Scribd
Upload
41 views2 pages

Heat Transfer

Science- Heat transfer. Conduction, Convection, Radiation.

Uploaded by

jassmilebriones
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views2 pages

Heat Transfer

Science- Heat transfer. Conduction, Convection, Radiation.

Uploaded by

jassmilebriones
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Heat Transfer

Heat transfer is the movement of thermal energy from a hotter object or area to a cooler one. There are three primary
methods by which heat is transferred: conduction, convection, and radiation.

1. Conduction

 Definition: Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between molecules in a solid or between
objects in contact with each other.
 How It Works: In a solid material, when one end is heated, the molecules at that end gain kinetic energy
and begin to vibrate. These vibrations are passed on to neighboring molecules, transferring energy from the
hot end to the cooler end.
 Example: A metal spoon placed in a pot of hot soup gets hot because heat from the soup is conducted
through the spoon.

2. Convection

 Definition: Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).
 How It Works: In convection, warmer, less dense parts of a fluid rise, while cooler, denser parts sink. This
movement forms a circular flow known as a convection current. As the warmer fluid rises, it transfers heat
to cooler areas.
 Example: Boiling water in a pot—hot water at the bottom rises, while cooler water at the surface sinks,
creating a convection current that heats the entire pot of water.

3. Radiation

 Definition: Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, without requiring a medium
(such as air or water).
 How It Works: Heat is emitted in the form of infrared radiation, which travels through space and can be
absorbed by objects, warming them.
 Example: The Sun transfers heat to the Earth through radiation, allowing us to feel warmth even though
space is a vacuum with no matter for conduction or convection.

Principles of Electrical Circuits

Electrical circuits consist of a closed path through which electric current flows, and the flow of current is governed
by the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, often described by Ohm's Law.

1. Voltage (V)

 Definition: Voltage is the electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit. It is the force or
pressure that pushes electric charges through a conductor.
 Unit: Voltage is measured in volts (V).
 Example: A battery provides voltage, creating a potential difference that drives electrons through a circuit.

2. Current (I)

 Definition: Current is the flow of electric charge (usually electrons) through a conductor, such as a wire.
 Unit: Current is measured in amperes (A).
 How It Works: When a voltage is applied across a conductor, it causes the electric charges to move,
creating a flow of current.
 Example: In a flashlight, the current flows from the battery through the bulb, causing it to light up.

3. Resistance (R)

 Definition: Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric current within a material. Different materials
offer different amounts of resistance.
 Unit: Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
 How It Works: Conductors like copper have low resistance, allowing current to flow easily, while insulators
like rubber have high resistance, impeding current flow.
 Example: A thin wire has more resistance than a thick wire of the same material because there is less space
for the electrons to flow through.
Ohm's Law

Ohm's Law explains the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit:

V=I×R\text{V} = \text{I} \times \text{R}V=I×R

Where:

 V = Voltage (in volts)


 I = Current (in amperes)
 R = Resistance (in ohms)

Ohm's Law Example: If a 12-volt battery is connected to a resistor with a resistance of 6 ohms, the current in the
circuit can be calculated as:

I=VR=12 V6 Ω=2 A\text{I} = \frac{V}{R} = \frac{12 \, \text{V}}{6 \, \Omega} = 2 \, \text{A}I=RV=6Ω12V=2A

This means a current of 2 amperes will flow through the circuit.

Understanding the Relationship:

 Voltage (V) = Current (I) × Resistance (R): The higher the voltage applied to a circuit, the more current
will flow, provided the resistance remains constant.
 Current (I) = Voltage (V) / Resistance (R): If you increase the resistance in the circuit (for example, by
using a material with higher resistance), the current will decrease for a given voltage.
 Resistance (R) = Voltage (V) / Current (I): If you know the voltage and current in a circuit, you can
calculate the resistance. More resistance means less current will flow, and vice versa.

Summary

 Heat Transfer: Occurs through conduction (direct contact), convection (fluid movement), and radiation
(electromagnetic waves).
 Electrical Circuits: Governed by the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance as described by
Ohm's Law.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy