4. What are the different types of rotor that are used in AC Servomotor?
5. Draw the characteristics of AC servomotor?
6. Mention the characteristics of negative feedback?
7. Why the negative feedback is invariably preferred in closed loop system?
8. What is the effect of adding a zero to an open loop transfer function of a system?
9. What is the effect of adding a pole to open loop transfer function of a system?

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CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY EEE-DEPT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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3. SPEED TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS A.C SERVO MOTOR

AIM: To Study the speed torque characteristics of A.C Servomotor

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipment Specifications

1 ADTRON Trainer kit

2 Digital multi meter

THEORY:

An AC servomotor is basically a two-phase induction motor except for certain special design
features. A two-phase induction motor consists of two stator windings oriented 90° apart in space and
excited by AC voltage, which differ in time phase by 90°. A magnitude field of constant magnitude
rotating at synchronous speed is obtained as voltages applied to two phases are equal in rms magnitude
and 90° phase apart. The direction of rotation depends on the phase relationship between two voltages.
The field includes currents (emf) in the rotor circuit. The two fields mutually interact and produce a
torque in the direction of field rotation. The use of such motors in a control system is interable because of
the effective slope, which represents negative damping by designing the rotor with very high rotor
resistance.

In many applications of servomotor in feedback control systems phase 'a' is energized with fixed
rated voltage, where as phase 'b' is energized by a varying control voltage. Moreover the arrangement in
this configuration is such that the control voltage is frequently adjusted to be exactly 90° out of phase
with the voltage applied to phase 'a'. If we proceed under the assumption that the reference voltage
V
Va control voltage Vb are always 90° apart in phase and if we have P = b then phasor expression for
Va
control voltage becomes Vb = -jP Va . The -j factor accounts for 90° phase lag between the two voltages
and the expression for sequence voltage becomes.
1

Va1 = Va + j Vb =
2
 − Va
2
(1 + P )

V a2 =
1
2
 
Va - j Vb =
− Va
2
(1 − P )
The curves for p = 0 are identical but reverse in position.

PROCEDURE:

1. Initially keep load control switch at OFF position, indicating that the armature circuit of dc
machine is not connected to auxiliary dc supply – 12 V dc. Keep servomotor supply switch also at
OFF position.
2. Ensure load potentiometer and control voltage auto transformer at minimum position.
3. Now switch ON mains supply to the unit and also AC servomotor supply switch. Vary the control
voltage transformer. You can observe that the AC servomotor will starts rotating and the speed
will be indicated by the tachometer in the front panel.

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CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY EEE-DEPT

TABULAR COLUMN:

TABLE 1:
SPEED (N) BACK E.M.F (EB)

TABLE 2:

Back e.m.f (Eb) PX 1.109 X 104 X 60

S.No Speed (N) P=Ia X Eb Torque =
In above table 2N

MODEL GRAPH:

Speed
(N)

Eb
AC Servo motor speed torque characteristics

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CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY EEE-DEPT
4. With load switch in OFF position, vary the speed of the AC servomotor by moving the control
voltage and note down back Emf generated by the dc machine (Now working as dc generator or
tacho). Enter the results in the Table.

5. Now with load switch at OFF position, switch ON AC servomotor and keep the speed in the
minimum position. You can observe that the AC servomotor starts moving with speed being
indicated by the tachometer. Now vary the control winding voltage by varying the auto
transformer and set the speed for maximum speed. Now switch ON the load switch and start
loading AC servomotor by varying the load potentiometer slowly. Note down the corresponding
values of Ia, speed and enter these readings in the table. And also note down the control voltage.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

PANEL CONNECTION:

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CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY EEE-DEPT
RESULT:

ANALYSIS:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is Servo motor?

2. What are characteristics of servomotor?
3. Compare Ac and DC Servomotors?
4. What are the different types of rotor that are used in AC Servomotor?
5. Draw the characteristics of AC servomotor?
6. Mention the characteristics of negative feedback?
7. Why the negative feedback is invariably preferred in closed loop system?
8. What is the effect of adding a zero to an open loop transfer function of a system?
9. What is the effect of adding a pole to open loop transfer function of a system?

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CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY EEE-DEPT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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4. CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETIC AMPLIFIER

AIM: To study the operation of the magnetic amplifier and derive the characteristics in
a) Series connected magnetic amplifier
b) Parallel connected magnetic amplifier

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO Equipment Specification

12V, 2400/3500 RPM
Rated current -200mA-No load
1 ADTRON Trainer circuit 290mA-Fullload
Torque - 50gm-cm
0-30V/ I A
2 DC power supply
0-50V /1 A
3 Digital multimeter
0-1A M.I
4 Ammeter
0-30mA M.C
0-
5 Rheostat 500Ω/1.5A

THEORY:

To control large AC circuit a saturable reactor (Magnetic device) is used in accordance with these
active components. A large AC load (up to 100A) may be controlled by a small DC current. It is a
connecting link and acts as a large power amplifier and by itself can serve as a low gain amplifier of large
loads. The usefulness of this magnetic device can be greatly increased by the addition of rectifier in the
output circuit and this combination for saturable reactor with rectifier is called half saturable (reactor)
amplifier or magnetic amplifier.
The part played by a saturable reactor in a circuit, when it is connected in series with a load across
an AC power supply is that of a variable inductance. Its consists of two or more windings around a core
of steel. One of these windings receives a small DC current, which acts as an input signal that controls the
amount of AC that can flow through the other winding and the load. The reactor can have a single core
only windings or gate winding in which case the AC (current) voltage in the control circuit. Also the
output will be delivered only during the one half cycles. To overcome these drawbacks most saturable
reactors include two identical steel cores, each core has its own winding while the DC coil surrounds one
leg of each core. Here the two gate windings can be connected in parallel or series. But connections to
one of the coils reversed to meet the above objects. If a small DC is passes through the control winding a
steady amount of flux will be added to the above varying flux
Saturable reactor is modified by adding a silicon diode in series with each other of its gate
winding on upper case current can now flow in the gate winding through the load only when a particular
term is positive, current flows in the lower case gate winding and the load only, when terminal is positive.
Thus the load received above the half cycles of AC but each core is magnetized by only a half
cycle of a current. When AC power is connected to the circuit the initial flux produced in the upper core
during the one half cycle, due to a small magnetizing current will not be reset during the opposite half
cycle be rectifier diode blocks the current. This action continues until the first few cycles and the flux will
be so high, that it operates along the flat position of the magnetization curve, throughout the entire half
cycle.

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CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY EEE-DEPT
TABULAR COLUMN:

Series connected magnetic amplifier Parallel connected magnetic

IC IL IC IL

MODEL GRAPH:

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CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY EEE-DEPT

DC Control: If the direction of the Dc is such that it produces DC flux that assists the flux
produced by the gate windings. Then the combined flux drives the core into more complete saturation
there by increasing the load current to its largest value.

PROCEDURE:

Series connected Magnetic Amplifier:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.

2. Connect the D.C voltage supply with D.C ammeter in series with control winding.
3. Connect the load resistor and load current meter as shown.
4. Vary control winding current in steps and record corresponding load current (IL) for different load
resistance RL.
5. Plot the graph IC vs IL in each case.
6. Connect (0-30V)/1 A in series with bias winding and vary the bias voltage, zero current position of
the control winding can be moved to any desired point on the curve of the A.C bias current.

Parallel-connected Magnetic Amplifier:

1. Repeat the steps I, 2, 3, 4 as above

2. Plot the graph IL vs Ic.
3. Tabulate the results.

PANEL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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RESULT:

ANALYSIS:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are the advantages of magnetic Amplifier?

2. Write the applications of magnetic Amplifier?
3. Write the expression for Time constant of series magnetic Amplifier?
4. Write the expression for Time constant of parallel magnetic Amplifier?
5. What is the value of input resistance of ideal series magnetic Amplifier?
6. What is the value of input resistance of ideal parallel magnetic Amplifier?
7. What is the value of inductance of ideal parallel magnetic Amplifier?
8. What is the value of inductance of ideal series magnetic Amplifier?

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

29

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5. SYNCHRO TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER

AIM: To Study the operation and derive the characteristics of Synchro-transmitter and receiver.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipment Quantity

1 ADTRON Synchro transmitter unit 1
2 ADTRON Synchro receiver transmitter unit 1
3 ADTRON Synchro Power supply transmitter unit 1

THEORY:

Synchros are small motor like components used for the remote transmission of shaft position in
A.C servomechanism. The basic structure consists of a wound rotor and a wound stator. The windings of
magnetic circuit are designed to give a substantially sinusoidal variation in magnitude coupling as a
function of shaft position.
The remote indicator system consists of two components synchrogenerator and synchro (trans)
motor. The synchro generator is a device used for transmission of an angular position. It is a two pole
alternator with wound rotor connected between R 1 and R2 on the frame. Three seperate stator coils are
spaced 120o apart around the stator which are shorted at one end and other three ends are connected to
terminals S1, S2, S3. Synchromotor or receiver is identical to synchro generator except that the motor has
flywheel on its shaft which serves the purpose of damping oscillations when the shaft is turned suddenly.

OPERATION:

A single phase AC line voltage is applied to the rotor windings of the generator and motor M
connected in parallel. The stator windings are connected as shown in S I to S 1 and S2 to S2 and S3 to S3
. The rotor of M will follow the rotor of G, to whatever position the generator, rotor is turned for their
connection.

The pointer on motor will follow the pointer on the generator and will indicate the angular
displacement of the generator rotated shaft. The motor shaft follows the geneator because of induced
voltages in the stator windings and in the orientation of the magnetic fields about the rotor could appear
in opposite directions i.e, field of rotor is 180 o out of phase. The magnectic fields of both rotors are in
same direction, when the motor rotor sweeps through 180 o, the synchro system is again in equilibrium.
Hence reversing the rotor connections of the synchromotor induces a 180 o phase lag in the motor but the
rotor of motor follows rotation of rotor of generator.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Arrange power supply, Synchro transmitter and Synchro receiver near to each other.
2. Connect power supply output to R1-R2 terminals of the transmitter and receiver.
3. Short S1,-S1, S2-S2, S3-S3 windings of transmitter and receiver with the help of patch cards.
4. Switch on the unit supply neon lamp will glow ON.
5. As the power is switched ON transmitter and receiver shaft will come to the same position on the
dial.
6. Vary the shaft position of the transmitter and observe the corresponding change in the shaft
position of the receiver.
7. Repeat the above steps for different angles of the shaft of the transmitter it is observed that the
receiver shaft moves by an equal amount as that of the transmitter.

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REVERSING ROTOR CONNECTION: circuit 1

i 0 Vs1-s2 Vs2-s3 Vs3-Vs1

CYCLIC FOR REVERSING STATOR CONNECTION: circuit 2

i 0 Vs1-s2 Vs2-s3 Vs3-s1

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CYCLIC SHIFT OF STATOR CONNECTIONS: circuit 3

i 0 Vs1-s2 Vs2-s3 Vs3-s1

MODEL GRAPH:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

CIRCUIT-1: REVERSING ROTOR CONNECTION TO SYNCHRO MOTOR

CIRCUIT-2: CYCLIC FOR REVERSING STATOR CONNECTIONS S1 AND S3

CIRCUIT-3: CYCLIC SHIFT OF STATOR CONNECTIONS

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RESULT:

ANALYSIS:

VIVA – QUESTIONS:

1. What is Synchro?
2. What is a synchro pair?
3. What is electrical zero in a synchro?
4. What is null position in synchro?
5. What are the applications of synchros?
6. What are the various frequency domain specifications?

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

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6. TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS USING LINEAR SYSTEM SIMULATOR

AIM: To study the time response of Open loop system, first order system, second order system using
linear system simulator and to correlate the studies with theoretical results.

APPARATUS:

S.NO Equipment
1 Linear system simulator module
2 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

THEORY:

First order system:

A first order system is characterized by one pole and for a zero. A pulse integrator
and a single time constant baring transfer function of the form KlS and K/(ST + 1) are the two commonly
studied representations of this type of systems. Many thermal and electrical systems RC, RL elements are
examples of first order systems.

Unit step response is computed as follows:

C (s) K 1
If = G(s) = where R(s) =
R( s) S S
K
C(s) = 2 and C(t) = Kt
S
K 1 K
Again if G(s) = with R(s) = then C(s) = and that
ST + 1 S S (ST + 1)
C(t) = K(1-e- t/T)
Time constant of the system is defined from above equation at t =, we have
C(t) = K(1-e-1) = 0.632KG(s)
This is an important characteristic of the system which is also defined in terms of the slope of response at
t = 0.

Second order system:

These systems are characterized by two poles and up to two zeros. For the purpose
of transient response studies, zeros are not considered primarily to have simplicity in calculations and
also because zeros do not effect the internal modes of the system. A great deal of analytical result
regarding second order systems is available which can be approximated and become basis of studying
higher order systems.

A second order system is represented by the standard form as

n2
G(s) =
s 2 + 2 n s +  2 n

Where δ is called the damping ratio and ώn the undamped natural frequency. Depending upon the value
of δ, the poles of the system may be real, repeated or complex conjugate which is reflected in the nature
of its step response.

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Results obtained for various cases are: (a) Undamped case (0 < δ < I)

TABULAR COLUMNS:

Closed loop first order system:

Gain ess Cpeak

Closed loop second order system:

Tr Tp Ts
Gain Mp

MODEL GRAPH:

Closed loop first order system

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e −T
t
1− 2
C(t) = 1- sin( ώdt + tan -| )

1− 2

Where ώd = ώn 1 −  2 is termed as the damped natural frequency.

(a) Critically damped (δ>1)

n  e S1T e − S t 
C(t) = 1+  − 
2  2 − 1  S1 S 2 

(
S1 =  +  2 − 1  n )
Where
S = ( −
2 2 − 1) n

(I) Delay time: Td is defined as the time required for the response to reach 50% of its final value.
(2) Rise time: Tr is the time required to reach 100% of the final value for the first time. This is given by

 − tan 1 −  2
tp = where β =
d 
(3) Peak time: Tp is the time taken for the response to reach the peak at the overshoot and is given by


tp =
d
(4) Maximum overshoot: The normalized difference between time response peak and the steady output
.
(5) Setting time: Ts is the required for the system response to reach and stay with in a prescribed
tolerance band which is usually taken as + 2% or + 5%

3
ts = ( + 5%)
 n
For a low damping ratio system

4
= ( + 2%)
 n
PROCEDURE:

Open loop response:

1. Connect open loop circuit for integrator with unit step input and evaluate the open loop transfer
function of integrator. Ki= 4*(Vo/p)/ time period G(s)= Ki/ S
2. Connect open loop circuit for time constant 1 with unit step input and evaluate the open loop
transfer function of time constant 1 .

K1= (Vo/p)/ (Vi/p), T=0.632 * total time period

G(s)= K1/ (ST+1)

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Steady State Error

Connect open loop circuit for time constant 2 with unit step input and evaluate the open loop transfer
function of time constant 2 .

K2= (Vo/p)/ (Vi/p), T=0.632 * total time period

G(s)= K2/ (ST+1)

Closed loop first order system:

I. Connect the circuit for first order system and supply a 1 V P-P square wave input and trace the output
wave form for K = 6, 7, 8, calculate the time constant and in each result compare with the theoretical
value.
2. Note down the voltage and time period and also calculate the steady state errors for the above cases
and compare them with the theoretical value.
3. If the open-loop transfer function of the chosen configuration was of type- I, the steady state error
above would be zero for step input. To find steady state error for ramp input, apply a 1 V P-P
triangular wave input keeping the CRO in x-y mode connect system input to x-input and system
output to the y-input.
4. Repeat the measurements for steady state error for different values of K and compare with theoretical
results.

Closed loop second order system:

5. Connect a suitable second order system configuration, apply a 1 Vp-p square wave input and trace the
output on a tracing paper for different values of K = 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 obtain maximum peak overshoot,
ts, tr, steady state error and calculate '’ and 'Wn' and compare with theoretical values.

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Connection diagram for closed loop second order system

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RESULT:

ANALYSIS

VIVA – QUESTIONS:

1. What are time domain specifications of linear time invariant system?

2. Define delay time?
3. Define Rise time?
4. Define peak time?
5. Define peak over shoot?
6. Define settling time?
7. Define steady state error?
8. Classify various error constants?
9. Define positional error constant?
10. Define velocity error constant kV?

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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7A. DESIGN OF COMPENSATION NETWORK (LAG NETWORK)

Aim: To implement design and study the effects of a lag compensation network.

Apparatus:

S.no Equipment
1 Compensation network module
2 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
3 Connecting wires

Circuit diagram:

Panel diagram for lag network:

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Theory:
The Lag network employs the technique of addition of a compensating pole. But the consideration of the
physical realizability require that the pole at origin. The transfer function of the compensator is
S + Zc Zc
Gc (s) = = B>1
S + pc Pc
The Lag compensation improves the steady state behavior of the system, while nearly preserving its
transient response.

Procedure:

1. Apply an input of 1 Vp-p to the plant from the built in sine wave source.
2. Vary the frequency and calculate plant gain in db and phase angle in degree at each frequency.
3. Sketch the bode plot on the semi log sheet.
4. Obtain the error coefficient and the steady state error from the magnitude plot.
5. Calculate the forward path gain necessary to meet the steady state error specifications
6. Calculate Mp, Tp, Ess, Ts and by shifting the magnitude curve by 20 log k and obtain the value of
phase design.

Tabular Column:

Gain in Phase in
Frequency A B X0 Y0 Gain
db degrees

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B Y  B
Gain = = 0 = 20 log  db
A X0  A
X  Y 0 
Phase θ = - sin-1  0  = - sin-1  B 
 A   
K
G(s) = 2
 s
1 + 
 w
Design:

1. Phase lag required m=Pm specified +a safety margin. This is the new gain crossover frequency
Wg new.
2. Measure gain at Wg new. This must equal the high frequency attenuation of the lag network i.e
20logβ. Compute β.
3. Choose Zc=1/T at approximately 0.1 Wg new and Pc=1/βT
4. Write the transfer function Gc(s) and calculate R1, R2 and C
5. Implement Gc(s) with the help of a few passive components and the amplifier provided for the
purpose. The gain of the amplifier must be set at unity.

Model Graph:

Viva – Questions:

1. What are the characteristics of Lag compensation?

2. When the Lag compensation is employed?
3. What is lag-lead compensation?
4. Why the compensation is necessary in feedback control system?
5. When the Lag-Lead compensation is employed?
6. What are the different types of compensations?
7. What is compensation?

Result:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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7B. DESIGN OF COMPENSATION NETWORK (LEAD NETWORK)

Aim: To implement design and study the effects of a lead compensation network.

Apparatus Required:

S.no Equipment
1 Compensation network module
2 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
3 Connecting wires

Circuit diagram:

Theory:

A system constructed to control the operation of other components may not always be
satisfactory, in meeting the requirements. A compensation network is designed at this stage to modify the
system characteristics and to force it to meet the specifications. The most common form of compensation
is cascade compensation apart from load compensation and feedback compensation. The signal level of
the error is very low and the error is more commonly electrical in nature. So the compensation network
need to be a low power electrical network which is very easy to implement.

Lead compensator speeds up the transient response and increases the margin of stability of a
system it also helps to increase the system error constant through to a limited extent. These networks are
physically realizable in introduces a zero into the system and thus improve its transient response, to
compensate it a pole is also introduced which will effect the steady state error to a limited extent. It has a
1
zero at s = and a pole at s = l/α with zero closer to the origin than the pole. The general form of the

lead compensation is

1
s+
S + Zc  Zc
Gc(s) = = α= <1  >0
S + pc 1 Pc
s+


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Procedure:
1. Apply an input of 1 Vp-p to the plant from the built in sine wave source.
2. Vary the frequency and calculate plant gain in db and phase angle in degree at each frequency.
3. Sketch the bode plot on the semi log sheet.
4. Calculate the forward path gain necessary to meet the steady state error specifications
5. Calculate Mp, Tp,Tr, Ts and by shifting the magnitude curve by 20 log k and obtain the value of phase
margin and gain margin.

Tabular Column:

Gain in Phase in
Frequency A B X0 Y0 Gain
db degrees

B Y0  B
Gain = = = 20 log  db
A X0  A
X  Y 0 
Phase θ = - sin-1  0  = - sin-1  B 
 A   
K
G(s) = 2
 s
1 + 
 

Design:

1. From the bode diagram obtained, calculate the required phase lead as Phase lead measured (~m) =
phase (specified) - phase margin (available) + safety margin (5° to 10°)

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1 − Sinm
2. Calculate a for lead network,  =
1 + Sinm
3. Calculate new gain crossover frequency Wgnew such that IGl Wgnew = 10 log
This step ensures that maximum phase lead shall be added to the new gain cross over frequency
4. The corner frequencies are calculated from bodeplot.
5. Implement Gc(s) with the help of a few passive components and the amplifier provided for this
purpose. The gain of the amplifier is to be set to 1/α
6. Insert the compensator and determine experimentally the phase margin of the plant with
compensator.
7. Observe the step response of the compensated system. Obtain the values of Mp, Tp, Ess and G

Model Graph:

Viva Questions:-
1. What is lead compensation
2. Give an example for lead compensation
3. When the lead compensator is employed.
4. Why compensation is necessary in feedback control system

Result:

Analysis:

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8A. ON –OFF CONTROL USING RTD TRANSDUCER

AIM: - To demonstrate on-off control using an RTD transducer

APPARATUS :- 1) RTD Transformer

2) RTD Unit
3) Beaker, Thermometer and heater
4) Bulb set

PROCEDURE:-

1) Connect the RTD to the points on the trainer kit. Insert the bulb set terminals in
the supply socket at the back of the kit. Place the RTD, heater and thermometer in the beaker without the
units touching each other. Fill up the beaker three fourth with the water.

2) Switch on the heater & boil the water to about 60 0 to 700 (observe the
thermometer). Now switch on the trainer kit and observe the temperature reading. Throw the switch to set
point and observe the set point temperature.

3) Remove the RTD from the beaker and let it cool. Observe that as the RTD
cools to set point temperature, the bulb switches ON.

4) Repeat the above procedure for different set points.

RESULT:

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8b. TEMPERATURE AND VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT USING RTD

TRANSDUCER
AIM: To measure temperature and voltage of RTD transducer.

APPARATUS:

1. RTD transducer trainer.

2. Thermocouple RTD (PT-100)

PROCEDURE:

Switch: S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Position: Don’t care RTD↓ Measure↑ Degrees↑ To measure voltage↓
a) Insert the heater in the water both making sure that transducer & thermometer. Don’t touch the
heater.
b) Switch ON the heater.
c) Observe the DPM and thermometer readings at an internal of 5o starting from room temperature
up to 80o C.
d) Using switch S5 observe voltage.

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is a transducer?
2. Write two Applications of transducers?
3. What is the relation between temperature and voltage?
4. Write the application of RTD transducer?
5. How a transducer acts as a ON-OFF Controller?

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

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9. Linear Variable differential transformer (LVDT)

Aim: To study the linear variable differential transformer operation.

Apparatus:
1. LVDT Calibration jig
2. LVDT Transducer trainer kit.
Theory:

The differential transformer employs the principle of electromagnetic induction and hence is
usable only for alternating signals. Such a transformer however has a primary winding, two secondary
windings I and II, and a movable core. The secondary windings are identical in respect of their number of
turns as well as in respect of their placement on both sides of the primary winding as shown in Figure.

The secondary windings are connected in series opposition, so that the voltages in the two
secondaries subtract. The movable core is connected to the shaft whose position is to be controlled.
Figure illustrates the principle of differential transformer. If the movable core is in the centre or middle
position, equal voltages will be induced in both secondary windings because of the symmetry. Because of
series opposition, the net secondary voltage will be zero as illustrated.

If the core is moved upwards, there will be more air gap between the primary and secondary II.
The reluctance of this path will increase and therefore, less voltage will be developed in secondary II
compared to secondary I and difference between the two voltages depending upon the magnitude of the
movement of the core will appear across the terminals .on the other hand if the core ids moved
downwards, a voltage of opposite phase will appear across the terminals. Hence the phase of the output
voltages will indicate the direction of the movement of the core while the magnitude of output voltage
will be proportional to the displacement of the core from the centre position.

This is the most popular magnetic type of error detector. It can be used as mechanical
displacement to electrical voltage type transducer. When the core is exactly at the central position, the
voltage is not zero because of residual magnetism. This is linear characteristic, symmetrical about the
vertical axis. The output looses its linear relationship with displacement beyond some limits and this
property restricts the range the LVDT. The drooping occurs because of the core going out of bounce. This
transducer can be used for measuring pressure indirectly. Weighing machines, load cells can use this type
of transducer.

Circuit Analysis:

When the secondaries of LVDT are open circuited the equations of primary becomes
di
iP RP + LP P = ei
dt
Taking Laplace transform,
LP
Ei E ( s ) / RP
IP (s) = = i ; TP =
sLP + RP TP s + 1 RP

Now eS1 and eS2 are the voltages generated in the secondary coils due to the coefficients of mutual
inductances M1 and M2. Thus,

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TABLE:

Displacement in mm on micrometer Displacement indicator reading

MODEL GRAPH:

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di P diP
eS1 = M1 and eS2 = M2
dt dt

the output voltage,

Eo(s) = ES1(s) – ES2(s) = (M1 – M2) s Ip(s)

Substuting for IP(s), we get

EO ( s) s ( M 1 − M 2 ) / RP w( M 1 − M 2 ) / R P
= = 
Ei ( s) sTS + 1 ( wT P ) 2 + 1


Where  = - Tan-1 (wTP)
2

Since w, RP, TP and ei are given for a given setup, the amplitude of output A0 can be written as

A0 = K ( M1-M2 )

Where
wei
K= = constant
RP ( wTP ) 2 + 1
The value (M1-M2) keeps on increasing with the displacement of the core up to a certain point and then it
starts falling as the core moves past one of the secondaries.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the LVDT transducer to the instrument with 9 pin D type connector provided with transducer.
2. Switch on the instrument using an on –off switch provided at the rear of the instrument.
3. Connect the CRO at the test point at the primary windings of LVDT. Keep amplitude control of CRO
at 10 volts AC, and Frequency control at 10 khz.
4. Adjust the frequency potentiometer to set the frequency at approximately 4khz.There is a finite
position at which the output appears on the oscilloscope ,so turn frequency potentiometer slowly and
observe the waveform .in other positions of the potentiometer the output will not be there.so make sure
the output is observed on CRO.
5. Adjust the amplitude potentiometer such that the peak to peak amplitude is not more than 0.8v AC.the
output can be adjusted to 4v rms,but 0.8v itself will give desired output .
6. Disconnect CRO probes from the instruments.
7. Now retract the micrometer to read 10mm on the micrometer this position is the center of LVDT core
within the transducer .this is called null position of center position of the transducer.
8. Now adjust the micrometer to read 20mm on the micrometer jig. This position is called positive end of
the transducer position
9. Adjust the span adjustment potentiometer to read +10.00on the display.
10. Now adjust the micrometer to read 0mmon the micrometer jig .this position is called negative end of
the transducer’s position.Record the readings on the displacement indicator in the table.
11. Repeat the above steps7 to 10 to observe the readings.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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RESULT:

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10 A. Program To Find Stability of a LTI System Using Root locus

AIM: To write a program and stimulate to find stability of a given LTI system using
ROOTLOCUS using MATLAB

Problem: Find the stability of a LTI system G(s)H(s)=2(s+3)/s(S+2) using root locus.

PROCEDURE:
1. open MATLAB→File→ New→ M-file/script
2. Save the file with a suitable name in your folder.
3. Type the program. Save the program(Ctrl+S) from time to time .
4. Run the program. To do this press F5 or the little green triangle in the toolbox.
5. Observe the text output at command prompt(>>) and the figure output.
6. Note down the output and draw the waveforms.

PROGRAM:

% Program to find stability using rootlocus

num=input('Enter the numerator of the transfer function');

den=input('Enter the denominator of the transfer function');
G=tf(num/den);
rlocus(G);
[r,k]=rlocus(G);
[r]=rlocus(G);
count=0;
for i=1: length(k)
if real (r(i)>0)
count=count+1;
end
end
if count==0
disp(‘The system is stable')
else
disp('The system is unstable')
end

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MODEL WAVEFORM:

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RESULT:

VIVA VOICE:

1. Define absolute stability?

2. What is relative stability?
3. Define time response parameters?
4. What is steady state error?
5. What are the standard test signals?

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10B. PROGRAM TO FIND STABILITY OF A LTI SYSTEM USING BODE PLOT

AIM: To write a program and stimulate using MATLAB to find stability of a given

LTI system using Bode plot

PROBLEM: Find the stability of a LTI system G(s) = 2000/s(s+2)(s+100) using bode plot.

PROCEDURE:

1. open MATLAB→File→ New→ M-file/script

2. Save the file with a suitable name in your folder.
3. Type the program. Save the program(Ctrl+S) from time to time .
4. Run the program. To do this press F5 or the little green triangle in the toolbox.
5. Observe the text output at command prompt(>>) and the figure output.
6. Note down the output and draw the waveforms.

Program:
%Program to find stability using Bode plot

num=input('enter the numerator of transfer function');

den=input('enter the denominator of transfer function');
G= tf(num/den)
bode(G)
[gm,Pm,wcg,wcp]=margin(G)
gmdb=20*log10(gm)
gm
Pm
wcg
wcp
gmdb
if ((Pm>0)&(gmdb>0))
disp('The given system is stable');
else if((Pm==0)&(gmdb==0))
disp('The given system is marginally stable');
else disp('The given system is unstable');
end
end
title(‘bode plot’);

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MODEL WAVEFORM:

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RESULT:

VIVA VOICE:

1. Define Frequency Response Specifications?

2. Define Gain Margin and phase margin?
3. Write the correlation between time domain specifications and frequency domain
specifications?
4. Describe the stability of an LTI system in Frequency domain?

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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11. STUDY OF POTENTIOMETER AS A TRANSDUCER

AIM: To study the Potentiometer as a transducer

THEORY:

Precision potentiometers are simple rotary devices for obtaining shaft position
information. The most straight forward application is the conversion of mechanical position to a voltage.
Basically a precision potentiometer consists of a resistive element with a movable arm or slider in contact
with the element. As the arm (slider) rotates, resistance varies between the end of the resistive element
and the slider, indicating shaft position. The resistive element can be made of wire, conductive film or
cermets element.

Potentiometers used for servomechanisms are generally above 7/8 to 3 and half inches in
diameter. The early models were mostly of wire wound type. Current technology provides other choices
such as stability, longer life and lower sensitivity to environment. Potentiometers can be excited with
alternating and direct current. Single turn potentiometers have a rotation i.e. usually limited to 360
degrees.

POTENTIOMETER CHARACTERISTICS:

A linear potentiometer produces a resistance change i.e. linearly related to the shaft
position. A position of ½ rotations will produce 50% of maximum resistance and a position of ¾ rotation
will produce 75% of maximum resistance. Linearity is specified as the deviation (in percentage of total
resistance) of the actual resistance. This is called normal or independent linearity.
Resolution in a potentiometer is minimum change of resistance output expressed as percentage of its total
resistance. It is dependent on the number of turns of the wire per inch on the winding and the arch
diameter of the slider. Noise in the potentiometer appears as spurious unwanted voltage. For wire wound
potentiometer will cause a ripple voltage to appear at the slider as the shaft is rotated.

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the main cord to supply line.

2) You can study the potentiometer as transducer by measuring voltage across the output points of
the potentiometer and enter the readings in the following table.
3) Plot the graph for the readings noted.
4) Now you can study the system as null detector by keeping left hand potentiometer at zero degrees
and treating it as reference, rotate the right hand potentiometer to read the error directly on the
DPM. Note that these are ten turn potentiometers.

You may also plot input position versus output position when meter is indicating null

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TABLE 1:

S.NO Angular Position Output Voltage

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

SOME MORE IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS:

1) D.P.M. can be connected across the output and GND point of either potentiometer or it can be
connected across the variable terminals of both the pots for studying error detector function.
2) If SW is OFF, you can measure angular displacement V/S resistance characteristics of
potentiometer.
3) By connecting 50K, 100K, 220K&500K etc. You can also observe the loading error on the
potentiometer sensor. You may connect these load resistances across the output terminals and
GND terminal for each potentiometer or across the D.P.M. When error detector operation is being
studied.
4) Operate the potentiometer knobs very carefully.
5) SW should be in on position for study of potentiometer.
6) Cal .pot is adjusted for 3.60V D.C. across terminals 1&3 with SW ‘ON’.

MODEL GRAPH:

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PANEL DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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RESULT:

VIVA VOICE:

1. Define transducer?
2. What is null position?
3. Write different applications of potentiometer?

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