Oral Comm *I'll help you clean the house tomorrow

(promise)
Types of Speech Act
*Get my things in the office (order)
Speech Act
Perlocutionary
•An utterance that a speaker makes to
achieve an intended effect. •refers to the consequent effect of what
was said
•Speech acts are performed when a person
offers an apology, greeting, request, Examples
complaint etc.
*We can do this. We heal and win as one
According to J.L Austin (1962) , a (inspiring)
philosopher of language and the developer
of speech act theory, there are 3 types of *It is crucial that we give all our collective
acts: efforts to fight against this pandemic. We
must start working together (persuading)
Locutionary
John Searle (1976), a professor from the
•The actual act of uttering or saying university of California, classified
something illocutionary act into five categories.

•Happens with the utterance of sound, a Assertive: Expresses belief as about the
word or even a phrase as a natural unit of truth of a proposition. Some examples are
speech suggesting, swearing, boasting and
concluding.
Examples
Example
*Duh!
*No one can love you better than I do
*Wow!
Directive: The speaker tries to make the
*Hello! addressee perform an action. Some
*Get out! examples are asking, ordering, requesting
etc.
Illocutionary
Example
•The social function of what is said
*Please maintain the cleanliness of our
•Not just saying something itself but with school
the act of saying something with the
intention. Commisive: Commits the speaker to doing
something in the future. Some examples
Examples are promising, vowing and planning.

*It's more fun in the Philippines (opinion) Example

*From this moment on, I will love you for •editing/revising
the rest of my life
•rehearsing
Expressive: The speaker expresses his/her
feelings or emotional reactions. Some Components of Speech Writing Process
examples are thanking, apologizing and Audience Analysis
welcoming.
•entails looking into the profile of your
Example target audience.
*Thank heavens, you came to save! I owe •this is done so you can tailor-fit your
you my life. speech content and delivery to your
Declaration: Brings a change in the external audience.
situation. Some examples are blessing, Demography: (age, range, female, ratio,
firing and bidding educational background and affiliation or
Example degree program taken, nationality,
economic status, academic or corporate
*You are hired! designation)

The Speech Writing Process Situation: (time, venue, occasion, and size)

Pre-Writing Stage Psychology: (values, beliefs, attitudes,

preferences, cultural and racial ideologies
•Conducting an audience analysis and needs)
•Determining the purpose of the speech Purpose: for writing and delivering the
•Selecting a topic speech can be classified into three –to
inform, to entertain, or to persuade.
•Narrowing down a topic
Informative speech
•Gathering data
Provides the audience with a clear
Writing Stage understanding of the concept of idea
presented by the speaker.
•Selecting a speech pattern
Entertainment Speech
•Preparing an outline
Provides the audience with amusement.
•creating the body of the speech
Persuasive Speech
•preparing the introduction
Provide the audience with argued ideas that
•preparing the conclusion can influence their own beliefs and
decisions.

Guidelines in Speech Writing

Post writing Stage
1. Keep your words short and simple. Topic control: collect the ideas of the
2. Avoid jargon, acronym, or technical people involved in the conversation without
words interruptions

3. Make your speech more personal. Examples: “Oh, I thought we are dealing
4. Use active verbs and contractions. with...” “I’m sorry I think we should discuss
5. Be sensitive of your audience. the...”“Please do not talk about.... instead
6. Use metaphors and other figures of focus on...”
speech. 7. Manage your time well.
Topic Shifting: this includes the shift or
Communicative Strategies move from one topic to another.

These areplans,ways or means of sharing Examples: “Ok, since we’re done with the
information which are adopted to achieve a first topic let’s move on to...” “We may now
particular social, political, psychological, or share our insights on...“Talking about
linguistic purpose. celebrations, by the end of this month...”

7 types of communicative strategies Repair: Refers to how a speaker addresses

the problems in speaking, listening and
Nomination: preparing a particular topic comprehending that they may encounter in
clearly, truthfully, and saying only what is a conversation.
relevant.
Examples: "Oh, let me correct that...” “It
Example: "Let’stalk about...” “Do you is______...rather.”“My apology it was a
know...?” “How about...” mistake, it must be.”
I was late for class again! The MRT stopped Termination: refers to the conversation
midway. What is wrong with the MRT? participants’ close initiating expressions to
Restriction: refers to any limitation you end a conversation.
may have as a speaker. Examples: “Oh! I have to go, let’s talk some
Example: “May we focus on...” “We will other time.” “I find it better if we could
only be discussing about...” “Remember have some time together soon, for now, I
that our discussion today will concentrate need to go. “I think, it’s better if we just
on....” continue discussing this issue with the rest.”
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH WRITING
Please just be expound on the topic and
nothing else. 1. Audience analysis means looking into the
profile of your target audience. You need to
Turn Taking: pertains to the process by
do this so that your speech will fit or match
which people decide who to take the
your audience. Profile includes
conversational floor.
a. demography - age range, male-female
Examples: “May I start speaking?” “Yes, you
ration, educational background, nationality,
may have the floor...”“Excuse me, can I just
economic status, and others.
say something?”
b. situation-time, venue, occasion, size c. Causal - presents cause and effect
relationships
c. psychology - values, beliefs, attitudes,
preferences, cultural and racial ideologies d. Chronological - presents ideas in time
and needs order

2. Determining the purpose is finding out e. Comparison-contrast - compares and

whether you want to Inform, entertain, or contrast two or three ideas
persuade. Sounds familiar? Yes, they are
the three types of speech according to f. Problem-solution - presents problem and
purpose. Your purpose can be general or solutions
specific but it is better if you will be specific. 6. Making an outline or a hierarchical list of
Example: ideas can help you arrange your thoughts to
make it easy for you to write your speech in
General purpose: To inform an organized way. You can use a table
format or a list format. Example:
Specific purpose: To inform the students
about the benefits of solid waste I. Problems on Wastes
management.
A. Environment
3. Selecting the topic and narrowing it are
also important. Your topic is your focal B. Health
point. You need to make it more specific II. Ways to Resolve
Example: A. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Topic: Solid Waste Management B. Solid d Waste Management
Narrowed topic: Benefits of Solid Waste 7. Creating the body involves writing
Management explanations, examples and details about
4. Data gathering is the part where you the topic you have chosen. Be sure to focus
collect information from sources about your on the main idea.
topic. You can research in books or surf the 8. Your introduction must catch the
internet, Be sure to site your sources. attention of your audience and present the
5. Selecting a writing pattern will help you subject or topic of your speech.
to organize your ideas. You can choose from 9. The conclusion restates the main point of
the following: your speech. You can summarize,
as Biographical - presents descriptions of emphasize your point, and call for action.
life of a person Your goal is to leave a memorable mark to
your audience.
b. Categorical/Topical - presents related
categories to support the topic. 10. Editing and revising is correcting your
speech for mechanics such as grammar,
punctuation, spelling, organization and the avoid monotone pattern. This will avoid
like. When you edit, be sure to: boredom.

a. Edit for focus - check if it focuses on the 4. Articulation. Pronounce and enunciate
main topic words correctly. You might confuse your
audience if you mispronounce a word.
b. Edit for clarity - make sure your words
are clear and easy to understand 5. Stage Presence. Start your speech by
standing straight and balancing your
c. Edit for concision-keep it simple and easy weight. This will give a positive first
d. Edit for continuity - Ideas should flow impression.
smoothly 6. Gestures and Movements. Use precise
e. Edit for variety - shift in tone and style movements. Move your arms with a
purpose. Avoid distracting mannerisms like
f. Edit for impact and beauty - make it swaying back and forth, leaning on the
memorable podium, licking or biting your lips, playing
with your wristwatch or jewelry, scratching
11. Practice makes perfect. When you parts of your body, frowning, and others.
practice you look at the time and how you
deliver your speech. This helps you see 7. Facial Expressions. Avoid having a poker
yourself and find out how you can improve. face or highly animated face. Just smile
unless you are talking about a sad subject.
The speech that you have written is not Your expression must match what your
only to be read. It is also meant to be message conveys.
spoken. How should one deliver a speech?
Here are some tips for you! 8. Dress properly and appropriately.

1. Use conversational style more often. 9. Breathe in and out to relax before your
Audience do not like the speaker to sound speech.
too unnatural or exaggerated.
SHIFT IN SPEECH ELEMENTS
2. Rapport with audience. Look at your
audience in the eye so they will feel that Two Components of Speech Oral
they are part of your speech. This will also Communication has two language
keep their attention and you will know who components: function and form.
are paying attention. Use pauses when you Language Function:
emphasize the most important words,
phrases, or sentences. Your pauses should • Represents the active use of language for
not last for three seconds. a specific purpose

3. Modulation. Remember to adjust your • In academic setting, students use

volume to the size of the audience and language functions to express ideas,
venue. Modulate your voice but do not communicate with others, and show
shout or yell. Vary your speed or rate to understanding of content
Language Form: • Message is too complex.

• The form of most languages consists of a • Speaker is getting lost.

small number of sounds organized into
words, phrases and clauses, sentences and • Body language or nonverbal elements are
discourse including conversations, sermons, contradicting or interfering with the verbal
speeches, arguments, and other highly message.
complex communicative structures. • Paying too much attention on how the
Word other person is taking the message.

• a speech sound or series of speech sounds • Using a very unique code or

that symbolizes and communicates a unconventional method for delivering
meaning. In linguistics, a word of a spoken messages.
language can be defined as the smallest Duration of interaction
sequence of phonemes that can be uttered
in isolation with objective or practical It refers to the length of time that at least
meaning. two individuals are in each other’s
presence, especially when meaning is
Role of Speaker communicated towards each other.
• Speech communication begins with a Change in Speech Context Shift
speaker.
When we change any of the speech context,
• Your success as a speaker depends on speech style, speech act and
your personal credibility, your knowledge of communicative strategy, the language form
the subject, your preparation of the speech, is also affected.
your manner of speaking, your sensitivity to
the audience and the occasion. Examples

Role of Listener • the vocabulary or the words you use will

vary greatly if you were talking about a
• The person who receives the certain topic to a general public in a form of
communicated message. a formal speech than if you were just having
• If you talk to a friend on the phone, you an informal discussion with your colleague
have one listener. or a friend.

• But in public speaking you have many

listeners.

• To be an effective speaker, we must be

audience-centered.

Sources of difficulty by the Speaker

• Voice volume is too low to be heard.