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3.1 Formulae

The document explains key concepts in chemistry, including molecular and empirical formulas, concentration, and the mole as a unit of measurement. It covers calculations related to mass, volume, and stoichiometry, providing examples for clarity. Additionally, it discusses the relative atomic and molecular masses, along with methods for calculating reacting masses and concentrations of solutions.

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7 views1 page

3.1 Formulae

The document explains key concepts in chemistry, including molecular and empirical formulas, concentration, and the mole as a unit of measurement. It covers calculations related to mass, volume, and stoichiometry, providing examples for clarity. Additionally, it discusses the relative atomic and molecular masses, along with methods for calculating reacting masses and concentrations of solutions.

Uploaded by

dddself8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Molecular Formula: The molecular formula of a

compound indicates the exact number of


atoms of each element in one molecule.
Example: The molecular formula of water is H₂O.

Empirical Formula: The empirical formula


represents the simplest whole-number ratio of
atoms in a compound. Example: The empirical
formula of C₂H₆ (ethane) is CH₃.

Concentration: Measured in g/dm³ or mol/dm³. Ionic Compounds: The formula of ionic


To convert between these units, mass must be compounds is determined by balancing the
converted to moles (or vice versa). 3.1 Formulae charges of the ions involved. Example: NaCl
(sodium chloride) has +1 and -1 charges
balancing each other.
The Mole (mol): The unit for the amount of
substance. One mole contains 6.02 × 10²³
particles (Avogadro constant). Word Equations: Represents chemical reactions
using the names of the reactants and products.
Example: Hydrochloric acid + Sodium hydroxide
Amount of Substance (mol) = Mass (g) / Molar
Mass (g/mol). → Sodium chloride + Water.

Mass (g) = Molar Mass (g/mol) × Amount of Symbol Equations: Uses chemical symbols for
Calculations: elements and compounds, with state symbols:
Substance (mol).
solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), aqueous (aq).
Molar Mass is numerically the same as the 3 Example: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) +
H₂O (l).
relative molecular mass (Mr) but has units of
g/mol.
3.3 The Mole and the Avogadro
Number of Particles: Can be calculated using Constant Relative Atomic Mass (Ar): The relative atomic
the Avogadro constant. Example: In 1.5 moles of
mass (Ar) is the average mass of an element's
CO₂, there are 9.03 × 10²³ molecules.
isotopes compared to 1/12 of the mass of a
carbon-12 atom. Example: Oxygen has an Ar of
Molar Gas Volume: At room temperature and 16.
pressure (RTP), 1 mole of any gas occupies 24
dm³. Example: The volume of 0.75 moles of
Relative Molecular Mass (Mr): The sum of the
oxygen at RTP is 18 dm³. 3.2 Relative Masses of Atoms and relative atomic masses of all the atoms in a
Molecules molecule. Example: The Mr of H₂O is 18 (Ar of H
Stoichiometry: Involves calculating reacting = 1, Ar of O = 16).
masses, limiting reactants, and volumes of
gases. Example: To calculate the mass of
Calculations of Reacting Masses: Reacting
oxygen required to react with magnesium to
masses can be calculated using the formula:
form magnesium oxide.
mass = moles × Mr. Example: To form 12g of
magnesium oxide, 7.2g of magnesium is required.
Concentration and Volumes of Solutions: Can
be calculated using the formula: concentration
(mol/dm³) = moles of solute / volume of
solution.

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