Course: EEE363/362

Electronic Circuit for Communication System

Lecture-1a: Radio Communications
Ref. Books:

1. Television Fundamentals – Fowler and Liport

2. Basic TV-B.Grob
3. Radio & TV engineering-A.G Mihal
4. Digital Television Systems –Marcelo S. Alencer
5. Radio Receiver Design- K.R Sturlen
6. Telecommunication switching systems and networks-ThiagarajanViswanathan

Course Teacher--
Dr. Mohammad Asaduzzaman KHAN,
Room # 305.
Department of ETE, BSMRSTU,
arzu1013@hotmail.com.
 Content
EEE363/362 Electronic Circuit for Communication System
2 Credits, 2 hours/week
Radio communications:
Properties and propagation of radio waves.
Radio Receivers: Receiver types, TRF and super heterodyne receivers, AM & FM Receiver.
Television:
Introduction, principle of operation, transmitter and receiver and their circuits. Receiving
and transmitting antenna. Camera tube, Picture tube, Electron beam scanning, T-lines,
balum, duplexer, vestigial side-band filters and their circuits.
Introduction to color TV, VCD, DVD, CCTV, CATV, MATV, TV Booster.
Radar:
Introduction, radar-equation, Pulse and MTI Radar, CW and FM Radar: Delay lines and
cancellers, range getting.
Introduction to Telephony system.
2
Subject learning outcomes

The aim of this course is to provide the participants with a basic

knowledge of Electronic Circuit for Communication System
• After completing the course the student should

• Know the essential communication system and their circuit.

• Know the design of practical communication system.

• Be able to develop a research project on communication system.

3
Course performance evaluation basis:
• Attendance: 10%
• Assignment, Lab and Presentation: 10%
• CT/Midterm Exam: 20%
• Final exam: 60%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total: 100%

Instructor’s special note/ instructions: Class attendance policy (Max 3 absent full marks),
Assignment must submit within deadline after that evaluation will be zero.

4
Radio
Radio Communication
Communication:
• In radio communication systems, information is transported across space
using radio waves. At the sending end, the information to be sent, in the
form of a time-varying electrical signal, is applied to a radio transmitter.
• What is information?--The information, called the modulation signal, can be
an audio signal representing sound from a microphone, a video
signal representing moving images from a video camera, or a digital
signal representing data from a computer.
• Tx:
• In the transmitter, an electronic oscillator generates an alternating current oscillating
at a radio frequency, called the carrier wave because it creates the radio waves that
"carry" the information through the air.
• The information signal is used to modulate the carrier, altering some aspect of it,
"piggybacking“(Rx will wait to send ACK by data frame) the information on the carrier.
• The modulated carrier is amplified and applied to an antenna.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave 5
Radio Communication
Radio Communication:
• The oscillating current pushes the electrons in the antenna back and forth,
creating oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which radiate the energy
away from the antenna as radio waves.
• Channel:
• The radio waves carry the information to the receiver location.
• Rx:
• At the receiver, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of the incoming
radio wave push the electrons in the receiving antenna back and forth,
creating a tiny oscillating voltage which is a weaker replica of the current in
the transmitting antenna.
• This voltage is applied to the radio receiver, which extracts the information
signal.

6
Radio
Radio Communication
Communication:
• The receiver first uses a bandpass filter to separate the desired radio station's
radio signal from all the other radio signals picked up by the antenna,
then amplifies the signal so it is stronger, then finally extracts the information-
bearing modulation signal in a demodulator.
• The recovered signal is sent to a loudspeaker or earphone to produce sound, or
a television display screen to produce a visible image, or other devices.
• A digital data signal is applied to computer or microprocessor, which interacts
with a human user.
• The radio waves from many transmitters pass through the air simultaneously
without interfering with each other.
• They can be separated in the receiver because each transmitter's radio waves
oscillate at a different rate, in other words each transmitter has a
different frequency.

7
Radio
Types Waves
of radio propagation:
•Waves in which the electric and magnetic fields are restricted to being
parallel to a pair of perpendicular axes are said to be linearly polarized
waves.
•We also assume that at any point in space, the magnitudes E and B of the
fields depend upon x and t only.
•A ray is a line along which the wave travels.
•All the rays for the type of linearly polarized waves that have been discussed
are parallel.
•The collection of waves is called a plane wave.
•A surface connecting points of equal phase on all waves, called the wave
front, is a geometric plane.
•A surface connecting points of radiation sends waves out radially in all
directions.
• A surface connecting points of equal phase for this situation is a sphere.
• This wave is called a spherical wave.
8
Radio
Types Waves:
of radio propagation:
Properties
•The word wave represents both
• The emission from a single point
• The collection of waves from all points on the source
•Properties of EM Waves:
•The solutions of Maxwell’s third and fourth equations are wave-like, with both
E and B satisfying a wave equation.
•Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light:
1
c
μoεo
• This comes from the solution of Maxwell’s equations.

9
Radio
Types Waves:
of radio propagation:
Properties
•Properties of EM waves
•The components of the electric and magnetic fields of plane
electromagnetic waves are perpendicular to each other and
perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
• This can be summarized by saying that electromagnetic
waves are transverse waves.
•The figure represents a sinusoidal em wave moving in the x
direction with a speed c.
•The magnitudes of the electric and magnetic fields
in empty space are related by the expression:
cE
B
• This comes from the solution of the partial differentials
obtained from Maxwell’s equations.
•Electromagnetic waves obey the superposition
principle.
10
Radio
Types Waves:
of radio propagation:
Poynting Vector
•Poynting Vector:
•Electromagnetic waves carry energy.
•As they propagate through space, they can transfer that energy to objects in
their path.
•The rate of transfer of energy by an em wave is described by a vector, S ,
called the Poynting vector.
•The Poynting vector is defined as
1
S E B
μo

•Its direction is the direction of propagation.

•This is time dependent.
• Its magnitude varies in time.
• Its magnitude reaches a maximum at the same instant as E and B.
11
Radio
Types Waves: Poynting Vector
of radio propagation:
•The magnitude of the vector represents the rate at which energy
passes through a unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of the
wave propagation.
• Therefore, the magnitude represents the power per unit area.
•The SI units of the Poynting vector are J/(s.m2) = W/m2.
•Momentum: Electromagnetic waves transport momentum as well as
energy.
•As this momentum is absorbed by some surface, pressure is exerted
on the surface.
•Assuming the wave transports a total energy TER to the surface in a
time interval Δt, the total momentum is p = TER / c for complete
absorption.
12
Radio
Types Waves
of radio propagation:
• The Spectrum of EM Waves:
•Various types of electromagnetic waves make up
the em spectrum.
•There is no sharp division between one kind of em
wave and the next.
•All forms of the various types of radiation are
produced by the same phenomenon – accelerating
charges.
•EM Spectrum: Note the overlap between types of
waves
•Visible light is a small portion of the spectrum.
•Types are distinguished by frequency or
wavelength
13
Radio
Types Waves: EM Spectrum
of radio propagation:
•Radio Waves
• Wavelengths of more than 104 m to about 0.1 m
• Used in radio and television communication systems
•Microwaves
• Wavelengths from about 0.3 m to 10-4 m
• Well suited for radar systems
• Microwave ovens are an application
•Infrared waves
• Wavelengths of about 10-3 m to 7 x 10-7 m
• Incorrectly called “heat waves”
• Produced by hot objects and molecules
• Readily absorbed by most materials
•Visible light
• Part of the spectrum detected by the human eye
• Most sensitive at about 5.5 x 10-7 m (yellow-green)

14
Radio
Types Waves: Speed, Wavelength, Freq.
of radio propagation:
• Light speed = Wavelength x Frequency
• = 3 x 108 m/s = 300,000 km/s
System Frequency Wavelength
AC current 60 Hz 5,000 km
FM radio 100 MHz 3m
Cellular 800 MHz 37.5 cm
Ka band satellite 20 GHz 15 mm
Ultraviolet light 1015 Hz 10-7 m

15
Radio
Types Waves: Types of waves
of radio propagation:

Ionosphere
(80 - 720 km)
Sky wave
Mesosphere
(50 - 80 km)

Space wave Stratosphere

(12 - 50 km)
Ground wave
Troposphere
(0 - 12 km)
Earth
16
Radio
Types Waves:
of radio propagation:
Radio Frequency Bands

Classification Band Initials Frequency Range Characteristics

Extremely low ELF < 300 Hz
Infra low ILF 300 Hz - 3 kHz Ground wave
Very low VLF 3 kHz - 30 kHz
Low LF 30 kHz - 300 kHz
Medium MF 300 kHz - 3 MHz Ground/Sky wave
High HF 3 MHz - 30 MHz Sky wave
Very high VHF 30 MHz - 300 MHz
Ultra high UHF 300 MHz - 3 GHz
Super high SHF 3 GHz - 30 GHz Space wave
Extremely high EHF 30 GHz - 300 GHz
Tremendously high THF 300 GHz - 3000 GHz

17
 Radio WAVES:
Radio Communication:
Production by an Antenna
Production of EM Waves by an Antenna:

•Neither stationary charges nor steady currents can

produce electromagnetic waves.
•The fundamental mechanism responsible for this
radiation is the acceleration of a charged particle.
•Whenever a charged particle accelerates, it radiates
energy.
•This is a half-wave antenna.
•Two conducting rods are connected to a source of
alternating voltage.
•The length of each rod is one-quarter of the
wavelength of the radiation to be emitted.

18
 Radio WAVES:
Radio Communication:
Production by an Antenna
Production of EM Waves by an Antenna: +
+
+ +
•The oscillator forces the charges to accelerate between the two rods.
+ +
•The antenna can be approximated by an oscillating electric dipole.
E
•The magnetic field lines form concentric circles around the antenna
and are perpendicular to the electric field lines at all points.
- B -
•The electric and magnetic fields are 90o out of phase at all times.
- -
•This dipole energy dies out quickly as you move away from the -
antenna. -
•The source of the radiation found far from the antenna is the
continuous induction of an electric field by the time-varying magnetic
field and the induction of a magnetic field by a time-varying electric
field.
•The electric and magnetic field produced in this manner are in phase E
with each other and vary as 1/r.
•The result is the outward flow of energy at all times.

Transmitting
19
Antenna
Radio WAVES:
Radio Communication:
Modulation
Encoding Information on Radio Waves:
• Two common ways to carry analog
information with radio waves
• Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• Frequency Modulation (FM): “static free” pressure modulation (sound)
• Amplitude Modulation (AM) uses changes in
the signal strength to convey information
• AM radio: Uses frequency range from 530
kHz to 1700 kHz
• each station uses 9 kHz
• spacing is 10 kHz (a little breathing room)  117
channels
• 9 kHz of bandwidth means 4.5 kHz is highest
audio frequency that can be encoded
• falls short of 20 kHz capability of human ear Electromagnetic wave
modulation
20
Radio WAVES:
Radio Communication:
Modulation
Encoding Information on Radio Waves:

• FM radio: Frequency Modulation (FM) uses

changes in the wave’s frequency to convey
information
pressure modulation (sound)
• Spans 87.8 MHz to 108.0 MHz in 200 kHz
intervals
• 101 possible stations
• example: 91X runs from 91.0–91.2 MHz (centered
at 91.1)
• Nominally uses 150 kHz around center
• 75 kHz on each side
• 30 kHz for L + R (mono)  15 kHz audio capability
• 30 kHz offset for stereo difference signal (L - R) Electromagnetic wave
modulation
21
Radio WAVES:
Radio Communication:
Modulation—AM vs FM
AM vs FM: Back to AM is easy: just pass the AC signal from
the antenna into a diode
• FM is not inherently higher frequency than AM or better yet, a diode bridge
• these are just choices then use capacitor to smooth out bumps
but not so much as to smooth out
• aviation band is 108–136 MHz uses AM technique audio bumps
• Besides the greater bandwidth (leading to
stereo and higher audio frequencies), FM is
superior in immunity to environmental radio signal
influences
• there are lots of ways to mess with an EM-wave’s
amplitude
• pass under a bridge
amplifier/
• re-orient the antenna
speaker
• no natural processes mess with the frequency
• FM still works in the face of amplitude foolery

22
Radio
Radio Propagation
Propagation:
• Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves as they travel, or
are propagated, from one point to another, or into various parts of
the atmosphere.
• Factors affecting radio propagation
• There are many factors that affect the way in which radio signals or radio waves
propagate. These are determined by the medium through which the radio
waves travel and the various objects that may appear in the path. The
properties of the path by which the radio signals will propagate governs the
level and quality of the received signal.
• As a form of electromagnetic radiation, like light waves, radio waves are
affected by the phenomena
of reflection, refraction, diffraction, absorption, polarization,
and scattering.

23
Types Radiopropagation:
Types of radio Propagation
• There are a number of categories into which different types of RF
propagation can be placed. These relate to the effects of the media
through which the signals propagate.
• Free space propagation: Here the radio waves travel in free space, or away
from other objects which influence the way in which they travel.
• Ground wave propagation: When signals travel via the ground wave they are
modified by the ground or terrain over which they travel.
• Ionospheric propagation: Here the radio signals are modified and influenced
by a region high in the earth's atmosphere known as the ionosphere.
• Tropospheric propagation: Here the signals are influenced by the variations
of refractive index in the troposphere just above the earth's surface.
• Sporadic E: This form of propagation is often heard on the VHF FM band,
typically in summer and it can cause disruption to services as distant stations
are heard. Read more about sporadic E propagation.
24
Types Radiopropagation:
Types of radio Propagation
• Meteor scatter communications: As the name indicates, this form of radio
propagation uses the ionised trails left by meteors as they enter the earth’s
atmosphere.
• Transequatorial propagation, TEP: Transequatorial propagation occurs
under some distinct conditions and enables signals to propagate under
circumstances when normal ionospheric propagation paths would not be
anticipated.
• Near Vertical Incidence Skywave, NVIS: This form of propagation launches
skywaves at a high angle and they are returned to Earth relatively close by. It
provides local coverage in hilly terrain.
• Auroral backscatter: The aurora borealis (Northern Lights) and Aurora
Australis (Southern Lights) are indicators of solar activity which can disrupt
normal ionospheric propagation. This type of propagation is rarely used for
commercial communications as it is not predictable but radio amateurs often
take advantage of it.
• Moonbounce EME: When high power transmissions are directed towards
the moon, feint reflections can be heard if the antennas have sufficient gain.
25
Propagation
Types of radioofpropagation:
Radio Waves

26
Propagation
Types of radioofpropagation:
Radio Waves

27
Propagation
Types of radioofpropagation:
Radio Waves
• Electromagnetic Waves
•Mechanical waves require the presence of a medium.
•Electromagnetic waves can propagate through empty space.
•Maxwell’s equations form the theoretical basis of all electromagnetic
waves that propagate through space at the speed of light.
•Hertz confirmed Maxwell’s prediction when he generated and
detected electromagnetic waves in 1887.
•Electromagnetic waves are generated by oscillating electric charges.
• The waves radiated from the oscillating charges can be detected at great
distances.
•Electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum.
•Electromagnetic waves cover many frequencies.
28
Propagation
Types of radioofpropagation:
Radio Waves
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
•We will assume that the vectors
for the electric and magnetic
fields in an electromagnetic wave
have a specific space-time
behavior that is consistent with
Maxwell’s equations.
•Assume an electromagnetic
wave that travels in the x
direction with E and B as shown.
•The x-direction is the direction of
propagation.
•The electric field is assumed to
be in the y direction and the
magnetic field in the z direction.

From Chap34 29
 Propagation
Types of radioMechanisms
propagation:
• Reflection
• Propagation wave impinges on an object which is large
as compared to wavelength
- e.g., the surface of the Earth, buildings, walls, etc.
• Diffraction Building
• Radio path between transmitter and receiver
obstructed by surface with sharp irregular edges
• Waves bend around the obstacle, even when LOS (line of
sight) does not exist Direct Signal
• Scattering
• Objects smaller than the wavelength of the hb Reflected Signal
propagation wave Diffracted
Signal hm
- e.g. foliage, street signs, lamp posts
d
Transmitter Receiver
30
Fig.: Radio propagation effects
Communication Process

31
Communication Resources

32
Communication Channels

33
Modulation Process

Pulse-code modulation
Pulse-density modulation
Pulse-position modulation

34
Analog and Digital Communications

35
Shannon’s Capacity Theorem
Shannon's Theorem gives an upper bound to the capacity of a link, in bits per second (bps), as a function of the available
bandwidth and the signal-to-noise ratio of the link.

36
 Shannon’s Capacity Theorem
The Theorem can be stated as:
C = B * log2(1+ S/N)
where C is the achievable channel capacity, B is the bandwidth of the line, S is the average signal power and N is the
average noise power.
The signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is usually expressed in decibels (dB) given by the formula:
10 * log10(S/N)
so for example a signal-to-noise ratio of 1000 is commonly expressed as
10 * log10(1000) = 30 dB.
Here is a graph showing the relationship between C/B and S/N (in dB):

Examples: Modem
For a typical telephone line with a signal-to-noise ratio of 30dB and an
audio bandwidth of 3kHz, we get a maximum data rate of:
C = 3000 * log2(1001)
which is a little less than 30 kbps.
Satellite TV Channel
For a satellite TV channel with a signal-to noise ratio of 20 dB and a
video bandwidth of 10MHz, we get a maximum data rate of:
C=10000000 * log2(101)
which is about 66 Mbps. 37
Ref. L L Peterson and B S Davie, Computer Networks:a systems approach (Morgan Kaufmann), 1996. ISBN: 1-55860-368-9 (Paperback ISBN: 1-55860-404-9 ) pp 94-95.
Spectrum Allocation (Com. Resources)

Federal Communications Commission, USA

Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission(BTRC).
ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)
Bangladesh Telecommunications Company Limited (BTCL)

38
Existing Spectrum

39
Existing Spectrum

40
Radio Signal Propagation

41
Radio
Types Propagation:
of radio propagation:
Free Space

hb

hm

Transmitter Distance d
Receiver

• The received signal power at distance d:

A eG t P t
Pr 
4d 2
where Pt is transmitting power, Ae is effective area, and Gt is the transmitting
antenna gain. Assuming that the radiated power is uniformly distributed over
the surface of the sphere.

42
Radio
Types Propagation:
of radio propagation:
Antenna Gain
• For a circular reflector antenna
Gain G =  (  D /  )2
 = net efficiency (depends on the electric field distribution over the
antenna aperture, losses, ohmic heating , typically 0.55)
D = diameter
thus, G =  ( D f /c )2, c =  f (c is speed of light)

Example:
• Antenna with diameter = 2 m, frequency = 6 GHz, wavelength = 0.05 m
G = 39.4 dB
• Frequency = 14 GHz, same diameter, wavelength = 0.021 m
G = 46.9 dB

* Higher the frequency, higher the gain for the same size antenna
43
Radio
Types Propagation:
of radio propagation:
Rx signal power
• The received signal power:
Definition of path loss LP :
Gt Gr Pt Pt
Pr  LP  ,
L Pr
where Gr is the receiver antenna gain, Path Loss in Free-space:
L is the propagation loss in the channel, i.e.,
L = LP LS LF LPF (dB)  32.45  20 log10 f c ( MHz )  20 log10 d (km),
Fast fading
where fc is the carrier frequency.
This shows greater the fc , more is the
Slow fading
loss.
Path loss

44
Radio
Types Waves:
of radio propagation:
LAND Propagation
• Simplest Formula: Path Loss for LAND Propagation
Lp = A d-α Path loss in decreasing order:
where Urban area (large city)
Urban area (small city)
A and α: propagation constants Suburban area
d : distance between transmitter and receiver Open area
α : value of 3 ~ 4 in typical urban area
Urban area: LPU (dB)  69.55  26.16 log10 f c ( MHz ) - 13.82 log10 hb ( m) -  hm ( m)
 44.9 - 6.55 log10 hb (m)log10 d (km)
where 1.1log10 f c ( MHz ) - 0.7hm (m) - 1.56 log10 f c ( MHz ) - 0.8, for l arg e city

 hm (m)  8.29log10 1.54hm (m)2 - 1.1, for f c  200MHz 
 , for small & medium city
3.2log10 11.75hm (m) - 4.97, for f c  400MHz 
2

2
Suburban area:  f c ( MHz ) 
LPS (dB)  LPU (dB) - 2log10  - 5.4
Open area:
 28 
LPO (dB)  LPU (dB) - 4.78log10 f c (MHz )  18.33log10 f c (MHz ) - 40.94
2 45
Fading Channel Models

46
Fading Channel Models

47
Fading Channel Models

48
Noise and its Classification

49
Noise and its Classification—Thermal Noise

50
Noise and its Classification

51
Additional Noise in cascade amplifiers

52
Additional Noise in cascade amplifiers

53
SNR

54
Noise Figure and Calculation

55
Noise Figure and Calculation

56
Noise Figure in terms of Noise Resistance

57
Noise Temperature

58
Noise Temperature

59
Radio
Types Receivers:
of radio propagation:
• In radio communications, a radio receiver, also known as a receiver,
a wireless or simply a radio, is an electronic device that receives radio
waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form.
• It is used with an antenna. The antenna intercepts radio waves
(electromagnetic waves) and converts them to tiny alternating
currents which are applied to the receiver, and the receiver extracts
the desired information.

60
END

61