Audience analysis

Entails looking into the profile of your target audience.

➢ Demography ( age range, male female ratio, educational

background and affiliations or degree program taken,
nationality, economic status, academic or incorporate
designations).
➢ Situation ( time, venue, occasion and size).
➢ Psychology (values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural
and racial ideologies and needs).
 Types of Speeches According to
Purpose
➢ To inform – an informative speech provides the audience with
a clear understanding of the concept or idea presented by the
speaker.

➢ To entertain – an entertainment speech provides the audience

with amusement.

➢ To persuade – a persuasive speech provides the audience with

well-argued ideas that can influence their own beliefs and
decisions.
TOPIC
The topic is your main point, which can be determined once you have
decided on your purpose.

➢ Narrowing down a topic

Means making your main idea more specific and focused.

➢ Data Gathering
Is the stage where you collect ideas, information, sources and references
relevant or related to your specific topic.

➢ Writing patterns
In general, these are structures that will help you organize the ideas
related to your topic.
 Type of speech
Pattern Descriptions appropriate to
the pattern
Biographical Presents descriptions of your life or of a person, To inform
famous or not. To entertain

Categorical/Topical Presents related categories supporting the topic. To inform

To entertain
To persuade
Causal Presents cause-effect relationships. To inform

Chronological Presents the idea in time order. To inform

Comparison/ Presents comparison/contrast of two or three points. To inform

Contrast To persuade
Problem-Solution Presents an identified problem, its causes and To inform
recommended solutions.
To persuade
An OUTLINE is a hierarchical list that shows the relationship of
your ideas.
Experts in public speaking state once your outline is ready, two
thirds of your speech writing is finished.
1. Sentence Outline
1.0 As of today, there is an alarming increase of wastes in our community.
1.1 According to Solid Waste Management Office, if we do not tale immediate
action, we might face more perils caused by natural calamities.
1.2 Now, I am going to talk about how to eliminate wastes and protect the
environment.

2.0 Improper waste disposal causes environmental problems.

2.1 Wastes contaminate the soil.
2.2 Wastes contaminate the water.
2.3 Wastes can cause floods.

3.0 There are ways to eliminate wastes and protect the environment.
3.1 Reducing, reusing, and recycling can help eliminate wastes.
3.2 People should start doing these at home.
3.3 This solution should be supported by the local government.

4.0 We must act now

4.1 This solution should be supported by the local government.
4.2 Let us learn from the lessons in natural calamities we have experienced.
 OUTLINE
2. Topic format
 The INTRODUCTION is the foundation of your speech. Here, your
primary goal is to get the attention of your audience and present the
subject or main idea of your speech.

❖ Use a real-life experience and connect that experience to

your subject.
❖ Use practical examples and explain their connection to your
subject.
❖ Start with a familiar or strong quote and then explain what it
means.
❖ Use facts or statistics and highlight their importance to your
subject.
❖ To tell a personal story to illustrate your point.
 The BODY OF THE SPEECH provides an explanation,
examples, or any details that can help you deliver your
purpose and explain the main idea of your speech.

The following are some strategies to highlight

your main idea:
❖ Present real-life or practical examples.
❖ Show Statistics.
❖ Present comparisons.
❖ Share ideas from the experts or practitioners.
The CONCLUSION restates the main idea of your speech.
Furthermore, it provides a summary, emphasizes the
message, and calls for action.

The following are some strategies:

❖ Begin your conclusion with a restatement of your
message.
❖ Use positive examples, encouraging words, or
memorable lines from songs or stories familiar to your
audience.
❖ Ask a question or series of questions that can make
your audience reflect or ponder.
 EDITING/REVISING your written speech involves correcting errors in
mechanics, such as syntax, punctuation, capitalization, unity, coherence,
etcetera.
➢ Edit for focus.
“So, what’s the point? What’s the message of the speech?”
➢ Edit for clarity
“Are the examples or supporting details clear and connected?”

➢ Edit for conciseness

“Are there so many irrelevant or unnecessary information?”

➢ Edit for continuity

“Is the speech easy to follow from one point to another?”
➢ Edit for variety
“Is the speech not monotonous & boring?”
➢ Edit for impact and beauty
“What is so special or distinct about the speech.”
 Some Guidelines in Speech Writing
1.Keep your words short and simple.
2.Avoid jargon, acronyms or technical words.
3. Make your speech more personal. Use the
personal pronoun “I” and “We”.
4. Use active verbs.
5. Be sensitive to your audience.
6. Use metaphors and other figures of speech to
effectively convey your point.
7. Manage your time well.
 Types of Speeches According to
Delivery
1. Impromptu speeches
 Delivered without notes or a plan, and without any formal preparation.
 Spontaneously delivered and without any “thinking” time.
 Self-introductions or when asked about opinions in class are examples of
impromptu speaking.
 The advantage of this kind of speaking is that it is spontaneous and
responsive but because of little or no time to contemplate the central
theme of the message, the message may be disorganized and difficult for
listeners to follow.
 Types of Speeches According to
Delivery
Here is a step-by-step guide that may be useful if you are called upon to
give an impromptu speech:
 Take a moment to collect your thoughts and plan the main point you want to make.
 Thank the person for inviting you to speak.
 Deliver your message, making your main point as briefly as you can while still covering it
adequately and at a pace your listeners can follow.
 Thank the person again for the opportunity to speak.
 Stop talking.
NOTE: Impromptu speeches are generally most successful when they are brief and focus on
a single point.
 Types of Speeches According to
Delivery
2. Extemporaneous speech –
 This involves the speaker's use of notes to deliver the speech.
 The speaker uses note cards or prompts that guide him/her from point to
point, but he/she uses his/her own words as he/she goes along.
 What makes this different than an impromptu speech is that he/she has a
loose guideline for his/her speech and use it as cues to know what to
speak about next.
 Audiences typically perceive extemporaneous speeches as spontaneous,
while the speaker still maintains control of the speaking points.
 Types of Speeches According to
Delivery
3. Manuscript speech

 Word-for-word iteration (repetition) of a written message.

 The speaker maintains his or her attention on the printed page,
most of the time, except when using visual aids or glancing at
the audience once in a while
 The advantage of reading from a manuscript is repeating
exactly the original words.
 Types of Speeches According to
Delivery
4. Memorized speech
 It is the committal to memory and recitation of the written message
 When it comes to speeches, memorization can be useful when the
message needs to be exact and the speaker doesn’t want to be
confined to his/her notes.
 Its advantage is, it enables the speaker to maintain eye contact and
gestures are fluid throughout the speech. Being free of notes means that
you can move freely around the stage. If your speech uses visual aids, this
freedom is even more of an advantage.
 ELEMENTS OF GOOD SPEECH
DELIVERY

 ATTITUDE
 REHEARSAL
 VERBAL EXPRESSIONS
 NON-VERBAL EXPRESSIONS
1. ATTITUDE
✓ Attitude matters a great deal with delivery.
✓ A confident presence is an aspect of your credibility and
persuasiveness.
✓ Yet people have speaker apprehension, fear of
speaking in front of an audience.
✓ This fear can become a self-fulfilling prophecy: We can
make ourselves fail . . . or succeed.
* Comment on your own performance.
* Apologize for your speaking, especially not before you
speak.
* Hide behind the lectern (podium), chew gum and the likes.
DO'S
* Be conversational. A public speaking situation is
still personal, if you speak naturally and make eye
contact. Look at people. They’ll relate to you.

* Move like you do in normal life, but much less.

* Stay focused on your material.

2. REHEARSAL
✓ Practice, practice, practice.
✓ Get your speeches written early and say them
out loud every day.
✓ Say your speeches out loud as you’re writing
them. Some phrasing looks good on the page,
but doesn’t fit the tongue.
✓ It will remind you to keep language tight.
Rehearsal
Repeat some tongue-twisters for conditioning :
* Rugged rubber baby bumpers
* She sells sea shells by the seashore.
* Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
* How much wood could a woodchuck chuck if a
woodchuck could chuck wood? He’d chuck all the
wood that a woodchuck could, if a woodchuck
could chuck wood.
 3.VERBAL EXPRESSIONS
* You must speak loudly enough to be heard, clearly enough to be
understood, and slowly enough for your audience to keep up.

There are five dimensions of voice that can be manipulated for greater
effect.

 Volume - Speak louder or softer for emphasis.

 Pitch - Stay at an appropriate mid-range level.
 Rate - Accelerate for a few sentences to excite, slow down and pause
to emphasize some words.
 Articulation - Speak clearly with full voice.
 Quality - The personality of your voice, resonant, throaty, nasal, etc.
4. Nonverbal Expression

✓ The nonverbal frames the verbal in this sense: Whichever

behavior interrupts the other is the one that takes
audience focus.
✓ If I move to draw their attention - gesture or take a step -
then speak, they’ll hear me.
✓ If I start to speak, then move aimlessly, they’ll watch but
not hear.
Nonverbal Expression

✓ Standstill for a moment and make eye contact

with your audience. Then start. Speak only once
you’ve made contact.
✓ Stayin one place for awhile. Don’t pace around
through the speech. Choose 2 or 3 places where
you’ll take a step or two before you “move into”
your next argument.
Nonverbal Expression
✓ Gesture naturally, as you would when you talk with
friends. Free your hands as much as possible to
“allow” that to occur.

1) Make the manuscript your friend with large

font, double spacing, and only complete sentences on
one page.
2) Use the lectern for your notes.
3) Keep your hands out of your pockets.
Nonverbal Expression

✓ Clothing and accessories are an aspect of your

persuasion. Appearance matters!
1) Dress appropriately to the occasion.
2) Don’t hide under hats or behind sunglasses.
3) Don't wear jangling or extra large jewelry.
Bodily Aspects of Speech Delivery

✓ Gestures
✓ Facial Expressions
✓ Eye Contact
✓ Movement
 GESTURES
Gestures are movements of the speaker’s head, arms, and hands.
If you have a podium to speak at, set your notes on the podium
and take one step back from it so you can’t hang onto it. This will help you
to gesture naturally and you won’t hang onto the podium. If you hold
your notes in your hand, avoid gesturing with the notes because your
audience will logically follow the notes if you wave them around.
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
Facial expressions are movements of the eyes, mouth, chin, etc. Make
them match your subject.
If your speaking about a serious subject, use a serious facial expression
but if you are speaking about something funny, go ahead and smile or
even laugh. You can ruin a serious presentation by laughing during it
and you can ruin a light hearted speech by never cracking a smile.
 EYE CONTACT
Eye contact is sustained, meaningful contact with the eyes of audience
members. This is the top reason most people hate public speaking – the
thought of people looking at you and all the eyes
on you is probably the most difficult part of public speaking.

By looking directly in the eye, the audience will feel connected to you as
a speaker and show them how you value their presence.
MOVEMENT
Movement is where the speaker’s entire body moves. If you can avoid
it, don’t let yourself be trapped behind a podium or in one area.
When you watch a really great speaker, you’ll see that they are almost
never trapped behind something. They move around the room as they
talk and that may mean they are down the aisle or all across the front
of the room.
VISUAL AIDS
A visual aid is something that you use to accent your presentation. It is
not meant to take away from what you are saying or so the audience
won’t look at you.

Almost anything can be used as a visual aid: chalkboard, white board,

poster, flip chart, flannel board, graph, pie chart, cutaway, handout,
model, overhead projection, movie, slides, t-shirt or clothing
representing your subject matter, or computerized presentation (MS
PowerPoint).
 RULES FOR USING VISUAL AIDS
1. Do not talk to the visual aid – even when you are showing the visual aid,
keep your eyes focused on your audience.
2. Use your arm closest to the visual aid to point to items on the visual aid
or a pointer.
3. Display the visual aid only when you are going to use it – otherwise,
keep it hidden from the audience.
4. Make visual aid large enough for audience to see what it is.
5. Leave visual aid in front of audience long enough for them to
comprehend the visual aid.
Question?

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